Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- A

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
1			abbey
	5010.16	Map. 16mo. 5s. ——— Westminster	Abbey. Its Art, Architecture, and
1			abbeyits
	5334.15	Maps. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. —— WESTMINSTER	ABBEYits Art, Architecture, and Associations
1			abbott
	5456.38	MISSIONARY LIFE IN CANADA. By REV. J.	ABBOTT. SALE'S BRIGADE IN AFFGHANISTAN. By
1			abbott's
	4622.0	OF WORKS. ___________ ___________	ABBOTT'S (REV. J.) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs
2			abd-el-kadir
	5181.80	the Foreign Legion and the Prisoners of	Abd-el-Kadir. Translated by Lady DUFF GORDON". Post
	5216.80	the Foreign Legion. 2. The Prisoners of	Abd-el-Kadir. From the French. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d
3			abdomen
	1675.546	began to play with its antennæ on the	abdomen first of one aphis and then of another
	1675.668	the antennæ, immediately lifted up its	abdomen and excreted a limpid drop of sweet
	1857.141	and they have an enormously developed	abdomen which secretes a sort of honey
1			abeowsmith
	5918.98	to the Present Time. With Map by	ABEOWSMITH. Third Edition. 8vo. 6s. 6d. PUSS IN
1			abercrombie's
	4624.0	American Colonies. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d.	ABERCROMBIE'S (JOHN, M.D.) Enquiries concerning the
11			aberrant
	1717.1618	by inheritance the occasional and	aberrant habit of their mother, and in their
	3173.484	give to us our so-called osculant or	aberrant groups. The more aberrant any form is
	3173.510	osculant or aberrant groups. The more	aberrant any form is, the greater must be the
	3173.672	lost. And we have some evidence of	aberrant forms having suffered severely from
	3173.978	for example, would not have been less	aberrant had each been represented by a dozen
	3173.1163	does not commonly fall to the lot of	aberrant genera. We can, I think, account for
	3173.1238	for this fact only by looking at	aberrant forms as failing groups conquered by
	3566.1033	and groups of species, which are called	aberrant, and which may fancifully be called
	3598.0	evolved. [page] ( 491 ) INDEX.	ABERRANT. A. ABERRANT groups, 429. Abyssinia
	3602.0	page] ( 491 ) INDEX. ABERRANT. A.	ABERRANT groups, 429. Abyssinia, plants of
	3997.8	striped mule, 165. Grebe, 185. Groups,	aberrant, 429. Grouse, colours of, 84. ——, red
3			aberration
	1494.249	correction of spherical and chromatic	aberration, could have been formed by natural
	1604.200	under nature. The correction for the	aberration of light is said, on high authority
	3891.18	structure of, 187. —, correction for	aberration, 202. Eyes reduced in moles, 137. F
1			abhorrent
	3470.532	perfect; and if some of them be	abhorrent to our ideas of fitness. We need not
1			ability
	645.370	this subject with more spirit and	ability than W. Herbert, Dean of Manchester
1			abjectly
	1761.607	the species-until an ant was formed as	abjectly dependent on its slaves as is the
11			abnormal
	395.284	rock-pigeon, yet are certainly highly	abnormal in other parts of their structure: we
	395.794	or by chance picked out extraordinarily	abnormal species; and further, that these very
	411.176	feral; these species having very	abnormal characters in certain respects, as
	487.278	further understand the frequently	abnormal character of our domestic races, and
	491.274	of somewhat unusual size; and the more	abnormal or unusual any character was when it
	1205.835	two orders of mammalia which are most	abnormal in their dermal coverings, viz. Cetacea
	1205.977	c.), that these are likewise the most	abnormal in their teeth. I know of no case
	1245.998	species. Thus, the bat's wing is a most	abnormal structure in the class mammalia; but
	1267.149	to doubt. Hence when an organ, however	abnormal it may be, has been transmitted in
	1966.713	and, as we have seen, in certain	abnormal cases, even to an excess of fertility
	1992.648	between their parents, exceptional and	abnormal individuals sometimes are born, which
1			abnormally
	1267.40	course of time cease; and that the most	abnormally developed organs may be made constant
1			abodes
	1171.894	to which the inhabitants of these dark	abodes will probably have been exposed
22			aboriginal
	333.207	certainly revert in character to their	aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been argued that
	333.674	In many cases we do not know what the	aboriginal stock was, and so could not tell
	337.529	or even wholly, revert to the wild	aboriginal stock. Whether or not the experiment
	359.482	these had descended from a different	aboriginal stock from our European cattle; and
	365.70	our several domestic races from several	aboriginal stocks, has been carried to an absurd
	365.1535	been produced by the crossing of a few	aboriginal species; but by crossing we can get
	389.607	descended from at least seven or eight	aboriginal stocks; for it is impossible to make
	389.879	enormous crop? The supposed	aboriginal stocks must all have been rock-pigeons
	389.1184	the domestic breeds. Hence the supposed	aboriginal stocks must either still exist in the
	399.1629	firstly, that all the several imagined	aboriginal stocks were coloured and marked like
	443.196	produced by a single variation from the	aboriginal stock. We have proofs that this is not
	483.349	do not by a strange chance possess the	aboriginal stocks of any useful plants, but that
	1297.465	feet,—characters not possessed by the	aboriginal rock-pigeon; these then are analogous
	1333.147	the horse have descended from several	aboriginal species-one of which, the dun, was
	1956.114	animals have descended from two or more	aboriginal species, since commingled by
	1956.187	by intercrossing. On this view, the	aboriginal species must either at first have
	1956.750	me greatly doubt, whether the several	aboriginal species would at first have freely bred
	2305.201	from a single stock or from several	aboriginal stocks; or, again, whether certain sea
	2681.134	America and Australia; and some of the	aboriginal plants are identically the same at
	2994.891	are not generally closely allied to the	aboriginal inhabitants, but are very distinct
	3432.971	very many of them are varieties or	aboriginal species. There is no obvious reason
	4441.8	of cats, 91. Sting of bee, 202. Stocks,	aboriginal, of domestic animals, 18, Strata
6			aboriginally
	343.956	competent judges as the descendants of	aboriginally distinct species. If any marked
	405.694	so far as to suppose that species,	aboriginally as distinct as carriers, tumblers
	419.737	attended, are descended from so many	aboriginally distinct species. [page] 29 CHAP. I
	515.802	that the intercrossing of species,	aboriginally distinct, has played an important part
	2056.450	these dogs have descended from several	aboriginally distinct species. Nevertheless the
	2918.842	that the barren island of Ascension	aboriginally possessed under half-a-dozen flowering
1			aborigines
	3032.1534	with each other and with the	aborigines; and according as the immigrants were
9			aborted
	379.30	CHAP. I. touch; the oil-gland is quite	aborted. Several other less distinct breeds
	1211.1514	occurs, the adherent nectary is quite	aborted; when the colour is absent from only
	1239.177	the general subject of rudimentary and	aborted organs; and I will here only add that
	3309.27	of animals. Rudimentary, atrophied, or	aborted organs.—Organs or parts in this strange
	3317.69	may become rudimentary or utterly	aborted for one, even the more important
	3323.395	Rudimentary organs may be utterly	aborted; and this implies, that we find in an
	3345.692	and useless condition, or quite	aborted, far [page] 456 SUMMARY. CHAP. XIII
	3560.225	adaptive characters, rudimentary and	aborted organs, &c., will cease to be
	3767.12	capable of crossing, 101. —, carapace	aborted, 148. —, their ovigerous frena
6			abortion
	381.827	of the œsophagus; the development and	abortion of the oil-gland; the number of the
	1211.121	is often accompanied with the	abortion of parts of the flower. But, in some
	1211.818	parts of the flower had caused their	abortion; but in some Compositæ there is a
	3215.425	atrophy and ultimately by the complete	abortion of certain parts, by the soldering
	3343.881	and we should have a case of complete	abortion. The principle, also, of economy
	3359.1054	of rudimentary organs and their final	abortion, present to us no inexplicable
1			abound
	584.445	species which are most common, that is	abound most in individuals, and the species
3			abounding
	701.978	social plants being social, that is,	abounding in individuals, even on the extreme
	2367.552	and lower stage to the Silurian system,	abounding with new and peculiar species. Traces
	2663.1018	selection. Widely-ranging species,	abounding in individuals, which have already
1			abounds
	693.492	that each species, even where it most	abounds, is constantly suffering enormous
39			about
	41.52	we can perceive that events are brought	about not by insulated interpositions of
	349.201	have great weight in making us doubt	about the immutability of the many very
	375.360	development of the carunculated skin	about the head, and this is accompanied by
	413.1143	is in the fifth Ægyptian dynasty,	about 3000 B.C., as was pointed out to me by
	417.255	much valued by Akber Khan in India,	about the year 1600; never less than
	417.548	has improved them astonishingly."	About this same period the Dutch were as
	417.595	same period the Dutch were as eager	about pigeons as were the old Romans. The
	499.96	noticed—namely that we know nothing	about the origin or history of any of our
	1225.45	Geoffroy and Goethe propounded, at	about the same period, their law of
	1458.3	the air rather than for flight. If	about a dozen genera of birds had become
	1546.91	difficulty; for they occur in only	about a dozen fishes, of which several are
	1671.512	I removed all the ants from a group of	about a dozen aphides on a dock- [page
	1675.439	seemed, by its eager way of running	about, to be well aware what a rich flock it
	1743.252	Another day my attention was struck by	about a score of the slave-makers haunting
	1747.1123	F. flava, and quickly ran away; but in	about a quarter of an hour, shortly after all
	1749.259	file burthened with booty, for	about forty yards, to a very thick clump of
	1749.553	individuals of F. fusca were rushing	about in the greatest agitation, and one was
	1787.414	true or parts of a sphere, and of	about the diameter of a cell. It was most
	1787.694	acquired the above stated width (i.e.	about the width of an ordinary cell), and
	1787.750	of an ordinary cell), and were in depth	about one sixth of the diameter of the sphere
	1807.1292	hexagonal walls, which are only	about one four-hundredth of an inch in
	1807.1382	the plates of the pyramidal basis being	about twice as thick. By this singular manner
	1914.965	doubted; for Gärtner gives in his table	about a score of cases of plants which he
	2171.450	reduced in size they can be rolled	about by the waves, and then are more quickly
	2171.720	abraded and how seldom they are rolled	about! Moreover, if we follow for a few miles
	2213.201	the northern to the southern Downs is	about 22 miles, and the thickness of the
	2213.278	the several formations is on an average	about 1100 feet, as I am informed by Prof
	2307.603	The Malay Archipelago is of	about the size of Europe from the North Cape
	2357.313	have effected, it seems to me to be	about as rash in us to dogmatize on the
	2452.1149	new forms has caused the extinction of	about the same number of old forms. The
	2707.1573	of time we know something definite	about the means of distribution, we shall be
	2723.976	be safer to assume that the seeds of	about 10/100 plants of a flora, after having
	2729.447	completely enclosed by wood in an oak	about 50 years old, three dicotyledonous
	2811.485	structure of a vast mound of detritus,	about 800 feet in height, crossing a valley
	2843.510	Hooker, that all the flowering plants,	about forty-six in number, common to Tierra
	2843.1050	the equator at the level of the sea was	about the same with that now felt there at
	2928.114	on the other hand, which lies at	about the same distance from North America as
	3101.23	CHAP. XIII. not trouble themselves	about the physiological value of the
	3588.156	bushes, with various insects flitting	about, and with worms crawling through the
40			above
	333.402	to discover on what decisive facts the	above statement has so often and so boldly
	399.637	thoroughly well-bred birds, all the	above marks, even to the white edging of the
	711.685	six years tried to raise its head	above the stems of the heath, and had failed
	858.76	natural selection, exemplified in the	above imaginary instances, is open to the
	912.1049	spread to other districts. On the	above principle, nurserymen always prefer
	1245.216	struck with a remark, nearly to the	above effect, published by Mr. Waterhouse. I
	1273.123	to adduce evidence in support of the	above statement, that specific characters are
	1568.742	structure has primarily arisen from the	above or other unknown causes, it may at
	1737.669	sanguinea. The slaves are black and not	above half the size of their red masters, so
	1787.669	by the time the basins had acquired the	above stated width (i.e. about the width of
	2213.528	in thinner masses than elsewhere, the	above estimate would be erroneous; but this
	2217.95	ample allowance. At this rate, on the	above data, the denudation of the Weald must
	2219.145	great, but it would somewhat reduce the	above estimate. On the other hand, during
	2285.1170	with ancient root-bearing strata, one	above the other, at no less than sixty-eight
	2389.384	On this view, the difficulties	above discussed are greatly diminished, or
	2472.630	which occur in the formations either	above or below, are similarly absent at these
	2482.62	of life changing simultaneously, in the	above large sense, at distant parts of the
	2536.875	extinct forms were to be discovered	above one of the middle horizontal lines or
	2536.955	or geological formations-for instance,	above No. VI.—but none from beneath this line
	2550.413	in character between the forms of life	above and below. We must, however, allow for
	2590.466	and I have shown in the publications	above alluded to, that in America the law of
	2717.1156	two days, when dried they floated for	above 90 days, and afterwards germinated
	2717.1252	of the 94 dried plants, 18 floated for	above 28 days, and some of the 18 floated for
	2717.1520	floated, after being dried, for	above 28 days, as far as we may infer
	2745.29	plants. Considering that the several	above means of transport, and that several
	2787.170	by wider spaces of ocean. I believe the	above difficulty may be surmounted by looking
	2789.219	I am strongly inclined to extend the	above view, and to infer that during some
	2944.286	natives) inhabiting an island situated	above 300 miles from a continent or great
	3044.136	are therein absent, but which occur	above and below: so in space, it certainly is
	3271.83	will, I believe, explain all the	above specified leading facts in embryology
	3277.826	their proportional differences in the	above specified several points were
	3283.19	in the adult state. The two principles	above given seem to me to explain these facts
	3285.37	Now let us apply these facts and the	above two principles—which latter, though not
	3289.460	in another as wings; and on the	above two principles—namely of each
	3496.26	CHAP. XIV. fossils in the formations	above and below, is simply explained by their
	4830.60	Being those Portions of the	above work which relate to the BRITISH
	5982.90	Roman Antiquities. Abridged from the	above work. Fourth Edition. With 200 Woodcuts
	5990.76	Forms in Schools. Compiled from the	above two works. Fifth Edition. With
	5992.52	Classical Dictionary. Abridged from the	above work. Fifth Edition. With 200 Woodcuts
	5996.56	English Dictionary. Abridged from the	above work. Twelfth Thousand. Square 12mo. 7s
1			above-described
	1333.215	the dun, was striped; and that the	above-described appearances are all due to ancient
2			above-named
	393.239	rash assumption. Moreover, the several	above-named domesticated breeds have been
	2651.1254	shell, crab or fish is common to the	above-named three approximate faunas of Eastern and
2			above-specified
	395.101	in several other cases, is, that the	above-specified breeds, though agreeing generally in
	399.855	of which is blue or has any of the	above-specified marks, the mongrel offspring are very
1			abraded
	2171.681	showing how little they are	abraded and how seldom they are rolled about
9			abridged
	4796.96	Regions, from 1818 to the present time.	Abridged and arranged from the Official
	5192.65	the History of the Decline and Fall,	Abridged, incorporating the Researches of Recent
	5227.27	s. each. GREEK GRAMMAR FOR SCHOOLS.	Abridged from Matthiæ By the BISHOP OF LONDON
	5620.28	vo. 28s. ——— SCHOOL HISTORY OF ROME.	Abridged from the Larger Work. Tenth Thousand
	5702.47	AUGUSTUS) Greek Grammar for Schools.	Abridged from the Larger Grammar. By Blomfield
	5982.72	of Greek and Roman Antiquities.	Abridged from the above work. Fourth Edition
	5992.34	s. ——— Smaller Classical Dictionary.	Abridged from the above work. Fifth Edition
	5996.38	Smaller Latin-English Dictionary.	Abridged from the above work. Twelfth Thousand
	6006.65	the History of the Decline and Fall,	Abridged. Incorporating the Researches of Recent
1			abroad
	4794.111	and Reminiscences at Home and	Abroad. From Early Life to Advanced Age
6			abrupt
	443.92	but the variations are here often more	abrupt. No one supposes that our choicest
	2285.1748	theory have existed between them, but	abrupt, though perhaps very slight, changes of
	2331.64	of whole groups of Allied Species.—The	abrupt manner in which whole groups of species
	2345.985	as I thought one more instance of the	abrupt appearance of a great group of species
	3337.698	species under nature ever undergo	abrupt changes. I believe that disuse has been
	3927.4	E., on colours of shells, 132. —on	abrupt range of shells in depth, 175. ——on
7			abruptly
	1408.157	large territory, then becoming somewhat	abruptly rarer and rarer on the confines, and
	1412.27	VARIETIES. it is quite remarkable how	abruptly, as Alph. De Candolle has observed, a
	2339.321	mammals was always spoken of as having	abruptly come in at the commencement of the
	2389.259	chapters, may represent the apparently	abruptly changed forms of life, entombed in our
	2412.141	the inhabitants of a country to change	abruptly, or simultaneously, or to an equal
	2428.102	falsely appear to have come in	abruptly; and I have attempted to give an
	2432.301	lower end, not in a sharp point, but	abruptly; it then gradually thickens upwards
22			absence
	160.76	with modification — Transitions —	Absence or rarity of transitional varieties
	180.11	OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD. On the	absence of intermediate varieties at the
	180.328	of geological formations — On the	absence of intermediate varieties in any one
	200.86	On the inhabitants of oceanic islands —	Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial
	511.1151	less than others, yet the rarity or	absence of distinct breeds of the cat, the
	1147.637	I should prefer explaining the entire	absence of the anterior tarsi in Ateuchus, and
	1153.249	by Mr. Wollaston, of the almost entire	absence of certain large groups of beetles
	1392.7	Hybridism in separate chapters. On the	absence or rarity of transitional varieties.—As
	1546.385	from a common ancestor; and its	absence in some of the members to its loss
	2141.11	OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD. On the	absence of intermediate varieties at the
	2141.318	of geological formations—On the	absence of intermediate varieties in any one
	2241.341	feet within the recent period, than the	absence of any recent deposits sufficiently
	2367.892	But the difficulty of understanding the	absence of vast piles of fossiliferous strata
	2385.294	European formations; the almost entire	absence, as at present known, of fossiliferous
	2938.20	into trees. With respect to the	absence of whole orders on [page] 393 CHAP
	2942.483	through glacial agency. This general	absence of frogs, toads, and newts on so many
	2952.157	of endemic bats on islands, with the	absence of all terrestrial mammals. Besides
	2954.12	all terrestrial mammals. Besides the	absence of terrestrial mammals in relation to
	2960.175	classes or sections of classes,—the	absence of whole groups, as of batrachians, and
	3081.1520	one or more ovaria, in the existence or	absence of albumen, in the imbricate or
	3418.20	more extinction. With respect to the	absence of fossiliferous formations beneath the
	3508.53	of peculiar species of bats, and the	absence of all other mammals, on oceanic
5			absent
	1211.1542	is quite aborted; when the colour is	absent from only one of the two upper petals
	2273.588	the neighbouring sea, but are rare or	absent in this particular deposit. It is an
	2472.660	either above or below, are similarly	absent at these distant points of the world
	3038.495	and terrestrial mammals, should be	absent from oceanic islands, whilst the most
	3044.112	deposit the forms which are therein	absent, but which occur above and below: so in
7			absolute
	693.1468	regions, or snow-capped summits, or	absolute deserts, the struggle for life is
	1604.71	Natural selection will not produce	absolute perfection, nor do we always meet, as
	1634.248	selection will not necessarily produce	absolute perfection; nor, as far as we can judge
	1634.327	can judge by our limited faculties, can	absolute perfection be everywhere found. On the
	1966.443	than so much inorganic dust. From this	absolute zero of fertility, the pollen of
	2972.1461	Archipelagos: but what an entire and	absolute difference in their inhabitants! The
	3470.1063	that more cases of the want of	absolute perfection have not been observed. The
26			absolutely
	160.415	importance — Organs not in all cases	absolutely perfect — The law of Unity of Type and
	250.1254	which has flowers with separate sexes	absolutely requiring the agency of certain insects
	441.521	successive generations, of differences	absolutely inappreciable by an uneducated eye
	598.736	with from only one to four species, are	absolutely excluded from the tables. These [page
	701.129	to the numbers of its enemies, is	absolutely necessary for its preservation. Thus we
	713.24	it for food. Here we see that cattle	absolutely determine the existence of the Scotch
	719.385	a seed. Many of our orchidaceous plants	absolutely require the visits of moths to remove
	1374.393	importance—Organs not in all cases	absolutely perfect—The law of Unity of Type and of
	1400.649	they intermingle, they are generally as	absolutely distinct from each other in every
	1516.165	slight modifications, my theory would	absolutely break down. But I can find out no such
	1560.882	and other animals in South America	absolutely depends on their power of resisting the
	1586.352	This doctrine, if true, would be	absolutely fatal to my theory. Yet I fully admit
	1675.1424	instincts cannot be considered as	absolutely perfect; but as details on this and
	1731.186	than his celebrated father. This ant is	absolutely dependent on its slaves; without their
	1755.394	and cannot even feed itself: it is	absolutely dependent on its numerous slaves
	1795.872	and had become perfectly flat: it was	absolutely impossible, from the extreme thinness
	1829.192	the hive-bee, as far as we can see, is	absolutely perfect in economising wax. Thus, as I
	1843.254	differing greatly from its parents, yet	absolutely sterile; so that it could never have
	1883.604	the fact that instincts are not always	absolutely perfect and are liable to mistakes
	1914.1586	the best botanists rank as varieties,	absolutely sterile together; and as he came to the
	1958.286	state of knowledge, be considered as	absolutely universal. Laws governing the
	2006.1510	as in hybridisation, is by no means	absolutely governed by systematic affinity
	2602.165	species, preserved in our museums, is	absolutely as nothing compared with the
	3089.358	character, according to Owen, which	absolutely distinguishes fishes and reptiles-the
	3412.390	of specimens in all our museums is	absolutely as nothing compared with the countless
	3470.489	nature be not, as far as we can judge,	absolutely perfect; and if some of them be
2			absorbed
	3331.1210	teeth which are subsequently	absorbed, can be of any service to the rapidly
	3490.208	resemblance to their parents,—in being	absorbed into each other by successive crosses
8			abstract
	236.166	I have been urged to publish this	Abstract. I have more especially been induced to
	242.5	extracts from my manuscripts. This	Abstract, which I now publish, must necessarily
	260.68	shall devote the first chapter of this	Abstract to Variation under Domestication. We
	1309.487	by some facts; and I can see no more	abstract improbability in a tendency to produce
	2062.256	following cases, which I will briefly	abstract. The evidence is at least as good as
	2703.117	I can give here only the briefest	abstract of the more important facts. Change of
	2831.11	a most remarkable manner. This brief	abstract applies to plants alone: some strictly
	3534.98	in this volume under the form of an	abstract, I by no means expect to convince
2			absurd
	365.112	stocks, has been carried to an	absurd extreme by some authors. They believe
	1494.331	selection, seems, I freely confess,	absurd in the highest possible degree. Yet
2			abundance
	645.797	every fact on distribution, rarity,	abundance, extinction, and variation, will be
	2345.235	species; from the extraordinary	abundance of the individuals of many species all
7			abundant
	701.877	rare plants being sometimes extremely	abundant in the few spots where they do occur
	856.103	of the red clover offer in vain an	abundant supply of precious nectar to the hive
	1225.534	varieties of the cabbage do not yield	abundant and nutritious foliage and a copious
	2046.299	both with plants and animals, there is	abundant evidence, that a cross between very
	2273.538	sea; or, conversely, that some are now	abundant in the neighbouring sea, but are rare
	2466.619	precisely say why this species is more	abundant in individuals than that; why this
	2707.847	species. It seems to me that we have	abundant evidence of great oscillations of level
4			abyssinia
	2823.68	of the Cordillera. On the mountains of	Abyssinia, several European forms and some few
	2851.339	forms on the mountains of Borneo and	Abyssinia. I suspect that this preponderant
	3603.0	ABERRANT. A. ABERRANT groups, 429.	Abyssinia, plants of, 375. Acclimatisation
	5878.84	Years' Residence and Adventures in	Abyssinia. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s. PEEL'S
1			acaceas
	3239.1291	the first leaves of the phyllodineous	acaceas, are pinnate or divided like the
2			accepted
	552.1066	of these terms has been generally	accepted, is vainly to beat the air. Many of
	1956.8	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. largely	accepted by modern naturalists; namely, that
1			access
	896.219	enclosed within the body, that	access from without and the occasional
1			accessed
	6164.23	back cover] This document has been	accessed 286836 times Return to homepage Terms
4			accession
	5022.68	Reign of George the Second, from his	Accession to the death of Queen Caroline. Edited
	5237.61	History of England, from the	Accession of Henry the Seventh to the Death of
	5376.68	Reign of George the Second, from his	Accession to the Death of Queen Caroline. Edited
	5954.61	Remarkable Events which attended the	Accession of the Emperor Nicholas. By BARON M
2			accessory
	1211.269	and even the ovary itself, with its	accessory parts, differs, as has been described
	1524.313	has, also, been worked in as an	accessory to the auditory organs of certain fish
3			accidence
	5558.30	s. 6d. ————First Latin Book; or, the	Accidence, Syntax and Prosody, with an English
	5574.41	First Book (KING EDWARD VI.); or, the	Accidence, Syntax, and Prosody, with English
	6146.28	s. 6d. —— First Latin Book, or the	Accidence, Syntax and Prosody, with English
4			accident
	1339.1476	from what would commonly be called an	accident, that I was led solely from the
	1709.300	what we must in our ignorance call an	accident. In some cases compulsory habit alone
	2048.669	myself that this parallelism is an	accident or an illusion. Both series of facts
	2749.1490	their feet, which is in itself a rare	accident. Even in this case, how small would the
14			accidental
	852.563	I can see no reason to doubt that an	accidental deviation in the size and form of the
	1189.1452	the few survivors, with care to prevent	accidental crosses, and then again get seed from
	1205.761	correlation, I think it can hardly be	accidental, that if we pick out the two orders of
	1287.440	nature, the relation can hardly be	accidental. The same number of joints in the tarsi
	1438.34	diate varieties will be liable to	accidental extermination; and during the process
	1514.326	always intently watching each slight	accidental alteration in the transparent layers
	1663.904	natural selection of what may be called	accidental variations of instincts;—that is of
	1689.116	habit and the selection of so-called	accidental variations have played in modifying the
	1877.1200	slight, and as we must call them	accidental, variations, which are in any manner
	2233.372	Manual, will bring home the truth, how	accidental and rare is their preservation, far
	2713.46	now say a few words on what are called	accidental means, but which more properly might be
	2749.146	means of transport are sometimes called	accidental, but this is not strictly correct: the
	2749.224	the currents of the sea are not	accidental, nor is the direction of prevalent
	2886.323	of their occasional transport by	accidental means; like that of the live fish not
2			accidentally
	846.1347	effectually fertilised by the bees,	accidentally dusted with pollen, having flown from
	1747.535	making F. sanguinea; and when I had	accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants
3			accidents
	471.252	preserved during famines and other	accidents, to which savages are so liable, and
	2492.383	and geographical changes, or on strange	accidents, but in the long run the dominant forms
	3012.285	and geographical changes and for	accidents of transport; and consequently for the
16			acclimatisation
	152.119	organs of flight and of vision —	Acclimatisation — Correlation of growth — Compensation
	1169.20	as I hear from [page] 139 CHAP. V.	ACCLIMATISATION. Professor Dana; and some of the
	1173.0	will probably have been exposed.	Acclimatisation.—Habit is hereditary with plants, as in
	1173.204	and this leads me to say a few words on	acclimatisation. As it is extremely common for species
	1173.440	single parent, if this view be correct,	acclimatisation must be readily effected during long
	1181.20	of being perfectly [page] 141 CHAP. V.	ACCLIMATISATION. fertile (a far severer test) under
	1185.16	into play. How much of the	acclimatisation of species to any peculiar climate is
	1189.1101	tender as ever it was—as proving that	acclimatisation cannot be effected! The case, also, of
	3604.0	groups, 429. Abyssinia, plants of, 375.	Acclimatisation, 139. Affinities of extinct species
	3626.5	descended from several stocks, 19. ———,	acclimatisation of, 141. ——of Australia, 116. —with
	4034.16	INDEX. HOOKER. Hooker, Dr., on	acclimatisation of Himalayan trees, 140. ——, on flowers
	4102.13	land, flora of, 381, 399. Kidney-bean,	acclimatisation of, 142. Kidneys of birds, 144. Kirby
	4180.4	Mice destroying bees, 74. ——,	acclimatisation of, 141. Migration, bears on first
	4345.3	Rats, supplanting each other, 76. —,	acclimatisation of, 141. —, blind in cave, 137. Rattle
	4474.18	on crossed fuci, 258. Thwaites, Mr., on	acclimatisation, 140. Tierra del Fuego, dogs of
	4558.7	varieties of British plants, 58. ——, on	acclimatisation, 140. —, on flora of Azores
3			acclimatised
	1177.627	to different temperatures, or becoming	acclimatised: thus the pines and rhododendrons
	1177.1444	know that they have subsequently become	acclimatised to their new homes. As I believe that
	3945.19	United States, 85. ———, varieties of,	acclimatised in United States, 142. [page
6			accompanied
	313.506	that long limbs are almost always	accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of
	375.388	skin about the head, and this is	accompanied by greatly elongated eyelids, very
	1211.100	the daisy, and this difference is often	accompanied with the abortion of parts of the
	1225.774	of feathers on the head is generally	accompanied by a diminished comb, and a large beard
	1345.407	The appearance of the stripes is not	accompanied by any change of form or by any other
	2032.220	of general health, and is often	accompanied by excess of size or great luxuriance
2			accompanying
	988.1278	diversification of structure, with the	accompanying differences of habit and constitution
	1006.4	of extinction, will tend to act. The	accompanying diagram will aid us in understanding
6			accord
	2400.115	succession of organic beings, better	accord with the common view of the
	2412.20	CHAP. X. These several facts	accord well with my theory. I believe in no
	2528.54	far these several facts and inferences	accord with the theory of descent with
	2552.411	to their periods of existence, do not	accord in arrangement. The species extreme in
	2556.636	this arrangement would not closely	accord with the order in time of their
	2960.415	into trees, &c.,—seem to me to	accord better with the view of occasional
12			accordance
	866.75	so large a body of facts, showing, in	accordance with the almost universal belief of
	1311.511	be governed by natural selection, in	accordance with the diverse habits of the species
	1725.219	but their structure modified in	accordance with their parasitic habits; for they
	2257.152	of these views, for they are in strict	accordance with the general principles inculcated
	2508.348	although he finds in both a curious	accordance in the numbers of the species belonging
	2512.353	could be arranged in the same order, in	accordance with the general succession of the form
	2777.290	not have been much disturbed, and, in	accordance with the principles inculcated in this
	2960.833	have been more equally modified, in	accordance with the paramount importance of the
	3004.630	some identical species, showing, in	accordance with the foregoing view, that at some
	3285.342	modified through natural selection in	accordance with their diverse habits. Then, from
	3295.873	in the same manner with its parents, in	accordance with their similar habits. Some further
	3558.953	and common language will come into	accordance. In short, we shall have to treat
41			according
	499.1255	more in one district than in another,	according to the state of civilisation of the
	554.681	geographical ranges; and lastly,	according to very numerous experiments made
	729.468	and all must fall to the ground	according to definite laws; but how simple is
	822.812	carriage and beauty to his bantams,	according to his standard of beauty, I can see no
	822.988	the most melodious or beautiful males,	according to their standard of beauty, might
	836.369	to catch rats, another mice; one cat,	according to Mr. St. John, bringing home winged
	836.1376	soon have to return. I may add, that,	according to Mr. Pierce, there are two varieties
	940.62	it comes that the flora of Madeira,	according to Oswald Heer, resembles the extinct
	970.437	and distinct species. Nevertheless,	according to my view, varieties are species in
	1032.232	for natural selection will always act	according to the nature of the places which are
	1042.256	varieties (w10 and z10) or two species,	according to the amount of change supposed to be
	1078.688	two distinct families, or even orders,	according to the amount of divergent modification
	1131.420	which are confined to continents are,	according to Mr. Gould, brighter-coloured than
	1203.382	of the head of the child. In snakes,	according to Schlegel, the shape of the body and
	1217.473	the seeds being in some cases,	according to Tausch, orthospermous in the
	1267.317	wing of the bat, it must have existed,	according to my theory, for an immense period in
	1293.1168	having more or less completely,	according to the lapse of time, overmastered the
	1297.1388	be added, namely, the common turnip.	According to the ordinary view of each species
	1516.363	to much-isolated species, round which,	according to my theory, there has been much
	1630.497	strength in the battle for life, only	according to the standard of that country. Hence
	1721.27	CHAP. VII. generated. I may add that,	according to Dr. Gray and to some other observers
	1741.306	probably in search of aphides or cocci.	According to Huber, who had ample opportunities
	1771.137	three, or more perfectly flat surfaces,	according as the cell adjoins two, three or more
	1998.133	between the same two species, for	according as the one species or the other is used
	2102.280	from nearly related species, follows	according to Gärtner the same laws. When two
	2299.384	perfected in some considerable degree.	According to this view, the chance of discovering
	2323.622	extremely slight degree, they would,	according to the principles followed by many
	2472.888	observed by several authors: so it is,	according to Lyell, with the several European and
	2552.317	by Dr. Falconer in two series, first	according to their mutual affinities and then
	2552.363	to their mutual affinities and then	according to their periods of existence, do not
	2886.1628	accustomed to live in fresh water; and,	according to Valenciennes, there is hardly a
	2904.853	great southern water-lily (probably,	according to Dr. Hooker, the Nelumbium luteum) in
	3032.1185	by very different forms of life; for	according to the length of time which has elapsed
	3032.1277	new inhabitants entered one region;	according to the nature of the communication
	3032.1412	either in greater or lesser numbers;	according or not, as those which entered happened
	3032.1550	each other and with the aborigines; and	according as the immigrants were capable of
	3089.333	to the mouth, the only character,	according to Owen, which absolutely distinguishes
	3145.438	seen to come out of the womb of a bear?	According to all analogy, it would be ranked with
	3179.144	cases is general and not special: thus,	according to Mr. Waterhouse, of all Rodents, the
	3337.333	breeds of cattle, more especially,	according to Youatt, in young animals,—and the
	3592.578	whilst this planet has gone cycling on	according to the fixed law of gravity, from so
2			accordingly
	1773.302	as perfect as the comb of the hive-bee.	Accordingly I wrote to Professor Miller, of
	2677.1099	in any other organic beings; and,	accordingly, we find no inexplicable cases of the
8			accords
	952.33	tent action of natural selection	accords perfectly well with what geology tells
	1131.126	some of the characters of such species,	accords with our view that species of all kinds
	2239.192	whence the sediment has been derived,	accords with the belief of vast intervals of
	2426.564	admit its truth; and the rule strictly	accords with my theory. For as all the species
	2466.104	whole groups of species become extinct,	accords well with the theory of natural
	2500.141	forms of life throughout the world,	accords well with the principle of new species
	2576.542	times. For this doctrine of Agassiz	accords well with the theory of natural
	3582.137	independently created. To my mind it	accords better with what we know of the laws
53			account
	250.1381	other, it is equally preposterous to	account for the structure of this parasite
	369.0	page] 20 DOMESTIC PIGEONS. CHAP. I.	account for our several domestic races by this
	425.308	but he would be a bold man who would	account by such agencies for the differences of
	970.1194	degree; but this alone would never	account for so habitual and large an amount of
	1183.257	push the foregoing argument too far, on	account of the probable origin of some of our
	1189.1708	kidney-beans ever appear, for an	account has been published how much more hardy
	1345.1168	that the most probable hypothesis to	account for the reappearance of very ancient
	1388.21	mathematicians? Fourthly, how can we	account for species, when crossed, being
	1580.1688	only to show that, if we are unable to	account for the characteristic differences of
	1833.477	in the scale of nature, that we cannot	account [page] 236 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. for
	2207.189	feet. Prof. Ramsay has published an	account of a downthrow in Anglesea of 2300 feet
	2466.793	may justly feel surprise why we cannot	account for the extinction of this particular
	2508.483	differ in a manner very difficult to	account for, considering the proximity of the
	2558.734	over the globe, will not attempt to	account for the close resemblance of the
	2586.247	the same latitude, would attempt to	account, on the one hand, by dissimilar
	2624.182	in the scale of nature; and this may	account for that vague yet ill-defined
	2783.504	and it may be reasonably asked how I	account for the necessary degree of uniformity
	2801.224	shores of the Polar Circle, will	account, on the theory of modification, for
	2809.657	island, tell the same story. If one	account which has been published can be trusted
	2928.326	know from Mr. J. M. Jones's admirable	account of Bermuda, that very many North
	2978.397	closely, as we know from Dr. Hooker's	account, to those of America: but on the view
	3151.334	life, it assumes high value; for we can	account for its presence in so many forms with
	3167.443	smaller and feebler groups. Thus we can	account for the fact that all organisms, recent
	3173.1197	of aberrant genera. We can, I think,	account for this fact only by looking at
	3187.173	groups in each class. We may thus	account even for the distinctness of whole
	3215.170	form; and then natural selection will	account for the infinite diversity in structure
	4630.32	s. ACLAND'S (REV. CHARLES) Popular	Account of the Manners and Customs of India
	4714.12	London, 1782. 4to. 21s. 14. EIFFE'S	ACCOUNT OF IMPROVEMENTS IN CHRONOMETERS. 4to
	4732.16	to. 7s. 6d. 22. MASKELYNE'S	ACCOUNT OF THE GOING OF HARRISON' WATCH
	4950.80	System of Civil Government. With some	Account of the Natives and Native Institutions
	5040.48	or, Days of Fly Fishing. With some	Account of the Habits of Fishes belonging to
	5058.88	With a Description and	Account of that Garrison from the Earliest
	5064.57	Letters from High Latitudes, being some	Account of a Yacht Voyage to Iceland, &c., in
	5141.54	Being a Concise and Popular	Account of the Different Styles prevailing in
	5206.66	Sale's Brigade in Afghanistan, with an	Account of the Seizure and Defence of
	5342.45	Being a Concise and Popular	Account of the Different Styles prevailing in
	5576.126	amidst the Ruins of Assyria. With an	Account of the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan
	5580.12	Paper, 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s. ——— Popular	Account of Nineveh. 15th Edition. With Woodcuts
	5584.40	Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds. With an	Account of his Works, and a Sketch of his
	5608.33	s. LEXINGTON (THE) PAPERS; or, Some	Account of the Courts of London and Vienna at
	5614.141	in his Gallery. With a Descriptive	Account of the Pictures, and Origin of the
	5782.8	s. Music AND DRESS. 1s. LAYARDS	ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 5s. MIUIAINS FALL OF
	5848.72	the British Poor: Being an Historical	Account of the English, Scotch, and Irish Poor
	5858.44	Rev. H. G.) Historical and Descriptive	Account of the Forest of Dean, derived from
	5908.51	FOR SYRIA AND PALESTINE: including an	Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities
	5960.49	ROBERT) Brigade in Afghanistan. With an	Account of the Seizure and Defence of
	5966.76	in the Forest of Atholl; with some	Account of the Nature and Habits of the Red
	5968.65	Fishing in the Tweed; with a short	Account of the Natural History and Habits of
	6086.98	various Excursions among them, and an	Account of Three Years' Observations and
	6100.59	of Art in Great Britain. Being an	Account of the Chief Collections of Paintings
	6102.54	Cabinets of Art in England. Being an	Account of more than Forty Collections, visited
	6106.57	Adventures in New Zealand. With some	Account of the Beginning of the British
	6128.32	s. WILKINSON'S (SIR J. G.) Popular	Account of the Private Life, Manners, and
13			accounted
	192.35	Present distribution cannot be	accounted for by differences in physical
	1566.461	aquatic origin, may perhaps be thus	accounted for. A well-developed tail having been
	1723.455	males. This instinct may probably be	accounted for by the fact of the hens laying a
	1863.405	in the smaller workers than can be	accounted for merely by their proportionally
	1924.1748	fertilised hybrids may, I believe, be	accounted for by close interbreeding having been
	1930.369	their results may, I think, be in part	accounted for by Herbert's great horticultural
	2635.35	Present distribution cannot be	accounted for by differences in physical
	2637.215	inhabitants of various regions can be	accounted for by their climatal and other
	2934.50	are elsewhere. Such cases are generally	accounted for by the physical conditions of the
	2942.555	on so many oceanic islands cannot be	accounted for by their physical conditions
	3044.362	may, as I have attempted to show, be	accounted for by migration at some former period
	3349.142	even have been anticipated, and can be	accounted for by the laws of inheritance
	3398.444	or interrupted range may often be	accounted for by the extinction of the species in
5			accounts
	463.447	kept in this country. By comparing the	accounts given in old pigeon treatises of
	1424.491	the same principle which, as I believe,	accounts for the common species in each country
	3016.551	for distant transportation, probably	accounts for a law which has long been observed
	3331.841	of nature? An eminent physiologist	accounts for the presence of rudimentary organs
	5520.43	AND THE JAPANESE. Described from the	Accounts of Recent Dutch Travellers, New Edition
6			accumulate
	532.519	materials for natural selection to	accumulate, in the same manner as man can
	532.561	in the same manner as man can	accumulate in any given direction individual
	1139.477	and natural selection will then	accumulate all profitable variations, however
	2313.431	epoch. Wherever sediment did not	accumulate on the bed of the sea, or where it did
	2313.485	the bed of the sea, or where it did not	accumulate at a sufficient rate to protect organic
	3432.208	given to him by nature, and thus	accumulate them in any desired manner. He thus
37			accumulated
	423.918	up in their minds slight differences	accumulated during many successive generations. May
	449.61	there is another means of observing the	accumulated effects of selection—namely, by
	479.81	plants, thus slowly and unconsciously	accumulated, explains, as I believe, the well-known
	788.183	his products be, compared with those	accumulated by nature during whole geological
	798.445	variation, and the modifications are	accumulated by natural selection for [page
	1018.1104	outer dotted lines) being preserved and	accumulated by natural selection. When a dotted
	1018.1300	of variation is supposed to have been	accumulated to have formed a fairly well-marked
	1197.191	in any one part occur, and are	accumulated through natural selection, other parts
	1197.367	obvious case is, that modifications	accumulated solely for the good of the young or
	1263.590	variability, which has continually been	accumulated by natural selection for the benefit of
	1281.876	secondary sexual characters have been	accumulated by sexual selection, which [page
	1293.1377	in the same parts having been	accumulated by natural and sexual selection, and
	1398.246	and such fossiliferous masses can be	accumulated only where much sediment is deposited
	1454.470	each being propagated, until by the	accumulated effects of this process of natural
	1628.205	structure could not have been slowly	accumulated by means of natural selection. But we
	1845.976	of structure could have been slowly	accumulated by natural selection. This difficulty
	2173.603	to show how slowly the mass has been	accumulated. Let him remember Lyell's profound
	2213.478	sedimentary deposits might have	accumulated in thinner masses than elsewhere, the
	2235.887	forms of life, had elsewhere been	accumulated. And if in each separate territory
	2243.55	safely conclude that sediment must be	accumulated in extremely thick, solid, or extensive
	2247.286	which then existed; or, sediment may be	accumulated to any thickness and extent over a
	2249.348	has come to the conclusion that it was	accumulated during subsidence. I may add, that the
	2255.157	thick deposits could not have been	accumulated in the shallow parts, which are the
	2255.364	accurately, the beds which were then	accumulated will have been destroyed by being
	2259.802	deposits rich in fossils have been	accumulated. Nature may almost be said to have
	2279.482	fossiliferous formation can only be	accumulated during a period of subsidence; and to
	2315.450	would be destroyed, almost as soon as	accumulated, by the incessant coast-action, as we
	2367.982	on my theory no doubt were somewhere	accumulated before the Silurian epoch, is very
	2375.478	would in all probability have been	accumulated from sediment derived from their wear
	2412.420	and whether the variations be	accumulated to a greater or lesser amount, thus
	2418.327	formations have been almost necessarily	accumulated at wide and irregularly intermittent
	2506.179	formations have often been	accumulated over very wide spaces in the same
	3044.1844	the same, and modifications have been	accumulated by the same power of natural selection
	3283.538	to each breed, and which have been	accumulated by man's selection, have not generally
	3416.503	to resist future degradation, can be	accumulated only where much sediment is deposited
	3448.230	relations of life, would be preserved,	accumulated, and inherited? Why, if man can by
	3532.595	full effects of many slight variations,	accumulated during an almost infinite number of
12			accumulating
	234.504	made out on this question by patiently	accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts
	260.284	see how great is the power of man in	accumulating by his Selection successive slight
	574.517	to the action of natural selection in	accumulating (as will hereafter be more fully
	1663.427	selection preserving and continually	accumulating variations of instinct to any extent
	1709.153	habit, and partly by man selecting and	accumulating during successive generations, peculiar
	1883.216	of life, in natural selection	accumulating slight modifications of instinct to any
	2227.221	of the sea, where sediment is not	accumulating. I believe we are continually taking a
	2273.1110	including fossil remains, have gone on	accumulating within the same area during the whole
	2279.136	the deposit must have gone on	accumulating for a very long period, in order to
	2307.1082	when most of our formations were	accumulating. The Malay Archipelago is one of the
	2313.189	formations which we suppose to be there	accumulating. I suspect that not many of the
	3462.36	As natural selection acts solely by	accumulating slight, successive, favourable
26			accumulation
	441.444	in the great effect produced by the	accumulation in one direction, during successive
	505.47	with extreme care, to allow of the	accumulation of a large amount of modification in
	641.1364	beings to his own uses, through the	accumulation of slight but useful variations, given
	804.557	organic beings at any age, by the	accumulation of profitable variations at that age
	858.548	can act only by the preservation and	accumulation of infinitesimally small inherited
	1032.923	long enough to have allowed the	accumulation of a considerable amount of divergent
	1365.137	for each must exist-it is the steady	accumulation, through natural selection, of such
	1669.50	except by the slow and gradual	accumulation of numerous, slight, yet profitable
	1821.38	As natural selection acts only by the	accumulation of slight modifications of structure or
	1877.1141	in structure can be effected by the	accumulation of numerous, slight, and as we must
	2199.470	the time which has elapsed during their	accumulation; yet what time this must have consumed
	2199.823	the currents of the sea, the process of	accumulation in any one area must be extremely slow
	2201.105	suffered, independently of the rate of	accumulation of the degraded matter, probably offers
	2281.133	has generally been intermittent in its	accumulation. When we see, as is so often the case
	2285.370	required an enormous period for their	accumulation; yet no one ignorant of this fact would
	2285.741	intervals have occurred in its	accumulation. In other cases we have the plainest
	2317.152	together with a contemporaneous	accumulation of sediment, would exceed the average
	2335.113	cases than the time required for the	accumulation of each formation. These intervals will
	2418.143	perhaps, be nearly the same; but as the	accumulation of long-enduring fossiliferous
	2512.166	have gone on slowly changing during the	accumulation of the several formations and during
	2564.187	closely related, is obvious. As the	accumulation of each formation has often been
	2602.350	to subsidence being necessary for the	accumulation of fossiliferous deposits thick enough
	3378.394	with, human reason, but by the	accumulation of innumerable slight variations, each
	3416.212	have been intermittent in their	accumulation; and their duration, I am inclined to
	3526.176	slowly changing by the preservation and	accumulation of successive slight favourable
	3574.249	at hazard and at rare intervals. The	accumulation of each great fossiliferous formation
2			accumulations
	2243.262	of level. Such thick and extensive	accumulations of sediment may be formed in two ways
	2339.415	And now one of the richest known	accumulations of fossil mammals belongs to the middle
3			accumulative
	429.1524	history. The key is man's power of	accumulative selection: nature gives successive
	515.1719	of Change I am convinced that the	accumulative action of Selection, whether applied
	1133.103	tell how much of it to attribute to the	accumulative action of natural selection, and how
9			accuracy
	242.202	reader reposing some confidence in my	accuracy. No doubt errors will have crept in
	441.662	Not one man in a thousand has	accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to
	1801.1039	Huber, but I am convinced of their	accuracy; and if I had space, I could show that
	2078.17	analogous facts. Kölreuter, whose	accuracy has been confirmed by every subsequent
	2267.995	Europe been correlated with perfect	accuracy. With marine animals of all kinds, we
	2307.783	which have been examined with any	accuracy, excepting those of the United States
	2367.465	portion of the world is known with	accuracy. M. Barrande has lately added another
	2729.527	plants germinated: I am certain of the	accuracy of this observation. Again, I can show
	3578.447	so that we must not overrate the	accuracy of organic change as a measure of time
2			accurate
	1657.137	comparison gives, I think, a remarkably	accurate notion of the frame of mind under which
	1865.445	the actual measurements, but a strictly	accurate illustration: the difference was the
2			accurately
	1781.731	difficulty, that she can somehow judge	accurately at what distance to stand from her
	2255.327	periods of elevation; or, to speak more	accurately, the beds which were then accumulated
2			accustomed
	2886.1588	salt-water fish can with care be slowly	accustomed to live in fresh water; and, according
	3255.15	EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP. XIII. We are so much	accustomed to see differences in structure between
3			acknowledge
	1119.262	incorrect expression, but it serves to	acknowledge plainly our ignorance of the cause of
	1492.241	principle of natural selection, will	acknowledge that every organic being is constantly
	3558.260	Hereafter we shall be compelled to	acknowledge that the only distinction between
14			acknowledged
	272.1229	species, in the same manner as the	acknowledged varieties of any one species are the
	499.1032	of the new sub-breed are once fully	acknowledged, the principle, as I have called it, of
	616.864	Now, in this same catalogue, 53	acknowledged varieties are recorded, and these range
	616.1029	range over 14.3 provinces. So that the	acknowledged varieties have very nearly the same
	976.223	having a rather longer beak; and on the	acknowledged principle that "fanciers do not and
	1434.438	representative species, and likewise of	acknowledged varieties), exist in the intermediate
	1638.16	be strictly true. It is generally	acknowledged that all organic beings have been
	1914.1139	as the Leguminosæ, in which there is an	acknowledged difficulty in the manipulation) half of
	3081.1047	this fact; and it has been most fully	acknowledged in the writings of almost every author
	3197.536	one species; we use descent in classing	acknowledged varieties, however different they may
	3351.1105	ranking together the sexes, ages, and	acknowledged varieties of the same species, however
	3450.297	of creation, and varieties which are	acknowledged to have been produced by secondary laws
	3490.313	points,—as do the crossed offspring of	acknowledged varieties. On the other hand, these
	3558.769	quite possible that forms now generally	acknowledged to be merely varieties may hereafter be
1			acknowledging
	244.72	prevents my having the satisfaction of	acknowledging the generous assistance which I have
1			acknowledgment
	451.452	give several references to the full	acknowledgment of the importance of the principle in
1			acland
	5480.39	MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF INDIA. By REV. C.	ACLAND. CAMPAIGNS AT WASHINGTON. By REV. G. R
1			acland's
	4630.0	e. Third Edition. Fcap.8vo. 6s.	ACLAND'S (REV. CHARLES) Popular Account of the
5			acquainted
	435.464	Youatt, who was probably better	acquainted with the works of agriculturalists than
	469.543	existing in the mind of any one at all	acquainted with the subject that the owner of
	1661.700	wonderful instincts with which we are	acquainted, namely, those of the hive-bee and of
	1671.335	sole good of another, with which I am	acquainted, is that of aphides voluntarily
