Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- C

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
1			caæsar
	6010.69	of England from the Invasion of Julius	Caæsar. Based on Hume, and continued to
8			cabbage
	337.327	the several races, for instance, of the	cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case
	449.527	See how different the leaves of the	cabbage are, and how extremely alike the
	884.28	If several varieties of the	cabbage, radish, onion, and of some other
	1225.513	readily. The same varieties of the	cabbage do not yield abundant and nutritious
	1689.1155	she lays her eggs on the leaf of the	cabbage,—I cannot see that these actions differ
	2056.632	for instance of the pigeon or of the	cabbage, is a remarkable fact; more especially
	3734.0	of varieties, 270. CLIMATE. C.	Cabbage, varieties of, crossed, 99. Calceolaria
	4502.11	young, wild, 216. Turnip and	cabbage, analogous variations of, 159. Type
1			cabbage-flower
	884.429	perfectly true. Yet the pistil of each	cabbage-flower is surrounded not only by its own six
1			cabbages
	884.238	for instance, I raised 233 seedling	cabbages from some plants of different varieties
4			cabinet
	4914.62	and Journals. By THOMAS MOORE,.	Cabinet Edition. Plates. 6 Vole. Fcap. 8vo. 18s
	4920.20	Demy 8vo. 45s. ——— Poetical Works.	Cabinet Edition. Plates. 10 Vols. Fcap. 8vo
	4988.23	Fcap. 8vo. 3s. ———and Poetical Works.	Cabinet Edition. Plates. 8 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 24s
	5748.48	THOMAS) Life and Letters of Lord Byron.	Cabinet Edition. 6 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18s
1			cabinets
	6102.17	Vols. 8vo. 36s. —— Galleries and	Cabinets of Art in England. Being an Account of
1			cæsar
	5510.72	of England, from the Invasion of Julius	Cæsar. Based on HUME'S History, and continued
2			cairo
	5308.38	EGYPTThebes, the Nile, Alexandria,	Cairo, the Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c. Map
	6132.52	for Egypt.Thebes, the Nile, Alexandria,	Cairo, the Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c. Map
1			calcareous
	2966.1228	recovered. As this species has a thick	calcareous operculum, I removed it, and when it
3			calceolaria
	1938.191	the species of Pelargonium, Fuchsia,	Calceolaria, Petunia, Rhododendron, &c., have been
	1938.339	Herbert asserts that a hybrid from	Calceolaria integrifolia and plantaginea, species
	3735.0	C. Cabbage, varieties of, crossed, 99.	Calceolaria, 251. Canary-birds, sterility of
1			calculated
	659.358	room for his progeny. Linnæus has	calculated that if an annual plant produced only
1			calculation
	3434.475	This high rate of increase is proved by	calculation, by the effects of a succession of
1			calculations
	661.66	on this subject than mere theoretical	calculations, namely, the numerous recorded cases of
1			calcutta
	5268.55	the Upper Provinces of India, From	Calcutta to Bombay, with a Journey to Madras and
1			calendar
	5638.73	for Ladies. With Directions and	Calendar of Operations for Every Month. Eighth
2			callcott
	4646.46	S (LITTLE) History of England. By LADY	CALLCOTT. Eighteenth Edition. With 20 Woodcuts
	5626.44	ARTHUR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By LADY	CALLCOTT. Eighteenth Edition. With 20 Woodcuts
1			callcott's
	4936.0	By THOMAS H. DYER. Portrait. 8vo. 15s.	CALLCOTT'S (LADY) Little Arthur's History of
56			called
	234.342	mystery of mysteries, as it has been	called by one of our greatest philosophers. On
	266.244	forms of life and induces what I have	called Divergence of Character. In the next
	272.1112	but that those belonging to what are	called the same genera are lineal descendants
	313.159	I will here only allude to what may be	called correlation of growth. Any change in
	387.212	sub-breeds, or species as he might have	called them, could be shown him. Great as the
	457.236	a kind of Selection, which may be	called Unconscious, and which results from
	499.1071	acknowledged, the principle, as I have	called it, of unconscious selection will
	526.787	rarely be proved. We have also what are	called monstrosities; but they graduate into
	530.201	case I presume that the form would be	called a variety. Again, we have many slight
	532.52	many slight differences which may be	called individual differences, such as are
	532.814	of facts, that parts which must be	called important, whether viewed under a
	538.148	those genera which have sometimes been	called "protean" or "polymorphic," in which
	548.1360	as varieties, or, as they are often	called, as geographical races! Many years ago
	552.981	But to discuss whether they are rightly	called species or varieties, before any
	574.683	a well-marked variety may be justly	called an incipient species; but whether this
	584.792	most flourishing, or, as they may be	called, the dominant species,— [page
	635.399	a multitude of doubtful forms be	called species or sub-species or varieties
	641.63	how is it that varieties, which I have	called incipient species, become ultimately
	641.312	of species, which constitute what are	called distinct genera, and which differ from