	2558.645	the immutability of species. He who is	acquainted with the distribution of existing
6			acquire
	250.569	this world have been modified, so as to	acquire that perfection of structure and
	399.925	offspring are very apt suddenly to	acquire these characters; for instance, I
	751.306	as it seems to be difficult to	acquire. All that we can do, is to keep
	1317.674	nature occasionally varying so as to	acquire, in some degree, the character of the
	2898.355	for these latter seem immediately to	acquire, as if in consequence, a very wide
	3392.866	of slightly modified forms or varieties	acquire from being crossed increased vigour and
41			acquired
	337.825	to reversion,—that is, to lose their	acquired characters, whilst kept under unchanged
	381.1187	period at which the perfect plumage is	acquired varies, as does the state of the down
	796.282	and in keeping that colour, when once	acquired, true and constant. Nor ought we to
	1219.198	for an ancient progenitor may have	acquired through natural selection some one
	1386.26	perfection? Thirdly, can instincts be	acquired and modified through natural selection
	1462.698	the natural steps by which birds have	acquired their perfect power of flight; but they
	1568.959	new conditions of life and with newly	acquired habits. To give a few instances to
	1574.328	of importance and might have been	acquired through natural selection; as it is, I
	1590.962	these several bones might have been	acquired through natural selection, subjected
	1628.739	not, in its present state, have been	acquired by natural selection,—a power which
	1657.528	time and states of the body. When once	acquired, they often remain constant throughout
	1661.524	greater number of instincts have been	acquired by habit in one generation, and then
	1661.794	ants, could not possibly have been thus	acquired. It will be universally admitted that
	1681.632	animals. But fear of man is slowly	acquired, as I have elsewhere shown, by various
	1709.58	that domestic instincts have been	acquired and natural instincts have been lost
	1761.258	slaves. When the instinct was once	acquired, if carried out to a much less extent
	1785.4	page] 228 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. has	acquired, through natural selection, her
	1787.656	other, that by the time the basins had	acquired the above stated width (i.e. about the
	1831.878	transmitted by inheritance its newly	acquired economical instinct to new swarms
	1837.105	therefore believe that they have been	acquired by independent acts of natural
	1839.1257	that all its characters had been slowly	acquired through natural selection; namely, by
	1843.327	never have transmitted successively	acquired modifications of structure or instinct
	1877.117	inherited tools or weapons, and not by	acquired knowledge and manufactured instruments
	1898.665	them, and therefore could not have been	acquired by the continued preservation of
	1898.821	show that sterility is not a specially	acquired or endowed quality, but is incidental
	1898.877	quality, but is incidental on other	acquired differences. In treating this subject
	2084.412	endowment, but is incidental on slowly	acquired modifications, more especially in the
	2110.627	to characters which have been slowly	acquired by selection. Consequently, sudden
	2337.259	effected, and a few species had thus	acquired a great advantage over other organisms
	3267.0	page] 444 EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP. XIII.	acquired a little earlier or later in life. It
	3267.360	by which each species has	acquired its present structure, may have
	3275.340	I found that the puppies had not nearly	acquired their full amount of proportional
	3275.808	I find that the colts have by no means	acquired their full amount of proportional
	3283.302	qualities and structures have been	acquired earlier or later in life, if the full
	3283.783	which when twelve hours old had	acquired its proper proportions, proves that
	3351.1431	arrangement, with the grades of	acquired difference marked by the terms
	3488.186	view of instincts having been slowly	acquired through natural selection we need not
	3530.613	of short duration; and now that we have	acquired some idea of the lapse of time, we are
	3676.20	on islands, 393. Bats, how structure	acquired, 180. —, distribution of, 394. Bear
	3923.23	hemisphere, 376. Flight, powers of, how	acquired, 182. Flowers, structure of, in
	4244.22	species of, 349. Otter, habits of, how	acquired, 179. Ouzel, water, 185. Owen, Prof
1			acquired-for
	1669.266	by which each complex instinct has been	acquired-for these could be found only in the lineal
2			acquirement
	1622.339	is no logical impossibility in the	acquirement of any conceivable degree of perfection
	3580.143	a new foundation, that of the necessary	acquirement of each mental power and capacity by
2			acquirements
	4820.31	s. 6d. ——— Parish Priest; His Duties,	Acquirements and Obligations. Third Edition. Post
	4948.21	Vols. 8vo. 42s. ——Shakspeare's Legal	Acquirements Considered. 8vo. 5s. 6d. —— (GEORGE
2			acquiring
	1131.52	of habitation of other species, often	acquiring in a very slight degree some of the
	3697.6	Bermuda, birds of, 391. Birds	acquiring fear, 212. —annually cross the Atlantic
2			acres
	707.452	by the hand of man; but several hundred	acres of exactly the same nature had been
	711.187	whence I could examine hundreds of	acres of the unenclosed heath, and literally
24			across
	1339.831	sire, were much more plainly barred	across the legs than is even the pure quagga
	1741.16	SLAVE-MAKING INSTINCT. of July, I came	across a community with an unusually large
	1747.1032	they were much terrified when they came	across the pupæ, or even the earth from the
	2677.986	exceptional. The capacity of migrating	across the sea is more distinctly limited in
	2681.390	means of dispersal, have migrated	across the vast and broken interspace. The
	2713.286	wide dissemination; but for transport	across the sea, the greater or less facilities
	2717.146	a few days, they could not be floated	across wide spaces of the sea, whether or not
	2721.97	to one country might be floated	across 924 miles of sea to another country
	2723.1050	having been dried, could be floated	across a space of sea 900 miles in width, and
	2731.195	are blown by gales to vast distances	across the ocean. We may I think safely assume
	2749.623	would suffice for occasional transport	across tracts of sea some hundred miles in
	2749.1257	year, one or two land-birds are blown	across the whole Atlantic Ocean, from North
	2773.654	permitted their former migration	across the low intervening tracts, since
	2892.1651	alight on a pool or rivulet, if blown	across sea to an oceanic island or to any
	2904.421	and go to other waters, or are blown	across the sea; and we have seen that seeds
	2928.1374	far more easily than land-shells,	across three or four hundred miles of open sea
	2942.960	great difficulty in their transportal	across the sea, and therefore why they do not
	2948.1344	terrestrial mammal can be transported	across a wide space of sea, but bats can fly
	2948.1389	a wide space of sea, but bats can fly	across. Bats have been seen wandering by day
	2966.900	be floated in chinks of drifted timber	across moderately wide arms of the sea. And I
	2990.496	currents of the sea are rapid and sweep	across the archipelago, and gales of wind are
	5346.56	Rough Notes of some Rapid Journeys	across the Pampas and over the Andes. Post 8vo
	5464.9	SPORTS. By CHARLES ST. JOHN. JOURNEYS	ACROSS THE PAMPAS. By SIR F. B. HEAD
	5630.225	to Loanda on the West Coast; thence	across the Continent, down the River Zambesi
17			acted
	331.750	to its primary cause, which may have	acted on the ovules or male element; in
	792.184	very trifling importance, may thus be	acted on. When we see leaf-eating insects
	1092.42	natural selection has really thus	acted in nature, in modifying and adapting
	1092.327	and how largely extinction has	acted in the world's history, geology plainly
	1297.935	and tendency to variation, when	acted on by similar unknown influences. In
	1353.299	the same laws appear to have	acted in producing the lesser differences
	1560.417	differences, might assuredly be	acted on by natural selection. The tail of
	1689.1714	natural instincts; but they have been	acted on by far less rigorous selection, and
	1709.593	probably, habit and selection have	acted together. We shall, perhaps, best
	1833.339	that they could hardly have been	acted on by natural selection; cases of
	2042.310	to all living things. We see this	acted on by [page] 267 CHAP. VIII. FERTILITY
	2147.203	as this process of extermination has	acted on an enormous scale, so must the
	2444.1123	and in what degree, they severally	acted. If the conditions had gone on, however
	3263.742	is fully displayed. The cause may have	acted, and I believe generally has acted
	3263.777	have acted, and I believe generally has	acted, even before the embryo is formed; and
	3434.57	reason why the principles which have	acted so efficiently under domestication
	3434.114	under domestication should not have	acted under nature. In the preservation of
14			acting
	295.907	by unperceived causes as to fail in	acting, we need not be surprised at this
	295.992	when it does act under confinement,	acting not quite regularly, and producing
	325.143	not be due to the same original cause	acting on both; but when amongst individuals
	725.53	every species, many different checks,	acting at different periods of life, and
	778.113	in the conditions of life, by specially	acting on the reproductive system, causes or
	822.1292	chiefly modified by sexual selection,	acting when the birds have come to the
	1430.373	forms thus produced and the old ones	acting and reacting on each other. So that, in
	1871.65	I believe that natural selection, by	acting on the fertile parents, could form a
	2626.506	produced by the laws of variation still	acting round us, and preserved by Natural
	3442.536	strictly limited quantity. Man, though	acting on external characters alone and often
	3448.475	What limit can be put to this power,	acting during long ages and rigidly
	3524.274	and will thus have little power of	acting on an organ during early life; hence
	3574.842	are produced and exterminated by slowly	acting and still existing causes, and not by
	3588.381	manner, have all been produced by laws	acting around us. These laws, taken in the
79			action
	146.379	isolation, number of individuals — Slow	action — Extinction caused by Natural
	146.537	any small area, and to naturalisation —	Action of Natural Selection, through
	291.866	other part of the organisation, to the	action of any change in the conditions of life
	305.416	growth, and of inheritance; for had the	action of the conditions been direct, if any
	305.620	we should attribute to the direct	action of heat, moisture, light, food, &c., is
	309.114	I think, be attributed to the direct	action of the conditions of life—as, in some
	337.433	have to be attributed to the direct	action of the poor soil), that they would to a
	425.202	perhaps, be attributed to the direct	action of the external conditions of life, and
	515.119	that the conditions of life, from their	action on the reproductive system, are so far
	515.601	may be attributed to the direct	action of the conditions of life. Something
	515.1732	I am convinced that the accumulative	action of Selection, whether applied
	574.235	cases, due merely to the long-continued	action of different physical conditions in two
	574.486	to one in which it differs more, to the	action of natural selection in accumulating
	602.306	to find the manufactory still in	action, more especially as we have every
	641.1529	see, is a power incessantly ready for	action, and is as immeasurably superior to man
	689.417	mortality from epidemics with man. The	action of climate seems at first sight to be
	693.405	the whole effect to its direct	action. But this is a very false view: we
	693.1323	forms, due to the directly injurious	action of climate, than we do in proceeding
	729.543	simple is this problem compared to the	action and reaction of the innumerable plants
	830.21	a monstrosity. Illustrations of the	action of Natural Selection.—In order to make
	858.298	but we now very seldom hear the	action, for instance, of the coast-waves
	892.528	we know of no means, analogous to the	action of insects and of the wind in the case
	948.81	extreme slowness, I fully admit. Its	action depends on there being places in the
	948.427	forms having been checked. But the	action of natural selection will probably
	948.893	are amply sufficient wholly to stop the	action of natural selection. I do not believe
	952.5	page] 109 CHAP. IV. EXTINCTION. tent	action of natural selection accords perfectly
	976.1221	then, we see in man's productions the	action of what may be called the principle of
	1102.373	through inheritance and the complex	action of natural selection, entailing
	1133.116	of it to attribute to the accumulative	action of natural selection, and how much to
	1133.516	generations, and how much to the direct	action of the severe climate? for it would
	1133.595	appear that climate has some direct	action on the hair of our domestic quadrupeds
	1139.270	to lay very little weight on the direct	action of the conditions of life. Indirectly
	1153.526	Madeira beetles is mainly due to the	action of natural selection, but combined
	1155.291	This is quite compatible with the	action of natural selection. For when a new
	1285.21	OF VARIATION. is less rigid in its	action than ordinary selection, as it does not
	1285.295	will have had a wide scope for	action, and may thus readily have succeeded in
	1311.597	and will not be left to the mutual	action of the conditions of life and of a
	1574.1130	or it may possibly be due to the direct	action of putrid matter; but we should be very
	1580.1468	colour would be thus subjected to the	action of natural selection. But we are far
	1590.1202	some little allowance for the direct	action of physical conditions) may be viewed
	1638.809	being slightly affected by the direct	action of the external conditions of life, and
	1651.291	lay her eggs in other birds' nests. An	action, which we ourselves should require
	1657.201	of mind under which an instinctive	action is performed, but not of its origin
	1657.725	a well-known song, so in instincts, one	action follows another by a sort of rhythm; if
	1661.27	LIKE HABIT. If we suppose any habitual	action to become inherited-and I think it can
	1671.282	of an animal apparently performing an	action for the sole good of another, with
	1675.828	in this manner, showing that the	action was instinctive, and not the result of
	1675.1154	any animal in the world performs an	action for the exclusive good of another of a
	1677.132	variations, are indispensable for the	action of natural selection, as many instances
	1697.271	the tumbler-pigeon to tumble,—an	action which, as I have witnessed, is
	2038.378	in the development, or periodical	action, or mutual relation of the different
	2173.32	base. He who most closely studies the	action of the sea on our shores, will, I
	2205.564	been so completely planed down by the	action of the sea, that no trace of these vast
	2219.4	say three hundred million years. The	action of fresh water on the gently inclined
	2219.335	as land, and thus have escaped the	action of the sea: when deeply submerged for
	2219.447	it would, likewise, have escaped the	action of the coast-waves. So that in all
	2241.1188	rising of the land within the grinding	action of the coast-waves. We may, I think
	2243.151	in order to withstand the incessant	action of the waves, when first upraised and
	2367.1134	or obliterated by metamorphic	action, we ought to find only small remnants
	2379.1693	have undergone far more metamorphic	action than strata which have always remained
	2466.474	and that some check is always in	action, yet seldom perceived by us, the whole
	2663.669	of the former immigrants;—and on their	action and reaction, in their mutual struggles
	2713.496	far seeds could resist the injurious	action of sea-water. To my surprise I found
	2723.472	of their resistance to the injurious	action of the salt-water. On the other hand he
	2745.143	remain to be discovered, have been in	action year after year, for centuries and tens
	2749.474	for a great length of time to the	action of seawater; nor could they be long
	2809.533	some direct evidence of former glacial	action in New Zealand; and the same plants
	2809.741	we have direct evidence of glacial	action in the south-eastern corner of
	2811.773	the clearest evidence of former glacial	action, in huge boulders transported far from
	2817.552	admit as probable that the glacial	action was simultaneous on the eastern and
	3032.1802	be an almost endless amount of organic	action and reaction,—and we should find, as we
	3063.280	to turn to the diagram illustrating the	action, as formerly explained, of these
	3343.286	to maturity and to its full powers of	action, the principle of inheritance at
	3426.434	by use and disuse, and by the direct	action of the physical conditions of life
	3454.239	as a general rule, to find it still in	action; and this is the case if varieties be
	3532.406	great valleys excavated, by the slow	action of the coast-waves. The mind cannot
	3566.173	of use and disuse, on the direct	action of external conditions, and so forth
	3588.565	from the indirect and direct	action of the external con- [page
	4219.11	fossil birds of, 339. —, glacial	action in, 373, —, crustaceans of
1			action—extinction
	764.365	isolation, number of individuals—Slow	action—Extinction caused by Natural Selection—Divergence
8			actions
	1651.101	to show that several distinct mental	actions are commonly embraced by this term; but
	1657.277	origin. How unconsciously many habitual	actions are performed, indeed not rarely in
	1689.831	shepherd-dogs. I cannot see that these	actions, performed without experience by the
	1689.1188	of the cabbage,—I cannot see that these	actions differ essentially from true instincts
	1689.1564	point, we should assuredly call these	actions instinctive. Domestic instincts, as
	1697.46	instincts are sometimes spoken of as	actions which have become inherited solely from
	1709.224	generations, peculiar mental habits and	actions, which at first appeared from what we
	5704.40	MAURELS (JULES) Essay on the Character,	Actions, and Writings of the-Duke of Wellington
12			active
	602.246	the manufactory of species has been	active, we ought generally to find the
	1845.353	alone when the reproductive system is	active, as in the nuptial plumage of many
	3239.677	in the case of larvæ, the embryos are	active, and have been adapted for special
	3247.90	any part of its embryonic career is	active, and has to provide for itself. The
	3247.392	the similarity of the larvæ or	active embryos of allied animals is sometimes
	3247.662	most cases, however, the larvæ, though	active, still obey more or less closely the
	3251.1016	organs of sense, and to reach by their	active powers of swimming, a proper place on
	3255.961	whether adapted to the most diverse and	active habits, or quite inactive, being fed by
	3261.37	embryo becomes at any period of life	active and has to provide for itself;—of the
	3295.1269	inheritance at corresponding ages, the	active young or larvæ might easily be rendered
	3359.562	as different as possible. Larvæ are	active embryos, which have become specially
	3454.175	the manufactory of species has been	active, we might expect, as a general rule, to
1			actively
	1361.87	of new specific forms has been	actively at work-there, on an average, we now
2			activity
	3247.143	to provide for itself. The period of	activity may come on earlier or later in life
	3289.1253	which has come to its full powers of	activity and has to gain its own living; and the
15			actual
	455.956	Some of these facts do not show	actual selection, but they show that the
	461.362	kind could never be recognised unless	actual measurements or careful drawings of the
	568.451	impresses the mind with the idea of an	actual passage. Hence I look at individual
	618.233	of such links cannot affect the	actual characters of the forms which they
	1225.1322	by disuse, and, on the other hand, the	actual withdrawal of nutriment from one part
	1434.357	namely from what we know of the	actual distribution of closely allied or
	1669.195	we ought to find in nature, not the	actual transitional gradations by which each
	1865.409	in these workers, by my giving not the	actual measurements, but a strictly accurate
	2177.258	maximum thickness, in most cases from	actual measurement, in a few cases from
	2291.796	before explained, that A might be the	actual progenitor of B and C, and yet might
	2596.519	and some of these fossils may be the	actual progenitors of living species. It must
	2723.132	for he placed the seeds in a box in the	actual sea, so that they were alternately wet
	3191.1411	this or that branch, though at the	actual fork the two unite and blend together
	3558.681	more carefully and to value higher the	actual amount of difference between them. It
	3578.145	as a fair measure of the lapse of	actual time. A number of species, however
21			actually
	437.27	breeding. What English breeders have	actually effected is proved by the enormous
	542.1217	not because the intermediate links have	actually been found, but because analogy leads
	778.868	of isolation to check immigration, is	actually necessary to produce new and unoccupied
	976.351	like extremes," they both go on (as has	actually occurred with tumbler-pigeons) choosing
	1323.764	stripes are sometimes very obscure, or	actually quite lost, in dark-coloured asses. The
	1528.363	in believing that natural selection has	actually converted a swimbladder into a lung, or
	1530.1147	period served for respiration have been	actually converted into organs of flight. In
	1560.1157	is not that the larger quadrupeds are	actually destroyed (except in some rare cases
	1566.111	now become of very slight use; and any	actually injurious deviations in their structure
	1731.648	which determine the migration, and	actually carry their masters in their jaws. So
	1837.300	first appeared to me insuperable, and	actually fatal to my whole theory. I allude to
	1932.624	the individuals of certain species can	actually be hybridised much more readily than
	2783.36	In illustrating what, as I believe,	actually took place during the Glacial period, I
	2817.409	during a part at least of the period,	actually simultaneous throughout the world
	2855.887	and if the natives have not been	actually exterminated, their numbers have been
	2968.151	of the nearest mainland, without being	actually the same species. Numerous instances
	3159.536	misled by external appearances,	actually classed an homopterous insect as a moth
	3217.969	transformed into another; and we can	actually see in embryonic crustaceans and in
	3233.630	the one case and legs in the other—have	actually been modified into skulls or jaws. Yet
	3275.236	seemed almost to be the case; but on	actually measuring the old dogs and their six
	3428.13	domesticated productions. Man does not	actually produce variability; he only [page
1			acuminata
	1980.1094	other genus; but Gärtner found that N.	acuminata, which is not a particularly distinct
1			acutest
	1484.316	modified. On the other hand, the	acutest observer by examining the dead body of
7			adapt
	641.1314	produce great results, and can	adapt organic beings to his own uses, through
	804.965	trees. Natural selection may modify and	adapt the larva of an insect to a score of
	810.103	to the young. In social animals it will	adapt the structure of each individual for
	1418.68	apply to both; and if we in imagination	adapt a varying species to a very large area
	1418.131	to a very large area, we shall have to	adapt two varieties to two large areas, and a
	2337.100	require a long succession of ages to	adapt an organism to some new and peculiar
	3468.88	with natural selection always ready to	adapt the slowly varying descendants of each
18			adaptation
	429.23	MAN. CHAP. I. is that we see in them	adaptation, not indeed to the animal's or plant's
	487.151	how it is that our domestic races show	adaptation in their structure or in their habits
	872.848	such flowers, there is a very curious	adaptation between the structure of the flower and
	1173.773	a damp climate. But the degree of	adaptation of species to the climates under which
	1177.383	quite as much as, or more than, by	adaptation to particular climates. But whether or
	1177.441	climates. But whether or not the	adaptation be generally very close, we have
	1183.804	zones. Hence I am inclined to look at	adaptation to any special climate as a quality
	1478.458	nature. Can a more striking instance of	adaptation be given than that of a woodpecker for
	1574.189	that the green colour was a beautiful	adaptation to hide this tree-frequenting bird from
	1574.1033	is generally looked at as a direct	adaptation for wallowing in putridity; and so it
	1574.1384	have been advanced as a beautiful	adaptation for aiding parturition, and no doubt
	2006.1051	evergreen and the other deciduous, and	adaptation to widely different climates, does not
	2936.256	relations are more striking than the	adaptation of hooked seeds for transportal by the
	3018.844	the subsequent modification and better	adaptation of the colonists to their new homes
	3081.585	been subjected to less change in the	adaptation of the species to their conditions of
	3247.220	in life; but whenever it comes on, the	adaptation of the larva to its conditions of life
	3438.512	it comes into competition, or better	adaptation in however slight a degree to the
	3774.3	in checking increase of beings, 68. —,	adaptation of, to organisms, 139. [page
6			adaptations
	635.839	in nature. How have all those exquisite	adaptations of one part of the organisation to
	639.199	breeze; in short, we see beautiful	adaptations everywhere and in every part of the
	1638.714	during long-past periods of time: the	adaptations being aided in some cases by use and
	1638.1040	through the inheritance of former	adaptations, that of Unity of Type. [page
	3163.165	whales are compared with fishes, being	adaptations in both classes for swimming through
	3247.348	in the adult animal. From such special	adaptations, the similarity of the larvæ or active
54			adapted
	250.1025	tail, beak, and tongue, so admirably	adapted to catch insects under the bark of
	741.955	the structure of its legs, so well	adapted for diving, allows it to compete with
	772.963	by barriers, into which new and better	adapted forms could not freely enter, we should
	778.1415	native inhabitants are now so perfectly	adapted to each other and to the physical
	788.382	that they should be infinitely better	adapted to the most complex conditions of life
	856.811	or one after the other, modified and	adapted in the most perfect manner to each
	878.134	other towards it, the contrivance seems	adapted solely to ensure self-fertilisation
	922.639	in checking the immigration of better	adapted organisms, after any physical change
	922.859	inhabitants to struggle for, and become	adapted to, through modifica- [page] 105 CHAP
	948.384	slow, and on the immigration of better	adapted forms having been checked. But the
	994.264	looked at as specially created and	adapted for their own country. It might, also
	994.414	to a few groups more especially	adapted to certain stations in their new homes
	1002.62	doubts that a stomach by being	adapted to digest vegetable matter alone, or
	1052.82	distinct country, or become quickly	adapted to some quite new station, in which
	1056.752	stage of descent, so as to have become	adapted to many related places in the natural
	1090.1318	assuring to the most vigorous and best	adapted males the greatest number of offspring
	1173.549	It is notorious that each species is	adapted to the climate of its own home: species
	1177.1304	know that these animals were strictly	adapted to their native climate, but in all
	1189.420	which are born with constitutions best	adapted to their native countries. In treatises
	1207.25	their teeth. I know of no case better	adapted to show the importance of the laws of
	1293.1431	natural and sexual selection, and thus	adapted for secondary sexual, and for ordinary
	1365.416	struggle with each other, and the best	adapted to survive. [page] 171 CHAP. VI
	1400.903	of modification, each has become	adapted to the conditions of life of its own
	1424.749	varieties of sheep to be kept, one	adapted to an extensive mountainous region; a
	1442.550	for life, it is clear that each is well	adapted in its habits to its place in nature
	1464.92	as the Crustacea and Mollusca are	adapted to live on the land, and seeing that we
	1476.470	of insects were constant, and if better	adapted competitors did not already exist in
	1560.583	incredible that this could have been	adapted for its present purpose by successive
	1606.277	purpose, with the poison originally	adapted to cause galls subsequently intensified
	1638.663	conditions of life; or by having	adapted them during long-past periods of time
	1763.259	structure of a comb, so beautifully	adapted to its end, without enthusiastic
	2355.66	until some of the species became	adapted to a cooler climate, and were enabled
	2420.206	the offspring of one species might be	adapted (and no doubt this has occurred in
	2713.236	this or that plant is stated to be ill	adapted for wide dissemination; but for
	2890.28	quently become modified and	adapted to the fresh waters of a distant land
	2922.396	that a sufficient number of the best	adapted plants and animals have not been
	2928.800	former homes, and have become mutually	adapted to each other; and when settled in
	2994.1108	many even of the birds, though so well	adapted for flying from island to island, are
	3159.1229	lines of descent, may readily become	adapted to similar conditions, and thus assume
	3165.47	of distinct classes have often been	adapted by successive slight modifications to
	3179.1601	owing to the phascolomys having become	adapted to habits like those of a Rodent. The
	3229.174	elements, many times repeated, and have	adapted them to the most diverse purposes. And
	3239.699	the embryos are active, and have been	adapted for special lines of life. A trace of
	3255.929	The larvæ of insects, whether	adapted to the most diverse and active habits
	3289.362	by a long course of modification,	adapted in one descendant to act as hands, in
	3331.233	most parts and organs are exquisitely	adapted for certain purposes, tells us with
	3470.296	to have been specially created and	adapted for that country, being beaten and
	4828.79	on the Laws of England, A New Edition,	adapted to the present state of the law. By R
	4982.82	of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and	adapted for Private Families. New Edition
	5048.87	of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and	adapted for Private Families. New Edition
	5264.18	vo. 9s. 6d. ——. Hymns written and	adapted for the weekly Church Service of the
	5384.54	W. B.) Psalms and Hymns, selected and	adapted to the various Solemnities of the
	5742.87	of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and	adapted for Private Families. New Edition
	5952.85	Principles of Economy and Practice, and	adapted for Private Families. New and Revised
4			adapting
	776.213	of any of the species, by better	adapting them to their altered conditions, would
	1092.76	thus acted in nature, in modifying and	adapting the various forms of life to their
	1638.560	natural selection acts by either now	adapting the varying parts of each being to its
	3448.690	this power, in slowly and beautifully	adapting each form to the most complex relations
13			adaptive
	208.249	used in classification — Analogical or	adaptive characters — Affinities, general
	3055.239	used in classification—Analogical or	adaptive characters—Affinities, general, complex
	3075.803	of the being, are ranked as merely "	adaptive or analogical characters;" but to the
	3075.1396	of these organs to mistake a merely	adaptive for an essential character." So with
	3159.108	real affinities and analogical or	adaptive resemblances. Lamarck first called
	3159.1024	clearly understand why analogical or	adaptive character, although of the utmost
	3179.474	are believed to be real and not merely	adaptive, they are due on my theory to
	3197.1339	we summarily reject analogical or	adaptive characters, and yet use these same
	3351.618	in value between analogical or	adaptive characters, and characters of true
	3512.555	than others for classification;—why	adaptive characters, though of paramount
	3560.188	of type, paternity, morphology,	adaptive characters, rudimentary and aborted
	3757.3	of, 111. ——, sexual, variable, 156. —,	adaptive or analogical, 427. Charlock
	4114.11	flowers, 451. L. Lamarck on	adaptive characters, 427. Land-shells
2			adapts
	3432.255	them in any desired manner. He thus	adapts animals and plants for his own benefit
	3470.45	selection acts by competition, it	adapts the inhabitants of each country only in
12			added
	351.222	not dispute that these capacities have	added largely to the value of most of our
	1297.1354	species; and to these a third may be	added, namely, the common turnip. According
	2307.35	Geological research, though it has	added numerous species to existing and
	2367.498	with accuracy. M. Barrande has lately	added another and lower stage to the Silurian
	2584.1313	displayed by them. Other cases could be	added, as the relation between the extinct
	3069.988	it seems to me that nothing is thus	added to our knowledge. Such expressions as
	3171.239	that the discovery of Australia has not	added a single insect belonging to a new
	3171.357	as I learn from Dr. Hooker, it has	added only two or three orders of small size
	3566.395	subject for study than one more species	added to the infinitude of already recorded
	5588.92	Remarks on its Antiquities; to which is	added, the Demi of Attica. Second Edition
	5884.90	the Miseries of Fishing. To which is	added, Maxims and Hints for a Chess-player
	5932.51	Insect Architecture. To which are	added Chapters on the Ravages, the
1			adder
	1592.363	species, as we see in the fang of the	adder, and in the ovipositor of the ichneumon
8			adding
	778.590	can certainly produce great results by	adding up in any given direction mere
	790.175	that which is bad, preserving and	adding up all that is good; silently and
	1767.464	old cocoons to hold honey, sometimes	adding to them short tubes of wax, and
	1807.926	piling up the cut-away cement, and	adding fresh cement, on the summit of the
	1863.827	condition. I may digress by	adding, that if the smaller workers had been
	2345.940	series. This was a sore trouble to me,	adding as I thought one more instance of the
	3069.576	common to the dog-genus, and then by	adding a single sentence, a full description
	3442.648	within a short period a great result by	adding up mere individual differences in his
1			addison
	4884.9	with Notes. By JOHN FORSTER. WORKS OF	ADDISON. Edited, with Notes. By Rev. W. ELWIN
1			addison's
	4632.0	Customs of India. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d.	ADDISON'S WORKS. A New Edition, with a New Life
3			addition
	994.1147	and thus a large proportional	addition is made to the genera of these States
	1767.1465	in which the young are hatched, and, in	addition, some large cells of wax for holding
	3462.250	non facit saltum," which every fresh	addition to our knowledge tends to make more
2			additional
	2110.543	deficiency of tail or horns, or	additional fingers and toes; and do not relate to
	5930.90	With Biographies of the Authors, and	additional Notes. New Edition, with the Author's
1			additions
	4744.28	d. each. ——— 27. SELECTIONS FROM THE	ADDITIONS up to 1812. 8vo. 5s. 1834-54. 8vo. 5s
5			addresses
	5674.4	of Joan of Arc. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. ———	Addresses Delivered at Manchester, Leeds, and
	5830.9	TAYLOR'S NOTES FROM LIFE. 2s. REJECTED	ADDRESSES. 1s. PKNN'S HINTS OW ANGLING. 1s
	5930.9	for 1859, 8vo. Nearly ready. REJECTED	ADDRESSES (THE). By JAMES AND HORACE SMITH. With
	6016.30	vo. 64s. ——— (JAMES & HORACE) Rejected	Addresses. Twenty-third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s
	6034.23	mo. STANLEY'S (Rev. A. P.)	ADDRESSES AND CHARGES OF THE LATE BISHOP STANLEY
1			adduce
	1273.89	It would be almost superfluous to	adduce evidence in support of the above
3			adduced
	242.789	in this volume on which facts cannot be	adduced, often apparently leading to
	1584.97	between species. I might have	adduced for this same purpose the differences
	1918.854	with the evidence from fertility	adduced by different hybridisers, or by the
1			adhere
	2966.661	hatched young occasionally crawl on and	adhere to the feet of birds roosting on the
1			adherent
	1211.1488	petals; and that when this occurs, the	adherent nectary is quite aborted; when the
2			adheres
	2737.96	clean, I can show that earth sometimes	adheres to them: in one instance I removed
	2898.526	that earth occasionally, though rarely,	adheres in some quantity to the feet and beaks
4			adhering
	2741.294	and can we doubt that the earth	adhering to their feet would sometimes include a
	2892.706	I have twice seen these little plants	adhering to its back; and it has happened to me
	2896.101	fresh-water shell like a limpet) firmly	adhering to it; and a water-beetle of the same
	3905.30	Feet of birds, young molluscs	adhering to, 385. FRUIT-TREES. Fertility of
2			adhesion
	1159.790	a reduction in their size with the	adhesion of the eyelids and growth of fur over
	2016.88	fundamental difference between the mere	adhesion of grafted stocks, and the union of the
1			adhesive
	1536.942	size and the obliteration of their	adhesive glands. If all pedunculated cirripedes
19			adjoining
	1203.77	Hard parts seem to affect the form of	adjoining soft parts; it is believed by some
	1225.1230	natural selection and another and	adjoining part being reduced by this same process
	1225.1412	to the excess of growth in another and	adjoining part. I suspect, also, that some of
	1233.432	compensation the reduction of some	adjoining part. [page] 149 CHAP. V. CORRELATION
	1357.392	it tends to draw nourishment from the	adjoining parts; and every part of the structure
	1767.141	in close relation to the presence of	adjoining cells; and the following view may
	1767.984	the composition of the bases of three	adjoining cells on the opposite side. In the
	1771.676	enter into the construction of three	adjoining cells. It is obvious that the Melipona
	1771.794	for the flat walls between the	adjoining cells are not double, but are of the
	1775.322	same distance from the centres of the	adjoining spheres in the other and parallel layer
	1781.1153	have been formed by the intersection of	adjoining spheres in the same layer, she can
	1807.62	the plane of intersection between two	adjoining spheres. I have several specimens
	1815.633	up a wall intermediate between two	adjoining spheres; but, as far as I have seen
	1815.784	large part both of that cell and of the	adjoining cells has been built. This capacity in
	1825.1202	for a wall in common even to two	adjoining cells, would save some little wax
	2259.103	the area of the land and of the	adjoining shoal parts of the sea will be
	2994.1867	subject; namely, that Madeira and the	adjoining islet of [page] 403 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC
	3329.76	is of greater size relatively to the	adjoining parts in the embryo, than in the adult
	5612.70	used in Herefordshire and some of the	adjoining Counties. 12mo. 4s. 6d. ——— (LADY
1			adjoins
	1771.159	flat surfaces, according as the cell	adjoins two, three or more other cells. When
1			adjusting
	1494.113	all its inimitable contrivances for	adjusting the focus to different distances, for
2			administration
	5970.45	G. P.) Memoir of Lord Sydenham, and his	Administration in Canada. Second Edition. Portrait
	6060.36	SYDENHAM'S (LORD) Memoirs. With his	Administration in Canada. By G.POULET SCROPE, M.P
1			administration-political
	5724.56	in 3858; A Summary of the Existing	Administration-Political, Fiscal, and Judicial; with Laws and
1			administrations
	4984.69	during the American War, —	Administrations in India, —Union with Ireland, and
19			admirable
	509.43	with distinct species) those many	admirable varieties of the strawberry which have
	548.1804	as varieties in Mr. Wollaston's	admirable work, but which it cannot [page
	994.551	has well remarked in his great and	admirable work, that floras gain by
	1877.420	nature has, as I believe, effected this	admirable division of labour in the communities
	1910.167	works of those two conscientious and	admirable observers, Kölreuter and Gärtner, who
	1964.356	are chiefly drawn up from Gärtner's	admirable work on the hybridisation of plants. I
	2209.360	memoir on this subject. Yet it is an	admirable lesson to stand on the North Downs and
	2223.154	by every one. The remark of that	admirable palæontologist, the late Edward Forbes
	2482.137	of the world, has greatly struck those	admirable observers, MM. [page] 325 CHAP. X
	2508.83	in Europe. Mr. Prestwich, in his	admirable Memoirs on the eocene deposits of
	2801.586	crustaceans (as described in Dana's	admirable work), of some fish and other marine
	2825.309	the intermediate torrid regions. In the	admirable 'Introduction to the Flora of New
	2863.100	of the most remarkable are stated with	admirable clearness by Dr. Hooker in his
	2928.316	and we know from Mr. J. M. Jones's	admirable account of Bermuda, that very many
	2954.1036	history of this archipelago by the	admirable zeal and researches of Mr. Wallace. I
	2972.481	plants, as shown by Dr. Hooker in his	admirable memoir on the Flora of this archipelago
	3255.1198	as in that of Aphis, if we look to the	admirable drawings by Professor Huxley of the
	3484.420	principle of gradation throws on the	admirable architectural powers of the hive-bee
	3572.296	shall surely be enabled to trace in an	admirable manner the former migrations of the
2			admirably
	250.1015	its feet, tail, beak, and tongue, so	admirably adapted to catch insects under the bark
	3016.626	observed, and which has lately been	admirably discussed by Alph. de Candolle in
2			admiral
	5066.9	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9s. DURHAMS (	ADMIRAL SIR PHILIP) Naval Life and Services. By
	5768.46	CAPT. A.) Naval Life and Services of	Admiral Sir Philip Durham. 8vo. 5s. 6d
3			admiralty
	4656.0	Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo. 24s. [page] 2	ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS; Issued by direction of
	4656.78	of the Lords Commissioners of the	Admiralty:mdash; 1. A MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC
	5686.178	Published by order of the Lords of the	Admiralty.) MARKHAMS (MRS.) History of England
2			admiration
	250.653	which most justly excites our	admiration. Naturalists continually refer to
	1763.300	to its end, without enthusiastic	admiration. We hear from mathematicians that bees
6			admire
	976.281	that "fanciers do not and will not	admire a medium standard, but like extremes
	1604.334	the eye. If our reason leads us to	admire with enthusiasm a multitude of
	1606.619	the death of some few members. If we	admire the truly wonderful power of scent by
	1606.723	many insects find their females, can we	admire the production for this single purpose
	1606.971	It may be difficult, but we ought to	admire the savage instinctive hatred of the
	1610.289	principle of natural selection. If we	admire the several ingenious contrivances, by
4			admission
	566.754	much variation,—and the truth of this	admission will often be disputed by other
	1552.470	non facit saltum." We meet with this	admission in the writings of almost every
	2711.471	such facts seem to me opposed to the	admission of such prodigious geographical
	2711.864	volcanic composition favour the	admission that they are the wrecks of sunken
35			admit
	365.816	breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must	admit that many domestic breeds have
	365.1105	dogs of the whole world, which I fully	admit have probably descended from several
	369.64	domestic races by this process, we must	admit the former existence of the most
	423.1157	links in the long lines of descent, yet	admit that many of our domestic races have
	645.500	knowledge. Nothing is easier than to	admit in words the truth of the universal
	948.70	act with extreme slowness, I fully	admit. Its action depends on there being
	1351.514	but other species of the genus. To	admit this view is, as it seems to me, to
	1508.202	not to hesitate to go further, and to	admit that a structure even as perfect as the
	1528.134	to the swimbladder. All physiologists	admit that the swimbladder is homologous, or
	1580.1787	breeds, which nevertheless we generally	admit to have arisen through ordinary
	1586.395	fatal to my theory. Yet I fully	admit that many structures are of no direct
	1859.117	of natural selection, when I do not	admit that such wonderful and well
	2006.572	a specially endowed quality, but will	admit that it is incidental on differences in
	2054.315	perfectly fertile offspring. I fully	admit that this is almost invariably the case
	2165.631	in natural science, yet does not	admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the
	2227.310	a most erroneous view, when we tacitly	admit to ourselves that sediment is being
	2426.525	opposed to such views as I maintain)	admit its truth; and the rule strictly
	2450.122	I published in 1845, namely, that to	admit that species generally become rare
	2450.312	ceases to exist, is much the same as to	admit that sickness in the individual is the
	2526.134	members of the same classes, we must	admit that there is some truth in the remark
	2707.1096	intervening oceanic islands. I freely	admit the former existence of many islands
	2817.517	to the contrary, we may at least	admit as probable that the glacial action was
	2916.378	already stated that I cannot honestly	admit Forbes's view on continental extensions
	2918.435	Hope or in Australia, we must, I think,	admit that something quite independently of
	2922.352	of each separate species, will have to	admit, that a sufficient number of the best
	3378.599	great, cannot be considered real if we	admit the following propositions, namely
	3418.204	geological record is imperfect all will	admit; but that it is imperfect to the degree
	3418.291	I require, few will be inclined to	admit. If we look to long enough intervals of
	3492.6	been produced by secondary laws. If we	admit that the geological record is imperfect
	3498.44	to geographical distribution, if we	admit that there has been during the long
	3532.52	cause of our natural unwillingness to	admit that one species has given birth to
	3540.268	a strange conclusion to arrive at. They	admit that a multitude of forms, which till
	3540.522	feature of true species,—they	admit that these have been produced by
	3540.821	those produced by secondary laws. They	admit variation as a vera causa in one case
	3558.1064	as those naturalists treat genera, who	admit that genera are merely artificial
5			admits
	2088.173	more variable than hybrids; but Gärtner	admits that hybrids from species which have
	2088.354	instances of this fact. Gärtner further	admits that hybrids between very closely
	2918.139	continental areas: Alph. de Candolle	admits this for plants, and Wollaston for
	2922.277	many native productions. He who	admits the doctrine of the creation of each
	3442.729	his domestic productions; and every one	admits that there are at least individual
26			admitted
	325.751	and commoner deviations may be freely	admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the correct
	343.734	a state of nature. I think this must be	admitted, when we find that there are hardly any
	552.740	or Ireland, be sufficient? It must be	admitted that many forms, considered by highly
	635.597	of any well-marked varieties be	admitted. But the mere existence of individual
	1281.94	two other remarks. I think it will be	admitted, without my entering on details, that
	1281.212	very variable; I think it also will be	admitted that species of the same group differ
	1596.416	which seems to me of any weight. It is	admitted that the rattlesnake has a poison-fang
	1663.23	thus acquired. It will be universally	admitted that instincts are as important as
	1713.19	known instincts. It is now commonly	admitted that the more immediate and final cause
	2209.106	of the Weald. Though it must be	admitted that the denudation of the Weald has
	2223.112	collections are very imperfect, is	admitted by every one. The remark of that
	2596.237	This cannot for an instant be	admitted. These huge animals have become wholly
	2677.651	agency of a miracle. It is universally	admitted, that in most cases the area inhabited
	2707.451	by Forbes are to be trusted, it must be	admitted that scarcely a single island exists
	2707.1413	over them. Whenever it is fully	admitted, as I believe it will some day be, that
	2711.606	on the view advanced by Forbes and	admitted by his many followers. The nature and
	2817.774	extremity of the continent. If this be	admitted, it is difficult to avoid believing
	2960.759	more complete; and if modification be	admitted, all the forms of life would have been
	3089.161	importance, but which are universally	admitted as highly serviceable in the definition
	3103.610	this doctrine has very generally been	admitted as true. The same fact holds good with
	3209.211	of the attempt has been expressly	admitted by Owen in his most interesting work on
	3271.40	These two principles, if their truth be	admitted, will, I believe, explain all the above
	3382.476	graduated steps. There are, it must be	admitted, cases of special difficulty on the
	3446.5	CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION. have	admitted the existence of varieties, which they
	3510.957	to the African mainland. It must be	admitted that these facts receive no explanation
	3554.106	or when analogous views are generally	admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will
5			admitting
	566.706	will succeed in this at the expense of	admitting much variation,—and the truth of this
	1494.161	the focus to different distances, for	admitting different amounts of light, and for the
	2707.735	of my judgment we are not authorized in	admitting such enormous geographical changes
	3032.42	the difficulties be not insuperable in	admitting that in the long course of time the
	3532.152	species, is that we are always slow in	admitting any great change of which we do not see
1			admonition
	1948.335	opposition to the constantly repeated	admonition of every breeder. And in this case, it
1			adolphus's
	4634.0	ELWIN. 4 Vols. 8vo. In Preparation.	ADOLPHUS'S (J. L.) Letters from Spain, in 1856 and
1			adopt
	3365.172	that I should without hesitation	adopt this view, even if it were unsupported
2			adoption
	215.283	may be extended — Effects of its	adoption on the study of Natural history
	3374.275	may be extended—Effects of its	adoption on the study of Natural history
26			adult
	804.436	of our sheep and cattle when nearly	adult;—so in a state of nature, natural
	804.1180	of correlation, the structure of the	adult; and probably in the case of those
	804.1440	So, conversely, modifications in the	adult will probably often affect the
	1090.1189	egg, seed, or young, as easily as the	adult. Amongst many animals, sexual selection
	1197.484	concluded, affect the structure of the	adult; in the same manner as any
	1197.609	affects the whole organisation of the	adult. The several parts of the body which
	2576.646	I shall attempt to show that the	adult differs from its embryo, owing to
	2576.924	more and more difference to the	adult. Thus the embryo comes to be left as a
	3103.108	importance with those derived from the	adult, for our classifications of course
	3103.327	for this purpose than that of the	adult, which alone plays its full part in the
	3141.396	of certain cirripedes, when	adult, and yet no one dreams of separating
	3141.592	may differ from each other and from the	adult; as he likewise includes the so-called
	3247.316	as perfect and as beautiful as in the	adult animal. From such special adaptations
	3247.605	more, from each other than do their	adult parents. In most cases, however, the
	3255.85	in structure between the embryo and the	adult, and likewise a close similarity in the
	3255.644	at any period differ widely from the	adult: thus Owen has remarked in regard to
	3257.155	in structure between the embryo and the	adult;—of parts in the same indivividual
	3281.231	almost exactly as much as in the	adult state. The two principles above given
	3295.1628	to be the case with cirripedes. The	adult might become fitted for sites or habits
	3301.526	for classification than that of the	adult. For the embryo is the animal in its
	3301.1099	however much the structure of the	adult may have been modified and obscured; we
	3329.119	parts in the embryo, than in the	adult; so that the organ at this early age is
	3329.279	Hence, also, a rudimentary organ in the	adult, is often said to have retained its
	3343.596	and their lesser relative size in the	adult. But if each step of the process of
	3359.499	parts or organs, though fitted in the	adult members for purposes as different as
	3518.928	alike, and should be so unlike the	adult forms. We may cease marvelling at the
2			adults
	2892.371	killed by sea water, as are the	adults. I could not even understand how some
	3289.130	other much more closely than do the	adults, just as we have seen in the case of
1			advan
	1757.487	which had seized them-if it were more	advan- [page] 224 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII
2			advance
	1269.644	which most naturalists would	advance, namely, that specific characters are
	1552.1159	she can never take a leap, but must	advance by the shortest and slowest steps
10			advanced
	1227.72	cases of compensation which have been	advanced, and likewise some other facts, may be
	1574.1360	the skulls of young mammals have been	advanced as a beautiful adaptation for aiding
	1877.1547	I am surprised that no one has	advanced this demonstrative case of neuter
	1918.701	here to enter on details-the evidence	advanced by our best botanists on the question
	2693.878	variety for species) from that lately	advanced in an ingenious paper by Mr. Wallace
	2711.583	period, as are necessitated on the view	advanced by Forbes and admitted by his many
	2851.573	numbers, and having consequently been	advanced through natural selection and
	2892.1324	jarred off, though at a somewhat more	advanced age they would voluntarily drop off
	3378.38	That many and grave objections may be	advanced against the theory of descent with
	4794.138	at Home and Abroad. From Early Life to	Advanced Age. Portrait. 8vo. 16s. ——— Voyages
1			advanced—for
	1189.1037	have not been produced, has even been	advanced—for it is now as tender as ever it was—as
2			advancement
	53.7	or proficience in both." BACON:	Advancement of Learning
	1889.239	of one general law, leading to the	advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply
2			advancing
	693.99	which have got least food through the	advancing winter, which will suffer most. When we
	1600.399	are now rapidly yielding before the	advancing legions of plants [page
70			advantage
	741.699	the elements of air and water. Yet the	advantage of plumed seeds no doubt stands in the
	747.208	number, we should have to give it some	advantage over its competitors, or over the
	747.392	respect to climate would clearly be an	advantage to our plant; but we have reason to
	749.446	for we should have to give it some	advantage over a different set of competitors or
	751.64	our imagination to give any form some	advantage over another. Probably in no single
	770.98	survive) that individuals having any	advantage, however slight, over others, would
	778.1212	one inhabitant would often give it an	advantage over others; and still further
	778.1323	would often still further increase the	advantage. No country can be named in which all
	782.328	natives might have been modified with	advantage, so as to have better resisted such
	810.330	of one species, without giving it any	advantage, for the good of another species; and
	810.1081	pigeon very short for the bird's own	advantage, the process of modification would be
	824.293	in successive generations, some slight	advantage over other [page] 90 NATURAL SELECTION
	846.1654	commence. No naturalist doubts the	advantage of what has been called the
	856.180	the hive-bee. Thus it might be a great	advantage to the hive-bee to have a slightly
	856.550	in any country, it might be a great	advantage to the red clover to have a shorter or
	860.17	of new organic [page] 96 ON THE	ADVANTAGE. CHAP. IV. beings, or of any great and
	874.17	but it must not be [page] 98 ON THE	ADVANTAGE. CHAP. IV. supposed that bees would
	888.18	only from flower [page] 100 ON THE	ADVANTAGE. CHAP. IV. to flower on the same tree
	996.276	be modified, in order to have gained an	advantage over the other natives; and we may, I
	998.4	have been profitable to them. The	advantage of diversification in the inhabitants
	1048.259	acts by the selected form having some	advantage in the struggle for life over other
	1056.440	that they must originally have had some	advantage over most of the other species of the
	1080.227	acts through one form having some	advantage over other forms in the struggle for
	1080.338	act on those which already have some	advantage; and the largeness of any group shows
	1080.446	inherited from a common ancestor some	advantage in common. Hence, the struggle for the
	1159.868	fur over them, might in such case be an	advantage; and if so, natural selection would
	1223.75	to be wafted further, might get an	advantage over those producing seed less fitted
	1231.1159	by slow steps, would be a decided	advantage to each successive individual of the
	1237.1498	each being, solely through and for its	advantage. Rudimentary parts, it has been stated
	1287.1354	would it is highly probable, be taken	advantage of by natural and sexual selection, in
	1361.365	organisation has generally been taken	advantage of in giving secondary sexual
	1420.591	larger areas, will have a great	advantage over the intermediate variety, which
	1470.537	so as to have given them a decided	advantage over other animals in the battle for
	1492.424	habits or structure, and thus gain an	advantage over some other inhabitant of the
	1522.553	might easily specialise, if any	advantage were thus gained, a part or organ
	1550.93	for the good of each being and taking	advantage of analogous variations, has sometimes
	1552.1080	selection can act only by taking	advantage of slight successive variations; she
	1560.1105	into new pastures and thus gain a great	advantage. It is not that the larger quadrupeds
	1568.607	having a will, to give one male an	advantage in fighting with another or in charming
	1568.805	causes, it may at first have been of no	advantage to the species, but may subsequently
	1568.868	but may subsequently have been taken	advantage of by the descendants of the species
	1574.876	and have been subsequently taken	advantage of by the plant undergoing further
	1574.1684	the laws of growth, and has been taken	advantage of in the parturition of the higher
	1592.178	nature one species incessantly takes	advantage of, and profits by, the structure of
	1616.157	in greater numbers, will have a great	advantage over the less numerous intermediate
	1628.417	a species, have been subsequently taken	advantage of by the still further modified
	1675.1249	species, yet each species tries to take	advantage of the instincts of others, as each
	1675.1301	the instincts of others, as each takes	advantage of the weaker bodily structure of
	1717.1217	if the young were made more vigorous by	advantage having been taken of the mistaken
	1717.1485	or the fostered young would gain an	advantage. And analogy would lead me to believe
	1725.751	and stored by another sphex, it takes	advantage of the prize, and becomes for the
	1729.83	an occasional habit permanent, if of	advantage to the species, and if the insect whose
	1825.1023	case be no doubt that it would be an	advantage to our humble-bee, if a slight
	1831.136	by natural selection having taken	advantage of numerous, successive, slight
	1883.754	animals, but that each animal takes	advantage of the instincts of others;—that the
	1898.612	of hybrids could not possibly be of any	advantage to them, and therefore could not have
	2323.342	place, but if possessed of any decided	advantage, or when further modified and improved
	2337.276	a few species had thus acquired a great	advantage over other organisms, a comparatively
	2412.355	Whether such variability be taken	advantage of by natural selection, and whether
	2452.156	produced and maintained by having some	advantage over those with which it comes into
	2488.201	new varieties arising, which have some	advantage over older forms; and those forms
	2488.287	are already dominant, or have some	advantage over the other forms in their own
	2500.366	and to having already had some	advantage over their parents or over other
	2570.121	species is formed by having had some	advantage in the struggle for life over other and
	2669.165	independent property, and will be taken	advantage of by natural selection, only so far as
	2936.1226	plants alone, might readily gain an	advantage by growing taller and taller and
	2994.323	Undoubtedly if one species has any	advantage whatever over another, it will in a
	2998.376	land-shells, which no doubt had some	advantage over the indigenous species. From these
	3438.396	in the scale of nature. The slightest	advantage in one being, at any age or during any
	3440.395	charms of the males; and the slightest	advantage will lead to victory. As geology
14			advantageous
	846.1766	hence we may believe that it would be	advantageous to a plant to produce stamens alone in
	850.398	of the sexes of our plant would be	advantageous on the principle of the division of
	882.614	cross with a distinct individual being	advantageous or indispensable! If several varieties
	956.249	preservation of variations in some way	advantageous, which consequently endure. But as from
	1090.478	constitution, and habits, to be	advantageous to them, I think it would be a most
	1213.225	attract insects, whose agency is highly	advantageous in the fertilisation of plants of
	1217.77	as it may at first appear: and if it be	advantageous, natural selection may have come into
	1217.342	impossible that they can be in any way	advantageous to the plant: yet in the Umbelliferæ
	1598.369	part, each will be found on the whole	advantageous. After the lapse of time, under
	1628.361	laws of growth, and at first in no way	advantageous to a species, have been subsequently
	1683.261	in certain species, which might, if	advantageous to the species, give rise, through
	1825.1291	it would continually be more and more	advantageous to our humble-bee, if she were to make
	1825.1623	Again, from the same cause, it would be	advantageous to the Melipona, if she were to make
	1851.700	members of the community, has been	advantageous to the community: consequently the
11			advantages
	588.552	modified, will still inherit those	advantages that enabled their parents to become
	828.81	or charms; and have transmitted these	advantages to their male offspring. Yet, I would
	988.1225	competition with each other, the	advantages of diversification of structure, with
	1024.261	forms, will tend to inherit those	advantages which made their common parent (A) more
	1024.426	likewise partake of those more general	advantages which made the genus to which the
	1034.136	genus, will tend to partake of the same	advantages which made their parent successful in
	1056.627	have inherited some of the same	advantages: they have also been modified and
	1438.382	natural selection and gain further	advantages. Lastly, looking not to any one time
	3167.101	the larger genera, tend to inherit the	advantages, which made the groups to which they
	3801.3	importance in altering breeds, 20. —,	advantages of, 96. ——unfavourable to selection
	4087.15	domestic, 213. Intercrossing,	advantages of, 96. Islands, oceanic
10			adventures
	4800.82	s Reign, their Gallant Deeds, Daring	Adventures, and Services in the infant state of
	4842.37	Bible in Spain; or the Journeys,	Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in
	5472.0	OF GERMAN LIFE. By SIR A. GORDON.	ADVENTURES IN THE SOUTH SEAS. By HERMANN MELVILLE
	5484.0	AT WASHINGTON. By REV. G. R. GLEIG.	ADVENTURES IN MEXICO. By G. F. RUXTON. PORTUGAL
	5500.0	WESTERN RAILWAY. By SIR F. B. HEAD.	ADVENTURES IN THE LIBYAN DESERT. By BAYLE ST. JOHN
	5712.40	MELVILLES (HERMANN) Typee and Omoo; or,	Adventures amongst the Marquesas and South Sea
	5878.70	Narrative of Three Years' Residence and	Adventures in Abyssinia. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo
	5956.45	S (GEORGE F.) Travels in Mexico; with	Adventures among the Wild Tribes and Animals of
	6046.11	Highlands. Post 8vo. 6s. —— (BAYLE)	Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the Oasis of
	6106.20	Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. WAKEFIELD'S (E. J.)	Adventures in New Zealand. With some Account of
3			advice
	582.327	to whom I am much indebted for valuable	advice and assistance on this subject, soon
	1185.342	from analogy, and from the incessant	advice given in agricultural works, even in
	6136.59	Man's Handbook to South Australia; with	Advice to the Farmer, and Detailed Information
2			advisable
	240.480	of 1844—honoured me by thinking it	advisable to publish, with Mr. Wallace's
	2006.192	not in a reversed direction. It will be	advisable to explain a little more fully by an
2			advocate
	5169.39	FORSYTH'S (WILLIAM) Hortensius, or the	Advocate: an Historical Essay on the Office and
	5169.100	Essay on the Office and Duties of an	Advocate. Post 8vo. 12s. —— History of Napoleon
1			aërating
	3101.774	those for propelling the blood, or for	aërating it, or those for propagating the race
4			aërial
	1480.21	climbs a tree! Petrels are the most	aërial and oceanic of birds, yet in the quiet
	2948.884	do not occur on oceanic islands,	aërial mammals do occur on almost every island
	2960.278	mammals notwithstanding the presence of	aërial bats,—the singular proportions of
	3038.595	possess their own peculiar species of	aërial mammals or bats. We can see why there
16			affect
	532.690	These individual differences generally	affect what naturalists consider unimportant
	618.222	and the occurrence of such links cannot	affect the actual characters of the forms
	717.91	vegetation: this again would largely	affect the insects; and this, as we just have
	772.560	of climate itself, would most seriously	affect many of the others. If the country were
	804.1118	These modifications will no doubt	affect, through the laws of correlation, the
	804.1466	in the adult will probably often	affect the structure of the larva; but in all
	912.288	to another. The intercrossing will most	affect those animals which unite for each
	1197.456	will, it may safely be concluded,	affect the structure of the adult; in the same
	1203.58	corolla into a tube. Hard parts seem to	affect the form of adjoining soft parts; it is
	1357.276	parts and in external parts sometimes	affect softer and internal parts. When one
	1357.564	at an early age will generally	affect parts subsequently developed; and there
	1580.455	a mountainous country would probably	affect the hind limbs from exercising them
	1580.690	The shape, also, of the pelvis might	affect by pressure the shape of the head of
	2213.615	of doubt probably would not greatly	affect the estimate as applied to the western
	3289.1190	an organ, such influence will mainly	affect the mature animal, which has come to
	3343.437	same age, and consequently will seldom	affect or reduce it in the embryo. Thus we can
35			affected
	172.116	various in degree, not universal,	affected by close interbreeding, removed by
	291.562	reproductive elements having been	affected prior to the act of conception. Several
	295.862	their reproductive system so seriously	affected by unperceived causes as to fail in
	297.418	reproductive system has not been thus	affected; so will some animals and plants
	303.215	that the treatment of the parent has	affected a bud or offset, and not the ovules or
	303.555	or pollen, or to both, having been	affected by the treatment of the parent prior to
	305.987	exposed to certain conditions are	affected in the same way, the change at first
	317.260	white sheep and pigs are differently	affected from coloured individuals by certain
	770.487	useful nor injurious would not be	affected by natural selection, and would be left
	1123.175	and female sexual elements seem to be	affected before that union takes place which is
	1123.382	essentially from an ovule, is alone	affected. But why, because the reproductive
	1580.643	and even the head would probably be	affected. The shape, also, of the pelvis might
	1638.786	cases by use and disuse, being slightly	affected by the direct action of the external
	1695.171	known that a cross with a bull-dog has	affected for many generations the courage and
	1877.1425	of a community could possibly have	affected the structure or instincts of the
	1896.114	various in degree, not universal,	affected by close interbreeding, removed by
	1918.215	fertility of pure species is so easily	affected by various circumstances, that for all
	1974.68	crosses and of hybrids, is more easily	affected by unfavourable conditions, than is the
	2028.354	their reproductive systems seriously	affected. This, in fact, is [page] 265 CHAP
	2032.378	male element is the most liable to be	affected; but sometimes the female more than the
	2032.1312	systems having been specially	affected, though in a lesser degree than when
	2034.230	of the general state of health, is	affected by sterility in a very similar manner
	2094.1159	their reproductive systems in any way	affected, and they are not variable; but hybrids
	2094.1261	their reproductive systems seriously	affected, and their descendants are highly
	2251.142	and apparently these oscillations have	affected wide spaces. Consequently formations
	2506.76	reason to believe that large areas are	affected by the same movement, it is probable
	2506.378	that large areas have invariably been	affected by the same movements. When two
	2562.493	of the inhabitants of the sea have been	affected. On the theory of descent, the full
	2570.572	that this process of improvement has	affected in a marked and sensible manner the
	2809.275	vegetation, that Siberia was similarly	affected. Along the Himalaya, at points
	3028.199	I am fully convinced simultaneously	affected the whole world, or at least great
	3263.898	and female sexual elements having been	affected by the conditions to which either
	3263.1319	horns of cross-bred cattle have been	affected by the shape of the horns of either
	3398.652	and geographical changes which have	affected the earth during modern periods; and
	4521.37	caused by reproductive system being	affected by conditions of life, 8. —under nature
7			affecting
	1139.376	they seem to play an important part in	affecting the reproductive system, and in thus
	1197.533	the same manner as any malconformation	affecting the early embryo, seriously affects the
	1323.66	curious and complex case, not indeed as	affecting any important character, but from
	3211.182	way to the modified form, but often	affecting by correlation of growth other parts of
	3263.57	perhaps from monstrosities often	affecting the embryo at a very early period, that
	4300.49	Plants, poisonous, not	affecting certain coloured animals
	4314.11	of, 35. —, habits of, 213. Poison not	affecting certain coloured animals, 12. ROBINIA
5			affects
	1125.917	convinced that residence near the sea	affects their colours. Moquin-Tandon gives a
	1197.571	affecting the early embryo, seriously	affects the whole organisation of the adult
	1580.282	are convinced that a damp climate	affects the growth of the hair, and that with
	2126.341	to that sterility which so frequently	affects pure species, when their natural
	3552.432	as that the same poison often similarly	affects plants and animals; or that the poison
3			affghanistan
	5143.46	S (T. P.) Caravan Journeys in Persia,	Affghanistan, Herat, Turkistan, and Beloochistan
	5458.18	By REV. J. ABBOTT. SALE'S BRIGADE IN	AFFGHANISTAN. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. LETTERS FROM
	5958.42	S (LADY) Journal of the Disasters in	Affghanistan. Eighth Edition. Post 8vo. 12s
51			affinities
	186.332	of life throughout the world — On the	affinities of extinct species to each other and to
	204.7	Page 383-410 CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL	AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY
	208.271	Analogical or adaptive characters —	Affinities, general, complex and radiating
	250.106	a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual	affinities of organic beings, on their
	266.1143	their classification or mutual	affinities, both when mature and in an embryonic
	1070.250	in a slight degree. In this case, its	affinities to the other fourteen new species will
	1072.416	that the diagram throws light on the	affinities of extinct beings, which, though
	1098.470	I believe, the nature of the	affinities of all organic beings may be explained
	1104.4	seen illustrated in the diagram. The	affinities of all the beings of the same class
	1108.355	in some small degree connects by its	affinities two large branches of life, and which
	1167.280	similarity in their organisation and	affinities might have been expected; but, as
	1167.1518	to see in the cave-animals of America,	affinities to the other inhabitants of that
	1171.182	to give any rational explanation of the	affinities of the blind cave-animals to the other
	1546.157	several are widely remote in their	affinities. Generally when the same organ appears
	2351.404	certain much older fishes, of which the	affinities are as yet imperfectly known, are
	2398.320	of life throughout the world—On the	affinities of extinct species to each other and to
	2510.20	the same exact [page] 329 CHAP. X.	AFFINITIES OF EXTINCT SPECIES. periods,—a
	2514.7	stages in the two regions. On the	Affinities of extinct Species to each other, and
	2514.103	forms.—Let us now look to the mutual	affinities of extinct and living species. They all
	2522.440	the Lepidosiren, is discovered having	affinities directed towards very distinct groups
	2524.20	older Reptiles and [page] 331 CHAP. X.	AFFINITIES OF EXTINCT SPECIES. Batrachians, the
	2538.20	were before the [page] 333 CHAP. X.	AFFINITIES OF EXTINCT SPECIES. discovery of the
	2544.92	main facts with respect to the mutual	affinities of the extinct forms of life to each
	2552.343	series, first according to their mutual	affinities and then according to their periods of
	2554.20	in age. But [page] 335 CHAP. X.	AFFINITIES OF EXTINCT SPECIES. supposing for an
	2857.108	here given in regard to the range and	affinities of the allied species which live in the
	3051.7	CLASSIFICATION. CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL	AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY
	3075.1307	very clear indications of its true	affinities. We are least likely in the
	3109.62	often plainly influenced by chains of	affinities. Nothing can be easier than to define a
	3127.441	in a series, on a flat surface, the	affinities which we discover in nature amongst the
	3133.76	extinct and modern, by the closest	affinities, and would give the filiation and
	3159.79	very important distinction between real	affinities and analogical or adaptive resemblances
	3159.1585	is compared with another, but give true	affinities when the members of [page
	3179.1731	on the general nature of the	affinities of distinct orders of plants. On the
	3185.148	the excessively complex and radiating	affinities by which all the members of the same
	3185.1005	the aid of a diagram, the various	affinities which they perceive between the many
	3191.41	by a long, but broken, chain of	affinities. Extinction has only separated groups
	3197.275	that great and universal feature in the	affinities of all organic beings, namely, their
	3201.9	MORPHOLOGY. CHAP. XIII. lines of	affinities. We shall never, probably, disentangle
	3201.83	disentangle the inextricable web of	affinities between the members of any one class
	3351.264	radiating, and circuitous lines of	affinities into one grand system; the rules
	3512.378	we see how it is, that the mutual	affinities of the species and genera within each
	3516.224	are the most valuable of all. The real	affinities of all organic beings are due to
	3546.354	can be connected together by chains of	affinities, and all can be classified on the same
	3605.0	plants of, 375. Acclimatisation, 139.	Affinities of extinct species, 329. ——of organic
	3673.4	of palæozoic formations, 328. —on	affinities of ancient species, 330. Barriers
	3708.4	teeth, 451. Bizcacha, 349. ——,	affinities of, 429. Bladder for swimming in fish
	3824.12	on umbelliferæ, 146. —on general	affinities, 430. ——, Alph., on low plants, widely
	3864.8	DUCKWEED. Duckweed, 385. Dugong,	affinities of, 414. Dung-beetles with deficient
	4255.6	on succession of types, 339. —, on	affinities of the dugong, 414. ——, on homologous
	4555.14	the cells of bees, 225. —, on general	affinities, 429. Water-ouzel, 185. Watson, Mr. H
33			affinity
	192.114	conditions — Importance of barriers —	Affinity of the productions of the same
	1976.23	conditions. By the term systematic	affinity is meant, the resemblance between
	1980.96	is largely governed by their systematic	affinity. This is clearly shown by hybrids never
	1980.354	the correspondence between systematic	affinity and the facility of crossing is by no
	1986.474	independent of their systematic	affinity, or of any recognisable difference in
	1994.784	not always governed by their systematic	affinity or [page] 260 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII
	2006.1220	the capacity is limited by systematic	affinity, for no one has been able to graft
	2006.1544	means absolutely governed by systematic	affinity. Although many distinct genera within
	2020.484	as might have been expected, systematic	affinity, by which every kind of resemblance and
	2032.496	to a certain extent with systematic	affinity, for whole groups of animals and plants
	2118.566	does not strictly follow systematic	affinity, but is governed by several curious and
	2126.1307	extent, parallel with the systematic	affinity of the forms which are subjected to
	2126.1379	subjected to experiment; for systematic	affinity attempts to express all kinds of
	2556.591	as well as they could be in serial	affinity, this arrangement would not closely
	2657.72	in the foregoing statements, is the	affinity of the productions of the same
	2958.345	the depth of the sea and the degree of	affinity of the mammalian inhabitants of islands
	2968.94	to the inhabitants of islands, is their	affinity to those of the nearest mainland
	2972.253	have been created here; yet the close	affinity of most of these birds to American
	2972.874	nowhere else, bear so plain a stamp of	affinity to those created in America? There is
	2978.1237	commencement of the Glacial period. The	affinity, which, though feeble, I am assured by
	2978.1466	is at present inexplicable: but this	affinity is confined to the plants, and will, I
	3032.856	mysterious a manner linked together by	affinity, and are likewise linked to the extinct
	3087.367	serviceable in exhibiting the close	affinity between Ruminants and Pachyderms
	3089.871	an aid in determining the degree of	affinity of this strange creature to [page
	3117.259	naturalists consider as showing true	affinity between any two or more species, are
	3145.733	will certainly be close resemblance or	affinity. As descent has universally been used
	3163.306	serve as characters exhibiting true	affinity between the several members of the
	3179.46	to one group of animals exhibits an	affinity to a quite distinct group, this
	3179.87	to a quite distinct group, this	affinity in most cases is general and not
	3179.396	more than to another. As the points of	affinity of the bizcacha to Marsupials are
	3185.542	to each other by circuitous lines of	affinity of various lengths (as may be seen in
	3351.662	characters, and characters of true	affinity; and other such rules;—all naturally
	3560.122	The terms used by naturalists of	affinity, relationship, community of type
1			affirm
	1863.324	specimens of these workers, I can	affirm that the eyes are far more rudimentary
1			affirmative
	1343.151	was, as we have seen, answered in the	affirmative. What now are we to say to these
7			afford
	532.477	are highly important for us, as they	afford materials for natural selection to
	962.262	that it is the common species which	afford the greatest number of recorded
	2375.160	one oceanic island is as yet known to	afford even a remnant of any palæozoic or
	3129.198	arrangement of the races of man would	afford the best classification of the various
	3247.754	embryonic resemblance. Cirripedes	afford a good instance of this: even the
	3406.319	not every collection of fossil remains	afford plain evidence of the gradation and
	3454.353	the species of the larger genera, which	afford the greater number of varieties or
6			afforded
	258.489	be, of variation under domestication,	afforded the best and safest clue. I may venture
	483.216	inhabited by quite uncivilised man, has	afforded us a single plant worth culture. It is
	1317.581	form. But the best evidence is	afforded by parts or organs of an important and
	2843.231	humid and hottest districts will have	afforded an asylum to the tropical natives. The
	2843.373	line of the Cordillera, seem to have	afforded two great lines of invasion: and it is
	3530.755	record is so perfect that it would have	afforded us plain evidence of the mutation of
1			affording
	3075.1262	of an animal, I have always regarded as	affording very clear indications of its true
2			affords
	1918.1015	that neither sterility nor fertility	affords any clear distinction between species
	2759.130	which, as we shall immediately see,	affords a simple explanation of these facts. We
2			afghanistan
	5206.45	of Sir Robert Sale's Brigade in	Afghanistan, with an Account of the Seizure and
	5960.28	vo. 12s. ——— (SIR ROBERT) Brigade in	Afghanistan. With an Account of the Seizure and
1			afghans
	5146.15	Map. 8vo. 21s. ——— History of the	Afghans. Map. 8vo. 21s. FEUERBACH'S Remarkable
19			africa
	455.690	passages in Pliny. The savages in South	Africa match their draught cattle by colour
	455.877	by the negroes of the interior of	Africa who have not associated with Europeans
	1865.297	nest of the driver ant (Anomma) of West	Africa. The reader will perhaps best
	2355.144	enabled to double the southern capes of	Africa or Australia, and thus reach other and
	2590.937	more closely related in its mammals to	Africa than it is at the present time
	2643.83	tracts of land in Australia, South	Africa, and western South America, between
	2643.585	are to the productions of Australia or	Africa under nearly the same climate
	2645.650	between the inhabitants of Australia,	Africa, and South America under the same
	2651.1107	a hemisphere we come to the shores of	Africa; and over this vast space we meet with
	2655.26	and the eastern shores of	Africa, on almost exactly opposite meridians
	2657.932	ostrich or emeu, like those found in	Africa and Australia under the same latitude
	2707.221	have been connected with Europe or	Africa, and Europe likewise with America
	2823.417	in the intertropical parts of	Africa. On the Himalaya, and on the isolated
	2972.1572	Verde Islands are related to those of	Africa, like those of the Galapagos to America
	2976.78	and the Cape de Verde Islands from	Africa; and that such colonists would be
	2978.308	Land, though standing nearer to	Africa than to America, are related, and that
	5247.42	S (JAMES) Wanderings in Northern	Africa, Benghazi, Cyrene, the Oasis of Siwah
	5630.67	Travels and Researches in South	Africa; including a Sketch of Sixteen Years
	5630.140	Years Residence in the Interior of	Africa, and a Journey from the Cape of Good
3			african
	2928.542	peculiar bird, and many European and	African birds are almost every year blown there
	3510.905	the Cape de Verde archipelago and other	African islands to the African mainland. It
	3510.928	and other African islands to the	African mainland. It must be admitted that
76			after
	234.599	could possibly have any bearing on it.	After five years' work I allowed myself to
	252.69	Creation' would, I presume, say that,	after a certain unknown number of [page
	272.788	obscure, I can entertain no doubt,	after the most deliberate study and
	371.108	to study some special group, I have,	after deliberation, taken up domestic pigeons
	493.410	value which would now be set on them,	after several breeds have once fairly been
	582.661	Dr. Hooker permits me to add, that	after having carefully read my manuscript
	608.416	and most experienced observers, and,	after deliberation, they concur in this view
	856.781	become, either simultaneously or one	after the other, modified and adapted in the
	878.84	towards the pistil, or slowly move one	after the other towards it, the contrivance
	896.8	CHAP. IV. OF INTERCROSSING. failed,	after consultation with one of the highest
	922.658	of better adapted organisms,	after any physical change, such as of climate
	942.868	of each species will thus be checked:	after physical changes of any kind
	976.866	as forming two sub-breeds; finally,	after the lapse of centuries, the sub-breeds
	1004.0	and incomplete stage of development.	After the foregoing discussion, which ought
	1018.683	all to appear simultaneously, but often	after long intervals of time; nor are they
	1020.182	represented ten thousand generations.	After a thousand generations, species (A) is
	1026.152	the next thousand generations. And	after this interval, variety a1 is supposed
	1026.576	length of time; some of the varieties,	after each thousand generations, producing
	1032.875	and might have been inserted anywhere,	after intervals long enough to have allowed
	1040.0	given off any fresh branches or races.	After ten thousand generations, species (A
	1042.161	I) has produced, by analogous steps,	after ten thousand generations, either two
	1046.28	CHARACTER. tween the horizontal lines.	After fourteen thousand generations, six new
	1161.603	Silliman thought that it regained,	after living some days in the light, some
	1167.1140	By the time that an animal had reached,	after numberless generations, the deepest
	1219.274	one modification in structure, and,	after thousands of generations, some other
	1305.70	fact that characters should reappear	after having been lost for many, perhaps for
	1305.367	a dozen or even a score of generations.	After twelve generations, the proportion of
	1305.1000	has been lost in a breed, reappears	after a great number of generations, the most
	1305.1108	not that the offspring suddenly takes	after an ancestor some hundred generations
	1398.403	will concur only rarely, and	after enormously long intervals. Whilst the
	1562.115	importance to an early progenitor, and,	after having been slowly perfected at a
	1598.383	be found on the whole advantageous.	After the lapse of time, under changing
	1675.60	their attendance during several hours.	After this interval, I felt sure that the
	1743.961	the tyrants, who perhaps fancied that,	after all, they had been victorious in their
	1747.1159	in about a quarter of an hour, shortly	after all the little yellow ants had crawled
	1781.1090	but this is no difficulty, that	after hexagonal prisms have been formed by
	1809.136	of bees all work together; one bee	after working a short time at one cell going
	1932.1034	first flowers soon ceased to grow, and	after a [page] 251 CHAP. VIII. STERILITY
	2026.856	differently circumstanced before and	after birth: when born and living in a
	2110.1003	agree with Dr. Prosper Lucas, who,	after arranging an enormous body of facts
	2227.639	of a formation conformably covered,	after an enormous interval of time, by
	2249.250	have been surprised to note how author	after author, in treating of this or that
	2351.1209	had a similarly confined range, and	after having been largely developed in some
	2402.43	species have appeared very slowly, one	after another, both on the land and in the
	2426.231	degree. A group does not reappear	after it has once disappeared; or its
	2434.689	of species gradually disappear, one	after another, first from one spot, then from
	2486.27	THE WORLD. de Verneuil and d'Archiac.	After referring to the parallelism of the
	2564.561	of these periods; but we ought to find	after intervals, very long as measured by
	2586.126	areas mean? He would be a bold man, who	after comparing the present climate of
	2592.555	nearly the same manner and degree. But	after very long intervals of time and after
	2592.593	after very long intervals of time and	after great geographical changes, permitting
	2616.334	in the struggle for existence. Hence,	after long intervals of time, the productions
	2651.1047	islands as halting-places, until	after travelling over a hemisphere we come to
	2687.466	be offered of many such cases. But	after some preliminary remarks, I will
	2713.576	that out of 87 kinds, 64 germinated	after an immersion of 28 days, and a few
	2717.1359	So that as 64/87 seeds germinated	after an immersion of 28 days; and as
	2717.1497	in the foregoing experiment) floated,	after being dried, for above 28 days, as far
	2723.1008	of about 10/100 plants of a flora,	after having been dried, could be floated
	2735.64	by trial, the germination of seeds; now	after a bird has found and devoured a large
	2735.641	and owls bolt their prey whole, and	after an interval of from twelve to twenty
	2735.893	hemp, clover, and beet germinated	after having been from twelve to twenty-one
	2735.1014	of prey; and two seeds of beet grew	after having been thus retained for two days
	2735.1386	storks, and pelicans; these birds	after an interval of many hours, either
	2745.155	be discovered, have been in action year	after year, for centuries and tens of
	2839.1157	other hand, the temperate productions,	after migrating nearer to the equator, though
	2904.158	though they reject many other kinds	after having swallowed them; even small fish
	2904.312	Herons and other birds, century	after century, have gone on daily devouring
	2924.559	species occasionally arriving	after long intervals in a new and isolated
	2966.1103	these shells was the Helix pomatia, and	after it had again hybernated I put it in sea
	3044.1486	world, or to those which have changed	after having migrated into distant quarters
	3173.1100	but such richness in species, as I find	after some investigation, does not commonly
	3263.382	cannot positively tell, until some time	after the animal has been born, what its
	3277.187	of various breeds, within twelve hours	after being hatched; I carefully measured the
	3492.257	intervals; and the amount of change,	after equal intervals of time, is widely
	3492.818	descendants, causes the forms of life,	after long intervals of time, to appear as if
	3554.410	species. This I feel sure, and I speak	after experience, will be no slight relief
10			afterwards
	457.462	to get as good dogs as he can, and	afterwards breeds from his own best dogs, but he
	1472.422	generally change first and structure	afterwards; or whether slight modifications of
	1675.341	their antennæ; but not one excreted.	Afterwards I allowed an ant to visit them, and it
	2669.478	other, migrate in a body into a new and	afterwards isolated country, they will be little
	2717.229	they were injured by the salt-water.	Afterwards I tried some larger fruits, capsules
	2717.908	dried, they floated for 90 days and	afterwards when planted they germinated; an
	2717.1056	it floated for 85 days, and the seeds	afterwards germinated: the ripe seeds of
	2717.1175	they floated for above 90 days, and	afterwards germinated. Altogether out of the
	2904.553	in pellets or in excrement, many hours	afterwards. When I saw the great size of the seeds
	3325.147	often be detected in the embryo, but	afterwards wholly disappear. It is also, I believe
68			again
	393.377	of them must have been carried back	again into their native country; but not one
	393.575	has become feral in several places.	Again, all recent experience shows that it is
	399.1095	mottled brown and black birds; these I	again crossed together, and one grandchild of
	505.1829	and raised seedlings from them, and	again picked out the best seedlings and bred
	532.0	the form would be called a variety.	Again, we have many slight differences which
	568.224	arrive at the rank of species; or,	again, between sub-species and well-marked
	578.317	fluctuating forms. The term variety,	again, in comparison with mere individual
	590.344	on the side of the larger genera. This,	again, might have been anticipated; for the
	590.1179	the genera to which the species belong.	Again, plants low in the scale of
	594.78	plants higher in the scale; and here	again there is no close relation to the size
	641.0	in every part of the organic world.	Again, it may be asked, how is it that
	717.71	of South America) the vegetation: this	again would largely affect the insects; and
	735.85	decrease in numbers and disappear. So	again with the varieties of sheep: it has
	836.975	with the parent-form of wolf. Or,	again, the wolves inhabiting a mountainous
	856.472	on to the stigmatic surface. Hence,	again, if humble-bees were to become rare in
	936.69	understand some facts which will be	again alluded to in our chapter on
	946.311	into a continental area, there will	again be severe competition: the most
	946.560	of the renewed continent will	again be changed; and again there will be a
	946.582	continent will again be changed; and	again there will be a fair field for natural
	970.1083	and the offspring of this variety	again to differ from its parent in the very
	976.489	or with shorter and shorter beaks.	Again, we may suppose that at an early period
	1072.326	our chapter on Geology, have to refer	again to this subject, and I think we shall
	1139.33	V. the conditions of life must act.	Again, innumerable instances are known to
	1173.696	a tropical climate, or conversely. So	again, many succulent plants cannot endure a
	1189.1481	to prevent accidental crosses, and then	again get seed from these seedlings, with the
	1205.567	the future colour of their plumage; or,	again, the relation between the hair and
	1219.527	in some necessary manner. So,	again, I do not doubt that some apparent
	1287.698	in the two sexes of the same species:	again in fossorial hymenoptera, the manner of
	1516.422	there has been much extinction. Or	again, if we look to an organ common to all
	1580.882	increase the size of the chest; and	again correlation would come into play
	1586.764	changes of no direct use. So	again characters which formerly were useful
	1671.0	can be shown to occur in nature.	Again as in the case of corporeal structure
	1675.1356	weaker bodily structure of others. So	again, in some few cases, certain instincts
	1795.754	to go on working for a short time, and	again examined the cell, and I found that the
	1825.1583	cells, and much wax would be saved.	Again, from the same cause, it would be
	1843.117	being inherited by its offspring, which	again varied and were again selected, and so
	1843.139	offspring, which again varied and were	again selected, and so onwards. But with the
	1944.940	hybrids, should be perfectly fertile.	Again, with respect to the fertility in
	1956.854	have produced quite fertile hybrids. So	again there is reason to believe that our
	1992.543	rare exceptions extremely sterile. So	again amongst hybrids which are usually
	2022.858	do not penetrate the stigmatic surface.	Again, the [page] 264 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII
	2046.118	soil or climate to another, and back	again. During the convalescence of animals
	2046.253	any change in the habits of life.	Again, both with plants and animals, there is
	2267.656	not elsewhere previously existed. So	again when we find a species disappearing
	2299.1040	and ultimately to new species; and this	again would greatly lessen the chance of our
	2305.224	or from several aboriginal stocks; or,	again, whether certain sea-shells inhabiting
	2373.914	on which sediment was not deposited, or	again as the bed of an open and unfathomable
	2480.733	those of the southern hemisphere. So,	again, several highly competent observers
	2500.424	parents or over other species; these	again spreading, varying, and producing new
	2643.306	and floras more utterly dissimilar. Or	again we may compare the productions of South
	2729.557	of the accuracy of this observation.	Again, I can show that the carcasses of birds
	2928.1011	little liable to modification. Madeira,	again, is inhabited by a wonderful number of
	2936.714	elytra of many insular beetles.	Again, islands often possess trees or bushes
	2966.1116	was the Helix pomatia, and after it had	again hybernated I put it in sea-water for
	3081.1402	some cases seems to be entirely lost."	Again in another work he says, the genera of
	3087.0	organ within the same group of beings.	Again, no one will say that rudimentary or
	3173.870	very distinct from each other, which	again implies extinction. The genera
	3247.969	the case in an unmistakeable manner. So	again the two main divisions of cirripedes
	3251.457	parasitic crustaceans. To refer once	again to cirripedes: the larvæ in the first
	3251.1234	converted into prehensile organs; they	again obtain a well-constructed mouth; but
	3255.825	parts of the embryo are completed;" and	again in spiders, "there is nothing worthy to
	3263.1263	reproductive element of one parent. Or	again, as when the horns of cross-bred cattle
	3269.365	or imago states of the silk-moth; or,	again, in the horns of almost full-grown
	3275.399	amount of proportional difference. So,	again, I was told that the foals of cart and
	3315.621	males, and having secreted milk. So	again there are normally four developed and
	3321.346	pollen out of the surrounding anthers.	Again, an organ may become rudimentary for
	3337.1093	ultimately lost the power of flying.	Again, an organ useful under certain
	3406.532	may be urged against my theory. Why,	again, do whole groups of allied species
18			against
	647.432	a desert is said to struggle for life	against the drought, though more properly it
	858.160	objections which were at first urged	against Sir Charles Lyell's noble views on "the
	890.204	but that nature has largely provided	against it by giving to trees a strong tendency
	1586.97	lately made by some naturalists,	against the utilitarian doctrine that every
	1604.602	of the bee as perfect, which, when used	against many attacking animals, cannot be
	1612.113	and objections which may be urged	against my theory. Many of them are very grave
	1877.1599	demonstrative case of neuter insects,	against the well-known doctrine of Lamarck
	2143.83	objections which might be justly urged	against the views maintained in this volume
	2147.587	gravest objection which can be urged	against my theory. The explanation lies, as I
	2259.857	may almost be said to have guarded	against the frequent discovery of her
	2307.462	the many objections which may be urged	against my views. Hence it will be worth while
	2373.89	may be truly urged as a valid argument	against the views here entertained. To show
	2753.445	as it seems to me, is no valid argument	against what would be effected by occasional
	2839.1576	could not have presented a firm front	against intruders, that a certain number of the
	2984.869	the islands may be used as an argument	against my views; for it may be asked, how has
	3378.47	and grave objections may be advanced	against the theory of descent with modification
	3406.508	the many objections which may be urged	against my theory. Why, again, do whole groups
	3420.91	difficulties which may justly be urged	against my theory; and I have now briefly
2			agamemnon
	4636.15	PostSvo. 10s. 6d. ÆSCHYLUS. (The	Agamemnon and Choephorœ.) Edited, with Notes. By
	5882.19	vo. 7s. 6d. each. PEILE'S (REV. DR.)	Agamemnon and Choephorœ of Æschylus. A New
11			agassiz
	1171.590	animals should be very anomalous, as	Agassiz has remarked in regard to the blind
	2331.210	palæontologists, for instance, by	Agassiz, Pictet, and by none more forcibly than
	2351.525	that the whole of them did appear, as	Agassiz believes, at the commencement of the
	2385.535	palæontologists, namely Cuvier, Owen,	Agassiz, Barrande, Falconer, E. Forbes, &c
	2576.0	could not have foreseen this result.	Agassiz insists that ancient animals resemble
	2576.534	recent times. For this doctrine of	Agassiz accords well with the theory of natural
	2759.29	CHAP. XI. in this same belief, had not	Agassiz and others called vivid attention to
	3103.469	great naturalists, Milne Edwards and	Agassiz, that embryonic characters are the most
	3239.362	given, than a circumstance mentioned by	Agassiz, namely, that having forgotten to
	3301.1541	descendants,—our existing species.	Agassiz believes this to be a law of nature
	3607.0	species, 329. ——of organic beings, 411.	Agassiz on Amblyopsis, 139. —on groups of
5			agencies
	305.724	impression is, that with animals such	agencies have produced very little direct effect
	425.324	be a bold man who would account by such	agencies for the differences of a dray and race
	2446.133	being checked by unperceived injurious	agencies; and that these same unperceived
	2446.175	and that these same unperceived	agencies are amply sufficient to cause rarity
	2904.18	fresh-water animals. Other and unknown	agencies probably have also played a part. I
18			agency
	250.1279	separate sexes absolutely requiring the	agency of certain insects to bring pollen from
	828.188	all such sexual differences to this	agency: for we see peculiarities arising and
	878.228	it is useful for this end: but, the	agency of insects is often required to cause
	994.21	OF CHARACTER. plants through man's	agency in foreign lands. It might have been
	1213.208	florets serve to attract insects, whose	agency is highly advantageous in the
	1610.422	plants are fertilised through insect	agency, can we consider as equally perfect the
	1942.395	alone are fairly treated, for by insect	agency the several individuals of the same
	2450.59	either locally or wholly, through man's	agency. I may repeat what I published in
	2677.612	subsequent migration, and calls in the	agency of a miracle. It is universally
	2855.1388	continental forms, naturalised by man's	agency. I am far from supposing that all
	2861.235	another becomes naturalised by man's	agency in a foreign land; why one ranges twice
	2892.918	shells from the other. But another	agency is perhaps more effectual: I suspended
	2902.344	plants was not very great. The same	agency may have come into play with the eggs
	2942.462	may be explained through glacial	agency. This general absence of frogs, toads
	2954.937	of certain mammals through man's	agency; but we shall soon have much light
	2994.648	many species, naturalised through man's	agency, have spread with astonishing rapidity
	3337.754	I believe that disuse has been the main	agency; that it has led in successive
	3432.721	process of selection has been the great	agency in the production of the most distinct
1			agent
	3448.56	under nature variability and a powerful	agent always ready to act and select, why
1			agents
	2731.52	can hardly fail to be highly effective	agents in the transportation of seeds. I could
1			age—rudimentary
	3055.543	and being inherited at a corresponding	age—RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained—Summary
1			age—the
	3289.598	being inherited at a corresponding late	age—the fore-limbs in the embryos of the
3			aggregate
	1438.275	in greater numbers will, in the	aggregate, present more variation, and thus be
	3095.182	less importance. The value indeed of an	aggregate of characters is very evident in
	3095.682	constant. The importance of an	aggregate of characters, even when none are
3			aggregated
	1767.1593	and of nearly equal sizes, and are	aggregated into an irregular mass. But the
	1825.1397	and more regular, nearer together, and	aggregated into a mass, like the cells of the
	3151.805	And we know that such correlated or	aggregated characters have especial value in
1			agitated
	1737.870	out, and like their masters are much	agitated and defend the nest: when the nest is
1			agitation
	1749.575	were rushing about in the greatest	agitation, and one was [page] 223 CHAP. VII
1			agouti
	2657.1023	same plains of La Plata, we see the	agouti and bizcacha, animals having nearly the
7			agree
	538.278	and hardly two naturalists can	agree which forms to rank as species and
	2086.523	varieties. And, on the other hand, they	agree most closely in very many important
	2110.968	produced. On the whole I entirely	agree with Dr. Prosper Lucas, who, after
	2307.850	the United States of America. I fully	agree with Mr. Godwin-Austen, that the
	2637.529	land is almost continuous, all authors	agree that one of the most fundamental
	3163.384	the whale family; for these cetaceans	agree in so many characters, great and small
	3478.243	generic characters in which they all	agree? Why, for instance, should the colour
2			agreeing
	395.132	that the above-specified breeds, though	agreeing generally in constitution, habits
	898.166	and even of the same genus, though	agreeing closely with each other in almost their
3			agreement
	560.65	cases, will bring naturalists to an	agreement how to rank doubtful forms. Yet it must
	1486.177	habits and structure not at all in	agreement. What can be plainer than that the
	1638.179	unity of type is meant that fundamental	agreement in structure, which we see in organic
1			agrees
	413.155	in Europe and in India; and that it	agrees in habits and in a great number of
6			agricultural
	429.1098	elegant; when we compare the host of	agricultural, culinary, orchard, and flower-garden
	804.222	the many varieties of our culinary and	agricultural plants; in the caterpillar and cocoon
	968.343	short-horns" (I quote the words of an	agricultural writer) "as if by some murderous
	1185.358	and from the incessant advice given in	agricultural works, even in the ancient
	4640.0	WOLF. 26th Thousand. Post8vo. 2s. 6d.	AGRICULTURAL (THE) JOURNAL. Of the Royal
	4640.41	THE) JOURNAL. Of the Royal	Agricultural Society of England. 8vo. 10s. Published
1			agriculturalists
	435.493	better acquainted with the works of	agriculturalists than almost any other individual, and
1			agriculture
	5196.30	Svo. GISBORNE'S (THOMAS) Essays on	Agriculture. Third Edition. Post 8vo. GLADSTONE'S
2			agriculturist
	435.660	of selection as "that which enables the	agriculturist, not only to modify the character of
	3135.1063	in classing varieties: thus the great	agriculturist Marshall says the horns are very useful
12			aided
	248.115	who for the last fifteen years has	aided me in every possible way by his large
	369.359	be modified by occasional crosses, if	aided by the careful selection of those
	505.1907	bred from them, then, there appeared (	aided by some [page] 42 SUMMARY ON VARIATION
	515.1051	of selection, has, no doubt, largely	aided in the formation of new sub-breeds; but
	1159.206	to gradual reduction from disuse, but	aided perhaps by natural selection. In South
	1161.818	have been reduced by natural selection	aided by use and disuse, so in the case of
	1522.1217	perform all the work by itself, being	aided during the process of modification by
	1536.775	but which, likewise, very slightly	aided the act of respiration, have been
	1626.211	the one having been perfected whilst	aided by the other, must often have largely
	1638.732	periods of time: the adaptations being	aided in some cases by use and disuse, being
	1761.376	which, as we have seen, is less	aided by its slaves than the same species in
	3520.8	of well-developed branchiæ. Disuse,	aided sometimes by natural selection, will
2			aiding
	1574.1399	advanced as a beautiful adaptation for	aiding parturition, and no doubt they
	4467.25	Temminck on distribution	aiding classification, 419. Thouin on grafts
2			air-breathing
	1622.762	has apparently been converted into an	air-breathing lung. The same organ having performed
	3518.985	cease marvelling at the embryo of an	air-breathing mammal or bird having branchial slits
1			airy's
	4660.3	revised. "Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 2.	AIRY'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT
1			akber
	417.234	and race." Pigeons were much valued by	Akber Khan in India, about the year
1			alarmed
	311.935	ear, from the animals not being much	alarmed by danger, seems probable. There are
2			albania
	4886.34	BROUGHTONS (LORD) Journey through	Albania and other Provinces of Turkey in Europe
	5304.29	s. 6d. —— GREECEthe Ionian Islands,	Albania, Thessaly, and Macedonia. Maps. Post
2			albemarle
	94.13	WORLD.' LONDON: JOHN MURRAY,	ALBEMARLE STREET. 1859. The right of
	4612.0	MR. MURRAY'S GENERAL LIST OF WORKS.)]	ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. June, 1859. MR. MURRAY
2			albinism
	325.543	Every one must have heard of cases of	albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c
	2110.491	which have suddenly appeared-such as	albinism, melanism, deficiency of tail or horns
1			albino
	1323.646	and outline. A white ass, but not an	albino, has been described without either
1			albumen
	3081.1531	ovaria, in the existence or absence of	albumen, in the imbricate or valvular
4			alexander
	5066.63	Naval Life and Services. By CAPT.	ALEXANDER MURRAY. 8VO. 5S. 6d. DYERS (THOMAS H
	5231.122	contemporary with the death of	Alexander the Great. Third Edition. Maps and
	5664.81	from the Correspondence of the Hon.	ALEXANDER STANHOPE, British Minister at Madrid
	5904.8	Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s. POPE'S (	ALEXANDER) WORKS. An entirely New Edition. Edited
2			alexandria
	5308.26	Post 8vo. —— EGYPTThebes, the Nile,	Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c
	6132.40	Handbook for Egypt.Thebes, the Nile,	Alexandria, Cairo, the Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c
1			algæ-mere
	3089.532	are folded-mere colour in certain	Algæ-mere pubescence on parts of the flower in
1			algebra
	5153.20	mo. 1s. 6d. —— First Principles of	Algebra, for the Use of Schools. Fifth Edition
3			algiers
	5181.16	mo. 6s. [page] 13 FRENCH (THE) in	Algiers; The Soldier of the Foreign Legion and
	5216.13	German. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— French in	Algiers. 1. The Soldier of the Foreign Legion
	5442.14	By SIR JOHN MALCOLM. THE FRENCH IN	ALGIERS. By LADY DUFF GORDON. VOYAGE OF A
3			alight
	1486.452	which has all its four toes webbed,	alight on the surface of the sea. On the other
	2892.1613	hundred miles, and would be sure to	alight on a pool or rivulet, if blown across
	2898.875	open ocean; they would not be likely to	alight on the surface of the sea, so that the
1			alighting
	1492.716	living on the dry land or most rarely	alighting on the water; that there should be long
17			alike
	369.931	generations, hardly two of them will be	alike, and then the extreme difficulty, or
	449.558	of the cabbage are, and how extremely	alike the flowers; how unlike the flowers of
	449.631	flowers of the heartsease are, and how	alike the leaves; how much the fruit of the
	1197.713	at an early embryonic period, are	alike, seem liable to vary in an allied
	1275.254	than those parts which are closely	alike in the several species? I do not see
	2128.67	known to be varieties, or sufficiently	alike to be considered as varieties, and
	2657.652	similarly constructed, but not quite	alike, with eggs coloured in nearly the same
	2803.276	cannot say that they have been created	alike, in correspondence with the nearly
	3069.250	those living objects which are most	alike, and for separating those which are
	3117.661	and separating objects more or less	alike. But I must explain my meaning more
	3139.318	same group, because allied in blood and	alike in some other respects. If it could be
	3221.68	are at an early stage of growth exactly	alike. How inexplicable are these facts on
	3239.191	purposes, are in the embryo exactly	alike. The embryos, also, of distinct animals
	3257.309	being at this early period of growth	alike;—of embryos of different species within
	3315.1242	and the perfect pistil are essentially	alike in nature. An organ serving for two
	3518.605	of parts or organs, which were	alike in the early progenitor of each class
	3518.893	and fishes should be so closely	alike, and should be so unlike the adult
1			alimentary
	1522.266	wholly distinct functions; thus the	alimentary canal respires, digests, and excretes
5			alive
	659.965	end of the fifth century there would be	alive fifteen million elephants, descended
	982.523	on new kinds of prey, either dead or	alive; some inhabiting new stations, climbing
	1108.217	chance has been favoured and is still	alive on its summit, so we occasionally see
	1159.473	were frequently blind; one which I kept	alive was certainly in this condition, the
	3191.864	may be supposed to be still	alive; and the links to be as fine as those
3			allan
	4998.13	Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. CUNNINGHAMS (	ALLAN) Life of Sir David Wilkie. With his
	5002.13	Vols. 8vo. 42s. [page] 9 CUNNINGHAMS (	ALLAN) Poems and Songs. Now first collected
	6126.127	a Selection from his Correspondence. By	ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s
1			allegories
	6054.28	vo. 21s. STRIFE FOR THE MASTERY. Two	Allegories. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s
3			alliance
	3502.600	of some few plants, and the close	alliance of many others, on the most distant
	3502.714	climates; and likewise the close	alliance of some of the inhabitants of the sea
	4289.13	succession of genera, 316. ——, on close	alliance of fossils in consecutive formations
123			allied
	272.328	and is very numerous, and why another	allied species has a narrow range and is rare
	339.124	and compare them with species closely	allied together, we generally perceive in each
	343.387	in nature to which they are nearest	allied. With these exceptions (and with that
	349.249	immutability of the many very closely	allied and natural species—for instance, of
	375.940	singularly short tails. The barb is	allied to the carrier, but, instead of a very
	425.125	either from one or from several	allied species. Some little effect may
	441.94	except sometimes amongst closely	allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has been
	566.843	When, moreover, he comes to study	allied forms brought from countries not now
	616.373	those species which are very closely	allied to other species, and in so far
	616.660	but which he considers as so closely	allied to other species as to be of doubtful
	616.1131	range, as have those very closely	allied forms, marked for me by Mr. Watson as
	622.489	are apt to be closely, but unequally,	allied together, forming little clusters round
	622.574	certain species. Species very closely	allied to other species apparently have
	737.901	should be most severe between	allied forms, which fill nearly the same place
	994.181	land would generally have been closely	allied to the indigenes; for these are
	1060.359	The new species, moreover, will be	allied to each other in a widely different
	1167.446	the two continents are not more closely	allied than might have been anticipated from
	1171.71	European cave-insects are very closely	allied to those of the surrounding country. It
	1197.746	are alike, seem liable to vary in an	allied manner: we see this in the right and
	1245.106	in comparison with the same part in	allied species, tends to be highly variable
	1245.951	with the same part in closely	allied species. Thus, the bat's wing is a most
	1293.638	these same characters between closely	allied species;—that secondary sexual and
	1297.119	assumes some of the characters of an	allied species, or reverts to some of the
	1317.745	of the same part or organ in an	allied species. I have collected a long list
	1361.651	with the same part or organ in the	allied species, must have gone through an
	1400.291	at successive intervals with closely	allied or representative species, evidently
	1400.795	inhabited by each. By my theory these	allied species have descended from a common
	1414.32	If I am right in believing that	allied or representative species, when
	1420.249	liable to the inroads of closely	allied forms existing on both sides of it. But
	1434.388	of the actual distribution of closely	allied or representative species, and likewise
	1448.208	habits and structures in closely	allied species of the same genus; and of
	1612.749	and intermediate gradations. Closely	allied species, now living on a continuous
	1723.225	origin of a singular instinct in the	allied group of ostriches. For several hen