	641.1061	but a small number can survive. I have	called this principle, by which each slight
	770.592	as perhaps we see in the species	called polymorphic. We shall best understand
	828.717	under domestication, it would have been	called a monstrosity. Illustrations of the
	846.1681	doubts the advantage of what has been	called the "physiological division of labour
	858.340	for instance, of the coast-waves,	called a trifling and insignificant cause
	940.802	These anomalous forms may almost be	called living fossils; they have endured to
	970.528	process of formation, or are, as I have	called them, incipient species. How, then
	976.1243	s productions the action of what may be	called the principle of divergence, causing
	988.887	orders: nature follows what may be	called a simultaneous rotation. Most of the
	1090.996	This principle of preservation, I have	called, for the sake of brevity, Natural
	1267.627	generative variability, as it may be	called, still present in a high degree. For in
	1275.772	the species of some other genus, are	called generic characters; and these
	1279.598	other species of the same genus, are	called specific characters; and as these
	1297.1083	enlarged stems, or roots as commonly	called, of the Swedish turnip and Ruta baga
	1339.1466	appears from what would commonly be	called an accident, that I was led solely from
	1536.0	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI.	called by me the ovigerous frena, which serve
	1586.1051	in beauty to charm the females, can be	called useful only in rather a forced sense
	1663.897	of the natural selection of what may be	called accidental variations of instincts
	1689.1620	Domestic instincts, as they may be	called, are certainly far less fixed or
	1695.748	in a straight line to his master when	called. Domestic instincts are sometimes
	1755.973	the slaves, tend, and milk as it may be	called, their aphides; and thus both collect
	1857.272	or the domestic cattle as they may be	called, which our European ants guard or
	2305.478	are really varieties or are, as it is	called, specifically distinct. This could be
	2564.705	allied forms, or, as they have been	called by some authors, representative species
	2713.39	I must now say a few words on what are	called accidental means, but which more
	2713.97	means, but which more properly might be	called occasional means of distribution. I
	2749.139	These means of transport are sometimes	called accidental, but this is not strictly
	2759.48	same belief, had not Agassiz and others	called vivid attention to the Glacial period
	3069.87	and families in each class, on what is	called the Natural System. But what is meant
	3123.35	degree; they may metaphorically be	called cousins to the same millionth degree
	3159.145	or adaptive resemblances. Lamarck first	called attention to this distinction, and he
	3211.901	progenitor, the archetype as it may be	called, of all mammals, had its limbs
	3251.1659	ordinary structure, or into what I have	called complemental males: and in the latter
	3255.874	spiders, "there is nothing worthy to be	called a metamorphosis." The larvæ of insects
	3566.566	and will then truly give what may be	called the plan of creation. The rules for
	3566.1026	and groups of species, which are	called aberrant, and which may fancifully be
	3566.1071	aberrant, and which may fancifully be	called living fossils, will aid us in forming
1			calls
	2677.599	with subsequent migration, and	calls in the agency of a miracle. It is
1			calves
	3309.721	gums, in the upper jaws of our unborn	calves. It has even been stated on good
1			calvin
	5068.43	THOMAS H.) Life and Letters of John	Calvin. Compiled from authentic Sources
1			calvin's
	4934.0	Youth. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.	CALVIN'S (JOHN) Life. With Extracts from his
7			cambridge
	1773.346	I wrote to Professor Miller, of	Cambridge, and this geometer has kindly read over
	2918.588	in number. Even the uniform county of	Cambridge has 847 plants, and the little island
	4856.69	vo. York and Oxford, 1831-32, 13s. 6d.	Cambridge, 1833, 12s. Edinburgh, 1834, 15s
	4856.337	d. Cork, 1843, 12s. York, 1844. 20s.	Cambridge, 1845.12s. Southampton, 1846, 15s
	6170.68	Charles Darwin Online - University of	Cambridge - CRASSH 17 Mill Lane - Cambridge - CB
	6170.102	of Cambridge - CRASSH 17 Mill Lane -	Cambridge - CB2 1RX University of Cambridge
	6171.14	Cambridge - CB2 1RX University of	Cambridge Sponsored by: Arts and Humanities
3			camel
	351.591	the rein-deer, or of cold by the common	camel, prevented their domestication? I
	429.607	horse and race-horse, the dromedary and	camel, the various breeds of sheep fitted
	2518.40	wide difference between the pig and the	camel. In regard to the Invertebrata
1			camel-hair
	872.1430	of the plant. Bees will act like a	camel-hair pencil, and it is quite sufficient just
1			camera
	1869.660	Lubbock made drawings for me with the	camera lucida of the jaws which I had
3			campaign
	4972.23	Vols. 8vo. 42s. CLAUSEWITZS (CARL VON)	Campaign of 1812, in Russia. Translated from the