	1885.117	as by that common case of closely	allied, but certainly distinct, species, when
	1924.338	and as the parent-species, or other	allied hybrids, generally grow in the same
	1976.224	and which differ little in the	allied species. Now the fertility of first
	1980.264	and on the other hand, by very closely	allied species generally uniting with facility
	1980.467	of cases could be given of very closely	allied species which will not unite, or only
	2006.1349	and, on the other hand, closely	allied species, and varieties of the same
	2022.763	is placed on the stigma of a distantly	allied species, though the pollen-tubes
	2040.596	is that in two cases, in some respects	allied, sterility is the common result,—in the
	2042.77	a similar parallelism extends to an	allied yet very different class of facts. It
	2088.395	that hybrids between very closely	allied species are more variable than those
	2096.288	any two species, although most closely	allied to each other, are [page
	2126.296	of two distinct species, seems closely	allied to that sterility which so frequently
	2153.147	from this species or from some other	allied species, such as C. oenas. So with
	2265.74	closely graduated varieties between the	allied species which lived at its commencement
	2297.25	THE CHAP. IX. yet are far more closely	allied to each other than are the species
	2331.44	sudden appearance of whole groups of	Allied Species.—The abrupt manner in which
	2359.38	On the sudden appearance of groups of	Allied Species in the lowest known
	2359.116	strata.—There is another and	allied difficulty, which is much graver. I
	2432.776	and the production of a number of	allied forms must be slow and gradual,—one
	2458.661	caused its extermination; and if many	allied forms be developed from the successful
	2458.780	their places; and it will generally be	allied forms, which will suffer from some
	2464.393	yield their places will commonly be	allied, for they will partake of some
	2480.1452	fossil remains in some degree	allied, and from not including those forms
	2498.208	and as these inferior forms would be	allied in groups by inheritance, whole groups
	2500.584	and victorious forms, will generally be	allied in groups, from inheriting some
	2528.688	a small family; b14 and f14 a closely	allied family or sub-family; and o14, e14, m
	2564.669	long as measured geologically, closely	allied forms, or, as they have been called by
	2584.137	from the Australian caves were closely	allied to the living marsupials of that
	2590.743	southern half was formerly more closely	allied, than it is at present, to the northern
	2592.319	next succeeding period of time, closely	allied though in some degree modified
	2596.78	suppose that the megatherium and other	allied huge monsters have left behind them in
	2596.397	many extinct species which are closely	allied in size and in other characters to the
	2596.818	succeeding formation there be six other	allied or representative genera with the same
	2604.218	formerly have connected the closely	allied or representative species, found in the
	2616.154	long run tend to people the world with	allied, but modified, descendants; and these
	2622.293	consecutive formations are more closely	allied to each other, than are those of remote
	2657.535	each other. He hears from closely	allied, yet distinct kinds of birds, notes
	2693.1054	and time with a pre-existing closely	allied species." And I now know from
	2695.98	do not directly bear on another	allied question,—namely whether all the
	2773.70	remarked by Ramond, are more especially	allied to the plants of northern Scandinavia
	2781.922	and some few are distinct yet closely	allied or representative species. In
	2799.252	distinct species; and a host of closely	allied or representative forms which are
	2801.281	of modification, for many closely	allied forms now living in areas completely
	2801.543	more striking case of many closely	allied crustaceans (as described in Dana's
	2819.197	present distribution of identical and	allied species. In America, Dr. Hooker has
	2819.464	points are; and there are many closely	allied species. On the lofty mountains of
	2851.163	that many more identical plants and	allied forms have apparently migrated from the
	2857.126	to the range and affinities of the	allied species which live in the northern and
	2869.397	distribution both of the same and of	allied forms of life can be explained. The
	2880.446	classes, an enormous range, but	allied species prevail in a remarkable manner
	2886.1198	this same conclusion. With respect to	allied fresh-water fish occurring at very
	2892.63	shells have a very wide range, and	allied species, which, on my theory, are
	2916.124	the individuals both of the same and of	allied species have descended from a single
	2954.317	of the same mammiferous species or of	allied species in a more or less modified
	2954.709	and they are inhabited by closely	allied or identical quadrupeds. No doubt some
	2984.52	specifically distinct, to be closely	allied to those of the nearest continent, we
	2994.201	view of the probability of closely	allied species invading each other's territory
	2994.877	new countries are not generally closely	allied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but are
	3004.525	them be ever so distant, many closely	allied or representative species occur, there
	3006.224	points of the world of other species	allied to it, is shown in another and more
	3032.137	of the same species, and likewise of	allied species, have proceeded from some one
	3081.777	almost shown by the one fact, that in	allied groups, in which the same organ, as we
	3109.387	at both ends, from being plainly	allied to others, and these to others, and so
	3111.150	in very large groups of closely	allied forms. Temminck insists on the utility
	3113.639	first overlooked, but because numerous	allied species, with slightly different grades
	3119.291	the several branches or groups, though	allied in the same degree in blood to their
	3119.729	suppose the letters A to L to represent	allied genera, which lived during the Silurian
	3135.1611	keep the forms together which were	allied in the greatest number of points. In
	3139.298	are kept in the same group, because	allied in blood and alike in some other
	3239.864	birds of the same genus, and of closely	allied genera, often resemble each other in
	3247.410	of the larvæ or active embryos of	allied animals is sometimes much obscured; and
	3271.343	are really varieties most closely	allied, and have probably descended from
	3323.151	in other respects. Moreover, in closely	allied species, the degree to which the same
	3351.805	which are considered by naturalists as	allied, together with their modification
	3404.318	another district occupied by a closely	allied species, we have no just right to
	3404.712	will be liable to be supplanted by the	allied forms on either hand; and the latter
	3406.558	theory. Why, again, do whole groups of	allied species appear, though certainly they
	3454.583	species of smaller genera. The closely	allied species also of the larger genera
	3484.843	we can understand how it is that	allied species, when placed under considerably
	3496.698	intermediate between existing and	allied groups. Recent forms are generally
	3496.1012	the law of the long endurance of	allied forms on the same continent,—of
	3496.1215	and the extinct will naturally be	allied by descent. Looking to geographical
	3510.25	of creation. The existence of closely	allied or representative species in any two
	3510.239	find that wherever many closely	allied species inhabit two areas, some
	3510.346	both still exist. Wherever many closely	allied yet distinct species occur, many
	3568.91	the same species, and all the closely	allied species of most genera, have within a
	3617.28	fish, 139. America, North, productions	allied to those of Europe, 371. ——, boulders
	3940.47	species in large genera being closely	allied to other species, 57. Frigate-bird
	4565.50	species in large genera being closely	allied to others, 57. ——on the tarsi of Engidæ
	4898.50	LORD) Memoir of the Operations of the	Allied Armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and
5			allies
	160.252	widely different from those of their	allies — Organs of extreme perfection — Means
	2412.1194	differ considerably from their nearest	allies on the continent of Europe, whereas the
	2458.195	from any one species, the nearest	allies of that species, i.e. the species of
	3095.307	remarked, a species may depart from its	allies in several characters, both of high
	3153.125	important characteristics, from its	allies, and yet be safely classed with them
1			allies—organs
	1374.242	widely different from those of their	allies—Organs of extreme perfection—Means of
2			alligators
	816.1033	of battle descends, I know not; male	alligators have been described as fighting
	3615.0	Algæ of New Zealand, 376.	Alligators, males, fighting, 88. Amblyopsis, blind
4			all-important
	487.30	On the view here given of the	all-important part which selection by man has played
	1412.272	the physical conditions of life as the	all-important elements of distribution, these facts
	2287.6	very slight, changes of form. It is	all-important to remember that naturalists have
	2412.1743	of competition, and on that of the many	all-important relations of organism to organism, that
1			allocating
	3101.113	they use in defining a group, or in	allocating any particular species. If they find a
6			allow
	447.86	for hardly any one is so careless as to	allow his worst animals to breed. In regard
	505.34	sufficient, with extreme care, to	allow of the accumulation of a large amount
	784.961	wool to the same climate. He does not	allow the most vigorous males to struggle for
	2408.1568	midst of an older formation, and then	allow the pre-existing fauna to reappear; but
	2550.448	life above and below. We must, however,	allow for the entire extinction of some
	3317.212	plants, the office of the pistil is to	allow the pollen-tubes to reach the ovules
8			allowance
	272.133	species and varieties, if he makes due	allowance for our profound ignorance in regard to
	1245.754	error, but I hope that I have made due	allowance for them. It should be understood that
	1590.1177	living creature (making some little	allowance for the direct action of physical
	1669.586	I have been surprised to find, making	allowance for the instincts of animals having
	2213.1091	will at first appear much too small an	allowance; but it is the same as if we were to
	2217.63	for the whole length would be an ample	allowance. At this rate, on the above data, the
	2331.1313	the United States. We do not make due	allowance for the enormous intervals of time
	3020.104	to show, that if we make due	allowance for our ignorance of the full effects
2			allowances
	2550.690	successive formations. Subject to these	allowances, the fauna of each geological period
	3026.136	one parent-source; if we make the same	allowances as before for our ignorance, and
14			allowed
	234.624	bearing on it. After five years' work I	allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and
	505.1042	their quality may be, will generally be	allowed to breed, and this will effectually
	685.219	perished from the other species being	allowed to grow up freely. The amount of food
	735.606	half a dozen generations, if they were	allowed to struggle together, like beings in a
	782.135	naturalised productions, that they have	allowed foreigners to take firm possession of
	884.81	onion, and of some other plants, be	allowed to seed near each other, a large
	946.140	the old inhabitants; and time will be	allowed for the varieties in each to become
	982.245	If its natural powers of increase be	allowed to act, it can succeed in increasing
	1032.911	after intervals long enough to have	allowed the accumulation of a considerable
	1675.354	but not one excreted. Afterwards I	allowed an ant to visit them, and it
	1795.698	I put the comb back into the hive, and	allowed the bees to go on working for a short
	1942.457	of the same hybrid variety are	allowed to freely cross with each other, and
	2703.779	even continents together, and thus have	allowed terrestrial productions to pass from
	3032.1328	the nature of the communication which	allowed certain forms and not others to enter
3			allowing
	816.692	offspring. Sexual selection by always	allowing the victor to breed might surely give
	1707.342	done for the instinctive purpose of	allowing, as we see in wild ground-birds, their
	1801.332	make equal spherical hollows, but never	allowing the spheres to break into each other
3			allows
	673.605	fluctuating amount of food, for it	allows them rapidly to increase in number. But
	741.975	its legs, so well adapted for diving,	allows it to compete with other aquatic
	1450.443	skin, which serves as a parachute and	allows them to glide through the air to an
5			allude
	313.137	briefly mentioned. I will here only	allude to what may be called correlation of
	590.882	side of the larger genera. I will here	allude to only two causes of obscurity. Fresh
	1472.606	habits it will suffice merely to	allude to that of the many British insects
	1837.337	actually fatal to my whole theory. I	allude to the neuters or sterile females in
	2359.159	difficulty, which is much graver. I	allude to the manner in which numbers of
13			alluded
	333.7	due to the male element. Having	alluded to the subject of reversion, I may here
	566.124	the pigeon or poultry-fancier before	alluded to, with the amount of difference in
	842.639	as will hereafter be more fully	alluded to), would produce very vigorous
	846.495	of the sexes of plants, presently to be	alluded to. Some holly-trees bear only male
	936.75	some facts which will be again	alluded to in our chapter on geographical
	956.101	chapter on Geology; but it must be here	alluded to from being intimately connected with
	1141.42	of Use and Disuse.—From the facts	alluded to in the first chapter, I think there
	1462.590	of the grades of wing-structure here	alluded to, which perhaps may all have resulted
	1580.1633	laws of variation; and I have here	alluded to them only to show that, if we are
	2028.145	very different. I have more than once	alluded to a large body of facts, which I have
	2046.525	I believe, indeed, from the facts	alluded to in our fourth chapter, that a
	2590.472	I have shown in the publications above	alluded to, that in America the law of
	2789.31	epoch. Believing, from reasons before	alluded to, that our continents have long
1			allusions
	582.905	much brevity, is rather perplexing, and	allusions cannot be avoided to the "struggle for
1			almanack
	5840.9	Vols. Post 8vo. 48s. NAUTICAL	ALMANACK (The). Royal 8vo. 2s. 6d. (Published by
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	4742.13	Folio. 7s. 6d. 26. NAUTICAL	ALMANACS, from 1767 to 1861. 8vo. 2s. 6d. each
158			almost
	240.57	the Malay archipelago, has arrived at	almost exactly the same general conclusions
	266.144	we shall then see how Natural Selection	almost inevitably causes much Extinction of
	313.228	Any change in the embryo or larva will	almost certainly entail changes in the mature
	313.492	Breeders believe that long limbs are	almost always accompanied by an elongated head
	317.675	augmenting, any peculiarity, he will	almost certainly unconsciously modify other
	325.441	the child, the mere doctrine of chances	almost compels us to attribute its
	337.1336	breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an	almost infinite number of generations, would
	359.911	I should value more than that of	almost any one, thinks that all the breeds of
	375.548	faced tumbler has a beak in outline	almost like that of a finch; and the common
	413.496	from distant countries, we can make an	almost perfect series between the extremes of
	435.101	to realise what they have done, it is	almost necessary to read several of the many
	435.312	quite plastic, which they can model	almost as they please. If I had space I could
	435.515	with the works of agriculturalists than	almost any other individual, and who was
	437.154	and these have now been exported to	almost every quarter of the world. The
	477.1045	result is concerned, has been followed	almost unconsciously. It has consisted in
	485.97	it should not be overlooked that they	almost always have to struggle for their own
	505.97	of a large amount of modification in	almost any desired direction. But as
	511.991	such breeds as we do sometimes see are	almost always imported from some other country
	526.636	act of creation. The term "variety" is	almost equally difficult to define; but here
	526.705	but here community of descent is	almost universally implied, though it can
	536.124	these main nerves in Coccus, which may	almost be compared to the irregular branching
	560.407	his attention, varieties of it will	almost universally be found recorded. These
	566.1013	doubtful forms, he will have to trust	almost entirely to analogy, and his
	616.1208	as doubtful species, but which are	almost universally ranked by British botanists
	665.101	clothing square leagues of surface	almost to the exclusion of all other plants
	667.21	their new homes. In a state of nature	almost every plant produces seed, and amongst
	679.63	and the number of the species will	almost instantaneously increase to any amount
	693.1511	deserts, the struggle for life is	almost exclusively with the elements. That
	731.316	feeding quadrupeds. But the struggle	almost invariably will be most severe between
	731.574	species, the struggle will generally be	almost equally severe, and we sometimes see
	772.207	numbers of its inhabitants would	almost immediately undergo a change, and some
	836.490	another hunting on marshy ground and	almost nightly catching woodcocks or snipes
	858.677	being; and as modern geology has	almost banished such views as the excavation
	866.95	facts, showing, in accordance with the	almost universal belief of breeders, that with
	872.626	together that self-fertilisation seems	almost inevitable. Many flowers, on the other
	898.202	agreeing closely with each other in	almost their whole organisation, yet are not
	908.799	be large, its several districts will	almost certainly present different conditions
	940.792	scale. These anomalous forms may	almost be called living fossils; they have
	956.954	specific forms goes on perpetually and	almost indefinitely increasing, numbers
	982.1803	variety of grass is annually sowing	almost countless seeds; and thus, as it may be
	1102.114	these round other points, and so on in	almost endless cycles. On the view that each
	1147.817	their progenitors; for as the tarsi are	almost always lost in many dung-feeding
	1153.235	insisted on by Mr. Wollaston, of the	almost entire absence of certain large groups
	1153.362	and which groups have habits of life	almost necessitating frequent flight;—these
	1237.1287	to cut all sorts of things may be of	almost any shape; whilst a tool for some
	1249.527	and I am fully convinced that the rule	almost invariably holds good with cirripedes
	1273.67	chapter on Classification. It would be	almost superfluous to adduce evidence in
	1305.907	see to the contrary, transmitted for	almost any number of generations. When a
	1351.684	a mere mockery and deception; I would	almost as soon believe with the old and
	1406.188	Geology would lead us to believe that	almost every continent has been broken up into
	1412.436	But when we bear in mind that	almost every species, even in its metropolis
	1438.144	through natural selection, they will	almost certainly be beaten and supplanted by
	1472.530	habits; both probably often change	almost simultaneously. Of cases of changed
	1476.24	CHAP. VI. seen climbing branches,	almost like a creeper; it often, like a shrike
	1514.786	generation will multiply them	almost infinitely, and natural selection will
	1546.1132	same in Orchis and Asclepias,—genera	almost as remote as possible amongst flowering
	1552.499	with this admission in the writings of	almost every experienced naturalist; or, as
	1596.670	to warn its prey to escape. I would	almost as soon believe that the cat curls the
	1612.643	the very process of natural selection	almost implies the continual supplanting and
	1628.28	We are far too ignorant, in	almost every case, to be enabled to assert
	1669.891	Natura non facit saltum" applies with	almost equal force to instincts as to bodily
	1707.516	domestication, for the mother-hen has	almost lost by disuse the power of flight
	1833.389	natural selection; cases of instincts	almost identically the same in animals so
	1853.204	but from each other, sometimes to an	almost incredible degree, and are thus divided
	1910.215	observers, Kölreuter and Gärtner, who	almost devoted their lives to this subject
	1924.196	I cannot doubt the correctness of this	almost universal belief amongst breeders
	1956.1164	must either give up the belief of the	almost universal sterility of distinct species
	1980.1044	largely crossed than the species of	almost any other genus; but Gärtner found that
	1992.761	pure parents; and these hybrids are	almost always utterly sterile, even when the
	2042.136	class of facts. It is an old and	almost universal belief, founded, I think, on
	2046.212	see that great benefit is derived from	almost any change in the habits of life. Again
	2054.334	offspring. I fully admit that this is	almost invariably the case. But if we look to
	2110.416	seem chiefly confined to characters	almost monstrous in their nature, and which
	2207.539	of these facts impresses my mind	almost in the same manner as does the vain
	2213.1691	length; and we must remember that	almost all strata contain harder layers or
	2241.74	formations of each region are	almost invariably intermittent; that is, have
	2257.32	Thus the geological record will	almost necessarily be rendered intermittent. I
	2259.826	have been accumulated. Nature may	almost be said to have guarded against the
	2293.596	find that the embedded fossils, though	almost universally ranked as specifically
	2315.432	formation would be destroyed,	almost as soon as accumulated, by the
	2351.858	the world at this same period. It is	almost superfluous to remark that hardly any
	2363.72	progenitors of these orders, they would	almost certainly have been long ago supplanted
	2385.280	appear in our European formations; the	almost entire absence, as at present known, of
	2418.308	subsiding, our formations have been	almost necessarily accumulated at wide and
	2418.619	but only an occasional scene, taken	almost at hazard, in a slowly changing drama
	2420.451	be identically the same; for both would	almost certainly inherit different characters
	2424.272	for the newly-formed fantail would be	almost sure to inherit from its new progenitor
	2452.268	extinction of less-favoured forms	almost inevitably follows. It is the same with
	2458.1372	and a few members of the great and	almost extinct group of Ganoid fishes still
	2468.30	species. On the Forms of Life changing	almost simultaneously throughout the World
	2468.175	the fact, that the forms of life change	almost simultaneously throughout the world
	2562.186	those inhabiting the sea, have changed	almost simultaneously throughout the world
	2576.815	process, whilst it leaves the embryo	almost unaltered, continually adds, in the
	2610.478	The extinction of old forms is the	almost inevitable consequence of the
	2637.287	and other physical conditions. Of late,	almost every author who has studied the
	2637.396	The case of America alone would	almost suffice to prove its truth: for if we
	2637.498	parts where the circumpolar land is	almost continuous, all authors agree that one
	2637.940	marshes, lakes, and great rivers, under	almost every temperature. There is hardly a
	2645.382	in the northern parts, where the land	almost joins, and where, under a slightly
	2645.725	same latitude: for these countries are	almost as much isolated from each other as is
	2655.37	and the eastern shores of Africa, on	almost exactly opposite meridians of longitude
	2671.537	have supervened since ancient times,	almost any amount of migration is possible
	2689.382	progenitor. If it can be shown to be	almost invariably the case, that a region, of
	2707.344	over every ocean, and have united	almost every island to some mainland. If
	2707.1837	separate, have been continuously, or	almost continuously, united [page
	2711.167	marine faunas on the opposite sides of	almost every continent,—the close relation of
	2711.813	with continents. Nor does their	almost universally volcanic composition favour
	2713.351	or less facilities may be said to be	almost wholly unknown. Until I tried, with Mr
	2741.134	facts could be given showing that soil	almost everywhere is charged with seeds
	2749.1206	they could not endure our climate.	Almost every year, one or two land-birds are
	2753.660	fully stocked with inhabitants. On	almost bare land, with few or no destructive
	2759.195	of these facts. We have evidence of	almost every conceivable kind, organic and
	2773.559	on distant mountain-summits, we may	almost conclude without other evidence, that a
	2787.862	that under the Polar Circle there is	almost continuous land from western Europe
	2789.389	same plants and animals inhabited the	almost continuous circumpolar land; and that
	2793.742	the Old and New Worlds will have been	almost continuously united by land, serving as
	2813.161	the world. But we have good evidence in	almost every case, that the epoch was included
	2855.620	endemic Alpine forms; but these have	almost everywhere largely yielded to the more
	2869.63	passage has speculated, in language	almost identical with mine, on the effects of
	2869.1081	surviving in the mountain-fastnesses of	almost every land, which serve as a record
	2882.339	would follow from this capacity as an	almost necessary consequence. We can here
	2886.154	the species often range widely and	almost capriciously; for two river-systems
	2928.560	and many European and African birds are	almost every year blown there, as I am
	2948.911	islands, aërial mammals do occur on	almost every island. New Zealand possesses two
	2966.78	of one of the cases of difficulty.	Almost all oceanic islands, even the most
	2972.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XII.	almost every product of the land and water
	2978.53	facts could be given: indeed it is an	almost universal rule that the endemic
	2978.937	becomes an anomaly. But this difficulty	almost disappears on the view that both New
	2984.685	so near each other that they would	almost certainly receive immigrants from the
	2994.547	their own places and keep separate for	almost any length of time. Being familiar with
	3032.1769	conditions of life,—there would be an	almost endless amount of organic action and
	3081.124	this cause it has partly arisen, that	almost all naturalists lay the greatest stress
	3081.739	determine its classificatory value, is	almost shown by the one fact, that in allied
	3081.1079	fully acknowledged in the writings of	almost every author. It will suffice to quote
	3095.382	of high physiological importance and of	almost universal prevalence, and yet leave us
	3113.183	they seem to be, at least at present,	almost arbitrary. Several of the best
	3151.664	having different habits, we may feel	almost sure, on the theory of descent, that
	3159.1111	to the welfare of the being, are	almost valueless to the systematist. For
	3167.199	and their parents dominant, they are	almost sure to spread widely, and to seize on
	3185.819	by the aid of a genealogical tree, and	almost impossible to do this without this aid
	3197.103	the struggle for existence, and which	almost inevitably induces extinction and
	3203.920	organs: the parts may change to	almost any extent in form and size, and yet
	3217.612	legs in crustaceans. It is familiar to	almost every one, that in a flower the
	3269.388	silk-moth; or, again, in the horns of	almost full-grown cattle. But further than
	3275.206	and this, judging by the eye, seemed	almost to be the case; but on actually
	3281.198	other breeds, in all its proportions,	almost exactly as much as in the adult state
	3384.20	can be mastered. With respect to the	almost universal sterility of species when
	3384.124	forms so remarkable a contrast with the	almost universal fertility of varieties when
	3426.884	may continue to be inherited for an	almost infinite number of generations. On the
	3438.163	be most severe between them; it will be	almost equally severe between the varieties of
	3460.365	in character, together with the	almost inevitable contingency of much
	3492.463	in the history of the organic world,	almost inevitably follows on the principle of
	3510.189	formerly inhabited both areas; and we	almost invariably find that wherever many
	3530.500	species were immutable productions was	almost unavoidable as long as the history of
	3532.617	variations, accumulated during an	almost infinite number of generations
	3566.12	of natural history become! A grand and	almost untrodden field of inquiry will be
	3574.1010	of organic change is one which is	almost independent of altered and perhaps
	3588.492	with Reproduction; Inheritance which is	almost implied by reproduction; Variability
56			alone
	242.322	in trusting to good authorities	alone. I can here give only the general
	321.483	this principle by theoretical writers	alone. When a [page] 13 CHAP. I. UNDER
	327.422	one sex to both sexes or to one sex	alone, more commonly but not exclusively to
	327.671	or in a much greater degree, to males	alone. A much more important rule, which I
	365.394	many sheep, and several goats in Europe	alone, and several even within Great Britain
	719.828	of our clovers; but humble-bees	alone visit the common red clover (Trifolium
	747.547	destroyed by the rigour of the climate	alone. Not until we reach the extreme
	822.1477	ages or seasons, either by the males	alone, or by the males and females; but I
	846.1809	to a plant to produce stamens	alone in one flower or on one whole plant
	846.1864	or on one whole plant, and pistils	alone in [page] 94 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP
	856.40	clover, which is visited by humble-bees	alone; so that whole fields of the red clover
	864.1318	trust to some general considerations	alone. In the first place, I have collected
	870.12	IV. OF INTERCROSSING. these facts	alone incline me to believe that it is a
	970.1176	and in a greater degree; but this	alone would never account for so habitual and
	1002.97	adapted to digest vegetable matter	alone, or flesh alone, draws most nutriment
	1002.113	digest vegetable matter alone, or flesh	alone, draws most nutriment from these
	1078.99	explained, to the formation of genera	alone. If, in our diagram, we suppose the
	1090.1429	give characters useful to the males	alone, in their struggles with other males
	1123.376	differ essentially from an ovule, is	alone affected. But why, because the
	1219.648	orders, are entirely due to the manner	alone in which natural selection can act. For
	1237.1204	has to serve for one special purpose	alone. In the same way that a knife which has
	1434.576	they tend to connect. From this cause	alone the interme- [page] 179 CHAP. VI
	1522.650	two functions, for one function	alone, and thus wholly change its nature by
	1574.30	remarks. If green woodpeckers	alone had existed, and we did not know that
	1701.160	and hunt best. On the other hand, habit	alone in some cases has sufficed; no animal
	1703.209	wish to sit on their eggs. Familiarity	alone prevents our seeing how universally and
	1709.341	In some cases compulsory habit	alone has sufficed to produce such inherited
	1717.497	probably have to be fed by the male	alone. But the American cuckoo is in this
	1741.461	masters in making the nest, and they	alone open and close the doors in the morning
	1755.780	care of the larvæ, and the masters	alone go on slave-making expeditions. In
	1755.1065	the community. In England the masters	alone usually leave the nest to collect
	1839.935	and in instinct. As far as instinct	alone is concerned, the prodigious difference
	1845.315	to one sex, but to that short period	alone when the reproductive system is active
	1853.651	Cryptocerus, the workers of one caste	alone carry a wonderful sort of shield on
	1859.630	neuters in the same nest, but in a few	alone; and that by the long-continued
	1877.1491	instincts of the fertile members, which	alone leave descendants. I am surprised that
	1942.355	beds of the same hybrids, and such	alone are fairly treated, for by insect
	2102.6	experiments made by Kölreuter. These	alone are the unimportant differences, which
	2110.85	the supposed fact, that mongrel animals	alone are born closely like one of their
	2385.1391	this history we possess the last volume	alone, relating only to two or three
	2514.660	either to the living or to the extinct	alone, the series is far less perfect than if
	2558.518	are distinct in each stage. This fact	alone, from its generality, seems to have
	2596.1194	two or three species of two or three	alone of the six older genera will have been
	2608.106	the formations of any one great region	alone, as that of Europe, are considered; he
	2637.384	to this conclusion. The case of America	alone would almost suffice to prove its truth
	2663.65	is simply inheritance, that cause which	alone, as far as we positively know, produces
	2681.616	species have been produced on one side	alone, and have not been able to migrate to
	2683.122	having been produced in one area	alone, and having subsequently migrated from
	2831.38	This brief abstract applies to plants	alone: some strictly analogous facts could be
	2936.1197	to compete with herbaceous plants	alone, might readily gain an advantage by
	3095.737	even when none are important,	alone explains, I think, that saying of
	3103.340	purpose than that of the adult, which	alone plays its full part in the economy of
	3263.1169	disease, which appears in old age	alone, has been communicated to the offspring
	3301.1704	It can be proved true in those cases	alone in which the ancient state, now
	3339.304	Or an organ might be retained for one	alone of its [page] 455 CHAP. XIII
	3442.566	though acting on external characters	alone and often capriciously, can produce
22			along
	375.1433	has the feathers so much reversed	along the back of the neck that they form a
	1141.683	duck of South America can only flap	along the surface of the water, and has its
	1741.162	masters leaving the nest, and marching	along the same road to a tall Scotch-fir-tree
	1793.252	as far as the eye could judge, exactly	along the planes of imaginary intersection
	1793.828	between the basins, by stopping work	along the intermediate planes or planes of
	1807.18	OF THE HIVE-BEE. position-that is,	along the plane of intersection between two
	1831.409	and to build up and excavate the wax	along the planes of intersection. The bees
	2167.21	we see around us. It is good to wander	along lines of sea-coast, when formed of
	2171.555	sand, or mud. But how often do we see	along the bases of retreating cliffs rounded
	2171.864	we find that it is only here and there,	along a short length or round a promontory
	2205.340	told by faults,—those great cracks	along which the strata have been upheaved on
	2207.69	extends for upwards of 30 miles, and	along this line the vertical displacement of
	2213.1189	one yard in height to be eaten back	along a whole line of coast at the rate of
	2213.1632	suffers degradation at the same time	along its whole indented length; and we must
	2241.439	for even a short geological period.	Along the whole west coast, which is
	2241.701	A little reflection will explain why	along the rising coast of the western side of
	2801.170	earlier period, was nearly uniform	along the continuous shores of the Polar
	2809.285	that Siberia was similarly affected.	Along the Himalaya, at points 900 miles apart
	2817.984	temperature was at the same time lower	along certain broad belts of longitude. On
	2823.1069	as I hear from Dr. Hooker, extend	along the heights of the peninsula of Malacca
	2886.1817	of a fresh-water group might travel far	along the shores of the sea, and subse
	3123.1522	All the descendants of the genus F,	along its whole line of descent, are supposed
1			alphabetical
	5860.69	Peerage of England. Exhibiting, under	Alphabetical Arrangement, the Origin, Descent, and
1			alphabetically
	5320.38	HANDBOOK OF LONDON, PAST AND PRESENT.	Alphabetically arranged. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 16s
24			alpine
	530.10	II. VARIATION UNDER NATURE. plants on	Alpine summits, or the thicker fur of an
	792.268	and bark-feeders mottled-grey; the	alpine ptarmigan white in winter, the red
	1412.81	De Candolle has observed, a common	alpine species disappears. The same fact has
	2657.1266	peaks of the Cordillera and we find an	alpine species of bizcacha; we look to the
	2755.169	of miles of lowlands, where the	Alpine species could not possibly exist, is
	2761.773	with snow and ice, and their former	Alpine inhabitants would descend to the plains
	2769.183	thus also understand the fact that the	Alpine plants of each mountain-range are more
	2769.449	have been due south and north. The	Alpine plants, for example, of Scotland, as
	2773.418	manner the present distribution of the	Alpine and Arctic productions of Europe and
	2777.414	to much modification. But with our	Alpine productions, left isolated from the
	2781.231	have become mingled with ancient	Alpine species, which must have existed on the
	2781.694	the case; for if we compare the present	Alpine plants and animals of the several great
	2795.673	for far more modification than with the	Alpine productions, left isolated, within a
	2833.332	polar towards equatorial latitudes, the	Alpine or mountain floras really become less
	2855.591	period they were stocked with endemic	Alpine forms; but these have almost everywhere
	3000.464	mountain, in every lake and marsh. For	Alpine species, excepting in so far as the
	3000.692	thus we have in South America,	Alpine humming-birds, Alpine rodents, Alpine
	3000.714	in South America, Alpine humming-birds,	Alpine rodents, Alpine plants, &c., all of
	3000.730	Alpine humming-birds, Alpine rodents,	Alpine plants, &c., all of strictly American
	3018.194	ranging widely,—such facts, as	alpine, lacustrine, and marsh productions
	3829.10	on winged seeds, 146. ——, —, on	Alpine species suddenly becoming rare
	3994.7	of intermediate varieties, 176. ——, on	Alpine plants, 365. ——, Dr. J. E., on striped
	4205.19	Mules, striped, 165. Müller, Dr. F., on	Alpine Australian plants, 375. Murchison, Sir
	4560.7	on flora of Azores, 363. ——, on	Alpine plants, 367, 376. ——, on rarity of
51			already
	339.189	perceive in each domestic race, as	already remarked, less uniformity of character
	511.173	races,—at least, in a country which is	already stocked with other races. In this
	588.421	of the country, the species which are	already dominant will be the most likely to
	608.797	now manufacturing, many of the species	already manufactured still to a certain extent
	651.186	of the same and other kinds which	already clothe the ground. The missletoe is
	681.1028	suffer most from germinating in ground	already thickly stocked with other plants
	693.789	in numbers, and, as each area is	already fully stocked with inhabitants, the
	741.783	the closest relation to the land being	already thickly clothed by other plants; so
	816.1462	The males of carnivorous animals are	already well armed; though to them and to
	850.280	degree under nature, then as pollen is	already carried regularly from flower to flower
	920.39	which unite for each birth; but I have	already attempted to show that we have reason
	934.92	complex from the large number of	already existing species; and if some of these
	934.1115	forms produced on large areas, which	already have been victorious over many
	956.378	of all organic beings, each area is	already fully stocked with inhabitants, it
	1046.190	In each genus, the species, which are	already extremely different in character, will
	1080.320	it will chiefly act on those which	already have some advantage; and the largeness
	1092.257	given in the following chapters. But we	already see how it entails extinction; and how
	1139.319	the conditions of life. Indirectly, as	already remarked, they seem to play an
	1315.926	or from analogous variation) which	already occur in some other members of the same
	1412.1054	competition; and as these species are	already defined objects (however they may have
	1420.50	existing in lesser numbers would, as	already remarked, run a greater chance of being
	1434.307	varieties will, from reasons	already assigned (namely from what we know of
	1476.498	if better adapted competitors did not	already exist in the country, I can see no
	1536.1024	had become extinct, and they have	already suffered far more extinction than have
	1657.1442	stage, so that much of its work was	already done for it, far from feeling the
	1657.1664	off, and thus tried to complete the	already finished work. [page] 209 CHAP. VII
	1725.700	that when this insect finds a burrow	already made and stored by another sphex, it
	1781.76	we could slightly modify the instincts	already possessed by the Melipona, and in
	1781.368	not be very surprising, seeing that she	already does so to a certain extent, and seeing
	1781.602	her cells in level layers, as she	already does her cylindrical cells; and we must
	1781.844	are making their spheres; but she is	already so far enabled to judge of distance
	1924.634	would be injurious to their fertility,	already lessened by their hybrid origin. I am
	1966.12	apply to both kingdoms. It has been	already remarked, that the degree of fertility
	2143.655	manner on the presence of other	already defined organic forms, than on climate
	2460.221	period, we must remember what has been	already said on the probable wide intervals of
	2488.256	older forms; and those forms, which are	already dominant, or have some advantage over
	2492.48	and far-spreading species, which	already have invaded to a certain extent the
	2494.458	and that severe competition with many	already existing forms, would be highly
	2500.349	owing to inheritance, and to having	already had some advantage over their parents
	2663.780	organism to organism being, as I have	already often remarked, the most important of
	2663.1055	abounding in individuals, which have	already triumphed over many competitors in
	2910.291	of the species, however few,	already occupying any pond, yet as the number
	2916.340	distant points of the globe. I have	already stated that I cannot honestly admit
	2924.510	been expected on my theory, for, as	already explained, species occasionally
	3239.19	is explained. Embryology.—It has	already been casually remarked that certain
	3426.803	believe that a modification, which has	already been inherited for many generations
	3448.866	to me to be in itself probable. I have	already recapitulated, as fairly as I could
	3478.674	can understand this fact; for they have	already varied since they branched off from a
	3538.409	much flexibility of mind, and who have	already begun to doubt on the immutability of
	3566.422	more species added to the infinitude of	already recorded species. Our classifications
	4862.0	occasionally in demy 8vo. Volumes.	Already Published. GOLDSMITHS WORKS. Edited by
1			altar
	5552.22	Fcap. 1s. 6d. —Approach to the Holy	Altar. Extracted from his "Manual of Prayer
5			alter
	713.858	feral, and this would certainly greatly	alter (as [page] 73 CHAP. III. MUTUAL CHECKS
	908.165	But when many men, without intending to	alter the breed, have a nearly common
	2060.1098	the same manner, and does not wish to	alter their general habits of life. Nature
	2514.1086	many fossil links, that he has had to	alter the whole classification of these two
	3211.754	there will be no tendency to	alter the framework of bones or the relative
2			alteration
	1514.337	watching each slight accidental	alteration in the transparent layers; and
	1514.404	layers; and carefully selecting each	alteration which, under varied circumstances, may
1			alterations
	1514.743	bodies, variation will cause the slight	alterations, generation will multiply them almost
10			altered
	393.524	is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly	altered state, has become feral in several
	461.922	spaniel, and has probably been slowly	altered from it. It is known that the English
	776.236	by better adapting them to their	altered conditions, would tend to be preserved
	1070.199	the form of (F), either unaltered or	altered only in a slight degree. In this case
	1500.486	of descent, in an unaltered or little	altered condition. Amongst existing Vertebrata
	2532.37	modified in relation to its slightly	altered conditions of life, and yet retain
	3129.502	be that some very ancient language had	altered little, and had given rise to few new
	3129.705	descended from a common race) had	altered much, and had given rise to many new
	3574.1032	is one which is almost independent of	altered and perhaps suddenly altered physical
	3574.1061	of altered and perhaps suddenly	altered physical conditions, namely, the mutual
3			altering
	457.553	no wish or expectation of permanently	altering the breed. Nevertheless I cannot [page
	3432.458	him at the time, without any thought of	altering the breed. It is certain that he can
	3800.44	of domestic animals, importance in	altering breeds, 20. —, advantages of
3			alternate
	2255.277	could this have happened during the	alternate periods of elevation; or, to speak more
	3141.637	as he likewise includes the so-called	alternate generations of Steenstrup, which can
	3416.597	subsiding bed of the sea. During the	alternate periods of elevation and of stationary
2			alternately
	1819.394	making hexagonal cells, if she work	alternately on the inside and outside of two or
	2723.162	in the actual sea, so that they were	alternately wet and exposed to the air like really
2			alternations
	2869.115	with mine, on the effects of great	alternations of climate on geographical distribution
	4149.12	of seeds by icebergs, 363. —, on great	alternations of climate, 382. —, on the distribution
2			alternative
	1956.369	under domestication. This latter	alternative seems to me the most probable, and I am
	2026.361	perish at an early period. This latter	alternative has not been sufficiently attended to
59			although
	258.598	of the high value of such studies,	although they have been very commonly neglected
	272.701	past geological epochs in its history.	Although much remains obscure, and will long
	343.90	character; by which I mean, that,	although differing from each other, and from the
	399.1694	and marked like the rock-pigeon,	although no other existing species is thus
	413.257	with all the domestic breeds. Secondly,	although an English carrier or short-faced
	511.860	habits, cannot be matched, and,	although so much valued by women and children
	511.1059	some other country, often from islands.	Although I do not doubt that some domestic
	653.908	no prudential restraint from marriage.	Although some species may [page] 64 HIGH RATE
	687.582	be less game than at present,	although hundreds of thousands of game animals
	792.0	from what they formerly were.	Although natural selection can act only through
	842.1718	to flower, and a cross thus effected,	although nine-tenths of the pollen were
	890.320	sexes. When the sexes are separated,	although the male and female flowers may be
	928.121	area, such as an oceanic island,	although the total number of the species
	930.0	and this we are incapable of doing.	Although I do not doubt that isolation is of
	934.830	concurred. Finally, I conclude that,	although small isolated areas probably have been
	1034.838	the descendants will not be increased;	although the amount [page] 120 NATURAL
	1084.1416	of the animal and vegetable kingdoms.	Although extremely few of the most ancient
	1139.140	keeping true, or not varying at all,	although living under the most opposite climates
	1361.1672	of their ancient progenitors.	Although new and important modifications may not
	1456.303	furnished with an extensor muscle.	Although no graduated links of structure, fitted
	1486.545	grebes and coots are eminently aquatic,	although their toes are only bordered by
	1508.302	might be formed by natural selection,	although in this case he does not know any of
	1538.0	ova from being washed out of the sack?	Although we must be extremely cautious in
	1546.1315	organ, it should be observed that,	although the general appearance and function of
	1552.0	to inheritance from the same ancestor.	Although in many cases it is most difficult to
	1566.63	transmitted in nearly the same state,	although now become of very slight use; and any
	1596.272	produced through natural selection.	Although many statements may be found in works
	1622.0	and petrels with the habits of auks.	Although the belief that an organ so perfect as
	1675.1087	excrete for the sole good of the ants.	Although I do not believe that any animal in the
	1725.536	shown good reason for believing that	although the Tachytes nigra generally makes its
	1737.79	information on this and other subjects.	Although fully trusting to the statements of
	1747.279	as has been described by Mr. Smith.	Although so small a species, it is very
	1936.561	as Lobelia, Passiflora and Verbascum.	Although the plants in these experiments
	1936.634	appeared perfectly healthy, and	although both the ovules and pollen of the same
	1950.0	be lost in a very few generations.	Although I do not know of any thoroughly well
	1956.455	I am inclined to believe in its truth,	although it rests on no direct evidence. I
	2006.1554	governed by systematic affinity.	Although many distinct genera within the same
	2016.18	their own pollen. We thus see, that	although there is a clear and fundamental
	2020.769	species has been a special endowment;	although in the case of crossing, the difficulty
	2066.352	near each other in his garden; and	although these plants have separated sexes, they
	2096.266	insists that when any two species,	although most closely allied to each other, are
	2265.319	are rare, they may be here passed over.	Although each formation has indisputably
	2267.0	to the following considerations.	Although each formation may mark a very long
	2508.312	stages in England with those in France,	although he finds in both a curious accordance
	2651.1197	defined and distinct marine faunas.	Although hardly one shell, crab or fish is
	2737.0	were always killed by this process.	Although the beaks and feet of birds are
	2849.177	latitudes of the opposite hemisphere.	Although we have reason to believe from
	2904.922	Nelumbium luteum) in a heron's stomach;	although I do not know the fact, yet analogy
	2910.188	will have a good chance of succeeding.	Although there will always be a struggle for
	2924.0	fully and perfectly than has nature.	Although in oceanic islands the number of kinds
	2978.821	related to South America, which,	although the next nearest continent, is so
	2998.111	of which live in crevices of stone; and	although large quantities of stone are annually
	3159.1044	why analogical or adaptive character,	although of the utmost importance to the welfare
	3197.448	of both sexes and of all ages,	although having few characters in common, under
	3470.222	at the inhabitants of any one country,	although on the ordinary view supposed to have
	3502.858	by the whole intertropical ocean.	Although two areas may present the same physical
	3534.0	almost infinite number of generations.	Although I am fully convinced of the truth of
	3544.600	of nourishment from the mother's womb?	Although naturalists very properly demand a full
	3578.836	of the world, as at present known,	although of a length quite incomprehensible by
6			altogether
	383.0	to a slight degree from each other.	Altogether at least a score of pigeons might be
	435.739	of his flock, but to change it	altogether. It is the magician's wand, by means of
	1825.613	or on quite distinct causes, and so be	altogether independent of the quantity of honey
	2199.8	making	altogether 72,584 feet; that is, very nearly
	2717.1198	days, and afterwards germinated.	Altogether out of the 94 dried plants, 18 floated
	2902.24	PRODUCTIONS. of many kinds, and were	altogether 537 in number; and yet the viscid mud
90			always
	208.203	Classification of varieties — Descent	always used in classification — Analogical or
	242.269	have crept in, though I hope I have	always been cautious in trusting to good
	313.499	believe that long limbs are almost	always accompanied by an elongated head. Some
	371.59	Domestic Pigeon.—Believing that it is	always best to study some special group, I
	381.691	of the nostrils, of the tongue (not	always in strict correlation with the length
	477.1087	unconsciously. It has consisted in	always cultivating the best known variety
	485.104	not be overlooked that they almost	always have to struggle for their own food, at
	499.1112	it, of unconscious selection will	always tend,—perhaps more at one period than
	505.1601	this plant. No doubt the strawberry had	always varied since it was cultivated, but the
	511.998	as we do sometimes see are almost	always imported from some other country, often
	542.1074	hybrid nature of the intermediate links	always remove the difficulty. In very many
	608.317	as far as my imperfect results go, they	always confirm the view. I have also consulted
	645.1246	by birds and beasts of prey; we do not	always bear in mind, that though food may be
	675.80	to keep the foregoing considerations	always in mind—never to forget that every
	737.122	in habits and constitution, and	always in structure, the struggle will
	816.685	leaving offspring. Sexual selection by	always allowing the victor to breed might
	830.729	so be preserved or selected,—provided	always that they retained strength to master
	864.185	obvious that two individuals must	always unite for each birth; but in the case
	884.975	reverse, for a plant's own pollen is	always prepotent over foreign pollen; but to
	908.595	as might be, natural selection will	always tend to preserve all the individuals
	912.33	terbalanced by natural selection	always tending to modify all the individuals
	912.1077	On the above principle, nurserymen	always prefer getting seed from a large body
	948.28	species. That natural selection will	always act with extreme slowness, I fully
	948.715	and variation itself is apparently	always a very slow process. The process will
	948.1003	do believe that natural selection will	always act very slowly, often only at long
	972.7	and species of the same genus. As has	always been my practice, let us seek light on
	986.141	of any one species of grass would	always have the best chance of succeeding and
	988.304	and individual must be severe, we	always find great diversity in its inhabitants
	1032.221	descendant; for natural selection will	always act according to the nature of the
	1147.824	for as the tarsi are almost	always lost in many dung-feeding beetles, they
	1217.239	structure of the seeds, which are not	always correlated with any differences in the
	1233.43	as I believe, natural selection will	always succeed in the long run in reducing and
	1261.318	is rapidly going on, there may	always be expected to be much variability in
	1331.243	considered as purely-bred. The spine is	always striped; the legs are generally barred
	1424.96	forms existing in larger numbers will	always have a better chance, within any given
	1470.695	of structure in a fossil condition will	always be less, from their having existed in
	1514.289	we must suppose that there is a power	always intently watching each slight
	1566.165	deviations in their structure will	always have been checked by natural selection
	1580.379	horns are correlated. Mountain breeds	always differ from lowland breeds; and a
	1604.102	produce absolute perfection, nor do we	always meet, as far as we can judge, with this
	1612.508	the process of natural selection will	always be very slow, and will act, at any one
	1725.29	eggs. Many bees are parasitic, and	always lay their eggs in the nests of bees of
	1767.1687	to notice, is that these cells are	always made at that degree of nearness to each
	1781.898	enabled to judge of distance, that she	always describes her spheres so as to
	1795.305	has appeared to me that the bees do not	always succeed in working at exactly the same
	1801.567	gnaw into this from the opposite sides,	always working circularly as they deepen each
	1803.179	correct; the first commencement having	always been a little hood of wax; but I will
	1807.500	which the bees build is curious; they	always make the first rough wall from ten to
	1807.884	wall is left in the middle; the masons	always piling up the cut-away cement, and
	1807.1035	thin wall steadily growing upward; but	always crowned by a gigantic coping. From all
	1819.482	three cells commenced at the same time,	always standing at the proper relative
	1851.280	I do not doubt that a breed of cattle,	always yielding oxen with extraordinarily long
	1883.597	hand, the fact that instincts are not	always absolutely perfect and are liable to
	1914.298	there is any degree of sterility. He	always compares the maximum number of seeds
	1936.351	it during several subsequent years, and	always with the same result. This result has
	1974.217	innately variable; for it is not	always the same when the same two species are
	1992.381	character between their two parents,	always closely resemble one of them; and such
	1992.768	parents; and these hybrids are almost	always utterly sterile, even when the other
	1994.453	variable. That it is by no means	always the same in degree in the first cross
	1994.748	cross between any two species is not	always governed by their systematic affinity
	2006.1101	to widely different climates, does not	always prevent the two grafting together. As
	2046.796	kept under the same conditions of life,	always induces weakness and sterility in the
	2078.558	crossed with the Nicotiana glutinosa,	always yielded hybrids not so sterile as those
	2118.750	between the same two species. It is not	always equal in degree in a first cross and in
	2149.29	record. In the first place it should	always be borne in mind what sort of
	2149.303	this is a wholly false view; we should	always look for forms intermediate between
	2163.146	ancient species; and so on backwards,	always converging to the common ancestor of
	2339.294	ago, the great class of mammals was	always spoken of as having abruptly come in at
	2351.1353	suppose that the seas of the world have	always been so freely open from south to north
	2379.1723	action than strata which have	always remained nearer to the surface. The
	2383.49	been heated under great pressure, have	always seemed to me to require some special
	2446.21	competitor. It is most difficult	always to remember that the increase of every
	2466.464	inordinately, and that some check is	always in action, yet seldom perceived by us
	2735.1584	Certain seeds, however, were	always killed by this process. Although the
	2767.272	seize on the cleared and thawed ground,	always ascending higher and higher, as the
	2910.208	of succeeding. Although there will	always be a struggle for life between the
	3055.195	Classification of varieties—Descent	always used in classification—Analogical or
	3067.352	which, from its familiarity, does not	always sufficiently strike us, is in my
	3075.1243	habits and food of an animal, I have	always regarded as affording very clear
	3081.352	important is generally, but by no means	always, true. But their importance for
	3095.589	however important that may be, has	always failed; for no part of the organisation
	3101.542	St. Hilaire. If certain characters are	always found correlated with others, though no
	3203.969	extent in form and size, and yet they	always remain connected together in the same
	3223.618	formed of many parts, consequently	always have fewer legs; or conversely, those
	3263.515	plainly in our own children; we cannot	always tell whether the child will be tall or
	3398.343	very long periods of time there will	always be a good chance for wide migration by
	3448.62	nature variability and a powerful agent	always ready to act and select, why should we
	3468.72	in number, with natural selection	always ready to adapt the slowly varying
	3518.696	principle of successive variations not	always supervening at an early age, and being
	3532.137	and distinct species, is that we are	always slow in admitting any great change of
1			amateurs
	505.684	are generally far more successful than	amateurs in getting new and valuable varieties
2			amazon
	5074.36	s. EDWARDS (W. H.) Voyage up the River	Amazon, including a Visit to Para. Post 8vo
	5476.22	G. R. GLEIG. A VOYAGE UP THE RIVER	AMAZON. By W. H. EDWARDS. THE WAYSIDE CROSS
1			ambassador
	5868.83	with Visit to the Camp of the Nepaulese	Ambassador. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. OWEN'S (PROFESSOR
3			amber-witch
	4642.0	vo. 10s. Published half-yearly.	AMBER-WITCH (THE). The most interesting Trial for
	5214.15	German. Post Svo. 6s. —— (LADY DUFF)	Amber-Witch: the most interesting Trial for
	5428.4	FROM THE BALTIC. By a LADY. THE	AMBER-WITCH. By LADY DUFF GORDON. OLIVER CROMWELL
3			amblyopsis
	1171.644	in regard to the blind fish, the	Amblyopsis, and as is the case with the blind
	3607.11	of organic beings, 411. Agassiz on	Amblyopsis, 139. —on groups of species suddenly
	3616.0	Alligators, males, fighting, 88.	Amblyopsis, blind fish, 139. America, North
105			america
	234.131	of the inhabitants of South	America, and in the geological relations of the
	548.1180	of those birds and insects in North	America and Europe, which differ very slightly
	552.596	asked, will suffice? if that between	America and Europe is ample, will that between
	665.321	Himalaya, which have been imported from	America since its discovery. In such cases, and
	681.648	in regard to the feral animals of South	America. Here I will make only a few remarks
	717.41	I have observed in parts of South	America) the vegetation: this again would
	1141.661	state. The logger-headed duck of South	America can only flap along the surface of the
	1159.251	perhaps by natural selection. In South	America, a burrowing rodent, the tuco-tuco, or
	1167.549	of the other inhabitants of North	America and Europe. On my view we must suppose
	1167.1509	still to see in the cave-animals of	America, affinities to the other inhabitants of
	1442.631	Look at the Mustela vison of North	America, which has webbed feet and which
	1472.859	Saurophagus sulphuratus) in South	America, hovering over one spot and then
	1476.245	breaking them like a nuthatch. In North	America the black bear was seen by Hearne
	1478.587	in the chinks of the bark? Yet in North	America there are woodpeckers which feed
	1560.874	of cattle and other animals in South	America absolutely depends on their power of
	1669.684	observed except in Europe and North	America, and for no instinct being known
	1885.408	how it is that the thrush of South	America lines its nest with mud, in the same
	1885.550	the male wrens (Troglodytes) of North	America, build "cock-nests," to roost in, like
	1956.653	indigenous domestic dogs of South	America, all are quite fertile together; and
	2233.211	in the carboniferous strata of North	America. In regard to mammiferous remains, a
	2235.549	formations; so it is in North	America, and in many other parts of the world
	2241.753	coast of the western side of South	America, no extensive formations with recent or
	2249.458	formation on the west coast of South	America, which has been bulky enough to resist
	2273.153	earlier in the palæozoic beds of North	America than in those of Europe; time having
	2273.1448	changes occurred in other parts of	America during this space of time. When such
	2305.289	shells inhabiting the shores of North	America, which are ranked by some conchologists
	2307.833	excepting those of the United States of	America. I fully agree with Mr. Godwin-Austen
	2315.531	as we now see on the shores of South	America. During the periods of subsidence there
	2339.738	have been discovered in India, South	America, and in Europe even as far back as the
	2371.142	territories in Russia and in North	America, do not support the view, that the
	2373.647	existing continents of Europe and North	America. But we do not know what was the state
	2379.1830	of the world, for instance in South	America, of bare metamorphic rocks, which
	2440.632	by the Spaniards into South	America, has run wild over the whole country
	2444.802	of the domestic horse in South	America, that under more favourable conditions
	2472.0	CHAP. X. THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.	America, in equatorial South America, in Tierra
	2472.29	WORLD. America, in equatorial South	America, in Tierra del Fuego, at the Cape of
	2472.788	of Russia, Western Europe and North	America, a similar parallelism in the forms of
	2480.529	compared with those now living in South	America or in Australia, the most skilful
	2480.1072	the present day on the shores of North	America would hereafter be liable to be classed
	2480.1382	modern beds, of Europe, North and South	America, and Australia, from containing fossil
	2486.199	we turn our attention to North	America, and there discover a series of
	2584.197	marsupials of that continent. In South	America, a similar relationship is manifest
	2586.197	of Australia and of parts of South	America under the same latitude, would attempt
	2590.343	have been solely produced in South	America. For we know that Europe in ancient
	2590.492	publications above alluded to, that in	America the law of distribution of terrestrial
	2590.597	different from what it now is. North	America formerly partook strongly of the
	2596.130	monsters have left behind them in South	America the sloth, armadillo, and anteater, as
	2596.473	to the species still living in South	America; and some of these fossils may be the
	2596.1475	is the case of the Edentata of South	America, still fewer genera and species will
	2637.376	come to this conclusion. The case of	America alone would almost suffice to prove its
	2643.109	South Africa, and western South	America, between latitudes 25º and 35º, we
	2643.352	we may compare the productions of South	America south of lat. 35º with those north of
	2645.668	of Australia, Africa, and South	America under the same latitude: for these
	2651.194	and western shores of South and Central	America; yet these great faunas are separated
	2651.321	of Panama. Westward of the shores of	America, a wide space of open ocean extends
	2651.1314	faunas of Eastern and Western	America and the eastern Pacific islands, yet
	2677.1497	common to Europe and Australia or South	America? The conditions of life are [page
	2681.95	and plants have become naturalised in	America and Australia; and some of the
	2707.254	or Africa, and Europe likewise with	America. Other authors have thus hypothetically
	2749.1010	would never bring seeds from North	America to Britain, though they might and do
	2749.1301	the whole Atlantic Ocean, from North	America to the western shores of Ireland and
	2755.635	Mountains, in the United States of	America, are all the same with those of
	2759.319	period, central Europe and North	America suffered under an Arctic climate. The
	2765.444	on a little earlier or later in North	America than in Europe, so will the southern
	2773.462	and Arctic productions of Europe and	America, that when in other regions we find the
	2783.447	mountains and on the plains of North	America and Europe; and it may be reasonably
	2787.934	Europe, through Siberia, to eastern	America. And to this continuity of the
	2793.273	between the productions of North	America and Europe,—a relationship which is
	2793.534	that the productions of Europe and	America during the later tertiary stages were
	2801.485	and western shores of temperate North	America; and the still more striking case of
	2803.170	of the temperate lands of North	America and Europe, are inexplicable on the
	2803.415	for instance, certain parts of South	America with the southern continents of the Old
	2811.11	corner of Australia. Looking to	America; in the northern half, ice-borne
	2811.342	In the Cordillera of Equatorial South	America, glaciers once extended far below their
	2817.618	the eastern and western sides of North	America, in the Cordillera under the equator
	2819.216	of identical and allied species. In	America, Dr. Hooker has shown that between
	2819.517	On the lofty mountains of equatorial	America a host of peculiar species belonging to
	2843.599	and to Europe still exist in North	America, which must have lain on the line of
	2851.69	insisted on by Hooker in regard to	America, and by Alph. de Candolle in regard to
	2867.288	as I believe, the southern shores of	America, Australia, New Zealand have become
	2928.149	at about the same distance from North	America as the Galapagos Islands do from South
	2928.196	as the Galapagos Islands do from South	America, and which has a very peculiar soil
	2968.362	and 600 miles from the shores of South	America. Here [page] 398 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2972.903	a stamp of affinity to those created in	America? There is nothing in the conditions of
	2972.1611	Africa, like those of the Galapagos to	America. I believe this grand fact can receive
	2976.34	by formerly continuous land, from	America; and the Cape de Verde Islands from
	2978.323	standing nearer to Africa than to	America, are related, and that very closely, as
	2978.418	from Dr. Hooker's account, to those of	America: but on the view that this island has
	2978.805	but it is also plainly related to South	America, which, although the next nearest
	2978.996	the view that both New Zealand, South	America, and other southern lands were long ago
	3000.683	lowlands;—thus we have in South	America, Alpine humming-birds, Alpine rodents
	3004.335	blind animals inhabiting the caves of	America and of Europe. Other analogous facts
	3010.337	varieties of the same species inhabit	America and Europe, and the species thus has an
	3032.715	latitudes, for instance in South	America, the inhabitants of the plains and
	3446.412	forms in Europe and North	America. If then we have under nature
	3476.385	animals inhabiting the dark caves of	America and Europe. In both varieties and
	3488.69	same instincts; why the thrush of South	America, for instance, lines her nest with mud
	3496.1091	marsupials in Australia, of edentata in	America, and other such cases,—is intelligible
	3617.0	Amblyopsis, blind fish, 139.	America, North, productions allied to those of
	3850.32	Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in	America, 85. Downs, North and South
	3933.24	and space, 409. Forests, changes in, in	America, 74. Formation, Devonian
	4041.34	on relations of flora of South	America, 379. —, on flora of the Antarctic
	4146.46	tertiary formations of Europe and North	America, 323. —, on parallelism of tertiary
	5112.16	Edition. 8vo. 15s. ENGLISHWOMAN IN	AMERICA. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. ——— RUSSIA: or
	5134.66	Tour through the Slave States of North	America, from the River Potomac, to Texas and
41			american
	548.1563	with another, and with those from the	American mainland, I was much struck how
	725.630	this! Every one has heard that when an	American forest is cut down, a very different
	1167.206	having been separately created for the	American and European caverns, close similarity
	1167.601	Europe. On my view we must suppose that	American animals, having ordinary powers of
	1167.1681	And this is the case with some of the	American cave-animals, as I hear from [page
	1717.512	to be fed by the male alone. But the	American cuckoo is in this predicament; for she
	1717.676	time. It has been asserted that the	American cuckoo occasionally lays her eggs in
	1717.1044	European cuckoo had the habits of the	American cuckoo; but that occasionally she laid
	1723.307	ostriches, at least in the case of the	American species, unite and lay first a few eggs
	1723.625	days. This instinct, however, of the	American ostrich has not as yet been perfected
	2056.255	dogs with foxes, or that certain South	American indigenous domestic dogs do not readily
	2241.243	many hundred miles of the South	American coasts, which have been upraised
	2273.252	required for their migration from the	American to the European seas. In examining the
	2472.944	with the several European and North	American tertiary deposits. Even if the few
	2584.508	in such numbers, are related to South	American types. This relationship is even more
	2590.286	Australia; or that Edentata and other	American types should have been solely produced
	2637.678	Worlds; yet if we travel over the vast	American continent, from the central parts of
	2657.783	are inhabited by one species of Rhea (	American ostrich), and northward the plains of
	2657.1179	of Rodents, but they plainly display an	American type of structure. We ascend the lofty
	2657.1403	the coypu and capybara, rodents of the	American type. Innumerable other instances could
	2657.1496	If we look to the islands off the	American shore, however much they may differ in
	2657.1640	all peculiar species, are essentially	American. We may look back to past ages, as
	2657.1723	shown in the last chapter, and we find	American types then prevalent on [page
	2661.4	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI. the	American continent and in the American seas. We
	2661.34	XI. the American continent and in the	American seas. We see in these facts some deep
	2795.445	in the one great region with the native	American productions, and have had to compete
	2928.367	of Bermuda, that very many North	American birds, during their great annual
	2948.1477	over the Atlantic Ocean; and two North	American species either regularly or
	2954.1532	fathoms in depth, and here we find	American forms, but the species and even the
	2972.80	bears the unmistakeable stamp of the	American continent. There are twenty-six land
	2972.288	affinity of most of these birds to	American species in every character, in their
	2972.700	yet feels that he is standing on	American land. Why should this be so? why should
	2972.1153	closely the conditions of the South	American coast: in fact there is a considerable
	3000.766	Alpine plants, &c., all of strictly	American forms, and it is obvious [page
	3510.728	of Juan Fernandez, and of the other	American islands being related in the most
	3510.833	plants and animals of the neighbouring	American mainland; and those of the Cape de
	3722.16	killing pigeons, 362. Brewer, Dr., on	American cuckoo, 217. Britain, mammals of
	4243.4	habit of laying eggs together, 218. ——,	American, two species of, 349. Otter, habits of
	4622.95	of England Missionary in the North	American Colonies. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d
	4984.54	Papers and Correspondence during the	American War, —Administrations in India, —Union
	6068.118	the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and	American Missions. With an Historical Sketch of
1			amidst
	5576.89	narrative of Researches and Discoveries	amidst the Ruins of Assyria. With an Account
1			amiens
	4984.129	Union with Ireland, and Peace of	Amiens. From Family Papers, &c. Edited by
1			ammon
	6046.68	Libyan Desert and the Oasis of Jupiter	Ammon. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 2s. 16d
3			ammonites
	2438.918	of whole groups of beings, as of	ammonites towards the close of the secondary
	2460.142	close of the palæozoic period and of	Ammonites at the close of the secondary period
	3620.0	modern formations on west coast, 290.	Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 321. Anagallis
7			among
	5116.43	CAPT., R.N.) Journal of a Cruise	among the Islands of the Western Pacific
	5175.12	Vols. Post 8vo. 18s. ——Residence	among the Chinese: Inland, on the Coast, and
	5398.29	Svo. 18s. HOOPER'S (LIEUT.) Ten Months	among the Tents of the Tuski; with Incidents
	5616.34	s. —— (M. G.) Journal of a Residence	among the Negroes in the West Indies. Post
	5956.56	F.) Travels in Mexico; with Adventures	among the Wild Tribes and Animals of the
	6086.79	Being a Narrative of various Excursions	among them, and an Account of Three Years
	6134.68	for a General Diffusion of Taste	among all Classes; with Remarks on laying out
34			amongst
	260.708	next chapter the Struggle for Existence	amongst all organic beings throughout the world
	317.140	many remarkable cases could be given	amongst animals and plants. From the facts
	325.168	original cause acting on both; but when	amongst individuals, apparently exposed to the
	325.345	appears in the parent—say, once	amongst several million individuals—and it
	343.806	are hardly any domestic races, either	amongst animals or plants, which have not been
	441.78	to this practice, except sometimes	amongst closely allied sub-breeds. And when a
	493.522	might, and indeed do now, arise	amongst pigeons, which are rejected as faults
	538.382	may instance Rubus, Rosa, and Hieracium	amongst plants, several genera of insects, and
	548.896	a difference of 139 doubtful forms!	Amongst animals which unite for each birth, and
	635.196	has been seen in the last chapter that	amongst organic beings in a state of nature
	667.59	almost every plant produces seed, and	amongst animals there are very few which do not
	699.422	in part through facility of diffusion	amongst the crowded animals, been
	749.79	or animal is placed in a new country	amongst new competitors, though the climate may
	818.0	for victory, as the sword or spear.	Amongst birds, the contest is often of a more
	920.636	uniformity of character can be retained	amongst them, as long as their conditions of
	964.853	see the same process of extermination	amongst our domesticated productions, through
	1090.1196	seed, or young, as easily as the adult.	Amongst many animals, sexual selection will
	1432.139	in which many forms, more especially	amongst the classes which unite for each birth
	1440.424	former existence could be found only	amongst fossil remains, which are preserved, as
	1456.81	which formerly was falsely ranked	amongst bats. It has an extremely wide flank
	1500.505	unaltered or little altered condition.	Amongst existing Vertebrata, we find but a
	1522.158	kind. Numerous cases could be given	amongst the lower animals of the same organ
	1546.1161	genera almost as remote as possible	amongst flowering plants. In all these cases of
	1669.725	and for no instinct being known	amongst extinct species, how very generally
	1924.220	of this almost universal belief	amongst breeders. Hybrids are seldom raised by
	1992.549	exceptions extremely sterile. So again	amongst hybrids which are usually intermediate
	3006.511	it would be difficult to prove it.	Amongst mammals, we see it strikingly displayed
	3081.1784	from Connarus." To give an example	amongst insects, in one great division of the
	3095.1554	this genus should still be retained	amongst the Malpighiaceæ. This case seems to me
	3113.338	value. Instances could be given	amongst plants and insects, of a group of forms
	3127.480	affinities which we discover in nature	amongst the beings of the same group. Thus, on
	3159.441	mammals and fishes, is analogical.	Amongst insects there are innumerable instances
	3382.128	have been perfected, more especially	amongst broken and failing groups of organic
	5712.51	HERMANN) Typee and Omoo; or, Adventures	amongst the Marquesas and South Sea Islands
114			amount
	260.142	We shall thus see that a large	amount of hereditary modification is at least
	285.1020	of life to cause any appreciable	amount of variation; and that when the
	309.55	of structure. Nevertheless some slight	amount of change may, I think, be attributed
	309.186	as, in some cases, increased size from	amount of food, colour from particular kinds
	345.32	When we attempt to estimate the	amount of structural difference between the
	365.1208	doubt that there has been an immense	amount of inherited variation. Who can believe
	417.708	in explaining the immense	amount of variation which pigeons have
	429.372	variety of the wild Dipsacus; and this	amount of change may have suddenly arisen in a
	479.8	they could anywhere find. A large	amount of change in our cultivated plants
	505.71	to allow of the accumulation of a large	amount of modification in almost any desired
	538.226	which the species present an inordinate	amount of variation; and hardly two
	558.339	is, as it seems to me, an overwhelming	amount of experimental evidence, showing that
	562.226	varieties; for he knows nothing of the	amount and kind of variation to which the
	566.145	fancier before alluded to, with the	amount of difference in the forms which he is
	604.374	to come to a determination by the	amount of difference between them, judging by
	604.447	judging by analogy whether or not the	amount suffices to raise one or both to the
	604.518	both to the rank of species. Hence the	amount of difference is one very important
	608.146	to insects, that in large genera the	amount of difference between the species is
	608.917	from each other by a less than usual	amount of difference. Moreover, the species
	610.701	varieties and species; namely, that the	amount of difference between varieties, when
	618.319	and except, secondly, by a certain	amount of [page] 59 CHAP. II. RESEMBLE
	622.170	forms have not been discovered; but the	amount of difference considered necessary to
	673.582	which depend on a rapidly fluctuating	amount of food, for it allows them rapidly to
	679.102	almost instantaneously increase to any	amount. The face of Nature may be compared to
	687.4	being allowed to grow up freely. The	amount of food for each species of course
	778.508	Not that, as I believe, any extreme	amount of variability is necessary; as man can
	906.43	an extremely intricate subject. A large	amount of inheritable and diversified
	906.327	will compensate for a lesser	amount of variability in each individual, and
	908.406	of selection, notwithstanding a large	amount of crossing with inferior animals. Thus
	954.136	selection, I can see no limit to the	amount of change, to the beauty and infinite
	970.1231	account for so habitual and large an	amount of difference as that between varieties
	988.46	of the principle, that the greatest	amount of life can be supported by great
	1018.1255	a small numbered letter, a sufficient	amount of variation is supposed to have been
	1032.954	the accumulation of a considerable	amount of divergent variation. As all the
	1034.851	will not be increased; although the	amount [page] 120 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV
	1040.302	their common parent. If we suppose the	amount of change between each horizontal line
	1040.616	to be more numerous or greater in	amount, to convert these three forms into well
	1042.273	z10) or two species, according to the	amount of change supposed to be represented be
	1054.59	be assumed to represent a considerable	amount of modification, species (A) and all
	1060.172	of natural selection, the extreme	amount of difference in character between
	1078.141	If, in our diagram, we suppose the	amount of change represented by each
	1078.705	or even orders, according to the	amount of divergent modification supposed to
	1173.88	as in the period of flowering, in the	amount of rain requisite for seeds to
	1249.996	these valves present a marvellous	amount of diversification: the homologous
	1249.1118	wholly unlike in shape; and the	amount of variation in the individuals of
	1257.1294	of the pigeon; see what a prodigious	amount of difference there is in the beak of
	1263.218	part has undergone an extraordinary	amount of modification, since the period when
	1263.471	one geological period. An extraordinary	amount of modification implies an unusually
	1263.540	an unusually large and long-continued	amount of variability, which has continually
	1281.395	compare, for instance, the	amount of difference between the males of
	1281.527	are strongly displayed, with the	amount of difference between their females
	1285.392	the species of the same group a greater	amount of difference in their sexual
	1293.576	sexual characters, and the great	amount of difference in these same characters
	1361.707	must have gone through an extraordinary	amount of modification since the genus arose
	1398.179	and extensive to withstand an enormous	amount of future degradation; and such
	1500.554	Vertebrata, we find but a small	amount of gradation in the structure of the
	1763.471	shape to hold the greatest possible	amount of honey, with the least possible
	1851.992	been repeated, until that prodigious	amount of difference between the fertile and
	1865.349	reader will perhaps best appreciate the	amount of difference in these workers, by my
	1877.1082	that with animals, as with plants, any	amount of modification in structure can be
	1877.1316	or habit having come into play. For no	amount of exercise, or habit, or volition, in
	1982.53	able to point out what kind, or what	amount, of difference in any recognisable
	2046.574	in our fourth chapter, that a certain	amount of crossing is indispensable even with
	2062.187	evidence of the existence of a certain	amount of sterility in the few following cases
	2088.640	for several generations an extreme	amount of variability in their offspring is
	2126.939	distinct causes; for both depend on the	amount of difference of some kind between the
	2157.344	its descendants had undergone a vast	amount of change; and the principle of
	2165.185	will not have sufficed for so great an	amount of organic change, all changes having
	2177.106	has elsewhere suffered. And what an	amount of degradation is implied by the
	2201.8	area must be extremely slow. But the	amount of denudation which the strata have in
	2247.619	enough, when upraised, to resist any	amount of degradation, may be formed. I am
	2269.62	all kinds, we may safely infer a large	amount of migration during climatal and other
	2273.679	lesson to reflect on the ascertained	amount of migration of the inhabitants of
	2279.713	must nearly have counterbalanced the	amount of subsidence. But this same movement
	2279.982	between the supply of sediment and the	amount of subsidence is probably a rare
	2285.1562	species were to undergo a considerable	amount of modification during any one
	2291.157	when they meet with a somewhat greater	amount of difference between any two forms
	2373.389	and of the United States; and from the	amount of sediment, miles in thickness, of
	2408.886	there are exceptions to this rule. The	amount of organic change, as Pictet has
	2412.455	be accumulated to a greater or lesser	amount, thus causing a greater or lesser
	2412.496	thus causing a greater or lesser	amount of modification in the varying species
	2418.41	members of the same class the average	amount of change, during long and equal
	2418.404	intervals; consequently the	amount of organic change exhibited by the
	2494.577	into new territories. A certain	amount of isolation, recurring at long
	2502.534	of each region underwent a considerable	amount of modification and extinction, and
	2508.901	nevertheless he finds a surprising	amount of difference in the species. If the
	2550.578	forms by immigration, and for a large	amount of modification, during the long and
	2671.548	since ancient times, almost any	amount of migration is possible. But in many
	2699.361	simultaneously changing, and the whole	amount of modification will not have been due
	2701.95	selected as presenting the greatest	amount of difficulty on the theory of "single
	2787.1099	climate, I attribute the necessary	amount of uniformity in the sub-arctic and
	2839.261	period will have been ample for any	amount of migration. As the cold came slowly
	2839.857	animals can withstand a considerable	amount of cold, many might have escaped
	2916.41	selected as presenting the greatest	amount of difficulty, on the view that all the
	2954.1605	even the genera are distinct. As the	amount of modification in all cases depends to
	2984.1848	their arrival), we find a considerable	amount [page] 401 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS
	3032.1784	life,—there would be an almost endless	amount of organic action and reaction,—and we
	3119.228	in order to be natural; but that the	amount of difference in the several branches
	3123.647	belong to Silurian genera. So that the	amount or value of the differences between
	3147.276	a certain, and sometimes a considerable	amount of modification, may not this same
	3211.702	serve as a wing: yet in all this great	amount of modification there will be no
	3229.234	most diverse purposes. And as the whole	amount of modification will have been effected
	3275.360	had not nearly acquired their full	amount of proportional difference. So, again
	3275.828	have by no means acquired their full	amount of proportional difference. As the
	3412.223	has not been time sufficient for any	amount of organic change; for the lapse of
	3426.614	but we may safely infer that the	amount has been large, and that modifications
	3442.459	is quite incapable of proof, that the	amount of variation under nature is a strictly
	3454.511	they differ from each other by a less	amount of difference than do the species of
	3482.530	from a common progenitor, an unusual	amount of variability and modification, and
	3492.239	and at successive intervals; and the	amount of change, after equal intervals of
	3530.108	variation; it cannot be proved that the	amount of variation in the course of long ages
	3546.707	necessarily implies an enormous	amount of modification in the descendants
	3558.688	and to value higher the actual	amount of difference between them. It is quite
	3578.29	XIV. others; it follows, that the	amount of organic change in the fossils of
1			amounting
	996.388	that diversification of structure,	amounting to new generic differences, would have
1			amounts
	1494.181	distances, for admitting different	amounts of light, and for the correction of
8			ample
	552.618	if that between America and Europe is	ample, will that between the Continent and
	707.307	on the estate of a relation where I had	ample means of investigation, there was a
	864.644	I have the materials prepared for an	ample discussion. All vertebrate animals, all
	1741.334	or cocci. According to Huber, who had	ample opportunities for observation, in
	2217.57	for the whole length would be an	ample allowance. At this rate, on the above
	2839.247	centuries, this period will have been	ample for any amount of migration. As the
	2886.1432	and in such cases there will have been	ample time for great geographical changes
	3012.222	that in such cases there will have been	ample time for great climatal and
1			amplified
	1004.62	which ought to have been much	amplified, we may, I think, assume that the
3			amply
	501.262	mere individual differences are not	amply [page] 41 CHAP. I. CIRCUMSTANCES
	948.857	exclaim that these several causes are	amply sufficient wholly to stop the action of
	2446.188	these same unperceived agencies are	amply sufficient to cause rarity, and finally
1			amputated
	3331.1359	of lime? When a man's fingers have been	amputated, imperfect nails sometimes appear on
2			anagallis
	1914.1509	the common red and blue pimpernels (	Anagallis arvensis and cœrulea), which the best
	3621.0	Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 321.	Anagallis, sterility of, 247. Analogy of
15			analogical
	208.235	Descent always used in classification —	Analogical or adaptive characters — Affinities
	554.170	from geographical distribution,	analogical variation, hybridism, &c., have been
	566.252	and he has little general knowledge of	analogical variation in other groups and in other
	3024.896	the importance of barriers and from the	analogical distribution of sub-genera, genera, and
	3075.815	are ranked as merely "adaptive or	analogical characters;" but to the consideration
	3159.94	distinction between real affinities and	analogical or adaptive resemblances. Lamarck first
	3159.429	both these mammals and fishes, is	analogical. Amongst insects there are innumerable
	3159.1010	descent, we can clearly understand why	analogical or adaptive character, although of the
	3159.1510	that the very same characters are	analogical when one class or order is compared
	3163.110	of the body and fin-like limbs are only	analogical when whales are compared with fishes
	3179.1550	suspected that the resemblance is only	analogical, owing to the phascolomys having become
	3197.1325	a distinct group, we summarily reject	analogical or adaptive characters, and yet use
	3351.604	the wide opposition in value between	analogical or adaptive characters, and characters
	3757.15	sexual, variable, 156. —, adaptive or	analogical, 427. Charlock, 76, Checks to increase
	4160.11	in Nova Scotia, 296. M. Macleay on	analogical characters, 427. Madeira, plants of
3			analogies
	622.768	And we can clearly understand these	analogies, if species have once existed as
	622.863	have thus originated: whereas, these	analogies are utterly inexplicable if each
	3159.792	is hardly more fanciful than the	analogies which have been drawn by some authors
47			analogous
	152.466	Species of the same genus vary in an	analogous manner — Reversions to long-lost
	828.490	or attractive to the females. We see	analogous cases under nature, for instance, the
	892.511	element; for we know of no means,	analogous to the action of insects and of the
	976.70	We shall here find something	analogous. A fancier is struck by a pigeon having
	978.34	But how, it may be asked, can any	analogous principle apply in nature? I believe it
	1042.144	a second species (I) has produced, by	analogous steps, after ten thousand generations
	1117.450	Species of the same genus vary in an	analogous manner—Reversions to long lost
	1177.936	observed similar facts in Ceylon, and	analogous observations have been made by Mr. H. C
	1217.643	his main divisions of the order on	analogous differences. Hence we see that
	1297.25	OF VARIATION. Distinct species present	analogous variations; and a variety of one
	1297.504	aboriginal rock-pigeon; these then are	analogous variations in two or more distinct
	1297.779	that no one will doubt that all such	analogous variations are due to the several races
	1297.1018	the vegetable kingdom we have a case of	analogous variation, in the enlarged stems, or
	1297.1271	be not so, the case will then be one of	analogous variation in two so-called distinct
	1303.259	case of reversion, and not of a new yet	analogous variation appearing in the several
	1311.166	that they would occasionally vary in an	analogous manner; so that a variety of one
	1315.198	domestic breeds were reversions or only	analogous variations; but we might have inferred
	1315.745	character, and what are new but	analogous variations, yet we ought, on my theory
	1315.899	either from reversion or from	analogous variation) which already occur in some
	1361.1547	will naturally tend to present	analogous variations, and these same species may
	1361.1746	may not arise from reversion and	analogous variation, such modifications will add
	1510.244	the eye has been formed by a somewhat	analogous process. But may not this inference be
	1544.130	shown that Rays have an organ closely	analogous to the electric apparatus, and yet do
	1550.106	of each being and taking advantage of	analogous variations, has sometimes modified in
	1584.45	of the precise cause of the slight	analogous differences between species. I might
	1914.1670	to the same conclusion in several other	analogous cases; it seems to me that we may well
	1980.1265	other species of Nicotiana. Very many	analogous facts could be given. No one has been
	2014.301	to a certain extent parallel. Something	analogous occurs in grafting; for Thouin found
	2076.114	inclined to suspect that they present	analogous facts. Kölreuter, whose accuracy has
	2120.563	endowed with various and somewhat	analogous degrees of difficulty in being grafted
	2227.1663	genus Chiton offers a partially	analogous case. With respect to the terrestrial
	2486.239	America, and there discover a series of	analogous phenomena, it will appear certain that
	2590.976	Africa than it is at the present time.	Analogous facts could be given in relation to the
	2643.623	Africa under nearly the same climate.	Analogous facts could be given with respect to
	2825.378	Flora of New Zealand,' by Dr. Hooker,	analogous and striking facts are given in regard
	2831.59	applies to plants alone: some strictly	analogous facts could be given on the
	2928.1484	insects in Madeira apparently present	analogous facts. Oceanic islands are sometimes
	2954.1349	the same on both sides; we meet with	analogous facts on many islands separated by
	2978.5	their original birthplace. Many	analogous facts could be given: indeed it is an
	2990.101	and in a lesser degree in some	analogous instances, is that the new species
	3004.364	caves of America and of Europe. Other	analogous facts could be given. And it will, I
	3207.119	mandibles, and two pairs of maxillæ.	Analogous laws govern the construction of the
	3271.159	But first let us look at a few	analogous cases in domestic varieties. Some
	3378.353	not by means superior to, though	analogous with, human reason, but by the
	3554.76	on the origin of species, or when	analogous views are generally admitted, we can
	4502.20	young, wild, 216. Turnip and cabbage,	analogous variations of, 159. Type, unity of
	4525.3	at corresponding ages, 14, 86. —,	analogous in distinct species, 159. Varieties
18			analogy
	542.1250	have actually been found, but because	analogy leads the observer to suppose either
	566.1032	will have to trust almost entirely to	analogy, and his difficulties will rise to a
	604.420	of difference between them, judging by	analogy whether or not the amount suffices to
	622.708	of large genera present a strong	analogy with varieties. And we can clearly
	1185.310	influence I must believe, both from	analogy, and from the incessant advice given in
	1454.25	HABITS. become modified, and all	analogy would lead us to believe that some at
	1717.1500	young would gain an advantage. And	analogy would lead me to believe, that the
	1859.450	case, we may safely conclude from the	analogy of ordinary variations, that each
	1956.698	all are quite fertile together; and	analogy makes me greatly doubt, whether the
	2323.109	of miles beyond its confines; and	analogy leads me to believe that it would be
	2444.662	we might have felt certain from the	analogy of all other mammals, even of the slow
	2904.959	although I do not know the fact, yet	analogy makes me believe that a heron flying to
	3145.455	of the womb of a bear? According to all	analogy, it would be ranked with bears; but
	3323.485	or plant no trace of an organ, which	analogy would lead us to expect to find, and
	3552.0	plants from an equal or lesser number.	Analogy would lead me one step further, namely
	3552.134	descended from some one prototype. But	analogy may be a deceitful guide. Nevertheless
	3552.591	oak-tree. Therefore I should infer from	analogy that probably all the organic beings
	3622.0	of, 321. Anagallis, sterility of, 247.	Analogy of variations, 159. Ancylus
11			ancestor
	327.332	grandmother or other much more remote	ancestor; why a peculiarity is often transmitted
	403.262	that the child ever reverts to some one	ancestor, removed by a greater number of
	1080.432	species have inherited from a common	ancestor some advantage in common. Hence, the
	1305.457	to use a common expression, of any one	ancestor, is only 1 in 2048; and yet, as we see
	1305.1117	the offspring suddenly takes after an	ancestor some hundred generations [page
	1311.864	know the exact character of the common	ancestor of a group, we could not distinguish
	1546.367	presence to inheritance from a common	ancestor; and its absence in some of the members
	1550.294	in common to inheritance from the same	ancestor. Although in many cases it is most
	2163.178	always converging to the common	ancestor of each great class. So that the number
	3151.759	have been inherited from a common	ancestor. And we know that such correlated or
	3163.541	and structure of limbs from a common	ancestor. So it is with fishes. As members of
4			ancestors
	1119.824	which the parents and their more remote	ancestors have been exposed during several
	1500.126	ought to look exclusively to its lineal	ancestors; but this is scarcely ever possible
	1669.319	these could be found only in the lineal	ancestors of each species-but we ought to find in
	3263.958	to which either parent, or their	ancestors, have been exposed. Nevertheless an
5			ancestral
	337.150	revert in some of their characters to	ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable
	399.1405	well-known principle of reversion to	ancestral characters, if all the domestic breeds
	1311.781	occasionally exhibit reversions to lost	ancestral characters. As, however, we never know
	1520.47	we should have to look to very ancient	ancestral forms, long since become extinct. We
	1590.1293	as having been of special use to some	ancestral form, or as being now of special use to
99			ancient
	186.431	On the state of development of	ancient forms — On the succession of the same
	357.53	animals is, that we find in the most	ancient records, more especially on the
	357.694	pretend to say how long before these	ancient periods, savages, like those of Tierra
	393.848	were so thoroughly domesticated in	ancient times by half-civilized man, as to be
	455.308	selection I find distinctly given in an	ancient Chinese encyclopædia. Explicit rules
	455.1055	animals was carefully attended to in	ancient times, and is now attended to by the
	725.758	that the trees now growing on the	ancient Indian mounds, in the Southern United
	968.211	it is historically known that the	ancient black cattle were displaced by the long
	1076.34	the extinct species lived at very	ancient epochs when the branching lines of
	1078.964	from one species of a still more	ancient and unknown genus. We have seen that
	1084.1167	this view of extremely few of the more	ancient species having transmitted descendants
	1084.1451	Although extremely few of the most	ancient species may now have living and
	1171.780	I am only surprised that more wrecks of	ancient life have not been preserved, owing to
	1185.390	in agricultural works, even in the	ancient Encyclopædias of China, to be very cau
	1219.170	are simply due to inheritance; for an	ancient progenitor may have acquired through
	1333.258	described appearances are all due to	ancient [page] 165 CHAP. V. LAWS OF VARIATION
	1345.1205	to account for the reappearance of very	ancient characters, is-that there is a tendency
	1361.1651	to some of the characters of their	ancient progenitors. Although new and important
	1520.39	passed, we should have to look to very	ancient ancestral forms, long since become
	1530.120	by ordinary generation from an	ancient prototype, of which we know nothing
	1530.1099	is probable that organs which at a very	ancient period served for respiration have been
	1546.520	organs had been inherited from one	ancient progenitor thus provided, we might have
	1717.980	nests. Now let us suppose that the	ancient progenitor of our European cuckoo had
	2163.108	turn been similarly connected with more	ancient species; and so on backwards, always
	2249.28	be formed. I am convinced that all our	ancient formations, which are rich in fossils
	2249.404	subsidence. I may add, that the only	ancient tertiary formation on the west coast of
	2285.1137	feet thick in Nova Scotia, with	ancient root-bearing strata, one above the
	2323.488	When such varieties returned to their	ancient homes, as they would differ from their
	2331.1236	multiplied before they invaded the	ancient archipelagoes of Europe and of the
	2359.706	from any known animal. Some of the most	ancient Silurian animals, as the Nautilus
	2367.1050	epoch, is very great. If these most	ancient beds had been wholly worn away by
	2398.417	species—On the state of development of	ancient forms—On the succession of the same
	2514.263	on the principle of descent. The more	ancient any form is, the more, as a general
	2520.727	each other by a dozen characters, the	ancient members of the same two groups would be
	2522.36	It is a common belief that the more	ancient a form is, by so much the more it tends
	2528.957	something in common from their	ancient and common progenitor. On the principle
	2528.1179	more it will generally differ from its	ancient progenitor. Hence we can understand the
	2528.1246	can understand the rule that the most	ancient fossils differ most from existing forms
	2540.425	diverged. Thus it comes that	ancient and extinct genera are often in some
	2556.265	corresponding lengths of time: a very	ancient form might occasionally last much
	2562.46	by the physical conditions of the	ancient areas having remained nearly the same
	2566.31	find. On the state of Development of	Ancient Forms.—There has been much discussion
	2566.129	forms are more highly developed than	ancient. I will not here enter on this subject
	2570.62	on my theory, be higher than the more	ancient; for each new species is formed by
	2570.702	forms of life, in comparison with the	ancient and beaten forms; but I can see no way
	2576.21	this result. Agassiz insists that	ancient animals resemble to a certain extent
	2578.83	of picture, preserved by nature, of the	ancient and less modified condition of each
	2590.379	America. For we know that Europe in	ancient times was peopled by numerous
	2618.56	how it is that all the forms of life,	ancient and recent, make together one grand
	2618.233	divergence of character, why the more	ancient a form is, the more it generally
	2618.309	differs from those now living. Why	ancient and extinct forms often tend to fill up
	2618.529	them a little closer together. The more	ancient a form is, the more often, apparently
	2618.669	groups now distinct; for the more	ancient a form is, the more nearly it will be
	2624.347	If it should hereafter be proved that	ancient animals resemble to a certain extent
	2671.522	which will have supervened since	ancient times, almost any amount of migration
	2781.223	probability have become mingled with	ancient Alpine species, which must have existed
	2809.446	Hooker saw maize growing on gigantic	ancient moraines. South of the equator, we have
	2886.1378	some fresh-water fish belong to very	ancient forms, and in such cases there will
	2948.516	many volcanic islands are sufficiently	ancient, as shown by the stupendous degradation
	3012.103	bear in mind that some are extremely	ancient, and must have branched off from a
	3063.686	class, for all have descended from one	ancient but unseen parent, and, consequently
	3075.331	It might have been thought (and was in	ancient times thought) that those parts of the
	3129.481	one. Yet it might be that some very	ancient language had altered little, and had
	3173.211	modification, how it is that the more	ancient forms of life often present characters
	3179.639	bizcacha, branched off from some very	ancient Marsupial, which will have had a
	3179.1026	more of the character of its	ancient progenitor than have other Rodents; and
	3185.749	between the numerous kindred of any	ancient and noble family, even by the aid of a
	3187.321	animals—by the belief that many	ancient forms of life have been utterly lost
	3191.1140	parents; or these parents from their	ancient and unknown progenitor. Yet the natural
	3211.854	several parts. If we suppose that the	ancient progenitor, the archetype as it may be
	3301.1391	us the structure of their less modified	ancient progenitors, we can clearly see why
	3301.1435	progenitors, we can clearly see why	ancient and extinct forms of life should
	3301.1723	true in those cases alone in which the	ancient state, now supposed to be represented
	3305.204	that the supposed law of resemblance of	ancient forms of life to the embryonic stages
	3307.225	in the many descendants from some one	ancient progenitor, at a very early period in
	3410.51	somewhere have been deposited at these	ancient and utterly unknown epochs in the world
	3496.392	the groups which have descended from an	ancient progenitor have generally diverged in
	3496.606	and thus we can see why the more	ancient a fossil is, the oftener it stands in
	3496.793	being, in some vague sense, higher than	ancient and extinct forms; and they are in so
	3566.1134	will aid us in forming a picture of the	ancient forms of life. Embryology will reveal
	3572.628	some light can be thrown on	ancient geography. The noble science of
	3632.19	Anomma, 240. Antarctic islands,	ancient flora of, 399. Antirrhinum, 161. Ants
	3673.18	formations, 328. —on affinities of	ancient species, 330. Barriers, importance of
	3834.39	of oldest rocks, 308. Development of	ancient forms, 336. Devonian system
	3974.11	distribution, 346. Geography,	ancient, 487. Geology, future progress of
	4812.28	s. 6d. BIRCH'S (SAMUEL) History of	Ancient Pottery and Porcelain: Egyptian
	5032.36	s. CURETON (REV. W.) Remains of a very	Ancient Recension of the Four Gospels in Syriac
	5138.76	and Persepolis Restored: an Essay on	Ancient Assyrian and Persian Architecture. With
	5221.155	Ceremonies; with Sketches of Travel in	Ancient Assyria, Armenia, and Mesopotamia; and
	5229.46	SIR GEORGE) Polynesian Mythology, and	Ancient Traditional History of the New Zealand
	5576.258	into the Manners and Arts of the	Ancient Assyrians. Sixth Edition. Plates and
	5592.24	vo. 60s. ——Disputed Questions of	Ancient Geography. Map. 8vo. 6s.6d
	5634.18	Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. LOCKHARTS (J. 6.)	Ancient Spanish Ballads. Historical and
	5648.40	Manual of Elementary Geology; or, the	Ancient Changes of the Earth and its
	5810.12	NIMROD ON THE ROAD. 1s. WILKINSON'S	ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. 12s. CROKER ON THE
	5888.114	exhibited in the Construction of the	Ancient Buildings at Athens, from a Survey
	5896.92	Essays on the Climate, Scenery, and	Ancient Inhabitants of the Country. Second
	5988.13	Vols. 8vo. 80s. ——— Atlas of	Ancient Geography. 4to. [In preparation
	6128.89	Life, Manners, and Customs of the	Ancient Egyptians. New Edition. Revised and
6			anciently
	126.308	and Origin — Principle of Selection	anciently followed, its Effects — Methodical and
	283.292	and Origin—Principle of Selection	anciently followed, its Effects—Methodical and
	353.27	varied. In the case of most of our	anciently domesticated animals and plants, I do
	483.547	that given to the plants in countries	anciently civilised. In regard to the domestic
	1315.694	what cases are reversions to an	anciently existing character, and what are new
	3426.1094	still occasionally produced by our most	anciently domesticated productions. Man does not
1			ancients
	6078.50	S (H. S.) Political Experience of the	Ancients, in its bearing on Modern Times. Fcap
1			ancon
	429.525	is known to have been the case with the	ancon sheep. But when we compare the dray
2			ancylus
	2896.50	that a Dyticus has been caught with an	Ancylus (a fresh-water shell like a limpet
	3623.0	of, 247. Analogy of variations, 159.	Ancylus, 386. Animals, not domesticated from
1			andalusia
	5157.37	FORD'S (RICHARD) Handbook for Spain,	Andalusia, Ronda, Valencia, Catalonia, Granada
3			andes
	2811.536	in height, crossing a valley of the	Andes; and this I now feel convinced was a
	5346.87	Journeys across the Pampas and over the	Andes. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Descriptive
	5706.82	Pacific to the Atlantic, crossing the	Andes in the Northern Provinces of Peru, and
3			andrew
	285.798	probability in the view propounded by	Andrew Knight, that this variability may be
	864.490	view, I may add, was first suggested by	Andrew Knight. We shall presently see its
	4105.8	deficient in beetles, 135. Knight,	Andrew, on cause of variation, 7. Kölreuter on
2			anecdotes
	5194.46	S (EDWARD) Deeds of Naval Daring; or,	Anecdotes of the British Navy, 2 Vols. Fcap. Svo
	5530.38	Gleanings in Natural History. With	Anecdotes of the Sagacity and Instinct of Animals
4			angle
	1779.204	of the hexagonal prisms will have every	angle identically the same with the best
	1813.800	as when two pieces of comb met at an	angle, how often the bees would entirely pull
	3089.425	and reptiles-the inflection of the	angle of the jaws in Marsupials-the manner in
	3151.78	be-let it be the mere inflection of the	angle of the jaw, the manner in which an
2			angler
	5708.24	vo. 12s. MAXIMS AND HINTS for an	Angler, and the Miseries of Fishing. By
	5884.41	S (RICHARD) Maxims and Hints for an	Angler, and the Miseries of Fishing. To which
4			angles
	1763.901	how they can make all the necessary	angles and planes, or even perceive when they
	1767.841	three rhombs. These rhombs have certain	angles, and the three which form the pyramidal
	1815.720	they never gnaw away and finish off the	angles of a cell till a large part both of
	1831.590	than they know what are the several	angles of the hexagonal prisms and of the
2			anglesea
	2207.215	published an account of a downthrow in	Anglesea of 2300 feet; and he informs me that he
	2918.639	plants, and the little island of	Anglesea 764, but a few ferns and a few
1			angling
	5832.16	ADDRESSES. 1s. PKNN'S HINTS OW	ANGLING. 1s. MUSIC AND DRESS. Two Essays, by a
81			animal
	264.84	of Malthus, applied to the whole	animal and vegetable kingdoms. As many more
	291.951	Nothing is more easy than to tame an	animal, and few things more difficult than to
	311.732	effect of use. Not a single domestic	animal can be named which has not in some
	313.274	certainly entail changes in the mature	animal. In monstrosities, the correlations
	351.351	possibly know, when he first tamed an	animal, whether it would vary in succeeding
	393.652	it is most difficult to get any wild	animal to breed freely under domestication
	435.588	who was himself a very good judge of an	animal, speaks of the principle of selection
	471.137	of their domestic animals, yet any one	animal particularly useful to them, for any
	505.1164	important point of all, is, that the	animal or plant should be so highly useful to
	530.51	summits, or the thicker fur of an	animal from far northwards, would not in some
	560.275	been struck with the fact, that if any	animal or plant in a state of nature be highly
	653.772	with manifold force to the whole	animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this
	673.836	of cases is an early one. If an	animal can in any way protect its own eggs or
	673.1374	in all cases, the average number of any	animal or plant depends only indirectly on the
	681.446	better known than any other	animal. This subject has been ably treated by
	723.724	credible that the presence of a feline	animal in large numbers in a district might
	749.45	also, we can see that when a plant or	animal is placed in a new country amongst new
	796.371	that the occasional destruction of an	animal of any particular colour would produce
	824.65	that when the males and females of any	animal have the same general habits of life
	892.195	found a single case of a terrestrial	animal which fertilises itself. We can
	896.136	a single case of an hermaphrodite	animal with the organs of reproduction so
	900.194	suspect that, both in the vegetable and	animal kingdoms, an occasional intercross with
	914.260	the same area, varieties of the same	animal can long remain distinct, from haunting
	982.719	the descendants of our carnivorous	animal became, the more places they would be
	982.803	enabled to occupy. What applies to one	animal will apply throughout all time to all
	1084.1385	classes in each main division of the	animal and vegetable kingdoms. Although
	1108.264	its summit, so we occasionally see an	animal like the Ornithorhynchus or Lepidosiren
	1159.666	of the eyes must be injurious to any	animal, and as eyes are certainly not
	1167.1120	total darkness." By the time that an	animal had reached, after numberless
	1231.1259	in the struggle for life to which every	animal is exposed, each individual Proteolepas
	1257.490	animals, if any part, or the whole	animal, be neglected and no selection be
	1331.779	in the foal than in the full-grown	animal. Without here entering on further
	1349.99	thousands of generations, and I see an	animal striped like a zebra, but perhaps
	1380.33	Secondly, is it possible that an	animal having, for instance, the structure and
	1380.148	been formed by the modification of some	animal with wholly different habits? Can we
	1442.182	how, for instance, a land carnivorous	animal could have been converted into one with
	1442.263	with aquatic habits; for how could the	animal in its transitional state have
	1442.752	and form of tail; during summer this	animal dives for and preys on fish, but during
	1472.191	easy for natural selection to fit the	animal, by some modification of its structure
	1486.128	felt surprise when he has met with an	animal having habits and structure not at all
	1494.730	in the organ be ever useful to an	animal under changing conditions of life, then
	1522.389	in the fish Cobites. In the Hydra, the	animal may be turned inside out, and the
	1566.531	tail having been formed in an aquatic	animal, it might subsequently come to be
	1618.226	formed by natural selection from an	animal which at first could only glide through
	1628.602	retained (as the tail of an aquatic	animal by its terrestrial descendants), though
	1651.390	us to perform, when performed by an	animal, more especially by a very young one
	1671.250	One of the strongest instances of an	animal apparently performing an action for the
	1675.1122	Although I do not believe that any	animal in the world performs an action for the
	1701.197	alone in some cases has sufficed; no	animal is more difficult to tame than the
	1701.278	young of the wild rabbit; scarcely any	animal is tamer than the young of the tame
	1839.1150	ant or other neuter insect had been an	animal in the ordinary state, I should have
	1851.104	fat to be well marbled together; the	animal has been slaughtered, but the breeder
	1883.117	are of the highest importance to each	animal. Therefore I can see no difficulty
	1883.741	good of other animals, but that each	animal takes advantage of the instincts of
	1944.472	any case of a perfectly fertile hybrid	animal can be considered as thoroughly well
	1948.563	and sisters in the case of any pure	animal, which from any cause had the least
	2032.907	till he tries, whether any particular	animal will breed under confinement or any
	2359.681	differed greatly from any known	animal. Some of the most ancient Silurian
	2486.527	on general laws which govern the whole	animal kingdom." M. Barrande has made forcible
	2522.391	for every now and then even a living	animal, as the Lepidosiren, is discovered
	2578.127	and less modified condition of each	animal. This view may be true, and yet it may
	2677.747	is continuous; and when a plant or	animal inhabits two points so distant from
	3075.1228	related to the habits and food of an	animal, I have always regarded as affording
	3159.360	the dugong, which is a pachydermatous	animal, and the whale, and between both these
	3209.431	pleased the Creator to construct each	animal and plant. The explanation is manifest
	3231.486	find in the other great classes of the	animal and vegetable kingdoms. Naturalists
	3239.441	to ticket the embryo of some vertebrate	animal, he cannot now tell whether it be that
	3247.40	The case, however, is different when an	animal during any part of its embryonic career
	3247.322	and as beautiful as in the adult	animal. From such special adaptations, the
	3251.335	In some cases, however, the mature	animal is generally considered as lower in the
	3261.155	a higher organisation than the mature	animal, into which it is developed. I believe
	3263.392	tell, until some time after the	animal has been born, what its merits or form
	3263.1404	parent. For the welfare of a very young	animal, as long as it remains in its mother's
	3283.355	or later in life, if the full-grown	animal possesses them. And the cases just
	3289.874	from the fore-limbs in the mature	animal; the limbs in the latter having
	3289.1208	influence will mainly affect the mature	animal, which has come to its full powers of
	3301.555	of the adult. For the embryo is the	animal in its less modified state; and in so
	3301.665	of its progenitor. In two groups of	animal, however much they may at present
	3323.441	and this implies, that we find in an	animal or plant no trace of an organ, which
	3357.216	on the same pattern in each individual	animal and plant. On the principle of
	3524.595	believe, that the teeth in the mature	animal were reduced, during successive
3			animal's
	429.53	in them adaptation, not indeed to the	animal's or plant's own good, but to man's use
	435.241	Breeders habitually speak of an	animal's organisation as something quite plastic
	810.540	A structure used only once in an	animal's whole life, if of high importance to it
1			animalcules
	5684.33	s. MANTELLS (GIDEON A.) Thoughts on	Animalcules; or, the Invisible World, as revealed
292			animals
	140.128	Rapid increase of naturalised	animals and plants — Nature of the checks to
	140.298	individuals — Complex relations of all	animals and plants throughout nature — Struggle
	258.218	that a careful study of domesticated	animals and of cultivated plants would offer
	266.750	of Instinct, or the mental powers of	animals, thirdly, Hybridism, or the infertility
	285.102	of our older cultivated plants and	animals, one of the first points which strikes
	285.343	on the vast diversity of the plants and	animals which have been cultivated, and which
	289.185	new varieties: our oldest domesticated	animals are still capable of rapid improvement
	291.1103	the male and female unite. How many	animals there are which will not breed, though
	295.96	are which determine the reproduction of	animals under confinement, I may just mention
	295.159	I may just mention that carnivorous	animals, even from the tropics, breed in this
	295.540	on the one hand, we see domesticated	animals and plants, though often weak and
	297.441	not been thus affected; so will some	animals and plants withstand domestication or
	305.711	difficult: my impression is, that with	animals such agencies have produced very little
	311.127	from one climate to another. In	animals it has a more marked effect; for
	311.912	of the muscles of the ear, from the	animals not being much alarmed by danger, seems
	317.148	remarkable cases could be given amongst	animals and plants. From the facts collected by
	317.391	teeth; long-haired and coarse-haired	animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long
	339.66	varieties or races of our domestic	animals and plants, and compare them with
	343.814	any domestic races, either amongst	animals or plants, which have not been ranked
	351.64	that man has chosen for domestication	animals and plants having an extraordinary
	351.658	I cannot doubt that if other	animals and plants, equal in number to our
	353.50	of most of our anciently domesticated	animals and plants, I do not think it is
	357.16	VARIATION. CHAP. I. of our domestic	animals is, that we find in the most ancient
	365.1260	variation. Who can believe that	animals closely resembling the Italian
	405.289	one case of the hybrid offspring of two	animals clearly distinct being themselves
	419.533	the breeders of the various domestic	animals and the cultivators of plants, with
	435.200	to this subject, and to inspect the	animals. Breeders habitually speak of an animal
	437.88	proved by the enormous prices given for	animals with a good pedigree; and these have
	443.809	deviate from the proper standard. With	animals this [page] 33 CHAP. I.METHODICAL
	447.102	is so careless as to allow his worst	animals to breed. In regard to plants, there
	455.44	periods of English history choice	animals were often imported, and laws were
	455.473	it is clear that the colour of domestic	animals was at that early period attended to
	455.575	cross their dogs with wild canine	animals, to improve the breed, and they
	455.1018	they show that the breeding of domestic	animals was carefully attended to in ancient
	457.342	and breed from the best individual	animals, is more important. Thus, a man who
	471.116	of the offspring of their domestic	animals, yet any one animal particularly useful
	471.311	savages are so liable, and such choice	animals would thus generally leave more
	471.487	going on. We see the value set on	animals even by the barbarians of Tierra del
	485.26	civilised. In regard to the domestic	animals kept by uncivilised man, it should not
	499.396	care than usual in matching his best	animals and thus improves them, and the
	511.15	thirty or forty years. In the case of	animals with separate sexes, facility in
	511.1102	I do not doubt that some domestic	animals vary less than others, yet the rarity
	515.49	on the origin of our Domestic Races of	animals and plants. I believe that the
	515.1201	greatly exaggerated, both in regard to	animals and to those plants which are
	548.904	of 139 doubtful forms! Amongst	animals which unite for each birth, and which
	552.93	entomologists. Even Ireland has a few	animals, now generally regarded as varieties
	633.122	increase—Rapid increase of naturalised	animals and plants—Nature of the checks to
	633.282	of individuals—Complex relations of all	animals and plants throughout nature—Struggle
	647.261	success in leaving progeny. Two canine	animals in a time of dearth, may be truly said
	659.636	to be the slowest breeder of all known	animals, and I have taken some pains to
	661.163	astonishingly rapid increase of various	animals in a state of nature, when
	661.334	is the evidence from our domestic	animals of many kinds which have run wild in
	665.447	supposes that the fertility of these	animals or plants has been suddenly and
	667.67	every plant produces seed, and amongst	animals there are very few which do not
	667.175	confidently assert, that all plants and	animals are tending to increase at a
	667.456	familiarity with the larger domestic	animals tends, I think, to mislead us: we see
	681.631	more especially in regard to the feral	animals of South America. Here I will make only
	681.775	of the chief points. Eggs or very young	animals seem generally to suffer most, but this
	687.181	food, but the serving as prey to other	animals, which determines the average numbers
	687.621	although hundreds of thousands of game	animals are now annually killed. On the other
	695.305	nor resist destruction by our native	animals. [page] 70 CHECKS TO INCREASE. CHAP
	699.442	of diffusion amongst the crowded	animals, been disproportionably favoured: and
	713.486	lays its eggs in the navels of these	animals when first born. The increase of these
	719.62	more instance showing how plants and	animals, most remote in the scale of nature
	729.168	between insects, snails, and other	animals with birds and beasts of prey—all
	729.593	reaction of the innumerable plants and	animals which have determined, in the course of
	735.430	of any one of our domestic plants or	animals have so exactly the same strength
	741.1089	and to escape serving as prey to other	animals. The store of nutriment laid up within
	747.252	over its competitors, or over the	animals which preyed on it. On the confines of
	747.472	to believe that only a few plants or	animals range so far, that they are destroyed
	784.1061	does not rigidly destroy all inferior	animals, but protects during each varying
	810.87	in relation to the young. In social	animals it will adapt the structure of each
	816.1361	between the males of polygamous	animals, and these seem oftenest provided with
	816.1450	weapons. The males of carnivorous	animals are already well armed; though to them
	828.283	to the male sex in our domestic	animals (as the wattle in male carriers, horn
	830.240	case of a wolf, which preys on various	animals, securing some by craft, some by
	830.876	might be compelled to prey on other	animals. I can see no more reason to doubt this
	836.59	in the proportional numbers of the	animals on which our wolf preyed, a cub might
	836.292	the natural tendencies of our domestic	animals; one cat, for instance, taking to catch
	864.94	a short digression. In the case of	animals and plants with separated sexes, it is
	864.677	for an ample discussion. All vertebrate	animals, all insects, and some other large
	864.730	insects, and some other large groups of	animals, pair for each birth. Modern research
	864.1012	But still there are many hermaphrodite	animals which certainly do not habitually pair
	866.142	universal belief of breeders, that with	animals and plants a cross between different
	892.34	Turning for a very brief space to	animals: on the land there are some
	892.429	the medium in which terrestrial	animals live, and the nature of the fertilising
	892.649	could be effected with terrestrial	animals without the concurrence of two
	892.712	of two individuals. Of aquatic	animals, there are many self-fertilising
	898.84	anomaly that, in the case of both	animals and plants, species of the same family
	908.270	all try to get and breed from the best	animals, much improvement and modification
	908.439	large amount of crossing with inferior	animals. Thus it will be in nature; for within
	912.301	intercrossing will most affect those	animals which unite for each birth, which
	912.410	breed at a very quick rate. Hence in	animals of this nature, for instance in birds
	912.627	only occasionally, and likewise in	animals which unite for each birth, but which
	914.34	Even in the case of slow-breeding	animals, which unite for each birth, we must
	916.214	act far more efficiently with those	animals [page] 104 CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE
	920.145	intercrosses take place with all	animals and with all plants. Even if these take
	968.84	new breeds of cattle, sheep, and other	animals, and varieties of flowers, take the
	976.1036	slowly become greater, the inferior	animals with intermediate characters, being
	982.39	We can clearly see this in the case of	animals with simple habits. Take the case of a
	982.427	on places at present occupied by other	animals: some of them, for instance, being
	988.931	a simultaneous rotation. Most of the	animals and plants which live close round any
	996.43	considering the nature of the plants or	animals which have struggled successfully with
	1002.237	land, the more widely and perfectly the	animals and plants are diversified for
	1002.394	there supporting themselves. A set of	animals, with their organisation but little
	1090.1209	as easily as the adult. Amongst many	animals, sexual selection will give its aid to
	1098.619	to overlook from familiarity—that all	animals and all plants throughout all time and
	1125.170	is extremely small in the case of	animals, but perhaps rather more in that of
	1133.225	Thus, it is well known to furriers that	animals of the same species have thicker and
	1141.134	little doubt that use in our domestic	animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts
	1141.420	we know not the parent-forms; but many	animals have structures which can be explained
	1159.721	eyes are certainly not indispensable to	animals with subterranean habits, a reduction
	1161.30	disuse. It is well known that several	animals, belonging to the most different
	1161.404	could be in any way injurious to	animals living in darkness, I attribute their
	1161.493	wholly to disuse. In one of the blind	animals, namely, the cave-rat, the eyes are of
	1167.159	so that on the common view of the blind	animals having been separately created for the
	1167.610	my view we must suppose that American	animals, having ordinary powers of vision
	1167.791	of the Kentucky caves, as did European	animals into the caves of Europe. We have some
	1167.902	of habit; for, as Schiodte remarks, "	animals not far remote from ordinary forms
	1177.149	and from the number of plants and	animals brought from warmer countries which
	1177.1073	the Azores to England. In regard to	animals, several authentic cases could be given
	1177.1282	we do not positively know that these	animals were strictly adapted to their native
	1179.31	homes. As I believe that our domestic	animals were originally chosen by uncivilised
	1179.289	extraordinary capacity in our domestic	animals of not only withstanding the most
	1183.101	that a large proportion of other	animals, now in a state of nature, could easily
	1183.312	probable origin of some of our domestic	animals from several wild stocks: the blood
	1183.511	mouse cannot be considered as domestic	animals, but they have been transported by man
	1183.938	constitution, which is common to most	animals. On this view, the capacity of enduring
	1183.1049	by man himself and by his domestic	animals, and such facts as that former species
	1189.21	CHAP. V. tious in transposing	animals from one district to another; for it is
	1257.455	can obtain some light. In our domestic	animals, if any part, or the whole animal, be
	1257.1098	concerns us is, that in our domestic	animals those points, which at the present time
	1406.981	with freely-crossing and wandering	animals. In looking at species as they are now
	1442.376	that within the same group carnivorous	animals exist having every intermediate grade
	1446.76	like other polecats on mice and land	animals. If a different case had been taken
	1450.72	here we have the finest gradation from	animals with their tails only slightly
	1464.436	been modified into perfectly winged	animals. If this had been effected, who would
	1466.132	for flight, we should bear in mind that	animals displaying early transitional grades of
	1470.558	them a decided advantage over other	animals in the battle for life. Hence the
	1506.302	in mind how small the number of living	animals is in proportion to those which have
	1522.176	cases could be given amongst the lower	animals of the same organ performing at the
	1528.264	with the lungs of the higher vertebrate	animals: hence there seems to me to be no great
	1530.48	hardly doubt that all vertebrate	animals having true lungs have descended by
	1560.857	and existence of cattle and other	animals in South America absolutely depends on
	1566.284	locomotion the tail is in most aquatic	animals, its general presence and use for many
	1566.356	use for many purposes in so many land	animals, which in their lungs or modified swim
	1568.564	modified the external characters of	animals having a will, to give one male an
	1574.1730	of in the parturition of the higher	animals. We are profoundly ignorant of the
	1580.96	in the breeds of our domesticated	animals in different countries,—more especially
	1580.922	again correlation would come into play.	Animals kept by savages in different countries
	1590.242	the seal, are of special use to these	animals. We may safely attribute these
	1590.851	progenitors, than they now are to these	animals having such widely diversified habits
	1604.4	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. and	animals introduced from Europe. Natural
	1604.625	which, when used against many attacking	animals, cannot be withdrawn, owing to the
	1649.569	and of the other mental qualities of	animals within the same class. I will not
	1655.173	reason, often comes into play, even in	animals very low in the scale of nature
	1669.617	making allowance for the instincts of	animals having been but little observed except
	1681.597	of fear of the same enemy in other	animals. But fear of man is slowly acquired, as
	1681.680	as I have elsewhere shown, by various	animals inhabiting desert islands; and we may
	1689.200	the mental qualities of our domestic	animals. A number of curious and authentic
	1703.289	and largely the minds of our domestic	animals have been modified by domestication. It
	1703.740	the savages do not keep these domestic	animals. How rarely, on the other hand, do our
	1833.420	almost identically the same in	animals so remote in the scale of nature, that
	1839.332	that some insects and other articulate	animals in a state of nature occasionally
	1877.1053	interesting, as it proves that with	animals, as with plants, any amount of
	1879.102	the mental qualities of our domestic	animals vary, and that the variations are
	1883.718	for the exclusive good of other	animals, but that each animal takes advantage
	1906.301	of the male element in both plants and	animals; though the organs themselves are
	1944.13	from other flowers. In regard to	animals, much fewer experiments have been
	1944.161	be trusted, that is if the genera of	animals are as distinct from each other, as are
	1944.254	of plants, then we may infer that	animals more widely separated in the scale of
	1944.587	be borne in mind that, owing to few	animals breeding freely under confinement, few
	1948.7	CHAP. VIII. STERILITY. hybrid	animals, I hardly know of an instance in which
	1950.94	cases of perfectly fertile hybrid	animals, I have some reason to believe that the
	1956.74	namely, that most of our domestic	animals have descended from two or more
	1956.1114	of the origin of many of our domestic	animals, we must either give up the belief of
	1956.1214	sterility of distinct species of	animals when crossed; or we must look at
	1958.81	on the intercrossing of plants and	animals, it may be concluded that some degree
	1964.467	to ascertain how far the rules apply to	animals, and considering how scanty our
	1964.540	our knowledge is in regard to hybrid	animals, I have been surprised to find how
	2028.221	I have collected, showing that when	animals and plants are removed from their
	2032.38	the great bar to the domestication of	animals. Between the sterility thus
	2032.526	affinity, for whole groups of	animals and plants are rendered impotent by the
	2046.153	back again. During the convalescence of	animals, we plainly see that great benefit is
	2046.281	of life. Again, both with plants and	animals, there is abundant evidence, that a
	2060.675	important consideration, new races of	animals and plants are produced under
	2102.481	it to be with varieties of plants. With	animals one variety certainly often has this
	2104.51	remarks are apparently applicable to	animals; but the subject is here excessively
	2110.77	on the supposed fact, that mongrel	animals alone are born closely like one of
	2110.324	which I have collected of cross-bred	animals closely resembling one parent, the
	2110.1061	enormous body of facts with respect to	animals, comes to the conclusion, that the laws
	2227.1085	I suspect that but few of the very many	animals which live on the beach between high
	2247.155	will be inhabited by extremely few	animals, and the mass when upraised will give a
	2269.12	with perfect accuracy. With marine	animals of all kinds, we may safely infer a
	2273.1356	that limit of depth at which marine	animals can flourish; for we know what vast
	2299.46	consideration is worth notice: with	animals and plants that can propagate rapidly
	2299.637	confined to some one spot. Most marine	animals have a wide range; and we have seen
	2299.809	so that with shells and other marine	animals, it is probably those which have had
	2313.252	that not many of the strictly littoral	animals, or of those which lived on naked
	2339.870	is that of the Whale family; as these	animals have huge bones, are marine, and range
	2351.1616	in which any great group of marine	animals might be multiplied; and [page
	2359.723	Some of the most ancient Silurian	animals, as the Nautilus, Lingula, &c., do not
	2446.405	been the progress of events with those	animals which have [page] 320 GEOLOGICAL
	2480.277	geological sense; for if all the marine	animals which live at the present day in Europe
	2514.892	Owen, showing how extinct	animals fall in between existing groups. Cuvier
	2518.182	he is every day taught that palæozoic	animals, though belonging to the same orders
	2570.1078	occupied, we may believe, if all the	animals and plants of Great Britain were set
	2570.1647	now occupied by our native plants and	animals. Under this point of view, the
	2576.29	result. Agassiz insists that ancient	animals resemble to a certain extent the
	2576.88	a certain extent the embryos of recent	animals of the same classes; or that the
	2578.503	day, it would be vain to look for	animals having the common embryological
	2590.1049	relation to the distribution of marine	animals. On the theory of descent with
	2596.258	for an instant be admitted. These huge	animals have become wholly extinct, and have
	2624.355	should hereafter be proved that ancient	animals resemble to a certain extent the
	2624.419	extent the embryos of more recent	animals of the same class, the fact will be
	2657.1044	Plata, we see the agouti and bizcacha,	animals having nearly the same habits as our
	2681.49	same, so that a multitude of European	animals and plants have become naturalised in
	2707.1232	halting places for plants and for many	animals during their migration. In the coral
	2753.227	not doubt that out of twenty seeds or	animals transported to an island, even if far
	2755.69	period.—The identity of many plants and	animals, on mountain-summits, separated from
	2765.158	be covered by arctic plants and	animals, and these would be nearly the same
	2781.712	compare the present Alpine plants and	animals of the several great European mountain
	2789.367	a large number of the same plants and	animals inhabited the almost continuous
	2789.451	land; and that these plants and	animals, both in the Old and New Worlds, began
	2795.347	long ages ago. And as the plants and	animals migrated southward, they will have
	2801.633	work), of some fish and other marine	animals, in the Mediterranean and in the seas
	2831.125	on the distribution of terrestrial	animals. In marine productions, similar cases
	2839.176	vast spaces some naturalised plants and	animals have spread within a few centuries
	2839.820	we know that many tropical plants and	animals can withstand a considerable amount of
	2845.71	number of plants, a few terrestrial	animals, and some marine productions, migrated
	2902.424	eggs of some of the smaller fresh-water	animals. Other and unknown agencies probably
	2910.1236	of fresh-water plants and of the lower	animals, whether retaining the same identical
	2910.1389	dispersal of their seeds and eggs by	animals, more especially by fresh-water birds
	2922.203	believe that the naturalised plants and	animals have nearly or quite exterminated many
	2922.415	number of the best adapted plants and	animals have not been created on oceanic
	2942.665	are peculiarly well fitted for these	animals; for frogs have been introduced into
	2942.807	as to become a nuisance. But as these	animals and their spawn are known to be
	2944.227	mammal (excluding domesticated	animals kept by the natives) inhabiting an
	2948.815	at a quicker rate than other and lower	animals. Though terrestrial mammals do not
	2972.410	was manifest. So it is with the other	animals, and with nearly all the plants, as
	3004.303	We see this same principle in the blind	animals inhabiting the caves of America and of
	3101.700	is set on them. As in most groups of	animals, important organs, such as those for
	3101.931	classification; but in some groups of	animals all these, the most important vital
	3103.559	of any in the classification of	animals; and this doctrine has very generally
	3159.862	by some authors between very distinct	animals. On my view of characters being of real
	3159.1152	valueless to the systematist. For	animals, belonging to two most distinct lines
	3179.26	CHAP. XIII. belonging to one group of	animals exhibits an affinity to a quite
	3203.1199	homologous bones in widely different	animals. We see the same great law in the
	3217.1025	embryonic crustaceans and in many other	animals, and in flowers, that organs, which
	3239.229	alike. The embryos, also, of distinct	animals within the same class are often
	3241.66	which the embryos of widely different	animals of the same class resemble each other
	3245.677	blackbird, are of any use to these	animals, or are related to the conditions to
	3247.417	the larvæ or active embryos of allied	animals is sometimes much obscured; and cases
	3255.159	in the embryos of widely different	animals within the same class, that we might be
	3255.539	the embryo. And in some whole groups of	animals and in certain members of other groups
	3263.333	of cattle, horses, and various fancy	animals, cannot positively tell, until some
	3267.491	some direct evidence from our domestic	animals supports this view. But in other cases
	3275.491	differed as much as the full-grown	animals; and this surprised me greatly, as I
	3295.110	development in certain whole groups of	animals, as with cuttle-fish and spiders, and
	3307.541	parent-form of each great class of	animals. Rudimentary, atrophied, or aborted
	3337.363	according to Youatt, in young	animals,—and the state of the whole flower in
	3337.914	as in the case of the eyes of	animals inhabiting dark caverns, and of the
	3432.262	in any desired manner. He thus adapts	animals and plants for his own benefit or
	3440.5	will turn the balance. With	animals having separated sexes there will in
	3476.348	with skin; or when we look at the blind	animals inhabiting the dark caves of America
	3484.283	graduated steps in endowing different	animals of the same class with their several
	3488.347	and at many instincts causing other	animals to suffer. If species be only well
	3504.197	peculiar. We can clearly see why those	animals which cannot cross wide spaces of ocean
	3510.654	see this in nearly all the plants and	animals of the Galapagos archipelago, of Juan
	3510.805	most striking manner to the plants and	animals of the neighbouring American mainland
	3544.429	all the infinitely numerous kinds of	animals and plants created as eggs or seed, or
	3550.59	of the same class. I believe that	animals have descended from at most only four
	3552.71	further, namely, to the belief that all	animals and plants have descended from some one
	3552.451	often similarly affects plants and	animals; or that the poison secreted by the
	3592.375	namely, the production of the higher	animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in
	3624.0	of variations, 159. Ancylus, 386.	Animals, not domesticated from being variable
	3657.11	on heron eating seeds, 387. Australia,	animals of, 116. ——, dogs of, 215. ——, extinct
	3659.12	of, 116. ——, dogs of, 215. ——, extinct	animals of, 339. —, European plants in
	3710.18	in fish, 190. Blindness of cave	animals, 137, Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of
	3800.21	reciprocal, 258. Crossing of domestic	animals, importance in altering breeds
	3871.28	Ears, drooping, in domestic	animals, 11. ——, rudimentary, 454. Earth, seeds
	4022.51	R., on peacocks, 89. Heusinger on white	animals not poisoned by certain plants
	4263.55	of the wild stocks of domestic	animals, 253. Paraguay, cattle destroyed by
	4300.76	not affecting certain coloured	animals, 12. —, selection applied to
	4314.38	Poison not affecting certain coloured	animals, 12. ROBINIA, Poison, similar effect
	4319.30	ROBINIA, Poison, similar effect of, on	animals and plants, 484. Pollen of fir-trees
	4374.29	Sebright, Sir J., on crossed	animals, 20. ——, on selection of pigeons
	4441.32	Stocks, aboriginal, of domestic	animals, 18, Strata, thickness of, in Britain
	4459.12	T. Tail of giraffe, 195. —of aquatic	animals, 196. —, rudimentary, 454. Tarsi
	5257.67	Barbary, its wild Tribes and savage	Animals. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. HEBER (BISHOP
	5530.80	of the Sagacity and Instinct of	Animals. Eighth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 6s
	5956.82	Adventures among the Wild Tribes and	Animals of the Prairies and Rocky Mountains
1			animals—by
	3187.289	of birds from all other vertebrate	animals—by the belief that many ancient forms of
1			animals—often
	699.174	seems generally to occur with our game	animals—often ensue: and here we have a limiting
1			animals—that
	982.848	will apply throughout all time to all	animals—that is, if they vary—for otherwise natural
1			annelids
	1530.989	that the branchiæ and dorsal scales of	Annelids are homologous with the wings and wing
3			annihilate
	1596.185	good of another species, it would	annihilate my theory, for such could not have been
	1859.178	and well-established facts at once	annihilate my theory. In the simpler case of
	1883.531	difficulty, to the best of my judgment,	annihilate it. On the other hand, the fact that
1			annua
	1986.1485	forms so closely related (as Matthiola	annua and glabra) that many botanists rank
3			annual
	659.380	Linnæus has calculated that if an	annual plant produced only two seeds—and there
	1982.376	and in the cotyledons, can be crossed.	Annual and perennial plants, deciduous and
	2928.402	American birds, during their great	annual migrations, visit either periodically
14			annually
	651.14	STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. A plant which	annually produces a thousand seeds, of which on
	667.107	animals there are very few which do not	annually pair. Hence we may confidently assert
	667.573	them, and we forget that thousands are	annually slaughtered for food, and that in a
	669.44	only difference between organisms which	annually produce eggs or seeds by the thousand
	687.637	of thousands of game animals are now	annually killed. On the other hand, in some
	729.51	gone on during long centuries, each	annually scattering its seeds by the thousand
	735.704	and if the seed or young were not	annually sorted. As species of the same genus
	982.1787	species and each variety of grass is	annually sowing almost countless seeds; and thus
	1839.502	that a number should have been	annually born capable of work, but incapable of
	2741.228	moment on the millions of quails which	annually cross the Mediterranean; and can we
	2994.1523	well stocked with its own species, for	annually more eggs are laid there than can
	2998.150	although large quantities of stone are	annually transported from Porto Santo to Madeira
	3698.1	of, 391. Birds acquiring fear, 212. —	annually cross the Atlantic, 364. ——, colour of
	5255.33	d. HART'S ARMY LIST. (Quarterly and	Annually.) 8vo. HAY'S (J. H. DRUMMOND) Western
3			anomalies
	1183.1281	habits, ought not to be looked at as	anomalies, but merely as examples of a very
	1273.988	the more subject it is to individual	anomalies. On the ordinary view of each species
	2954.759	identical quadrupeds. No doubt some few	anomalies occur in this great archipelago, and
7			anomalous
	940.587	in fresh water we find some of the most	anomalous forms now known in the world, as the
	940.772	separated in the natural scale. These	anomalous forms may almost be called living
	1171.576	some of the cave-animals should be very	anomalous, as Agassiz has remarked in regard to
	1478.271	have given rise to new species, having	anomalous habits, and with their structure either
	1484.439	its sub-aquatic habits; yet this	anomalous member of the strictly terrestrial
	1546.1270	furnished with apparently the same	anomalous organ, it should be observed that
	2474.540	still living sea-shells; but as these	anomalous monsters coexisted with the Masto
6			anomaly
	325.938	as the rule, and non-inheritance as the	anomaly. The laws governing inheritance are
	898.50	struck most naturalists as a strange	anomaly that, in the case of both animals and
	1141.545	Owen has remarked, there is no greater	anomaly in nature than a bird that cannot fly
	2681.1031	or confined to one area. What a strange	anomaly it would be, if, when coming one step
	2978.577	by the prevailing currents, this	anomaly disappears. New Zealand in its endemic
	2978.908	remote, that the fact becomes an	anomaly. But this difficulty almost disappears
2			anomma
	1865.281	from the same nest of the driver ant (	Anomma) of West Africa. The reader will
	3631.0	extinct, of Australia, 339.	Anomma, 240. Antarctic islands, ancient flora
184			another
	272.320	widely and is very numerous, and why	another allied species has a narrow range and
	311.115	when transported from one climate to	another. In animals it has a more marked effect
	311.671	of these organs in other countries, is	another instance of the effect of use. Not a
	343.287	one part, both when compared one with	another, and more especially when compared with
	369.871	these mongrels are crossed one with	another for several generations, hardly two of
	429.758	breed good for one purpose, and that of	another breed for another purpose; when we
	429.776	purpose, and that of another breed for	another purpose; when we compare the many
	449.30	breed. In regard to plants, there is	another means of observing the accumulated
	499.1160	perhaps more at one period than at	another, as the breed rises or falls in fashion
	499.1246	perhaps more in one district than in	another, according to the state of civilisation
	542.935	or not to rank one form as a variety of	another, even when they are closely connected
	542.1168	one form is ranked as a variety of	another, not because the intermediate links
	548.293	by one botanist as good species, and by	another as mere varieties. Mr. H. C. Watson, to
	548.1033	by one zoologist as a species and by	another as a variety, can rarely be found
	548.1316	naturalist as undoubted species, and by	another as varieties, or, as they are often
	548.1530	Galapagos Archipelago, both one with	another, and with those from the American
	574.154	passage from one stage of difference to	another and higher stage may be, in some cases
	598.636	genera. Both these results follow when	another division is made, and when all the
	608.617	genera. Or the case may be put in	another way, and it may be said, that in the
	635.886	of one part of the organisation to	another part, and to the conditions of life
	635.968	and of one distinct organic being to	another being, been perfected? We see these
	647.132	including dependence of one being on	another, and including (which is more important
	653.586	existence, either one individual with	another of the same species, or with the
	673.326	One fly deposits hundreds of eggs, and	another, like the hippobosca, a single one; but
	679.303	one wedge being struck, and then	another with greater force. What checks the
	707.723	from one quite different soil to	another: not only the proportional numbers of
	717.661	the victory to one organic being over	another. Nevertheless so profound is our
	731.39	The dependency of one organic being on	another, as of a parasite on its prey, lies
	737.435	swallow having caused the decrease of	another species. The recent increase of the
	737.623	one species of rat taking the place of	another species under the most different
	737.802	One species of charlock will supplant	another, and so in other cases. We can dimly
	737.1066	one species has been victorious over	another in the great battle of life. [page
	751.79	to give any form some advantage over	another. Probably in no single instance should
	796.940	disease than yellow plums; whereas	another disease attacks yellow-fleshed peaches
	810.357	it any advantage, for the good of	another species; and though statements to this
	836.346	for instance, taking to catch rats,	another mice; one cat, according to Mr. St
	836.423	St. John, bringing home winged game,	another hares or rabbits, and another hunting
	836.453	game, another hares or rabbits, and	another hunting on marshy ground and almost
	842.450	pollen from one flower to the stigma of	another flower. The flowers of two distinct
	846.1597	carried from flower to flower,	another process might commence. No naturalist
	850.0	page] 94 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV.	another flower or on another plant. In plants
	850.21	CHAP. IV. another flower or on	another plant. In plants under culture and
	866.248	individuals of the same variety but of	another strain, gives vigour and fertility to
	870.232	of generations; but that a cross with	another individual is occasionally—perhaps at
	872.452	freedom for the entrance of pollen from	another individual will explain this state of
	872.1038	on the stigma, or bring pollen from	another flower. So necessary are the visits of
	872.1539	of one flower and then the stigma of	another with the same brush to ensure
	876.159	a plant's own pollen and pollen from	another species, the former will have such a
	878.1328	pollen from one flower on the stigma of	another, I raised plenty of seedlings; and
	878.1378	raised plenty of seedlings; and whilst	another species of Lobelia growing close by
	912.251	away insensibly from one district to	another. The intercrossing will most affect
	954.250	between all organic beings, one with	another and with their physical conditions of
	976.145	pigeon having a slightly shorter beak;	another fancier is struck by a pigeon having a
	976.569	one man preferred swifter horses;	another stronger and more bulky horses. The
	1048.68	represented in the diagram,	another of our principles, namely that of
	1080.662	One large group will slowly conquer	another large group, reduce its numbers, and
	1125.386	structure between one organic being and	another, which we see everywhere throughout
	1189.50	animals from one district to	another; for it is not likely that man should
	1225.398	it rarely flows, at least in excess, to	another part; thus it is difficult to get a cow
	1225.1218	developed through natural selection and	another and adjoining part being reduced by
	1225.1400	part owing to the excess of growth in	another and adjoining part. I suspect, also
	1231.460	when a cirripede is parasitic within	another and is thus protected, it loses more or
	1275.621	come to differ. Or to state the case in	another manner:—the points in which all the
	1297.705	representing the normal structure of	another race, the fantail. I presume that no
	1299.31	With pigeons, however, we have	another case, namely, the occasional appearance
	1311.258	resemble in some of its characters	another species; this other species being on my
	1339.897	the pure quagga. Lastly, and this is	another most remarkable case, a hybrid has been
	1412.1135	have become so), not blending one into	another by insensible gradations, the range of
	1472.914	over one spot and then proceeding to	another, like a kestrel, and at other times
	1492.65	of one type to take the place of one of	another type; but this seems to me only
	1532.124	of conversion from one function to	another, that I will give one more instance
	1540.223	The electric organs of fishes offer	another case of special difficulty; it is
	1546.26	is possible. The electric organs offer	another and even more serious difficulty; for
	1568.634	one male an advantage in fighting with	another or in charming the females. Moreover
	1592.106	one species exclusively for the good of	another species; though throughout nature one
	1592.225	of, and profits by, the structure of	another. But natural selection can and does
	1596.159	been formed for the exclusive good of	another species, it would annihilate my theory
	1600.345	instance, are perfect one compared with	another; but they are now rapidly yielding
	1612.942	graduate away from one part to	another. When two varieties are formed in two
	1630.90	for the exclusive good or injury of	another; though it may well produce parts
	1630.216	indispensable, or highly injurious to	another species, but in all cases at the same
	1630.405	competition of the inhabitants one with	another, and consequently will produce
	1630.670	they do yield, to the inhabitants of	another and generally larger country. For in
	1657.740	so in instincts, one action follows	another by a sort of rhythm; if a person be
	1671.310	an action for the sole good of	another, with which I am acquainted, is that of
	1675.585	abdomen first of one aphis and then of	another; and each aphis, as soon as it felt the
	1675.1187	an action for the exclusive good of	another of a distinct species, yet each species
	1689.1429	crawl forward with a peculiar gait; and	another kind of wolf rushing round, instead of
	1717.1102	that occasionally she laid an egg in	another bird's nest. If the old bird profited
	1717.1282	of the mistaken maternal instinct of	another bird, than by their own mother's care
	1723.380	a few eggs in one nest and then in	another; and these are hatched by the males
	1725.727	a burrow already made and stored by	another sphex, it takes advantage of the prize
	1743.70	to witness a migration from one nest to	another, and it was a most interesting
	1743.213	described, their slaves in their jaws.	Another day my attention was struck by about a
	1743.804	parcel of the pupæ of F. fusca from	another nest, and put them down on a bare spot
	1747.72	place a small parcel of the pupæ of	another species, F. flava, with a few of these
	1749.22	off the pupæ. One evening I visited	another community of F. sanguinea, and found a
	1809.184	a short time at one cell going to	another, so that, as Huber has stated, a score
	1857.88	nest; they are fed by the workers of	another caste, and they have an enormously
	1871.386	size and structure, and simultaneously	another set of workers of a different size and
	1924.1129	my own experience) from the anthers of	another flower, as from the anthers of the
	1924.1567	either from the same plant or from	another plant of the same hybrid nature. And
	1932.253	more easily fertilised by the pollen of	another and distinct species, than by their own
	1980.736	can most readily be crossed; and	another genus, as Silene, in which the most
	2006.404	of one plant to be grafted or budded on	another is so entirely unimportant for its
	2006.718	reason why one tree will not take on	another, from differences in their rate of
	2014.474	be grafted with no great difficulty on	another species, when thus grafted were
	2038.446	the different parts and organs one to	another, or to the conditions of life. When
	2046.100	c., from one soil or climate to	another, and back again. During the
	2100.151	of one species are crossed with	another species, the hybrids do not differ much
	2102.547	often has this prepotent power over	another variety. Hybrid plants produced from a
	2104.326	both when one species is crossed with	another, and when one variety is crossed with
	2104.372	and when one variety is crossed with	another variety. For instance, I think those
	2120.91	of one species or variety to take on	another, is incidental on generally unknown
	2120.250	facility of one species to unite with	another, is incidental on unknown differences
	2126.465	view is supported by a parallelism of	another kind;—namely, that the crossing of
	2227.678	after an enormous interval of time, by	another and later formation, without the
	2235.66	geological record mainly results from	another and more important cause than any of
	2267.145	requisite to change one species into	another. I am aware that two palæontologists
	2345.11	of the secondary period. I may give	another instance, which from having passed
	2359.104	known fossiliferous strata.—There is	another and allied difficulty, which is much
	2367.504	accuracy. M. Barrande has lately added	another and lower stage to the Silurian system
	2402.49	have appeared very slowly, one after	another, both on the land and in the waters
	2420.299	instances) to fill the exact place of	another species in the economy of nature, and
	2434.695	species gradually disappear, one after	another, first from one spot, then from another
	2434.735	another, first from one spot, then from	another, and [page] 318 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
	2466.679	than that; why this species and not	another can be naturalised in a given country
	2494.810	and dominant species on the land, and	another for those in the waters of the sea. If
	2592.446	formerly differed greatly from those of	another continent, so will their modified
	2651.445	emigrants; here we have a barrier of	another kind, and as soon as this is passed we
	2651.541	eastern islands of the Pacific, with	another and totally distinct fauna. So that
	2657.842	and northward the plains of La Plata by	another species of the same genus; and not by a
	2663.520	forms of life from one region into	another having been effected with more or less
	2693.238	a region should be related to those of	another region, whence it has been stocked. A
	2693.784	of species in one region to those in	another, does not differ much (by substituting
	2695.90	of creation" do not directly bear on	another allied question,—namely whether all the
	2721.124	be floated across 924 miles of sea to	another country; and when stranded, if blown to
	2725.45	may be occasionally transported in	another manner. Drift timber is thrown up on
	2743.224	have transported seeds from one part to	another of the arctic and antarctic regions, as
	2743.368	part of the now temperate regions to	another. In the Azores, from the large number
	2749.785	but not from one distant continent to	another. The floras of distant continents would
	2817.225	at one point of the globe than at	another, but seeing that it endured for long at
	2861.198	we can say why one species and not	another becomes naturalised by man's agency in
	2861.337	and is twice or thrice as common, as	another species within their own homes. I have
	2892.807	a little duck-weed from one aquarium to	another, that I have quite unintentionally
	2892.910	fresh-water shells from the other. But	another agency is perhaps more effectual: I
	2904.1007	makes me believe that a heron flying to	another pond and getting a hearty meal of fish
	2910.1504	and naturally travel from one to	another and often distant piece of water
	2910.1653	a particular nature, and drops them in	another equally well fitted for them. On the
	2924.866	of one class are peculiar, those of	another class, or of another section of the
	2924.887	peculiar, those of another class, or of	another section of the same class, are peculiar
	2944.14	difficult to explain. Mammals offer	another and similar case. I have carefully
	2988.248	been brought to one island, and that of	another plant to another island. Hence when in
	2988.265	island, and that of another plant to	another island. Hence when in former times an
	2988.414	subsequently spread from one island to	another, it would undoubtedly be exposed to
	2988.698	distinct plants in one island than in	another, and it would be exposed to the attacks
	2994.347	species has any advantage whatever over	another, it will in a very brief time wholly or
	3006.250	other species allied to it, is shown in	another and more general way. Mr. Gould
	3038.322	have all its species endemic, and	another group should have all its species
	3057.384	fitted to inhabit the land, and	another the water; one to feed on flesh
	3057.425	the water; one to feed on flesh,	another on vegetable matter, and so on; but the
	3069.483	for instance, to all mammals, by	another those common to all carnivora, by
	3069.525	those common to all carnivora, by	another those common to the dog-genus, and then
	3081.1411	seems to be entirely lost." Again in	another work he says, the genera of the
	3085.3	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. in	another division they differ much, and the
	3153.799	to them; but if these same organs, in	another group or section of a group, are found
	3159.1562	one class or order is compared with	another, but give true affinities when the
	3163.46	class or order are compared one with	another: thus the shape of the body and fin
	3179.370	any one marsupial species more than to	another. As the points of affinity of the
	3217.9	to a certain extent obscured. There is	another and equally curious branch of the
	3217.949	of one organ being transformed into	another; and we can actually see in embryonic
	3231.96	the parts of one species with those of	another and distinct species, we can indicate
	3231.249	one part or organ is homologous with	another in the same individual. And we can
	3289.408	in one descendant to act as hands, in	another as paddles, in another as wings; and on
	3289.431	act as hands, in another as paddles, in	another as wings; and on the above two
	3315.241	which will have full-sized wings, and	another mere rudiments of membrane; and here it
	3339.249	might easily be modified and used for	another purpose. Or an organ might be retained
	3392.625	This parallelism is supported by	another parallel, but directly opposite, class
	3404.279	a district occupied by one species into	another district occupied by a closely allied
	3412.1278	it will simply be classed as	another and distinct species. Only a small
	3470.386	by the naturalised productions from	another land. Nor ought we to marvel if all the
	3498.146	migration from one part of the world to	another, owing to former climatal and
	3540.896	one case, they arbitrarily reject it in	another, without assigning any distinction in
	4452.33	Swallow, one species supplanting	another, 76. Swim-bladder, 190. System, natural
11			answer
	1394.318	will here only state that I believe the	answer mainly lies in the record being
	1446.303	difficult, and I could have given no	answer. Yet I think such difficulties have
	1821.393	of the hive-bee? I think the	answer is not difficult: it is known that bees
	2367.104	periods, I can give no satisfactory	answer. Several of the most eminent geologists
	2444.435	why this or that species is rare, we	answer that something is unfavourable in its
	2608.413	Silurian system was deposited: I can	answer this latter question only
	2681.247	northern and southern hemispheres? The	answer, as I believe, is, that mammals have
	3145.306	is of course preposterous; and I might	answer by the argumentum ad hominem, and ask
	3225.58	selection, we can satisfactorily	answer these questions. In the vertebrata, we
	3412.6	epochs in the world's history. I can	answer these questions and grave objections
	3546.107	species. The question is difficult to	answer, because the more distinct the forms
3			answered
	1343.135	of horses, and was, as we have seen,	answered in the affirmative. What now are we to
	2743.882	boulders on these islands, and he	answered that he had found large fragments of
	2948.1289	On my view this question can easily be	answered; for no terrestrial mammal can be
1			answering
	3251.670	much in size. In the second stage,	answering to the chrysalis stage of butterflies
1			answers
	3420.151	I have now briefly recapitulated the	answers and explanations which can be given to
8			antarctic
	2687.683	and at distant points in the arctic and	antarctic regions; and secondly (in the following
	2743.250	one part to another of the arctic and	antarctic regions, as suggested by Lyell; and
	2863.164	Hooker in his botanical works on the	antarctic regions. These cannot be here discussed
	2863.1273	of the Glacial period, when the	antarctic lands, now covered with ice, supported
	2978.1127	though distant point, namely from the	antarctic islands, when they were clothed with
	3632.0	of Australia, 339. Anomma, 240.	Antarctic islands, ancient flora of
	4042.19	South America, 379. —, on flora of the	Antarctic lands, 381, 399. —, on the plants of
	5950.72	and Research in the Southern and	Antarctic Regions during the years
1			anteater
	2596.164	South America the sloth, armadillo, and	anteater, as their degenerate descendants. This
1			ant-eaters
	1205.926	and Edentata (armadilloes, scaly	ant-eaters, &c.), that these are likewise the most
1			antecedent
	2379.1062	lapse of ages? At a period immeasurably	antecedent to the silurian epoch, continents may
10			antennæ
	1167.1370	as an increase in the length of the	antennæ or palpi, as a compensation for
	1231.981	attached to the bases of the prehensile	antennæ. Now the saving of a large and complex
	1675.310	as I could, as the ants do with their	antennæ; but not one excreted. Afterwards I
	1675.531	it then began to play with its	antennæ on the abdomen first of one aphis and
	1675.633	and each aphis, as soon as it felt the	antennæ, immediately lifted up its abdomen and
	3081.1847	great division of the Hymenoptera, the	antennæ, as Westwood has remarked, are most
	3085.146	yet no one probably will say that the	antennæ in these two divisions of the same
	3251.840	compound eyes, and extremely complex	antennæ; but they have a closed and imperfect
	3251.1290	constructed mouth; but they have no	antennæ, and their two eyes are now reconverted
	4567.8	on the tarsi of Engidæ, 157. —on the	antennæ of hymenopterous insects, 416. Whales
9			anterior
	1147.64	I have observed the same fact) that the	anterior tarsi, or feet, of many male dung
	1147.652	explaining the entire absence of the	anterior tarsi in Ateuchus, and their
	1231.726	consists of the three highly-important	anterior segments of the head enormously
	1231.881	and protected Proteolepas, the whole	anterior part of the head is reduced to the
	2383.192	large areas, the many formations long	anterior to the silurian epoch in a completely
	2787.1212	of the Old and New Worlds, at a period	anterior to the Glacial epoch. Believing, from
	3119.851	a species which existed at an unknown	anterior period. Species of three of these
	3159.298	shape of the body and in the fin-like	anterior limbs, between the dugong, which is a
	3217.398	of a certain number of vertebræ. The	anterior and posterior limbs in each member of
10			anthers
	842.1899	more pollen, and had larger and larger	anthers, would be selected. [page] 93 CHAP. IV
	846.752	and four stamens with shrivelled	anthers, in which not a grain of pollen can be
	872.305	what a multitude of flowers have their	anthers and stigmas fully exposed to the
	872.543	more especially as the plant's own	anthers and pistil generally stand so close
	872.1494	is quite sufficient just to touch the	anthers of one flower and then the stigma of
	878.1082	granules are swept out of the conjoined	anthers of each flower, before the stigma of
	882.59	shown, and as I can confirm, either the	anthers burst before the stigma is ready for
	1924.1118	I know from my own experience) from the	anthers of another flower, as from the anthers
	1924.1157	anthers of another flower, as from the	anthers of the flower itself which is to be
	3321.337	the pollen out of the surrounding	anthers. Again, an organ may become rudimentary
1			anticipate
	596.89	well-defined varieties, I was led to	anticipate that the species of the larger genera
9			anticipated
	588.251	And this, perhaps, might have been	anticipated; for, as varieties, in order to become
	590.367	genera. This, again, might have been	anticipated; for the mere fact of many species of
	890.819	United States, and the result was as I	anticipated. On the other hand, Dr. Hooker has
	1167.474	closely allied than might have been	anticipated from the general resemblance of the
	1386.188	to make cells, which have practically	anticipated the discoveries of profound
	1877.602	in this principle, I should never have	anticipated that natural selection could have been
	3349.118	of creation, might even have been	anticipated, and can be accounted for by the laws
	3359.1161	their presence might have been even	anticipated. The importance of embryological
	3468.249	or perhaps might even have been	anticipated. As natural selection acts by
1			anticipation
	598.26	having few. To test the truth of this	anticipation I have arranged the plants of twelve
1			antics
	822.259	gorgeous plumage and perform strange	antics before the females, which standing by
1			antipode
	2831.380	in its crustacea to Great Britain, its	antipode, than to any other part of the world
7			antiquities
	5006.55	Past and Present. A Handbook to the	Antiquities, Curiosities, Churches, Works of Art
	5588.67	of Athens, with Remarks on its	Antiquities; to which is added, the Demi of Attica
	5908.86	an Account of the Geography, History,	Antiquities, and Inhabitants of these Countries
	5916.34	s. PRINSEP'S (JAS.) Essays on Indian	Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic
	5978.51	LL.D.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman	Antiquities. Second Edition. With 500 Woodcuts. 8vo
	5982.59	Smaller Dictionary of Greek and Roman	Antiquities. Abridged from the above work. Fourth
	6002.27	Dictionary of Biblical	Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural
4			antiquity
	371.516	important, as being of considerable	antiquity. I have associated with several eminent
	451.519	of the principle in works of high	antiquity. In rude and [page] 34 METHODICAL
	2402.404	recent beds, though undoubtedly of high	antiquity if measured by years, only one or two
	4046.20	on islands, 392. Horner, Mr., on the	antiquity of Egyptians, 18. Horns, rudimentary
3			antirrhinum
	1309.819	for instance, in the common snapdragon (	Antirrhinum) a rudiment of a fifth stamen so often
	3323.623	of the species. Thus in the snapdragon (	antirrhinum) we generally do not find a rudiment of
	3633.0	islands, ancient flora of, 399.	Antirrhinum, 161. Ants attending aphides
1			antler
	1197.1122	a family of stags once existed with an	antler only on one side; and if this had been
1			ants—hive-bee
	1647.231	and parasitic bees—Slave-making	ants—Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct—Difficulties
1			ants—instincts
	1647.100	origin—Instincts graduated—Aphides and	ants—Instincts variable—Domestic instincts, their
1			anxious
	852.299	I could give many facts, showing how	anxious bees are to save time; for instance
2			anyhow
	303.639	to the act of conception. These cases	anyhow show that variation is not necessarily
	782.11	IV. NATURAL SELECTION. them could	anyhow be improved; for in all countries, the
8			anything
	457.146	a new strain or sub-breed, superior to	anything existing in the country. But, for our
	1598.48	selection will never produce in a being	anything injurious to itself, for natural
	1657.823	interrupted in a song, or in repeating	anything by rote, he is generally forced to go
	2165.1170	before he can hope to comprehend	anything of the lapse of time, the monuments of
	2307.210	would have been, yet has done scarcely	anything in breaking down the distinction
	2379.193	long periods. If then we may infer	anything from these facts, we may infer that
	2669.608	nor isolation in themselves can do	anything. These principles come into play only
	2717.1558	above 28 days, as far as we may infer	anything from these scanty facts, we may
3			anywhere
	477.1512	preserved the best varieties they could	anywhere find. A large amount of change in our
	1032.865	imaginary, and might have been inserted	anywhere, after intervals long enough to have
	2241.822	with recent or tertiary remains can	anywhere be found, though the supply of sediment
2			apart
	1297.343	of pigeons, in countries most widely	apart, present sub-varieties with reversed
	2809.325	Along the Himalaya, at points 900 miles	apart, glaciers have left the marks of their
2			apelles
	1147.254	had even a relic left. In the Onites	apelles the tarsi are so habitually lost, that
	4235.7	O. Oak, varieties of, 50. Onites	apelles, 135. Orchis, pollen of, 193, Organs of
1			apertures
	381.428	of processes. The size and shape of the	apertures in the sternum are highly variable; so
13			aphides
	166.92	in their origin — Instincts graduated —	Aphides and ants — Instincts variable
	1671.358	with which I am acquainted, is that of	aphides voluntarily yielding their sweet
	1671.526	the ants from a group of about a dozen	aphides on a dock- [page] 211 CHAP. VII
	1675.102	this interval, I felt sure that the	aphides would want to excrete. I watched them
	1675.779	by the ant. Even the quite young	aphides behaved in this manner, showing that
	1675.964	it is probably a convenience to the	aphides to have it removed; and therefore
	1675.1019	it removed; and therefore probably the	aphides do not instinctively excrete for the
	1741.288	together, probably in search of	aphides or cocci. According to Huber, who had
	1741.592	their principal office is to search for	aphides. This difference in the usual habits of
	1755.987	and milk as it may be called, their	aphides; and thus both collect food for the
	1857.225	the place of that excreted by the	aphides, or the domestic cattle as they may be
	3634.15	Antirrhinum, 161. Ants attending	aphides, 211. —, slave-making instinct
	3641.0	BEES. Ants, neuter, structure of, 236.	Aphides attended by ants, 211. Aphis
6			aphis
	1675.567	its antennæ on the abdomen first of one	aphis and then of another; and each aphis, as
	1675.603	one aphis and then of another; and each	aphis, as soon as it felt the antennæ
	3255.1173	but in some few cases, as in that of	Aphis, if we look to the admirable drawings
	3295.214	of the great class of insects, as with	Aphis. With respect to the final cause of the
	3642.0	of, 236. Aphides attended by ants, 211.	Aphis, development of, 442. Apteryx
	4063.25	organs, 438. —, on the development of	aphis, 442. Hybrids and mongrels compared
1			aphorism
	4126.57	Lingula, Silurian, 306. Linnæus,	aphorism of, 413. Lion, mane of, 88. ——, young
2			apostles
	5550.32	KENS (BISHOP) Exposition of the	Apostles Creed. Extracted from his "Practice of
	5732.32	s. ———Character and Conduct of the	Apostles considered as an Evidence of
1			apostolic
	5940.67	of the Christian Church, From the	Apostolic Age to the Pontificate of Gregory the
1			apostolical
	6036.77	on the Unity of Evangelical and	Apostolical Teaching. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d
6			apparatus
	1456.1102	hind-legs, we perhaps see traces of an	apparatus originally constructed for gliding
	1506.512	selection has converted the simple	apparatus of an optic nerve merely coated with
	1528.51	generally held, a part of the auditory	apparatus has been worked in as a complement to
	1530.191	know nothing, furnished with a floating	apparatus or swimbladder. We can thus, as I infer
	1544.156	organ closely analogous to the electric	apparatus, and yet do not, as Matteuchi asserts
	1725.305	do not possess the pollen-collecting	apparatus which would be necessary if they had to
16			apparent
	266.431	the four succeeding chapters, the most	apparent and gravest difficulties on the theory
	331.353	extension, and that when there is no	apparent reason why a peculiarity should appear
	369.1021	utter hopelessness, of the task becomes	apparent. Certainly, a breed intermediate
	596.761	a special act of creation, there is no	apparent reason why more varieties should occur
	1217.422	these differences are of such	apparent importance-the seeds being in some
	1219.559	So, again, I do not doubt that some	apparent correlations, occurring throughout
	1376.267	judgment, the greater number are only	apparent, and those that are real are not, I
	1554.17	and slowest steps. Organs of little	apparent importance.—As natural selection acts
	2408.1404	form never reappears. The strongest	apparent exception to this latter rule, is that
	2426.347	I am aware that there are some	apparent exceptions to this rule, but the
	2608.164	Europe, are considered; he may urge the	apparent, but often falsely apparent, sudden
	2608.192	urge the apparent, but often falsely	apparent, sudden coming in of whole groups of
	2755.308	living at distant points, without the	apparent possibility of their having migrated
	3101.589	found correlated with others, though no	apparent bond of connexion can be discovered
	3159.1458	of descent. We can also understand the	apparent paradox, that the very same characters
	3572.569	of that continent in relation to their	apparent means of immigration, some light can be
46			apparently
	242.804	on which facts cannot be adduced, often	apparently leading to conclusions directly
	305.180	parents, as Müller has remarked, have	apparently been exposed to exactly the same
	305.781	very little direct effect, though	apparently more in the case of plants. Under this
	325.189	on both; but when amongst individuals,	apparently exposed to the same conditions, any
	399.373	some semi-domestic breeds and some	apparently truly wild breeds have, besides the two
	622.598	very closely allied to other species	apparently have restricted ranges. In all these
	822.642	to attribute any effect to such	apparently weak means: I cannot here enter on the
	838.75	Certain plants excrete a sweet juice,	apparently for the sake of eliminating something
	936.231	of Australia have formerly yielded, and	apparently are now yielding, before those of the
	948.704	occur, and variation itself is	apparently always a very slow process. The process
	1038.289	race-horse and English pointer have	apparently both gone on slowly diverging in
	1108.408	large branches of life, and which has	apparently been saved from fatal competition by
	1123.328	in its earliest condition does not	apparently differ essentially from an ovule, is
	1323.223	and partly under nature. It is a case	apparently of reversion. The ass not rarely has
	1546.1250	very distinct species furnished with	apparently the same anomalous organ, it should be
	1584.236	I may add that some little light can	apparently be thrown on the origin of these
	1622.728	For instance, a swim-bladder has	apparently been converted into an air-breathing
	1671.257	of the strongest instances of an animal	apparently performing an action for the sole good
	1781.482	burrows in wood many insects can make,	apparently by turning round on a fixed point. We
	1833.269	known to exist; cases of instinct of	apparently such trifling importance, that they
	1914.798	on by Gärtner were potted, and	apparently were kept in a chamber in his house
	2022.428	lesser difficulty in effecting a union	apparently depends on several distinct causes
	2104.26	parent. These several remarks are	apparently applicable to animals; but the subject
	2126.654	changes in the conditions of life are	apparently favourable to the vigour and fertility
	2143.416	present day, under the circumstances	apparently most favourable for their presence
	2251.107	slow oscillations of level, and	apparently these oscillations have affected wide
	2273.198	than in those of Europe; time having	apparently been required for their migration from
	2351.63	insisted on by palæontologists of the	apparently sudden appearance of a whole group of
	2389.248	of chapters, may represent the	apparently abruptly changed forms of life
	2412.1320	We can perhaps understand the	apparently quicker rate of change in terrestrial
	2440.829	former horse under conditions of life	apparently so favourable. But [page] 319 CHAP. X
	2460.20	its production. With respect to the	apparently sudden extermination of whole families
	2492.670	might therefore expect to find, as we	apparently do find, a less strict degree of
	2512.531	would not all be the same in the	apparently corresponding stages in the two regions
	2514.1259	he dissolves by fine gradations the	apparently [page] 330 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. CHAP
	2596.1427	and species decreasing in numbers, as	apparently is the case of the Edentata of South
	2618.564	more ancient a form is, the more often,	apparently, it displays characters in some degree
	2851.181	identical plants and allied forms have	apparently migrated from the north to the south
	2880.206	the same country, and as the sea is	apparently a still more impassable barrier, that
	2928.1465	different orders of insects in Madeira	apparently present analogous facts. Oceanic
	2930.81	certain classes, and their places are	apparently occupied by the other inhabitants; in
	3010.610	less is it meant, that a species which	apparently has the capacity of crossing barriers
	3261.89	to provide for itself;—of the embryo	apparently having sometimes a higher organisation
	3390.105	domestication; and as domestication	apparently tends to eliminate sterility, we ought
	3454.624	species also of the larger genera	apparently have restricted ranges, and they are
	3488.264	need not marvel at some instincts being	apparently not perfect and liable to mistakes, and
55			appear
	327.813	peculiarity first appears, it tends to	appear in the offspring at a corresponding age
	331.80	in the horns of cattle could	appear only in the offspring when nearly
	331.172	in the silkworm are known to	appear at the corresponding caterpillar or
	331.394	reason why a peculiarity should	appear at any particular age, yet that it does
	331.449	age, yet that it does tend to	appear in the offspring at the same period at
	477.1199	slightly better variety has chanced to	appear, selecting it, and so onwards. But the
	505.182	manifestly useful or pleasing to man	appear only occasionally, the chance of their
	532.115	such as are known frequently to	appear in the offspring from the same parents
	699.310	even some of these so-called epidemics	appear to be due to parasitic worms, which
	804.58	variations which under domestication	appear at any particular period of life, tend
	812.50	Inasmuch as peculiarities often	appear under domestication in one sex and
	822.594	attractive to all his hen birds. It may	appear childish to attribute any effect to
	852.1118	incarnatum) do not on a hasty glance	appear to differ in length; yet the hive-bee
	1018.650	nature; they are not supposed all to	appear simultaneously, but often after long
	1133.559	of the severe climate? for it would	appear that climate has some direct action on
	1189.1693	of seedling kidney-beans ever	appear, for an account has been published how
	1217.56	is so far-fetched, as it may at first	appear: and if it be advantageous, natural
	1303.435	coloured marks are eminently liable to	appear in the crossed offspring of two
	1315.386	the blue tint, and which it does not	appear probable would all appear together from
	1315.412	it does not appear probable would all	appear together from simple variation. More
	1323.990	by Mr. Blyth and others, occasionally	appear: and I have been informed by Colonel
	1345.1496	genus the stripes are either plainer or	appear more commonly in the young than in the
	1353.284	instituting a comparison, the same laws	appear to have acted in producing the lesser
	1418.584	in the genus Balanus. And it would	appear from information given me by Mr. Watson
	1584.412	on copious details my reasoning would	appear frivolous. The foregoing remarks lead
	1859.562	modification did not probably at first	appear in all the individual neuters in the
	2002.50	rules and facts, on the other hand,	appear to me clearly to indicate that the
	2213.1066	inch in a century. This will at first	appear much too small an allowance; but it is
	2273.1668	organic remains will probably first	appear and disappear at different levels
	2321.184	transitional varieties would merely	appear as so many distinct species. It is
	2331.120	which whole groups of species suddenly	appear in certain formations, has been urged
	2335.306	succeeding formation such species will	appear as if suddenly created. I may here
	2351.514	however, that the whole of them did	appear, as Agassiz believes, at the
	2359.236	of species of the same group, suddenly	appear in the lowest known fossiliferous rocks
	2373.272	of the organic remains, which do not	appear to have inhabited profound depths, in
	2385.241	manner in which whole groups of species	appear in our European formations; the almost
	2428.79	species of a group sometimes falsely	appear to have come in abruptly; and I have
	2432.241	found, the line will sometimes falsely	appear to begin at its lower end, not in a
	2486.268	series of analogous phenomena, it will	appear certain that all these modifications of
	2512.441	of life, and the order would falsely	appear to be strictly parallel; nevertheless
	2616.398	time, the productions of the world will	appear to have changed simultaneously. We can
	2948.755	continents it is thought that mammals	appear and disappear at a quicker rate than
	2990.645	separated from each other than they	appear to be on a map. Nevertheless a good
	3081.1709	here even when all taken together they	appear insufficient to separate Cnestis from
	3263.137	that slight variations necessarily	appear at an equally early period. But we have
	3263.1092	before the formation of the embryo, may	appear late in life; as when an hereditary
	3269.241	offspring. Certain variations can only	appear at corresponding ages, for instance
	3269.534	earlier or later in life, tend to	appear at a corresponding age in the offspring
	3331.1396	amputated, imperfect nails sometimes	appear on the stumps: I could as soon believe
	3378.211	their full force. Nothing at first can	appear more difficult to believe than that the
	3406.573	do whole groups of allied species	appear, though certainly they often falsely
	3406.617	though certainly they often falsely	appear, to have come in suddenly on the
	3416.84	in a geological formation, they will	appear as if suddenly created there, and will
	3492.851	life, after long intervals of time, to	appear as if they had changed simultaneously
	4524.11	nature, 44. —, laws of, 131. Variations	appear at corresponding ages
43			appearance
	180.399	in any one formation — On the sudden	appearance of groups of species — On their sudden
	180.449	of groups of species — On their sudden	appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous
	186.31	BEINGS. On the slow and successive	appearance of new species — On their different
	186.189	follow the same general rules in their	appearance and disappearance as do single species
	331.674	are of course confined to the first	appearance of the peculiarity, and not to its
	469.787	is so great that they have the	appearance of being quite different varieties
	477.15	UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION. at their first	appearance as distinct varieties, and whether or
	505.228	only occasionally, the chance of their	appearance will be much increased by a large
	554.429	These plants differ considerably in	appearance; they have a different flavour and emit
	906.237	by giving a better chance for the	appearance within any given period of profitable
	926.605	by decreasing the chance of the	appearance of favourable variations. If we turn
	1299.68	another case, namely, the occasional	appearance in all the breeds, of slaty-blue birds
	1345.374	of the other species of the genus. The	appearance of the stripes is not accompanied by
	1546.1336	be observed that, although the general	appearance and function of the organ may be the
	1737.741	masters, so that the contrast in their	appearance is very great. When the nest is
	1982.223	widely different in habit and general	appearance, and having strongly marked differences
	1994.637	in which they resemble in external	appearance either parent. And lastly, that the
	2054.227	may differ from each other in external	appearance, cross with perfect facility, and yield
	2056.583	differing widely from each other in	appearance, for instance of the pigeon or of the
	2141.387	in any one formation—On the sudden	appearance of groups of species—On their sudden
	2141.435	of groups of species—On their sudden	appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous
	2171.963	are at the present time suffering. The	appearance of the surface and the vegetation show
	2331.14	so hardly on my theory. On the sudden	appearance of whole groups of Allied Species.—The
	2345.992	thought one more instance of the abrupt	appearance of a great group of species. But my
	2351.81	of the apparently sudden	appearance of a whole group of species, is that of
	2359.14	of its productions. On the sudden	appearance of groups of Allied Species in the
	2398.31	BEINGS. On the slow and successive	appearance of new species—On their different rates
	2398.183	follow the same general rules in their	appearance and disappearance as do single species
	2402.852	but, as Bronn has remarked, neither the	appearance [page] 313 CHAP. X. GEOLOGICAL
	2426.88	follow the same general rules in their	appearance and disappearance as do single species
	2438.525	process than their production: if the	appearance and disappearance of a group of species
	2438.792	at its lower end, which marks the first	appearance and increase in numbers of the species
	2452.620	breeds in other countries. Thus the	appearance of new forms and the disappearance of
	2494.383	from giving a better chance of the	appearance of favourable variations, and that
	2556.85	cases, that the record of the first	appearance and disappearance of the species was
	2602.938	played an important part in the first	appearance of new forms in any one area and
	3233.695	skulls or jaws. Yet so strong is the	appearance of a modification of this nature having
	3247.1075	which differ widely in external	appearance, have larvæ in all their several stages
	3476.712	theory of creation is the occasional	appearance of stripes on the shoulder and legs of
	3544.795	ignore the whole subject of the first	appearance of species in what they consider
	3916.22	flying, 182. —, teleostean, sudden	appearance of, 305. —eating seeds
	4144.11	the geological record, 310. ——, on the	appearance of species, 312. —, on Barrande's
	4181.26	of, 141. Migration, bears on first	appearance of fossils, 296. Miller, Prof., on the
3			appearances
	784.221	characters: nature cares nothing for	appearances, except in so far as they may be useful
	1333.231	striped; and that the above-described	appearances are all due to ancient [page] 165 CHAP
	3159.523	thus Linnæus, misled by external	appearances, actually classed an homopterous insect
27			appeared
	331.510	at the same period at which it first	appeared in the parent. I believe this rule to
	491.326	unusual any character was when it first	appeared, the more likely it would be to catch
	505.1897	and bred from them, then, there	appeared (aided by some [page] 42 SUMMARY ON
	828.668	to this bird;—indeed, had the tuft	appeared under domestication, it would have been
	896.351	physically impossible. Cirripedes long	appeared to me to present a case of very great
	1159.526	in this condition, the cause, as	appeared on dissection, having been inflammation
	1189.1770	how much more hardy some seedlings	appeared to be than others. On the whole, I
	1709.248	habits and actions, which at first	appeared from what we must in our ignorance call
	1795.269	their work. In ordinary combs it has	appeared to me that the bees do not always
	1837.268	one special difficulty, which at first	appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal
	1936.602	the plants in these experiments	appeared perfectly healthy, and although both
	2273.96	for instance, that several species	appeared somewhat earlier in the palæozoic beds
	2329.291	links between the species which	appeared at the commencement and close of each
	2351.773	be shown that the species of this group	appeared suddenly and simultaneously throughout
	2402.17	natural selection. New species have	appeared very slowly, one after another, both on
	2402.523	one or two are new forms, having here	appeared for the first time, either locally, or
	2426.725	long as any species of the group have	appeared in the long succession of ages, so long
	2564.483	varieties between the species which	appeared at the commencement and close of these
	2984.1162	only in a small degree. This long	appeared to me a great difficulty: but it arises
	3267.620	modification, or most of them, may have	appeared at an extremely early period. I have
	3269.491	for all that we can see, might have	appeared earlier or later in life, tend to
	3283.595	s selection, have not generally first	appeared at an early period of life, and have
	3283.917	differences must either have	appeared at an earlier period than usual, or, if
	3291.226	period than that at which it first	appeared. In either case (as with the short
	3305.121	period than that at which they first	appeared. It should also be borne in mind, that
	3331.1476	that these vestiges of nails have	appeared, not from unknown laws [page
	5120.79	from the LITERARY PAPERS which have	appeared in that Journal. 7th Thousand. 2 vols
1			appeared-such
	2110.474	their nature, and which have suddenly	appeared-such as albinism, melanism, deficiency of
20			appearing
	291.781	of the reproductive system; this system	appearing to be far more susceptible than any
	325.586	prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c.,	appearing in several members of the same family
	327.545	importance to us, that peculiarities	appearing in the males of our domestic breeds are
	331.923	the greater length of horn, though	appearing late in life, is clearly due to the
	411.360	colour and various marks occasionally	appearing in all the breeds, both when kept pure
	1303.279	not of a new yet analogous variation	appearing in the several breeds. We may I think
	1315.536	from the blue colour and marks so often	appearing when distinct breeds of diverse colours
	1787.349	were converted into shallow basins,	appearing to the eye perfectly true or parts of a
	1847.24	selection. This difficulty, though	appearing insuperable, is lessened, or, as I
	2060.523	not to expect to find sterility both	appearing and disappearing under nearly the same
	2267.524	this head. When we see a species first	appearing in the middle of any formation, it
	2269.149	and when we see a species first	appearing in any formation, the probability is
	3271.285	that the greyhound and bulldog, though	appearing so different, are really varieties most
	3307.176	principle of slight modifications not	appearing, in the many descendants from some one
	3378.519	Nevertheless, this difficulty, though	appearing to our imagination insuperably great
	3608.31	on groups of species suddenly	appearing, 302, 305. —on embryological succession
	4286.45	Prof., on groups of species suddenly	appearing, 302, 305. ——, on rate of organic
	4376.47	Prof., on groups of species suddenly	appearing, 302. Seedlings destroyed by insects
	4418.23	variable, 54. —, groups of, suddenly	appearing, 302, 306. ——beneath Silurian
	4420.14	Silurian formations, 306. —successively	appearing, 312. ——changing simultaneously
15			appears
	305.1033	in the same way, the change at first	appears to be directly due to such conditions
	317.210	the facts collected by Heusinger, it	appears that white sheep and pigs are
	325.10	I. UNDER DOMESTICATION. deviation	appears not unfrequently, and we see it in the
	325.313	combination of circumstances,	appears in the parent—say, once amongst several
	327.792	period of life a peculiarity first	appears, it tends to appear in the offspring at
	477.689	though cultivated in classical times,	appears, from Pliny's description, to have been
	842.1520	of fertilisation, its destruction	appears a simple loss to the plant; yet if a
	1309.870	a rudiment of a fifth stamen so often	appears, that this plant must have an inherited
	1339.1430	that not even a stripe of colour	appears from what would commonly be called an
	1546.199	Generally when the same organ	appears in several members of the same class
	1763.1024	is not nearly so great as it at first	appears: all this beautiful work can be shown
	2060.9	VIII. FERTILITY OF MONGRELS. at first	appears. It can, in the first place, be clearly
	3263.1150	as when an hereditary disease, which	appears in old age alone, has been communicated
	3269.128	at whatever age any variation first	appears in the parent, it tends to reappear at
	3277.16	difference. As the evidence	appears to me conclusive, that the several
1			appears-a
	1345.270	tendency strong whenever a dun tint	appears-a tint which approaches to that of the
2			appendage
	2936.589	endemic species, having as useless an	appendage as any rudimentary organ,—for instance
	3237.293	from true legs, or from some simple	appendage, is explained. Embryology.—It has
2			appendages
	3225.168	vertebræ bearing certain processes and	appendages; in the articulata, we see the body
	3225.267	a series of segments, bearing external	appendages; and in flowering plants, we see a
1			appended
	2379.537	silurian period. The coloured map	appended to my volume on Coral Reefs, led me to
1			appendices
	4664.7	to 1856. 4to. 8s. each. 3. ———	APPENDICES TO THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
2			appendix
	4816.113	an Argument of their Veracity: with an	Appendix containing Undesigned Coincidences
	5594.64	Catalogue of Greek Coins. With Map and	Appendix. 4to 63s. ——Peloponnesiaca: A
2			apple
	651.247	The missletoe is dependent on the	apple and a few other trees, but can only in
	2006.1810	ranked as a distinct genus, than on the	apple, which is a member of the same genus
1			apples
	423.349	Van Mons, in his treatise on pears and	apples, shows how utterly he disbelieves that
7			applicable
	389.409	me to this belief are in some degree	applicable in other cases, I will here briefly
	395.53	as it seems to me, of great weight, and	applicable in several other cases, is, that the
	1249.47	to them. The rule being so plainly	applicable in the case of secondary sexual
	1269.603	an explanation is not in this case	applicable, which most naturalists would advance
	1883.859	of "natura non facit saltum" is	applicable to instincts as well as to corporeal
	2104.37	These several remarks are apparently	applicable to animals; but the subject is here
	4188.33	Modification of species, how far	applicable, 483. Moles, blind, 137. Mongrels
6			application
	1225.940	maintained that the law is of universal	application; but many good observers, more
	1249.720	it illustrates the rule in its largest	application. The opercular valves of sessile
	3000.373	to their new homes,—is of the widest	application throughout nature. We see this on every
	4852.56	its History, Theory, Construction, and	Application to the Arts and to Education. Woodcuts
	4854.66	Theory, and Construction, with its	application to the Fine and Useful Arts. Second
	5756.107	Chemical Properties, Management, and	Application of Manures. By FREDERICK FALKNER
14			applied
	264.63	of. This is the doctrine of Malthus,	applied to the whole animal and vegetable
	405.536	some probability in this hypothesis, if	applied to species closely related together
	515.1761	action of Selection, whether	applied methodically and more quickly, or
	578.380	mere individual differences, is also	applied arbitrarily, and for mere convenience
	653.731	of life. It is the doctrine of Malthus	applied with manifold force to the whole animal
	858.388	trifling and insignificant cause, when	applied to the excavation of gigantic valleys
	1257.531	be neglected and no selection be	applied, that part (for instance, the comb in
	1847.134	it is remembered that selection may be	applied to the family, as well as to the
	1966.521	of different species of the same genus	applied to the stigma of some one species
	2213.638	not greatly affect the estimate as	applied to the western extremity of the
	3357.92	homologous organs, to whatever purpose	applied, of the different species of a class
	4051.27	young, 445. Horticulturists, selection	applied by, 32. Huber on cells of bees
	4301.13	coloured animals, 12. —, selection	applied to, 32. —, gradual improvement of
	4814.95	of the Mosaic Writings, stated and	applied, together with an Incidental Argument
11			applies
	982.788	they would be enabled to occupy. What	applies to one animal will apply throughout all
	1245.824	be understood that the rule by no means	applies to any part, however unusually
	1245.1290	species of the same genus. The rule	applies very strongly in the case of secondary
	1245.1449	sexual characters, used by Hunter,	applies to characters which are attached to one
	1245.1572	with the act of reproduction. The rule	applies to males and females; but as females
	1245.1678	secondary sexual characters, it	applies [page] 151 CHAP. V. LAWS OF VARIATION
	1251.195	this class. I cannot make out that it	applies to plants, and this would seriously
	1273.778	the same. Something of the same kind	applies to monstrosities: at least Is. Geoffroy
	1357.1743	second Chapter that the same principle	applies to the whole individual; for in a
	1669.878	The canon of "Natura non facit saltum"	applies with almost equal force to instincts as
	2831.20	remarkable manner. This brief abstract	applies to plants alone: some strictly
14			apply
	766.193	seen is so potent in the hands of man,	apply in nature? I think we shall see that it
	978.54	be asked, can any analogous principle	apply in nature? I believe it can and does
	978.97	in nature? I believe it can and does	apply most efficiently, from the simple
	982.815	occupy. What applies to one animal will	apply throughout all time to all animals—that
	1245.1068	mammalia; but the rule would not here	apply, because there is a whole group of bats
	1245.1137	group of bats having wings; it would	apply only if some one species of bat had its
	1337.98	with this theory, and should be loth to	apply it to breeds so distinct as the heavy
	1418.28	CHAP. VI. the same rule will probably	apply to both; and if we in imagination adapt
	1964.458	pains to ascertain how far the rules	apply to animals, and considering how scanty
	1964.608	to find how generally the same rules	apply to both kingdoms. It has been already
	2060.204	of sterility when crossed; and we may	apply the same rule to domestic varieties. In
	2359.414	have descended from one progenitor,	apply with nearly equal force to the earliest
	2783.255	the foregoing remarks on distribution	apply not only to strictly arctic forms, but
	3285.11	but at an earlier age. Now let us	apply these facts and the above two
1			applying
	526.7	in having restricted ranges. BEFORE	applying the principles arrived at in the last
3			appreciable
	285.1008	the new conditions of life to cause any	appreciable amount of variation; and that when the
	976.1316	causing differences, at first barely	appreciable, steadily to increase, and the breeds
	1139.571	until they become plainly developed and	appreciable by us. Effects of Use and Disuse.—From
2			appreciate
	441.620	I for one have vainly attempted to	appreciate. Not one man in a thousand has accuracy
	1865.334	Africa. The reader will perhaps best	appreciate the amount of difference in these
1			appreciated
	852.693	proboscis, &c., far too slight to be	appreciated by us, might profit a bee or other
1			appreciation
	3095.901	for this saying seems founded on an	appreciation of many trifling points of resemblance
3			apprehend
	2520.298	the objection is probably valid. But I	apprehend that in a perfectly natural
	3081.1303	their parts, not only in this but, as I	apprehend, in every natural family, is very
	3135.1325	less constant. In classing varieties, I	apprehend if we had a real pedigree, a
6			approach
	1331.1233	one between brown and black to a close	approach to cream-colour. I am aware that
	1737.156	of Huber and Mr. Smith, I tried to	approach the subject in a sceptical frame of
	2520.919	at that period made some small	approach to each other. It is a common belief
	2542.663	the older formations make some slight	approach to each other; so that the older
	3093.26	birds and reptiles, as an	approach in structure in any one internal and
	5552.1	Love." New Edition. Fcap. 1s. 6d. —	Approach to the Holy Altar. Extracted from his
1			approached
	1743.352	evidently not in search of food; they	approached and were vigorously repulsed by an
2			approaches
	1345.291	a dun tint appears-a tint which	approaches to that of the general colouring of the
	3179.270	but in the points in which it	approaches this order, its relations are general
1			appropriated
	1729.175	and stored food are thus feloniously	appropriated, be not thus exterminated. Slave
1			approximate
	2651.1272	fish is common to the above-named three	approximate faunas of Eastern and Western America
2			approximately
	1267.193	it may be, has been transmitted in	approximately the same condition to many modified
	2279.547	of subsidence; and to keep the depth	approximately the same, which is necessary in order
1			apricot
	2010.83	so do different varieties of the	apricot and peach on certain varieties of the
2			apteryx
	1462.271	functionally for no purpose, like the	Apteryx. Yet the structure of each of these
	3643.0	ants, 211. Aphis, development of, 442.	Apteryx, 182. Arab horses, 35, Aralo-Caspian
2			aquarium
	2892.795	in removing a little duck-weed from one	aquarium to another, that I have quite
	2892.1051	bird sleeping in a natural pond, in an	aquarium, where many ova of fresh-water shells
18			aquatic
	741.1007	diving, allows it to compete with other	aquatic insects, to hunt for its own prey, and
	892.704	the concurrence of two individuals. Of	aquatic animals, there are many self
	1442.229	could have been converted into one with	aquatic habits; for how could the animal in its
	1442.436	every intermediate grade between truly	aquatic and strictly terrestrial habits; and as
	1476.623	by natural selection, more and more	aquatic in their structure and habits, with
	1486.536	hand, grebes and coots are eminently	aquatic, although their toes are only bordered
	1486.741	plants, yet the water-hen is nearly as	aquatic as the coot; and the landrail nearly as
	1566.276	organ of locomotion the tail is in most	aquatic animals, its general presence and use
	1566.425	or modified swim-bladders betray their	aquatic origin, may perhaps be thus accounted
	1566.523	developed tail having been formed in an	aquatic animal, it might subsequently come to
	1590.439	as useful as they now are to the most	aquatic of existing birds. So we may believe
	1628.594	often been retained (as the tail of an	aquatic animal by its terrestrial descendants
	2892.1406	These just hatched molluscs, though	aquatic in their nature, survived on the duck's
	2898.301	plants, which have only a very few	aquatic members; for these latter seem
	2910.442	will probably be less severe between	aquatic than between terrestrial species
	2910.935	average for the migration of the same	aquatic species. We should not forget the
	4459.4	T. Tail of giraffe, 195. —of	aquatic animals, 196. —, rudimentary
	4469.8	Thouin on grafts, 262. Thrush,	aquatic species of, 185. —, mocking, of the
1			arabia
	5568.35	s.M LABORDES (LEON DE) Journey through	Arabia Petræa, to Mount Sinai, and the
3			arabian
	1339.787	produced from the mare by a black	Arabian sire, were much more plainly barred
	4644.0	by LADY DUFF GORDON. Post Svo. 2s. 6d.	ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENT. Translated from
	5570.14	With Plates. 8vo. 18s. LANES (E. W.)	Arabian Nights. Translated from the Arabic
2			arabic
	4644.50	ENTERTAINMENT. Translated from the	Arabic, with Explanatory Notes. By E. W. LANE
	5570.50	W.) Arabian Nights. Translated from the	Arabic, with Explanatory Notes. A New Edition
2			aralo-caspian
	2584.1455	and living brackish-water shells of the	Aralo-Caspian Sea. Now what does this remarkable law
	3645.0	of, 442. Apteryx, 182. Arab horses, 35,	Aralo-Caspian Sea, 339. Archiac, M. de, on the
4			arbitrarily
	578.75	that I look at the term species, as one	arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a
	578.388	individual differences, is also applied	arbitrarily, and for mere convenience sake. [page
	3165.413	of this nature in any one class, by	arbitrarily raising or sinking the value of the
	3540.871	as a vera causa in one case, they	arbitrarily reject it in another, without assigning
5			arbitrary
	548.1623	was much struck how entirely vague and	arbitrary is the distinction between species and
	3057.193	This classification is evidently not	arbitrary like the grouping of the stars in
	3113.190	seem to be, at least at present, almost	arbitrary. Several of the best botanists, such as
	3113.296	others, have strongly insisted on their	arbitrary value. Instances could be given amongst
	3165.553	that this valuation has hitherto been	arbitrary), could easily extend the parallelism
1			archetype
	3211.878	that the ancient progenitor, the	archetype as it may be called, of all mammals
1			archi
	2980.43	law which causes the inhabitants of an	archi- [page] 400 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
1			archiac
	3646.0	horses, 35, Aralo-Caspian Sea, 339.	Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species
41			archipelago
	240.29	natural history of the Malay	archipelago, has arrived at almost exactly the same
	548.1503	the separate islands of the Galapagos	Archipelago, both one with another, and with those
	1331.1027	from Norway in the north to the Malay	Archipelago in the south. In all parts of the world
	1574.504	A trailing bamboo in the Malay	Archipelago climbs the loftiest trees by the aid of
	2259.566	continent when first broken up into an	archipelago), and consequently during subsidence
	2307.585	an imaginary illustration. The Malay	Archipelago is of about the size of Europe from the
	2307.920	that the present condition of the Malay	Archipelago, with its numerous large islands
	2307.1106	formations were accumulating. The Malay	Archipelago is one of the richest regions of the
	2313.76	that the terrestrial productions of the	archipelago would be preserved in an excessively
	2315.7	no remains could be preserved. In our	archipelago, I believe that fossiliferous
	2317.107	over the whole or part of the	archipelago, together with a contemporaneous
	2321.446	in these cases the inhabitants of the	archipelago would have to migrate, and no closely
	2323.43	many of the marine inhabitants of the	archipelago now range thousands of miles beyond its
	2351.1455	present. Even at this day, if the Malay	Archipelago were converted into land, the tropical
	2743.979	other rocks, which do not occur in the	archipelago. Hence we may safely infer that
	2924.299	of the endemic birds in the Galapagos	Archipelago, with the number found on any continent
	2948.1021	in the world: Norfolk Island, the Viti	Archipelago, the Bonin Islands, the Caroline and
	2954.465	this head in regard to the great Malay	Archipelago, which is traversed near Celebes by a
	2954.789	some few anomalies occur in this great	archipelago, and there is much difficulty in
	2954.1017	thrown on the natural history of this	archipelago by the admirable zeal and researches of
	2968.270	give only one, that of the Galapagos	Archipelago, situated under the equator, between
	2972.519	admirable memoir on the Flora of this	archipelago. The naturalist, looking at the
	2972.818	to have been created in the Galapagos	Archipelago, and nowhere else, bear so plain a
	2984.203	manner, within the limits of the same	archipelago. Thus the several islands of the
	2984.258	the several islands of the Galapagos	Archipelago are tenanted, as I have elsewhere shown
	2984.1597	to those inhabitants of the Galapagos	Archipelago which are found in other parts of the
	2990.57	fact in this case of the Galapagos	Archipelago, and in a lesser degree in some
	2990.507	the sea are rapid and sweep across the	archipelago, and gales of wind are extraordinarily
	2990.773	of the world and those confined to the	archipelago, are common to [page] 402 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2994.1056	to distinct genera. In the Galapagos	Archipelago, many even of the birds, though so well
	2998.570	the several islands of the Galapagos	Archipelago, not having universally spread from
	3018.466	which inhabit the islets of the same	archipelago,—and especially the striking relation
	3018.549	of the inhabitants of each whole	archipelago or island to those of the nearest
	3038.845	see why all the inhabitants of an	archipelago, though specifically distinct on the
	3510.679	the plants and animals of the Galapagos	archipelago, of Juan Fernandez, and of the other
	3510.883	and those of the Cape de Verde	archipelago and other African islands to the
	3870.27	E. Earl, Mr. W., on the Malay	Archipelago, 395. Ears, drooping, in domestic
	3957.10	Furze, 439. G. Galapagos	Archipelago, birds of, 390. ——, productions of
	3978.86	Godwin-Austen, Mr., on the Malay	Archipelago, 299. Goethe on compensation of growth
	4166.6	Norway, 212. Maize, crossed, 270. Malay	Archipelago compared with Europe, 299. —, mammals
	4548.16	distribution, 355. —, on the Malay	Archipelago, 395. Wasp, sting of, 202. Water, fresh
3			archipelagoes
	2331.1244	before they invaded the ancient	archipelagoes of Europe and of the United States. We
	2379.664	mainly areas of subsidence, the great	archipelagoes still areas of oscillations of level
	2948.1079	Islands, the Caroline and Marianne	Archipelagoes, and Mauritius, all possess their
1			archipelagos
	2972.1424	between the Galapagos and Cape de Verde	Archipelagos: but what an entire and absolute
3			architectural
	1785.56	natural selection, her inimitable	architectural powers. But this theory can be tested
	1821.241	and graduated succession of modified	architectural instincts, all tending towards the
	3484.430	of gradation throws on the admirable	architectural powers of the hive-bee. Habit no doubt
10			architecture
	1829.89	bee. Beyond this stage of perfection in	architecture, natural selection could not lead; for
	5010.32	s. ——— Westminster Abbey. Its Art,	Architecture, and Associations. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo
	5138.105	Essay on Ancient Assyrian and Persian	Architecture. With 45 Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s
	5141.12	Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. ——— Handbook of	Architecture. Being a Concise and Popular Account of
	5334.29	s. 6d. —— WESTMINSTER ABBEYits Art,	Architecture, and Associations. Woodents. 16mo. Is
	5342.3	Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. ——	ARCHITECTURE. Being a Concise and Popular Account of
	5888.35	d. ——— (F. C.) Principles of Athenian	Architecture, and the Optical Refinements exhibited
	5932.24	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. RENNIE'S (JAMES) Insect	Architecture. To which are added Chapters on the
	5964.53	Remarks on Secular and Domestic	Architecture, Present and Future. Second Edition
	6052.34	to. STREET'S (G. E.) Brick and Marble	Architecture of Italy, in the Middle Ages. Plates
37			arctic
	693.1425	a mountain. When we reach the	Arctic regions, or snow-capped summits, or
	747.610	the extreme confines of life, in the	arctic regions or on the borders of an utter
	1173.605	of its own home: species from an	arctic or even from a temperate region cannot
	1183.389	blood, for instance, of a tropical and	arctic wolf or wild dog may perhaps be mingled
	2345.309	species all over the world, from the	Arctic regions to the equator, inhabiting
	2645.547	forms, as there now is for the strictly	arctic productions. We see the same fact in
	2687.672	ranges, and at distant points in the	arctic and antarctic regions; and secondly (in
	2743.239	seeds from one part to another of the	arctic and antarctic regions, as suggested by
	2759.345	and North America suffered under an	Arctic climate. The ruins of a house burnt by
	2761.391	more southern zone became fitted for	arctic beings and ill-fitted for their former
	2761.500	the latter would be supplanted and	arctic productions would take their places
	2761.897	its maximum, we should have a uniform	arctic fauna and flora, covering the central
	2765.140	States would likewise be covered by	arctic plants and animals, and these would be
	2767.28	result. As the warmth returned, the	arctic forms would retreat northward, closely
	2767.213	from the bases of the mountains, the	arctic forms would seize on the cleared and
	2767.445	the warmth had fully returned, the same	arctic species, which had lately lived in a
	2767.657	on all lesser heights) and in the	arctic regions of both hemispheres. Thus we
	2769.255	are more especially related to the	arctic forms living due north or nearly due
	2773.197	of the mountains of Siberia to the	arctic regions of that country. These views
	2773.429	present distribution of the Alpine and	Arctic productions of Europe and America, that
	2775.230	of the fossil Gnathodon), then the	arctic and temperate productions will at a
	2777.4	period, since the Glacial period. The	arctic forms, during their long southern
	2781.47	for it is not likely that all the same	arctic species will have been left on mountain
	2783.122	I assumed that at its commencement the	arctic productions were as uniform round the
	2783.282	distribution apply not only to strictly	arctic forms, but also to many sub-arctic and
	2787.710	latitude 66º-67º; and that the strictly	arctic productions then lived on the broken
	2795.784	the several mountain-ranges and on the	arctic lands of the two Worlds. Hence it has
	2833.179	of the intertropical regions, are not	arctic, but belong to the northern temperate
	2833.386	floras really become less and less	arctic." Many of the forms living on the
	2839.481	temperate productions, and these by the	arctic; but with the latter we are not now
	2843.806	when the cold was most intense,—when	arctic forms had migrated some twenty-five
	2849.260	evidence that the whole body of	arctic shells underwent scarcely any
	2869.894	in a line gently rising from the	arctic lowlands to a great height under the
	2948.69	as so frequently now happens in the	arctic regions. Yet it cannot be said that
	4796.49	of Discovery and Research within the	Arctic Regions, from 1818 to the present time
	5118.72	for the use of Travellers in the	Arctic Regions. 16mo. 3s. 6d. ESSAYS FROM
	5398.80	of the Tuski; with Incidents of an	Arctic Boat Expedition in Search of Sir John
52			areas
	186.499	of the same types within the same	areas — Summary of preceding and present
	548.1128	country, but are common in separated	areas. How many of those birds and insects in
	934.595	and isolated area. Moreover, great	areas, though now continuous, owing to
	934.854	conclude that, although small isolated	areas probably have been in some respects
	934.1030	generally have been more rapid on large	areas; and what is more important, that the
	934.1102	that the new forms produced on large	areas, which already have been victorious
	1406.498	form of the land and of climate, marine	areas now continuous must often have existed
	1406.780	have been formed on strictly continuous	areas; though I do not doubt that the
	1406.847	that the formerly broken condition of	areas now continuous has played an important
	1418.164	to adapt two varieties to two large	areas, and a third variety to a narrow
	1420.566	larger numbers from inhabiting larger	areas, will have a great advantage over the
	1432.10	this assuredly we do see. Secondly,	areas now continuous must often have existed
	2379.633	that the great oceans are still mainly	areas of subsidence, the great archipelagoes
	2379.684	the great archipelagoes still	areas of oscillations of level, and the
	2379.735	of level, and the continents	areas of elevation. But have we any right to
	2379.971	the force of elevation; but may not the	areas of preponderant movement have changed
	2379.1774	nearer to the surface. The immense	areas in some parts of the world, for
	2383.160	believe that we see in these large	areas, the many formations long anterior to
	2418.259	of sediment having been deposited on	areas whilst subsiding, our formations have
	2506.66	As we have reason to believe that large	areas are affected by the same movement, it
	2506.351	been the case, and that large	areas have invariably been affected by the
	2508.533	considering the proximity of the two	areas,—unless, indeed, it be assumed that an
	2562.54	the physical conditions of the ancient	areas having remained nearly the same. Let it
	2582.39	page] 339 CHAP. X. SAME TYPES IN SAME	AREAS. areas, during the later tertiary
	2584.0	CHAP. X. SAME TYPES IN SAME AREAS.	areas, during the later tertiary periods.—Mr
	2586.86	of the same types within the same	areas mean? He would be a bold man, who after
	2592.144	of the same types within the same	areas, is at once explained; for the
	2594.39	page] 341 CHAP. X. SAME TYPES IN SAME	AREAS. It may be asked in ridicule, whether
	2624.539	same types of structure within the same	areas during the later geological periods
	2641.28	degree; for instance, small	areas in the Old World could be pointed out
	2661.147	space and time, over the same	areas of land and water, and independent of
	2667.43	even families are confined to the same	areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the
	2681.1248	been produced in two or more distinct	areas! Hence it seems to me, as it has to
	2793.370	considering the distance of the two	areas, and their separation by the Atlantic
	2801.308	many closely allied forms now living in	areas completely sundered. Thus, I think, we
	2801.689	Mediterranean and in the seas of Japan,—	areas now separated by a continent and by
	2803.352	similar physical conditions of the	areas; for if we compare, for instance
	2855.706	dominant forms, generated in the larger	areas and more efficient workshops of the
	2855.1238	to those produced within the larger	areas of the north, just in the same way as
	2910.1100	ever can range, over immense	areas, and having subsequently become extinct
	2918.114	with those on equal continental	areas: Alph. de Candolle admits this for
	3032.1073	highest importance, we can see why two	areas having nearly the same physical
	3038.1107	probably derived. We can see why in two	areas, however distant from each other, there
	3040.270	time the differences in different	areas. We see this in many facts. The
	3502.871	whole intertropical ocean. Although two	areas may present the same physical
	3502.1170	of all relations, and as the two	areas will have received colonists from some
	3502.1335	the course of modification in the two	areas will inevitably be different. On this
	3510.69	or representative species in any two	areas, implies, on the theory of descent with
	3510.175	same parents formerly inhabited both	areas; and we almost invariably find that
	3510.266	many closely allied species inhabit two	areas, some identical species common to both
	4451.85	Succession of types in same	areas, 338. Swallow, one species supplanting
	4504.30	of, 206. Types, succession of, in same	areas, 338. U. Udders enlarged by use
1			areas—summary
	2398.483	of the same types within the same	areas—Summary of preceding and present chapters. LET
1			argillaceous
	2737.164	I removed twenty-two grains of dry	argillaceous earth from one foot of a partridge, and
5			argue
	536.359	far from uniform. Authors sometimes	argue in a circle when they state that
	1544.276	own that we are far too ignorant to	argue that no transition of any kind is
	2054.857	them as undoubted species. If we thus	argue in a circle, the fertility of all
	2128.288	when we remember how liable we are to	argue in a circle with respect to varieties
	2749.1644	But it would be a great error to	argue that because a well-stocked island
1			argued
	333.244	aboriginal stocks. Hence it has been	argued that no deductions can be drawn from
13			argument
	337.635	not of great importance for our line of	argument; for by the experiment itself the
	353.197	from one or several species. The	argument mainly relied on by those who believe
	395.3	quite prolific under confinement. An	argument, as it seems to me, of great weight
	554.128	for several interesting lines of	argument, from geographical distribution
	1183.59	test) under them, may be used as an	argument that a large proportion of other
	1183.236	must not, however, push the foregoing	argument too far, on account of the probable
	2373.80	and may be truly urged as a valid	argument against the views here entertained. To
	2753.436	this, as it seems to me, is no valid	argument against what would be effected by
	2984.860	of the islands may be used as an	argument against my views; for it may be asked
	3376.33	AS this whole volume is one long	argument, it may be convenient to the reader to
	3426.41	let us turn to the other side of the	argument. Under domestication we see much
	4814.132	applied, together with an Incidental	Argument for the truth of the Resurrection of
	4816.77	of the Old and New Testament, an	Argument of their Veracity: with an Appendix
9			arguments
	242.970	stating and balancing the facts and	arguments on both sides of each question; and
	423.852	yet they ignore all general	arguments, and refuse to sum up in their minds
	2359.296	known fossiliferous rocks. Most of the	arguments which have convinced me that all the
	2385.1093	not attach much weight to the facts and	arguments of other kinds given in this volume
	2707.396	island to some mainland. If indeed the	arguments used by Forbes are to be trusted, it
	3365.235	it were unsupported by other facts or	arguments. [page] 459 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION
	3448.993	let us turn to the special facts and	arguments in favour of the theory. On the view
	3546.193	which we may consider, by so much the	arguments fall away in force. But some arguments
	3546.232	arguments fall away in force. But some	arguments of the greatest weight extend very far
1			argumentum
	3145.320	preposterous; and I might answer by the	argumentum ad hominem, and ask what should be done
7			arise
	493.516	differences might, and indeed do now,	arise amongst pigeons, which are rejected as
	635.793	but little in understanding how species	arise in nature. How have all those exquisite
	641.413	than do the species of the same genus,	arise? All these results, as we shall more
	776.127	which in the course of ages chanced to	arise, and which in any way favoured the
	884.650	are mongrelized? I suspect that it must	arise from the pollen of a distinct variety
	1361.1721	new and important modifications may not	arise from reversion and analogous variation
	1663.634	As modifications of corporeal structure	arise from, and are increased by, use or
11			arisen
	429.154	variations useful to him have probably	arisen suddenly, or by one step; many
	429.407	this amount of change may have suddenly	arisen in a seedling. So it has probably been
	532.200	or which may be presumed to have thus	arisen, from being frequently observed in the
	1568.726	modification of structure has primarily	arisen from the above or other unknown causes
	1574.807	the hooks on the bamboo may have	arisen from unknown laws of growth, and have
	1574.1633	we may infer that this structure has	arisen from the laws of growth, and has been
	1580.1801	nevertheless we generally admit to have	arisen through ordinary generation, we ought
	1586.831	were useful, or which formerly had	arisen from correlation of growth, or from
	1620.285	live wherever it can live, how it has	arisen that there are upland geese with webbed
	3081.111	Perhaps from this cause it has partly	arisen, that almost all naturalists lay the
	3165.707	ternary classifications have probably	arisen. As the modified descendants of
1			arises
	2984.1204	to me a great difficulty: but it	arises in chief part from the deeply-seated
6			arising
	337.1639	how far the new characters thus	arising shall be preserved. When we look to
	828.221	this agency: for we see peculiarities	arising and becoming attached to the male sex
	930.412	better chance of favourable variations	arising from the large number of individuals of
	1357.776	in number and in structure, perhaps	arising from such parts not having been closely
	2094.399	continue and be super-added to that	arising from the mere act of crossing. The
	2488.176	New species are formed by new varieties	arising, which have some advantage over older
1			aristophanes
	5726.28	s. 6d. MITCHELLS (THOMAS) Plays of	Aristophanes. With English Notes. 8vo.—l. CLOUDS
1			arithmetic
	5910.20	Post 8vo. 24s. ——— (MRS.) Rational	Arithmetic for Schools and for Private Instruction
2			armadillo
	2584.320	pieces of armour like those of the	armadillo, found in several parts of La Plata
	2596.149	behind them in South America the sloth,	armadillo, and anteater, as their degenerate
1			armadilloes
	1205.907	viz. Cetacea (whales) and Edentata (	armadilloes, scaly ant-eaters, &c.), that these are
1			armed
	816.1475	of carnivorous animals are already well	armed; though to them and to others, special
3			armenia
	4996.3	Edition. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 15s. ——	ARMENIA AND ERZEROUM. A Year on the Frontiers
	5221.172	Sketches of Travel in Ancient Assyria,	Armenia, and Mesopotamia; and Illustrations of
	5306.44	ASIA MINOR, CONSTANTINOPLE,	Armenia, Mesopotamia, &c. Maps. Post 8vo
1			armenians
	6090.76	its Inhabitants—the Moslems, Greeks,	Armenians, &c. Translated by LADY EASTHOPE
1			armies
	4898.57	Memoir of the Operations of the Allied	Armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal
1			armorial
	3566.717	in view. We possess no pedigrees or	armorial bearings; and we have to discover and
1			armour
	2584.295	eye, in the gigantic pieces of	armour like those of the armadillo, found in
1			arose
	1361.746	amount of modification since the genus	arose; and thus we can understand why it
9			around
	272.233	relations of all the beings which live	around us. Who can explain why one species
	610.415	are generally clustered like satellites	around certain other species. And what are
	675.143	forget that every single organic being	around us may be said to be striving to the
	741.1518	other plants growing vigorously all	around. Look at a plant in the midst of its
	1574.596	exquisitely constructed hooks clustered	around the ends of the branches, and this
	2165.1231	of time, the monuments of which we see	around us. It is good to wander along lines
	3400.256	do we not see these linking forms all	around us? Why are not all organic beings
	3460.559	classes, which we now see everywhere	around us, and which has prevailed throughout
	3588.388	have all been produced by laws acting	around us. These laws, taken in the largest
2			arragon
	5157.95	Valencia, Catalonia, Granada, Gallicia,	Arragon, Navarre, &c. Third Edition. 2 Vols
	5284.66	Granada, Valencia, Catalonia, Gallicia,	Arragon, and Navarre. Maps. 2 Vols. Post 8vo
2			arrange
	1781.560	point. We must suppose the Melipona to	arrange her cells in level layers, as she
	3069.19	fully explained. Naturalists try to	arrange the species, genera, and families in
12			arranged
	598.46	the truth of this anticipation I have	arranged the plants of twelve countries, and the
	1773.166	had made them of equal sizes and had	arranged them symmetrically in a double layer
	2512.322	formations in the two regions could be	arranged in the same order, in accordance with
	2552.271	instance, mastodons and elephants, when	arranged by Dr. Falconer in two series, first
	2556.547	races of the domestic pigeon were	arranged as well as they could be in serial
	3217.823	they consist of metamorphosed leaves,	arranged in a spire. In monstrous plants, we
	4796.109	to the present time. Abridged and	arranged from the Official Narratives. 8vo. 15s
	5002.61	and Songs. Now first collected and	arranged, with Biographical Notice. 24mo. 2s. 6d
	5198.28	Post 8vo. GLADSTONE'S (W. E.) Prayers	arranged from the Liturgy for Family Use. Second
	5320.53	PAST AND PRESENT. Alphabetically	arranged. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 16s
	5846.67	Tariffs of all Nations; collected and	arranged up to the year 1855. 4to. 30s
	6070.38	THREE-LEAVED MANUAL OF FAMILY PRAYER;	arranged so as to save the trouble of turning
20			arrangement
	2000.1048	their parents, seems to be a strange	arrangement. The foregoing rules and facts, on the
	2552.421	periods of existence, do not accord in	arrangement. The species extreme in character are
	2556.606	they could be in serial affinity, this	arrangement would not closely accord with the order
	3119.61	meaning more fully. I believe that the	arrangement of the groups within each class, in due
	3123.825	Nevertheless their genealogical	arrangement remains strictly true, not only at the
	3127.66	extent their characters. This natural	arrangement is shown, as far as is possible on
	3127.344	less possible to have given a natural	arrangement; and it is notoriously not possible to
	3127.592	natural system is genealogical in its	arrangement, like a pedigree; but the degrees of
	3129.160	pedigree of mankind, a genealogical	arrangement of the races of man would afford the
	3129.396	dialects, had to be included, such an	arrangement would, I think, be the only possible
	3129.943	but the proper or even only possible	arrangement would still be genealogical; and this
	3191.473	classification, or at least a natural	arrangement, would be possible. We shall see this
	3191.1188	and unknown progenitor. Yet the natural	arrangement in the diagram would still hold good
	3197.845	has been perfected, genealogical in its	arrangement, with the grades of difference between
	3301.195	were nearly perfect, the only possible	arrangement, would be genealogical. Descent being
	3351.1399	it is genealogical in its attempted	arrangement, with the grades of acquired difference
	3359.1298	is intelligible, on the view that an	arrangement is only so far natural as it is
	3460.428	of much extinction, explains the	arrangement of all the forms of life, in groups
	3516.342	The natural system is a genealogical	arrangement, in which we have to discover the lines
	5860.82	England. Exhibiting, under Alphabetical	Arrangement, the Origin, Descent, and Present State
1			arrangements
	1944.107	than with plants. If our systematic	arrangements can be trusted, that is if the genera
2			arranging
	2110.1009	with Dr. Prosper Lucas, who, after	arranging an enormous body of facts with respect
	3069.195	look at it merely as a scheme for	arranging together those living objects which are
1			array
	1245.529	proposition without giving the long	array of facts which I have collected, and
3			arrival
	2735.585	coast destroyed so many on their	arrival. Some hawks and owls bolt their prey
	2962.204	specific form or modified since their	arrival, could have reached their present homes
	2984.1815	have come to be modified since their	arrival), we find a considerable amount [page
4			arrive
	568.189	come very near to, but do not quite	arrive at the rank of species; or, again
	2753.772	nearly every seed, which chanced to	arrive, would be sure to germinate and survive
	2928.19	OCEANIC ISLANDS. marine birds could	arrive at these islands more easily than land
	3540.252	seems to me a strange conclusion to	arrive at. They admit that a multitude of
15			arrived
	240.46	history of the Malay archipelago, has	arrived at almost exactly the same general
	242.390	the general conclusions at which I have	arrived, with a few facts in illustration, but
	242.881	opposite to those at which I have	arrived. A fair result can be obtained only by
	526.31	ranges. BEFORE applying the principles	arrived at in the last chapter to organic
	982.179	supported in any country has long ago	arrived at its full average. If its natural
	1040.464	well-marked varieties; or they may have	arrived at the doubtful category of sub-species
	1155.348	selection. For when a new insect first	arrived on the island, the tendency of natural
	1376.19	Natural Selection. LONG before having	arrived at this part of my work, a crowd of
	1552.98	by what transitions an organ could have	arrived at its present state; yet, considering
	1763.162	of the conclusions at which I have	arrived. He must be a dull man who can examine
	1918.521	Kölreuter and Gärtner, should have	arrived at diametrically opposite conclusions
	1926.31	Now let us turn to the results	arrived at by the third most experienced
	2257.247	C. Lyell; and E. Forbes independently	arrived at a similar conclusion. One remark is
	3024.719	led to this conclusion, which has been	arrived at by many naturalists under the
	3382.400	or any whole being, could not have	arrived at its present state by many graduated
1			arriving
	2924.550	already explained, species occasionally	arriving after long intervals in a new and
3			arteries
	1530.676	neck and the loop-like course of the	arteries still marking in the embryo their
	3245.128	the peculiar loop-like course of the	arteries near the branchial slits are related to
	3518.1041	or bird having branchial slits and	arteries running in loops, like those in a fish
1			arthur
	5724.7	Manuscripts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s. MILLS (	ARTHUR) India in 3858; A Summary of the
3			arthur's
	4646.0	With 600 Woodcuts. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s.	ARTHUR'S (LITTLE) History of England. By LADY
	4936.25	vo. 15s. CALLCOTT'S (LADY) Little	Arthur's History of England. 18th Edition. With
	5626.7	created in 1488. Folio. 15s. LITTLE	ARTHUR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By LADY CALLCOTT
2			artichoke
	1189.913	to habit. The case of the Jerusalem	artichoke, which is never propagated by seed, and
	3647.0	de, on the succession of species, 325.	Artichoke, Jerusalem, 142. Ascension, plants of
4			articulata
	1502.7	the eye has been perfected. In the	Articulata we can commence a series with an optic
	3109.525	to this, and to no other class of the	Articulata. Geographical distribution has often
	3225.187	processes and appendages; in the	articulata, we see the body divided into a series
	3225.633	vertebræ; the unknown progenitor of the	articulata, many segments; and the unknown
3			articulate
	1506.686	is possessed by any member of the great	Articulate class. He who will go thus far, if he
	1839.321	be shown that some insects and other	articulate animals in a state of nature
	3217.464	in each member of the vertebrate and	articulate classes are plainly homologous. We see
11			artificial
	653.836	for in this case there can be no	artificial increase of food, and no prudential
	954.88	feeble man can do much by his powers of	artificial selection, I can see no limit to the
	1472.700	on exotic plants, or exclusively on	artificial substances. Of diversified habits
	1580.208	where there has been but little	artificial selection. Careful observers are
	1924.1014	and goes on increasing. Now, in	artificial fertilisation pollen is as often taken
	2452.697	of old forms, both natural and	artificial, are bound together. In certain
	2729.910	crop of a pigeon, which had floated on	artificial salt-water for 30 days, to my surprise
	3069.314	those which are most unlike; or as an	artificial means for enunciating, as briefly as
	3135.666	varieties on a natural instead of an	artificial system; we are cautioned, for instance
	3558.1093	who admit that genera are merely	artificial combinations made for convenience. This
	5722.133	arid the Preparation of Colours and	Artificial Gems, described in several old
5			artificially
	1560.486	The tail of the giraffe looks like an	artificially constructed fly-flapper; and it seems
	1845.538	breeds of cattle in relation to an	artificially imperfect state of the male sex; for
	1914.1022	cases of plants which he castrated, and	artificially fertilised with their own pollen, and
	1924.815	if even the less fertile hybrids be	artificially fertilised with hybrid pollen of the
	1924.1697	in the successive generations of	artificially fertilised hybrids may, I believe, be
1			artisans
	6136.147	the several Classes of Labourers and	Artisans. Map. 18mo. 1s. 6d. WOOD'S (LIEUT
1			artistic
	4832.33	s. BLAINE (ROBERTON) on the Laws of	Artistic Copyright and their Defects, for
1			artists
	4832.75	Copyright and their Defects, for	Artists, Engravers, Printsellers, &c. 8vo. 3s
1			arvensis
	1914.1519	red and blue pimpernels (Anagallis	arvensis and cœrulea), which the best botanists
1			asahel
	5221.9	German of Fuerbach. 8vo. 12s. GRANT'S (	ASAHEL) Nestorians, or the Lost Tribes
3			ascend
	554.589	in somewhat different stations; they	ascend mountains to different heights; they
	2657.1210	an American type of structure. We	ascend the lofty peaks of the Cordillera and
	2845.320	these temperate forms would naturally	ascend the higher mountains, being
1			ascendancy
	1309.175	unknown favourable conditions, gains an	ascendancy. For instance, it is probable that in
1			ascended
	1741.247	twenty-five yards distant, which they	ascended together, probably in search of aphides
3			ascending
	693.1231	hence in going northward, or in	ascending a mountain, we far oftener meet with
	1408.381	proper to each. We see the same fact in	ascending mountains, and sometimes [page
	2767.279	the cleared and thawed ground, always	ascending higher and higher, as the warmth
2			ascension
	2918.832	have evidence that the barren island of	Ascension aboriginally possessed under half-a
	3648.0	Artichoke, Jerusalem, 142.	Ascension, plants of, 389. Asclepias, pollen of
4			ascertain
	928.537	thus greatly deceive ourselves, for to	ascertain whether a small isolated area, or a
	1747.662	courage. Now I was curious to	ascertain whether F. sanguinea could distinguish
	1938.555	of Chile." I have taken some pains to	ascertain the degree of fertility of some of the
	1964.430	of plants. I have taken much pains to	ascertain how far the rules apply to animals, and
4			ascertained
	711.7	CHECKS TO INCREASE. CHAP. III. When I	ascertained that these young trees had not been
	1958.28	Finally, looking to all the	ascertained facts on the intercrossing of plants
	2235.1081	we may infer that this could nowhere be	ascertained. The frequent [page] 290 IMPERFECTION
	2273.667	an excellent lesson to reflect on the	ascertained amount of migration of the inhabitants
2			ascertaining
	2080.47	facts; from the great difficulty of	ascertaining the infertility of varieties in a state
	3426.505	of life. There is much difficulty in	ascertaining how much modification our domestic
2			asclepias
	1546.1114	at the end, is the same in Orchis and	Asclepias,—genera almost as remote as possible
	3649.0	Ascension, plants of, 389.	Asclepias, pollen of, 193. Asparagus
1			asiatic
	737.694	different climates! In Russia the small	Asiatic cockroach has everywhere driven before
1			aside
	2112.7	or of distinct species. Laying	aside the question of fertility and sterility
19			asked
	423.15	I. SELECTION BY MAN. Ask, as I have	asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle
	552.559	but what distance, it has been well	asked, will suffice? if that between America
	641.17	of the organic world. Again, it may be	asked, how is it that varieties, which I have
	864.1133	hermaphrodites. What reason, it may be	asked, is there for supposing in these cases
	978.19	common parent. But how, it may be	asked, can any analogous principle apply in
	1442.96	habits and structure.—It has been	asked by the opponents of such views as I
	1446.137	case had been taken, and it had been	asked how an insectivorous quadruped could
	1821.186	of life, it may reasonably be	asked, how a long and graduated succession of
	1843.406	instinct to its progeny. It may well be	asked how is it possible to reconcile this
	2000.756	same two species? Why, it may even be	asked, has the production of hybrids been
	2440.733	in numbers at an unparalleled rate, I	asked myself what could so recently have
	2596.10	X. SAME TYPES IN SAME AREAS. It may be	asked in ridicule, whether I suppose that the
	2783.492	and Europe; and it may be reasonably	asked how I account for the necessary degree
	2948.1157	their peculiar bats. Why, it may be	asked, has the supposed creative force
	2984.901	against my views; for it may be	asked, how has it happened in the several
	3145.14	XIII. CLASSIFICATION. But it may be	asked, what ought we to do, if it could be
	3400.207	as our present varieties, it may be	asked, Why do we not see these linking forms
	3526.248	favourable variations. Why, it may be	asked, have all the most eminent living
	3546.10	consider reverent silence. It may be	asked how far I extend the doctrine of the
1			asking
	2301.477	fine, intermediate, fossil links, by	asking [page] 299 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD
2			asparagus
	2717.952	when planted they germinated; an	asparagus plant with ripe berries floated for
	3650.0	of, 389. Asclepias, pollen of, 193.	Asparagus, 359. Aspicarpa, 417. Asses, striped
1			aspect
	2608.746	may have presented a wholly different	aspect; and that the older continents, formed
3			aspicarpa
	3095.1271	laugh at our classification." But when	Aspicarpa produced in France, during several
	3651.0	pollen of, 193. Asparagus, 359.	Aspicarpa, 417. Asses, striped, 163. Ateuchus
	4354.52	sterility of, 251. Richard, Prof., on	Aspicarpa, 417. Richardson, Sir J., on structure
6			assert
	337.1186	of evidence in favour of this view: to	assert that we could not breed our cart and
	667.147	annually pair. Hence we may confidently	assert, that all plants and animals are
	1351.85	independently created, will, I presume,	assert that each species has been created with
	1628.64	in almost every case, to be enabled to	assert that any part or organ is so
	1677.264	want of space prevents me. I can only	assert, that instincts certainly do vary-for
	1863.502	and I fully believe, though I dare not	assert so positively, that the workers of
10			asserted
	317.422	haired animals are apt to have, as is	asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with
	735.132	the varieties of sheep: it has been	asserted that certain mountain-varieties will
	810.833	used for breaking the egg. It has been	asserted, that of the best short-beaked tumbler
	1323.361	on the legs of a zebra: it has been	asserted that these are plainest in the foal
	1323.489	this to be true. It has also been	asserted that the stripe on each shoulder is
	1717.658	all at the same time. It has been	asserted that the American cuckoo occasionally
	2626.92	it to be, and it may at least be	asserted that the record cannot be proved to be
	2735.141	large supply of food, it is positively	asserted that all the grains do not pass into
	3442.393	not come into play. It has often been	asserted, but the assertion is quite incapable
	3530.0	be [page] 481 CHAP. XIV. CONCLUSION.	asserted that organic beings in a state of
2			assertion
	2942.215	I have taken pains to verify this	assertion, and I have found it strictly true. I
	3442.411	It has often been asserted, but the	assertion is quite incapable of proof, that the
7			asserts
	1339.90	species of the horse-genus. Rollin	asserts, that the common mule from the ass and
	1544.196	apparatus, and yet do not, as Matteuchi	asserts, discharge any electricity, we must own
	1920.238	in one case for ten generations, yet he	asserts positively that their fertility never
	1938.312	seed freely. For instance, Herbert	asserts that a hybrid from Calceolaria
	2068.105	the maize has separated sexes, and he	asserts that their mutual fertilisation is by
	2070.473	own coloured flowers. Moreover, he	asserts that when [page] 271 CHAP. VIII
	2518.131	a higher authority could not be named,	asserts that he is every day taught that
2			asses
	1323.802	actually quite lost, in dark-coloured	asses. The koulan of Pallas is said to have
	3652.0	Asparagus, 359. Aspicarpa, 417.	Asses, striped, 163. Ateuchus, 135, Audubon
5			assign
	1205.228	coexist, without our being able to	assign any reason. What can be more singular
	1353.112	case out of a hundred can we pretend to	assign any reason why this or that part
	2006.890	c.; but in a multitude of cases we can	assign no reason whatever. Great diversity in
	2265.565	lived; but I can by no means pretend to	assign due proportional weight to the
	3446.352	differ in the rank which they	assign to the many representative forms in
4			assigned
	1434.315	varieties will, from reasons already	assigned (namely from what we know of the actual
	1612.1116	an intermediate zone; but from reasons	assigned, the intermediate variety will usually
	2143.318	links, is a very obvious difficulty. I	assigned reasons why such links do not commonly
	2291.342	And this from the reasons just	assigned we can seldom hope to effect in any one
1			assigning
	3540.913	reject it in another, without	assigning any distinction in the two cases. The
1			assist
	810.961	able to get out of it; so that fanciers	assist in the act of hatching. Now, if nature
3			assistance
	244.99	of acknowledging the generous	assistance which I have received from very many
	548.378	to whom I lie under deep obligation for	assistance of all kinds, has marked for me
	582.338	much indebted for valuable advice and	assistance on this subject, soon convinced me that
3			assisted
	5374.87	and Essays. By Rev Or. RAWLINSON,	assisted by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, and SIR J. G
	5926.90	Version. Edited with Notes and Essays.	Assisted by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON and SIR J. G
	5998.30	s 6d. ——— English-Latin Dictionary.	Assisted by JOHN ROBSON, B.A. 8vo. and 12mo. [In
6			associated
	371.534	being of considerable antiquity. I have	associated with several eminent fanciers, and have
	455.897	of the interior of Africa who have not	associated with Europeans. Some of these facts do
	1657.431	will or reason. Habits easily become	associated with other habits, and with certain
	1689.363	and likewise of the oddest tricks,	associated with certain frames of mind or periods
	2408.294	similar fact, in an existing crocodile	associated with many strange and lost mammals and
	2972.1080	in which the several classes are	associated together, which resembles closely the
4			associates
	2924.643	and having to compete with new	associates, will be eminently liable to
	3010.962	in the struggle for life with foreign	associates. But on the view of all the species of
	3470.138	to the degree of perfection of their	associates; so that we need feel no surprise at
	3578.379	coming into competition with foreign	associates, might become modified; so that we must
1			association
	4856.8	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 5s. 6d. BRITISH	ASSOCIATION REPORTS. 8vo. York and Oxford
3			associations
	5006.176	with interesting and historical	associations. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 16s
	5010.50	Abbey. Its Art, Architecture, and	Associations. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. ——— Works of
	5334.47	ABBEYits Art, Architecture, and	Associations. Woodents. 16mo. Is. —— CATHEDRALS OF
14			assume
	659.761	increase: it will be under the mark to	assume that it breeds when thirty years old
	1004.90	been much amplified, we may, I think,	assume that the modified descendants of any
	1177.1366	climate, but in all ordinary cases we	assume such to be the case; nor do we know
	1309.380	in each generation in the plumage to	assume this colour. This view is hypothetical
	1510.328	be presumptuous? Have we any right to	assume that the Creator works by intellectual
	2213.948	form some crude notion on the subject,	assume that the sea would eat into cliffs
	2213.1138	but it is the same as if we were to	assume a cliff one yard in height to be eaten
	2379.780	of elevation. But have we any right to	assume that things have thus remained from
	2528.1317	existing forms. We must not, however,	assume that divergence of character is a
	2723.951	Therefore it would perhaps be safer to	assume that the seeds of about 10/100 plants
	2731.235	across the ocean. We may I think safely	assume that under such circumstances their
	3159.1269	adapted to similar conditions, and thus	assume a close external resemblance; but such
	3472.303	enter any zone, they occasionally	assume some of the characters of the species
	3530.672	of the lapse of time, we are too apt to	assume, without proof, that the geological
11			assumed
	351.18	favour of this view. It has often been	assumed that man has chosen for domestication
	393.768	origin of our pigeons, it must be	assumed that at least seven or eight species
	395.632	those of the fantail. Hence it must be	assumed not only that half-civilized man
	1042.93	would vary. In the diagram I have	assumed that a second species (I) has produced
	1054.23	to exist. If then our diagram be	assumed to represent a considerable amount of
	1317.471	species, that the one in varying has	assumed some of the characters of the other, so
	1839.1209	state, I should have unhesitatingly	assumed that all its characters had been slowly
	2508.562	of the two areas,—unless, indeed, it be	assumed that an isthmus separated two seas
	2783.85	took place during the Glacial period, I	assumed that at its commencement the arctic
	3263.15	with modification. It is commonly	assumed, perhaps from monstrosities often
	3267.160	having a long beak, whether or not it	assumed a beak of this particular length, as
4			assumes
	299.123	a single bud or offset, which suddenly	assumes a new and sometimes very different
	1297.82	and a variety of one species often	assumes some of the characters of an allied
	1345.818	and other marks; and when any breed	assumes by simple variation a bluish tint
	3151.303	very different habits of life, it	assumes high value; for we can account for its
3			assuming
	1315.848	find the varying offspring of a species	assuming characters (either from reversion or
	2351.468	known, are really teleostean.	Assuming, however, that the whole of them did
	2379.1262	stand. Nor should we be justified in	assuming that if, for instance, the bed of the
2			assumption
	256.159	perfect as we now see them; but this	assumption seems to me to be no explanation, for
	393.205	the rock-pigeon seems to me a very rash	assumption. Moreover, the several above-named
1			assurance
	1683.509	the reader's mind. I can only repeat my	assurance, that I do not speak without good
7			assured
	1159.373	in its habits than the mole; and I was	assured by a Spaniard, who had often caught
	1938.647	crosses of Rhododendrons, and I am	assured that many of them are perfectly fertile
	1950.827	must be far more fertile; for I am	assured by two eminently capable judges, namely
	2942.283	it strictly true. I have, however, been	assured that a frog exists on the mountains of
	2978.1274	affinity, which, though feeble, I am	assured by Dr. Hooker is real, between the
	3301.825	similar embryonic stages, we may feel	assured that they have both descended from the
	3568.17	of each great class. When we can feel	assured that all the individuals of the same
21			assuredly
	441.958	wants any of these qualities, he will	assuredly fail. Few would readily believe in the
	536.707	any other point of view many instances	assuredly can be given. There is one point
	717.578	for long periods of time, though	assuredly the merest trifle would often give the
	772.1065	in the economy of nature which would	assuredly be better filled up, if some of the
	796.1151	in cultivating the several varieties,	assuredly, in a state of nature, where the trees
	1090.739	useful to any organic being do occur,	assuredly individuals thus characterised will
	1430.571	in some degree permanent; and this	assuredly we do see. Secondly, areas now
	1440.181	of the same group together, must	assuredly have existed; but the very process of
	1560.404	with constitutional differences, might	assuredly be acted on by natural selection. The
	1586.1264	and consequently, though each being	assuredly is well fitted for its place in nature
	1689.1543	them to a distant point, we should	assuredly call these actions instinctive
	1948.645	tendency to sterility, the breed would	assuredly be lost in a very few generations
	2054.934	varieties produced under nature will	assuredly have to be granted. If we turn to
	2147.440	of such intermediate links? Geology	assuredly does not reveal any such finely
	2163.347	must have been inconceivably great. But	assuredly, if this theory be true, such have
	2325.194	transitional forms, which on my theory	assuredly have connected all the past and present
	2444.1215	becoming less and less favourable, we	assuredly should not have perceived the fact, yet
	2564.766	representative species; and these we	assuredly do find. We find, in short, such
	3145.504	it would be ranked with bears; but then	assuredly all the other species of the kangaroo
	3251.1725	and in the latter, the development has	assuredly been retrograde; for the male is a mere
	3349.46	a strange difficulty, as they	assuredly do on the ordinary doctrine of creation
1			assuring
	1090.1279	give its aid to ordinary selection, by	assuring to the most vigorous and best adapted
3			assyria
	5221.163	with Sketches of Travel in Ancient	Assyria, Armenia, and Mesopotamia; and
	5576.109	and Discoveries amidst the Ruins of	Assyria. With an Account of the Chaldean
	5578.69	the Result of a Second Expedition to	Assyria. Fourteenth Thousand. Plates. 8vo. 21s
2			assyrian
	4812.69	Pottery and Porcelain: Egyptian,	Assyrian, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan. With
	5138.84	Restored: an Essay on Ancient	Assyrian and Persian Architecture. With
1			assyrians
	5576.266	the Manners and Arts of the Ancient	Assyrians. Sixth Edition. Plates and Woodcuts
2			astonished
	1552.245	and unknown is very small, I have been	astonished how rarely an organ can be named
	2811.428	present level. In central Chile I was	astonished at the structure of a vast mound of
8			astonishing
	375.69	diversity of the breeds is something	astonishing. Compare the English carrier and the
	443.422	gooseberry may be quoted. We see an	astonishing improvement in many florists' flowers
	1450.486	them to glide through the air to an	astonishing distance from tree to tree. We cannot
	1484.39	berardi, in its general habits, in its	astonishing power of diving, its manner of swimming
	2070.107	incredible; but it is the result of an	astonishing number of experiments made during many
	2116.0	an [page] 276 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII.	astonishing fact. But it harmonises perfectly with
	2994.673	through man's agency, have spread with	astonishing rapidity over new countries, we are apt
	3470.765	by their sterile sisters; at the	astonishing waste of pollen by our fir-trees; at
2			astonishingly
	417.532	practised before, has improved them	astonishingly." About this same period the Dutch were
	661.123	the numerous recorded cases of the	astonishingly rapid increase of various animals in a
4			astonishment
	375.1171	glories in inflating, may well excite	astonishment and even laughter. The turbit has a
	2440.540	geological period, I was filled with	astonishment; for seeing that the horse, since its
	2444.30	how utterly groundless was my	astonishment! Professor Owen soon perceived that the
	3331.124	on them, every one must be struck with	astonishment: for the same reasoning power which
1			astronomiæ
	4706.19	DISTANCES. 8vo. 10. ——— FUNDAMENTA	ASTRONOMIÆ: Regiomontii, 1818. Folio. 60s
11			astronomical
	4660.10	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 2. AIRY'S	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GREENWICH. 1836 to
	4662.4	to 1847. Royal 4to. 50s. each. ———	ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1856. 4to. 8s. each
	4664.25	to. 8s. each. 3. ——— APPENDICES TO THE	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1836.—I. Bessel's
	4696.7	to 1855. 4to. 8s. each. 5. ———	ASTRONOMICAL, MAGNETICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL
	4710.27	to. 2s. 6d. 12. ——— METHOD OF DIVIDING	ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS. London, 1767. 4to. 2s. 6d
	4712.28	s. 6d. 13. COOK, KING, AND BAYLY'S	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. London, 1782. 4to. 21s
	4740.8	SOLIS ET LUNÆ. 1770. 4to. 5s. 25. ———	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GOTTINGEN, from
	4750.11	the N.A. 1781. 8vo. 5s. 30. POND'S	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1811 to 1835. 4to. 21s
	4766.12	OF LOGARITHMS. 4to. 3l. 38. TIARK'S	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS for the LONGITUDE of
	4772.23	to. 2s. 41. WALES' AND BAYLY'S	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1777. 4to. 21s
	4774.24	to. 21s. 42. WALES' REDUCTION OF	ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE SOUTHERN
1			asylum
	2843.243	hottest districts will have afforded an	asylum to the tropical natives. The mountain
1			ately
	1580.0	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI.	ately made conscious of this by reflecting on
3			ateuchus
	1147.429	but in a rudimentary condition. In the	Ateuchus or sacred beetle of the Egyptians, they
	1147.670	entire absence of the anterior tarsi in	Ateuchus, and their rudimentary condition in
	3653.0	Aspicarpa, 417. Asses, striped, 163.	Ateuchus, 135, Audubon on habits of frigate-bird
1			athenian
	5888.26	vo. 8s. 6d. ——— (F. C.) Principles of	Athenian Architecture, and the Optical
3			athens
	5588.39	LEAKE'S (COL, W. MARTIN) Topography of	Athens, with Remarks on its Antiquities; to
	5888.135	of the Ancient Buildings at	Athens, from a Survey. With 40 Plates. Folio
	6140.24	Map. 8vo. 14s. WORDSWORTH'S (REV. DR.)	Athens and Attica. Journal of a Tour. Third
1			atholl
	5966.58	Days of Deer-Stalking in the Forest of	Atholl; with some Account of the Nature and
8			atlantic
	2707.163	insisted that all the islands in the	Atlantic must recently have been connected with
	2717.1811	Atlas, the average rate of the several	Atlantic currents is 33 miles per diem (some
	2749.1274	land-birds are blown across the whole	Atlantic Ocean, from North America to the
	2783.791	are separated from each other by the	Atlantic Ocean and by the extreme northern part
	2793.405	two areas, and their separation by the	Atlantic Ocean. We can further understand the
	2948.1447	been seen wandering by day far over the	Atlantic Ocean; and two North American species
	3698.20	fear, 212. —annually cross the	Atlantic, 364. ——, colour of, on continents
	5706.59	of a Passage from the Pacific to the	Atlantic, crossing the Andes in the Northern
2			atlas
	2717.1772	of germination. In Johnston's Physical	Atlas, the average rate of the several
	5988.4	With Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 80s. ———	Atlas of Ancient Geography. 4to. [In
1			atmosphere
	1125.790	more brightly coloured under a clear	atmosphere, than when living on islands or near
1			atolls
	2707.1365	as I believe, by rings of coral or	atolls standing over them. Whenever it is
2			atoms
	1813.281	could have done with his brush-by	atoms of the coloured wax having been taken
	3544.230	the earth's history certain elemental	atoms have been commanded suddenly to flash
4			atrophied
	1225.645	When the seeds in our fruits become	atrophied, the fruit itself gains largely in size
	3087.43	no one will say that rudimentary or	atrophied organs are of high physiological or
	3309.13	great class of animals. Rudimentary,	atrophied, or aborted organs.—Organs or parts in
	3331.319	plainness that these rudimentary or	atrophied organs, are imperfect and useless. In
1			atrophy
	3215.386	obscured as to be finally lost, by the	atrophy and ultimately by the complete abortion
3			attach
	2385.1057	in any degree perfect, and who do not	attach much weight to the facts and arguments
	3153.739	are generally the most constant, we	attach especial value to them; but if these
	3538.205	Any one whose disposition leads him to	attach more weight to unexplained difficulties
7			attached
	812.112	in one sex and become hereditarily	attached to that sex, the same fact probably
	828.242	see peculiarities arising and becoming	attached to the male sex in our domestic animals
	1231.941	head is reduced to the merest rudiment	attached to the bases of the prehensile antennæ
	1245.1481	Hunter, applies to characters which are	attached to one sex, but are not directly
	1261.507	by man's selection, sometimes become	attached, from causes quite unknown to us, more
	2928.1247	see that their eggs or larvæ, perhaps	attached to seaweed or floating timber, or to
	3251.1077	a proper place on which to become	attached and to undergo their final
5			attack
	687.808	the tiger in India most rarely dares to	attack a young elephant protected by its dam
	1703.515	when kept tame, are most eager to	attack poultry, sheep, and pigs; and this
	1703.854	young, require to be taught not to	attack poultry, sheep, and pigs! No doubt they
	1703.925	No doubt they occasionally do make an	attack, and are then beaten; and if not cured
	1747.362	and I have seen it ferociously	attack other ants. In one instance I found to
1			attacked
	1747.586	disturbed both nests, the little ants	attacked their big neighbours with surprising
1			attacking
	1604.615	perfect, which, when used against many	attacking animals, cannot be withdrawn, owing to
7			attacks
	796.956	yellow plums; whereas another disease	attacks yellow-fleshed peaches far more than
	836.1618	shorter legs, which more frequently	attacks the shepherd's flocks. Let us now take
	1560.321	the flesh, which, from determining the	attacks of insects or from being correlated
	1560.933	depends on their power of resisting the	attacks of insects: so that individuals which
	1580.1324	that in cattle susceptibility to the	attacks of flies is correlated with colour, as
	2988.738	another, and it would be exposed to the	attacks of somewhat different enemies. If then
	3784.19	by climate, 132. ——, in relation to	attacks by flies, 198. Columba livia, parent of
1			attain
	576.76	or incipient species necessarily	attain the rank of species. They may whilst in
1			attained
	1600.238	that this is the degree of perfection	attained under nature. The endemic productions
12			attempt
	345.8	our domesticated productions. When we	attempt to estimate the amount of structural
	554.241	c., have been brought to bear on the	attempt to determine their rank. I will here
	1155.568	with the winds, or by giving up the	attempt and rarely or never flying. As with
	1245.444	similar conclusion. It is hopeless to	attempt to convince any one of the truth of
	1440.501	as we shall in a future chapter	attempt to show, in an extremely imperfect and
	1651.11	within the same class. I will not	attempt any definition of instinct. It would be
	2558.723	species over the globe, will not	attempt to account for the close resemblance of
	2576.621	selection. In a future chapter I shall	attempt to show that the adult differs from its
	2586.236	America under the same latitude, would	attempt to account, on the one hand, by
	3209.37	Nothing can be more hopeless than to	attempt to explain this similarity of pattern
	3209.184	final causes. The hopelessness of the	attempt has been expressly admitted by Owen in
	4842.90	Imprisonments of an Englishman in an	Attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the
20			attempted
	441.607	differences which I for one have vainly	attempted to appreciate. Not one man in a
	920.47	for each birth; but I have already	attempted to show that we have reason to believe
	1879.181	inherited. Still more briefly I have	attempted to show that in- [page] 243 CHAP. VII
	2020.573	dissimilarity between organic beings is	attempted to be expressed. The facts by no means
	2040.538	is rendered sterile. All that I have	attempted to show, is that in two cases, in some
	2428.123	to have come in abruptly; and I have	attempted to give an explanation of this fact
	2564.358	we ought not to expect to find, as I	attempted to show in the last chapter, in any one
	2598.54	preceding and present Chapters.—I have	attempted to show that the geological record is
	3028.72	changes on distribution, I have	attempted to show how important has been the
	3044.340	which are not rare, may, as I have	attempted to show, be accounted for by migration
	3057.680	and on Natural Selection, I have	attempted to show that it is the widely ranging
	3061.162	indefinitely in size. I further	attempted to show that from the varying
	3063.2	to certain facts in naturalisation. I	attempted also to show that there is a constant
	3135.1440	universally preferred; and it has been	attempted by some authors. For we might feel sure
	3173.42	the chapter on geological succession I	attempted to show, on the principle of each group
	3351.32	Summary.—In this chapter I have	attempted to show, that the subordination of
	3351.1389	system: it is genealogical in its	attempted arrangement, with the grades of
	3382.707	the same community of ants; but I have	attempted to show how this difficulty can be
	3398.784	migration. As an example, I have	attempted to show how potent has been the
	3484.346	with their several instincts. I have	attempted to show how much light the principle of
1			attempting
	3574.636	organic forms. We must be cautious in	attempting to correlate as strictly
2			attempts
	2126.1388	to experiment; for systematic affinity	attempts to express all kinds of resemblance
	2165.891	formations, and to mark how each author	attempts to give an inadequate idea of the
1			attend
	505.1543	to vary just when gardeners began to	attend closely to this plant. No doubt the
1			attendance
	1675.27	INSTINCT. plant, and prevented their	attendance during several hours. After this
15			attended
	419.700	the several breeds to which each has	attended, are descended from so many
	451.170	a century; it has certainly been more	attended to of late years, and many treatises
	455.506	animals was at that early period	attended to. Savages now sometimes cross their
	455.1040	of domestic animals was carefully	attended to in ancient times, and is now
	455.1081	to in ancient times, and is now	attended to by the lowest savages. It would
	723.274	nests; and Mr. H. Newman, who has long	attended to the habits of humble-bees, believes
	818.85	peaceful character. All those who have	attended to the subject, [page] 89 CHAP. IV
	822.386	partner. Those who have closely	attended to birds in confinement well know that
	1249.418	and I may here add, that I particularly	attended to Mr. Waterhouse's remark, whilst
	1251.88	small degree, I have particularly	attended to them, and the rule seems to me
	1257.1494	c., these being the points now mainly	attended to by English fanciers. Even in the sub
	1733.167	of England, and its habits have been	attended to by Mr. F. Smith, of the British
	2026.399	alternative has not been sufficiently	attended to; but I believe, from observations
	3641.8	neuter, structure of, 236. Aphides	attended by ants, 211. Aphis, development of
	5954.48	A Memoir of the Remarkable Events which	attended the Accession of the Emperor Nicholas
1			attending
	3634.5	flora of, 399. Antirrhinum, 161. Ants	attending aphides, 211. —, slave-making instinct
16			attention
	455.1164	indeed, have been a strange fact, had	attention not been paid to breeding, for the
	491.377	more likely it would be to catch his	attention. But to use such an expression as
	505.1258	so much valued by him, that the closest	attention should be paid to even the slightest
	505.1377	of each individual. Unless such	attention be paid nothing can be effected. I have
	511.1414	being kept by poor people, and little	attention paid to their breeding; in peacocks
	560.375	or from any cause closely attract his	attention, varieties of it will almost
	562.378	some variation. But if he confine his	attention to one class within one country, he
	890.1014	on the sexes of trees simply to call	attention to the subject. Turning for a very
	1743.228	slaves in their jaws. Another day my	attention was struck by about a score of the
	2094.636	is a curious fact and deserves	attention. For it bears on and corroborates the
	2235.631	The most skilful geologist, if his	attention had been exclusively confined to these
	2261.148	imperfect; but if we confine our	attention to any one formation, it becomes more
	2486.180	by this strange sequence, we turn our	attention to North America, and there discover a
	2514.611	be disputed. For if we confine our	attention either to the living or to the extinct
	2759.61	had not Agassiz and others called vivid	attention to the Glacial period, which, as we
	3159.152	resemblances. Lamarck first called	attention to this distinction, and he has been
1			attested
	455.638	breed, and they formerly did so, as is	attested by passages in Pliny. The savages in
2			attica
	5588.111	to which is added, the Demi of	Attica. Second Edition. Plates. 2 Vols. 8vo
	6140.35	s. WORDSWORTH'S (REV. DR.) Athens and	Attica. Journal of a Tour. Third Edition
3			attract
	560.363	to man, or from any cause closely	attract his attention, varieties of it will
	822.80	between the males of many species to	attract by singing the females. The rock-thrush
	1213.185	s idea that the ray-florets serve to	attract insects, whose agency is highly
6			attractive
	822.343	as spectators, at last choose the most	attractive partner. Those who have closely
	822.554	how one pied peacock was eminently	attractive to all his hen birds. It may appear
	828.456	useful to the males in battle, or	attractive to the females. We see analogous cases
	846.100	or natural selection of more and more	attractive flowers, had been rendered highly
	846.145	flowers, had been rendered highly	attractive to insects, they would, unintentionally
	846.1518	the plant had been rendered so highly	attractive to insects that pollen was regularly
23			attribute
	250.886	may be true; but it is preposterous to	attribute to mere external conditions, the
	305.596	in the case of any variation, we should	attribute to the direct action of heat, moisture
	325.462	of chances almost compels us to	attribute its reappearance to inheritance. Every
	574.347	have not much faith in this view; and I	attribute the passage of a variety, from a state
	693.364	being conspicuous, we are tempted to	attribute the whole effect to its direct action
	723.611	more numerous than elsewhere, which I	attribute to the number of cats that destroy the
	725.496	an entangled bank, we are tempted to	attribute their proportional numbers and kinds to
	822.613	hen birds. It may appear childish to	attribute any effect to such apparently weak
	828.142	offspring. Yet, I would not wish to	attribute all such sexual differences to this
	1123.67	disturbed in the parents, I chiefly	attribute the varying or plastic condition of the
	1133.86	being, we cannot tell how much of it to	attribute to the accumulative action of natural
	1161.434	to animals living in darkness, I	attribute their loss wholly to disuse. In one of
	1219.21	to the species. We may often falsely	attribute to correlation of growth, structures
	1275.832	and these characters in common I	attribute to inheritance from a common [page
	1297.1488	created, we should have to	attribute this similarity in the enlarged stems
	1546.315	very different habits of life, we may	attribute its presence to inheritance from a
	1568.38	In the second place, we may sometimes	attribute importance to characters which are
	1590.265	use to these animals. We may safely	attribute these structures to inheritance. But to
	1681.908	most persecuted by man. We may safely	attribute the greater wildness of our large birds
	1701.437	tameness; and I presume that we must	attribute the whole of the inherited change from
	2444.306	at its rarity; for rarity is the	attribute of a vast number of species of all
	2787.1075	under a more favourable climate, I	attribute the necessary amount of uniformity in
	2886.491	from the water. But I am inclined to	attribute the dispersal of fresh-water fish
14			attributed
	291.494	frequent cause of variability may be	attributed to the male and female reproductive
	291.1238	their native country! This is generally	attributed to vitiated instincts; but how many
	303.495	view, that variability may be largely	attributed to the ovules or pollen, or to both
	309.89	amount of change may, I think, be	attributed to the direct action of the conditions
	311.398	presume that this change may be safely	attributed to the domestic duck flying much less
	337.408	however, some effect would have to be	attributed to the direct action of the poor soil
	425.177	Some little effect may, perhaps, be	attributed to the direct action of the external
	511.1230	the donkey, peacock, goose, &c., may be	attributed in main part to selection not having
	515.576	correlation of growth. Something may be	attributed to the direct action of the conditions
	515.653	conditions of life. Something must be	attributed to use and disuse. The final result is
	1125.467	nature. Some little influence may be	attributed to climate, food, &c.: thus, E. Forbes
	1211.357	by Cassini. These differences have been	attributed by some authors to pressure, and the
	2663.261	inhabitants of different regions may be	attributed to modification through natural
	3044.10	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XII. fairly be	attributed to our not having as yet discovered in
1			attributes
	2693.1132	that this coincidence he	attributes to generation with modification. The
1			attrition
	2213.1769	or nodules, which from long resisting	attrition form a breakwater at the base. Hence
2			auditory
	1524.330	been worked in as an accessory to the	auditory organs of certain fish, or, for I do
	1528.42	is now generally held, a part of the	auditory apparatus has been worked in as a
4			audubon
	1486.381	go near the water; and no one except	Audubon has seen the frigate-bird, which has
	1681.273	often from causes wholly unknown to us:	Audubon has given several remarkable cases of
	2904.770	must remain quite inexplicable; but	Audubon states that he found the seeds of the
	3654.0	Asses, striped, 163. Ateuchus, 135,	Audubon on habits of frigate-bird, 185. —on
2			augmented
	970.623	difference between varieties become	augmented into the greater difference between
	3456.597	of the same species, tend to be	augmented into the greater differences
1			augmenting
	317.638	if man goes on selecting, and thus	augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost
2			august
	1737.1516	at various hours during May, June and	August, both in Surrey and Hampshire, and has
	1737.1620	though present in large numbers in	August, either leave or enter the nest. Hence
1			augustine—the
	6040.54	Memorials of Canterbury. The Landing of	Augustine—The Murder of BecketThe Black PrinceThe
1			augustinian
	5752.37	MOZLEYS (REV. J. B.) Treatise on the	Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination. 8vo. 14s
1			augustus
	5702.10	and Woodcuts. 8vo. 31s. 6d. MATTHIÆS (	AUGUSTUS) Greek Grammar for Schools. Abridged
1			aulicum
	1932.735	For instance, a bulb of Hippeastrum	aulicum produced four flowers; three were
1			austin
	5924.160	Translated from the German by MRS.	AUSTIN. Third Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo. 24s
1			austin's
	4650.0	By a LADY. Woodcuts. 16mo. 5s.	AUSTIN'S (SARAH) Fragments from German Prose
40			australia
	357.754	like those of Tierra del Fuego or	Australia, who possess a semi-domestic dog, may
	483.121	can understand how it is that neither	Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, nor any other
	661.518	in South-America, and latterly in	Australia, had not been well authenticated, they
	890.932	he finds that the rule does not hold in	Australia; and I have made these few remarks on
	936.194	productions of the smaller continent of	Australia have formerly yielded, and apparently
	1703.684	countries, such as Tierra del Fuego and	Australia, where the savages do not keep these
	2355.154	double the southern capes of Africa or	Australia, and thus reach other and distant seas
	2357.489	minutes on some one barren point in	Australia, and then to discuss the number and
	2480.543	those now living in South America or in	Australia, the most skilful naturalist would
	2480.1395	of Europe, North and South America, and	Australia, from containing fossil remains in some
	2586.165	after comparing the present climate of	Australia and of parts of South America under the
	2590.248	have been chiefly or solely produced in	Australia; or that Edentata and other American
	2643.66	if we compare large tracts of land in	Australia, South Africa, and western South
	2643.572	than they are to the productions of	Australia or Africa under nearly the same climate
	2645.639	difference between the inhabitants of	Australia, Africa, and South America under the
	2657.943	or emeu, like those found in Africa and	Australia under the same latitude. On these same
	2677.1478	a single mammal common to Europe and	Australia or South America? The conditions of
	2681.107	have become naturalised in America and	Australia; and some of the aboriginal plants are
	2809.779	action in the south-eastern corner of	Australia. Looking to America; in the northern
	2825.29	as Japan. On the southern mountains of	Australia, Dr. F. Müller has discovered several
	2825.247	Hooker, of European genera, found in	Australia, but not in the intermediate torrid
	2839.768	of Good Hope, and in parts of temperate	Australia. As we know that many tropical plants
	2851.116	and by Alph. de Candolle in regard to	Australia, that many more identical plants and
	2855.92	in La Plata, and in a lesser degree in	Australia, and have to a certain extent beaten
	2855.436	the last thirty or forty years from	Australia. Something of the same kind must have
	2867.297	the southern shores of America,	Australia, New Zealand have become slightly
	2918.406	area at the Cape of Good Hope or in	Australia, we must, I think, admit that something
	2954.1416	separated by similar channels from	Australia. The West Indian Islands stand on a
	2978.663	plants is much more closely related to	Australia, the nearest mainland, than to any
	2978.1354	flora of the south-western corner of	Australia and of the Cape of Good Hope, is a far
	2998.886	south-east and south-west corners of	Australia have nearly the same physical
	3171.221	fact is striking, that the discovery of	Australia has not added a single insect belonging
	3496.1065	on the same continent,—of marsupials in	Australia, of edentata in America, and other such
	3627.5	acclimatisation of, 141. ——of	Australia, 116. —with thicker fur in cold
	3630.15	blind, in caves, 137. —, extinct, of	Australia, 339. Anomma, 240. Antarctic islands
	3657.0	on heron eating seeds, 387.	Australia, animals of, 116. ——, dogs of
	3831.23	seeds, 360. —, —, on vegetation of	Australia, 379. ——, —, on fresh-water plants
	4171.14	nails of, 454. Marsupials of	Australia, 116. ——, fossil species of
	5490.13	By REV. G. R. GLEIG. BUSH LIFE IN	AUSTRALIA. By H. W. HAYGARTH. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY
	6136.43	G. B.) Working Man's Handbook to South	Australia; with Advice to the Farmer, and
9			australian
	1002.569	be doubted, for instance, whether the	Australian marsupials, which are divided into
	1002.845	these well-pronounced orders. In the	Australian mammals, we see the process of
	2458.1320	secondary formations, survives in the	Australian seas; and a few members of the great
	2584.107	showed that the fossil mammals from the	Australian caves were closely allied to the living
	2823.901	more striking is the fact that southern	Australian forms are clearly represented by plants
	2823.1017	the mountains of Borneo. Some of these	Australian forms, as I hear from Dr. Hooker
	4040.6	of Tierra del Fuego, 374, 378. —, on	Australian plants, 375, 399. —, on relations of
	4205.26	striped, 165. Müller, Dr. F., on Alpine	Australian plants, 375. Murchison, Sir R., on the
	4552.20	Water-hen, 185. Waterhouse, Mr., on	Australian marsupials, 116. —, on greatly
1			austria
	5276.25	vo. 10s. —— SOUTH GERMANYBavaria,	Austria, Salzberg, the Austrian and Bavarian
1			austrian
	5276.48	GERMANYBavaria, Austria, Salzberg, the	Austrian and Bavarian Alps, the Tyrol, and the
5			authentic
	1177.1090	England. In regard to animals, several	authentic cases could be given of species within
	1689.233	animals. A number of curious and	authentic instances could be given of the
	5068.65	Letters of John Calvin. Compiled from	authentic Sources. Portrait. 8vo. 15s
	5204.61	of Waterloo, Compiled from Public and	Authentic Sources. Post Svo. 5s. —— Narrative of
	6118.101	Compiled from Official and other	Authentic Documents, By COL. GUBWOOD, C.B. New
2			authenticated
	661.547	in Australia, had not been well	authenticated, they would have been quite incredible
	1944.516	can be considered as thoroughly well	authenticated. It should, however, be borne in mind
18			author
	83.0	GEOLOGICAL, LINNAEAN, ETC., SOCIETIES ;	AUTHOR OF 'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES DURING H.M.S
	252.4	the volition of the plant itself. The	author of the 'Vestiges of Creation' would, I
	365.444	several even within Great Britain. One	author believes that there formerly existed in
	560.591	it has been studied; yet a German	author makes more than a dozen species out of
	1237.383	lesser numbers, is constant. The same	author and some botanists have further
	1273.269	works on natural history, that when an	author has remarked with surprise that some
	1918.903	different hybridisers, or by the same	author, from experiments made during different
	2165.884	formations, and to mark how each	author attempts to give an inadequate idea of
	2249.243	and have been surprised to note how	author after author, in treating of this or
	2249.256	been surprised to note how author after	author, in treating of this or that great
	2637.300	conditions. Of late, almost every	author who has studied the subject has come to
	3081.1092	in the writings of almost every	author. It will suffice to quote the highest
	4902.100	of the late Patrick Fraser Tytler,	author of "The History of Scotland." Post 8vo
	5200.89	from the last editions revised by the	Author. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM. Vignettes
	5372.69	or, The Progress of Character. By the	Author of "BERTHA'S JOURNAL." 2 Vols. 12mo
	5632.62	The Wolves. —The Jewess. By the	Author of "Letters from the Baltic." Post 8vo
	5746.38	MONASTERY AND THE MOUNTAIN CHURCH. By	Author of "Sunlight through the Mist
	6098.88	Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena. By	Author of "PADDIANA." Post 8vo. 9s. 6d
2			author's
	2584.1006	Old World. We see the same law in this	author's restorations of the extinct and
	5930.130	additional Notes. New Edition, with the	Author's latest Corrections. Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or
8			authorities
	242.101	I cannot here give references and	authorities for my several statements; and I must
	242.310