	5090.11	German. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ——— Second	Campaign of Radetzky in Piedmont. The Defence of
	5094.4	Duke of Wellington; Fcap. 8vo. 6d. ———.	Campaign of 1812 in Russia, from the German of
5			campaigns
	4900.10	end of 1813—14. 8vo. 21s. ——— Early	Campaigns of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal
	5202.21	Classics.) GLEIG'S (REV. G. R.)	Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and
	5482.0	CUSTOMS OF INDIA. By REV. C. ACLAND.	CAMPAIGNS AT WASHINGTON. By REV. G. R. GLEIG
	5744.24	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. MOLTKES (BARON) Russian	Campaigns on the Danube and the Passage of the
	6118.57	DUKE OF) Despatches during his various	Campaigns. Compiled from Official and other
1			campbell
	5494.36	SHORT LIVES OF THE POETS. By THOMAS	CAMPBELL. HISTORICAL ESSAYS. By LORD MAHON
2			campbell's
	4942.0	Third Edition. Post 8vo. 6s.	CAMPBELL'S (LORD) Lives of the Lord Chancellors
	5818.0	s. MAUREL'S WELLINGTON. 1s. 6d.	CAMPBELL'S LIFE OF BACON. 2s. 6d. THE FLOWER
1			campbells
	4956.0	and Policy. 8vo. 12s. [page] 8	CAMPBELLS (THOS.) Short Lives of the British
5			canada
	5362.47	GEORGE) Forest Scenes and Incidents in	Canada. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 10s
	5456.19	TALES. By a LADY. MISSIONARY LIFE IN	CANADA. By REV. J. ABBOTT. SALE'S BRIGADE IN
	5970.63	Sydenham, and his Administration in	Canada. Second Edition. Portrait. 8vo. 9s.6d
	6060.54	Memoirs. With his Administration in	Canada. By G.POULET SCROPE, M.P. Second
	6080.73	during a Tour in the United States and	Canada. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. —— Constitution of
1			canal
	1522.277	distinct functions; thus the alimentary	canal respires, digests, and excretes in the
1			canaries
	552.692	and the Azores, or Madeira, or the	Canaries, or Ireland, be sufficient? It must be
2			canary
	1944.880	the first crosses between them and the	canary, or that their hybrids, should be
	2735.851	Some seeds of the oat, wheat, millet,	canary, hemp, clover, and beet germinated
1			canary-bird
	1944.688	been fairly tried: for instance, the	canary-bird has been crossed with nine other
1			canary-birds
	3736.0	of, crossed, 99. Calceolaria, 251.	Canary-birds, sterility of hybrids, 252. Cape de
1			candahar
	5143.135	with Descriptions of Meshed, Balk, and	Candahar, and Sketches of the Nomade Tribes of
15			candolle
	584.9	hereafter to be discussed. Alph. De	Candolle and others have shown that plants which
	645.179	at much greater length. The elder De	Candolle and Lyell have largely and
	994.507	case is very different; and Alph. De	Candolle has well remarked in his great and
	1217.591	the central flowers,—that the elder De	Candolle founded his main divisions of the order
	1219.713	can act. For instance, Alph. De	Candolle has remarked that winged seeds are
	1412.49	remarkable how abruptly, as Alph. De	Candolle has observed, a common alpine species
	2723.1299	by any other means; and Alph. de	Candolle has shown that such plants generally
	2851.94	in regard to America, and by Alph. de	Candolle in regard to Australia, that many more
	2898.225	shown, as remarked by Alph. de	Candolle, in large groups of terrestrial plants
	2918.130	on equal continental areas: Alph. de	Candolle admits this for plants, and Wollaston
	2936.851	species; now trees, as Alph. de	Candolle has shown, generally have, whatever the
	2994.1009	of cases, as shown by Alph. de	Candolle, to distinct genera. In the Galapagos
	3016.658	been admirably discussed by Alph. de	Candolle in regard to plants, namely, that the
	3179.1656	like those of a Rodent. The elder De	Candolle has made nearly similar observations on
	3822.3	of New Zealand, 376. DUCK. De	Candolle on struggle for existence, 62. ——on
1			candolle's
	2904.668	the Nelumbium, and remembered Alph. de	Candolle's remarks on this plant, I thought that
1			canidæ
	3006.609	in a lesser degree in the Felidæ and	Canidæ. We see it, if we compare the
1			canidæ—ever
	365.1384	spaniel, &c.—so unlike all wild	Canidæ—ever existed freely in a state of nature? It
2			canine
	455.568	sometimes cross their dogs with wild	canine animals, to improve the breed, and they
	647.254	but success in leaving progeny. Two	canine animals in a time of dearth, may be
125			cannot
	192.25	DISTRIBUTION. Present distribution	cannot be accounted for by differences in
	242.69	must necessarily be imperfect. I	cannot here give references and authorities
	242.779	discussed in this volume on which facts	cannot be adduced, often apparently leading to
	242.1021	both sides of each question; and this	cannot possibly be here done. I much regret
	244.201	of them personally unknown to me. I	cannot, however, [page] 3 INTRODUCTION. let
	291.330	causes monstrosities; and monstrosities	cannot be separated by any clear line of
	291.1561	whether or not the plant sets a seed. I	cannot here enter on the copious details which
	325.78	we see it in the father and child, we	cannot tell whether it may not be due to the
	351.631	camel, prevented their domestication? I	cannot doubt that if other animals and plants
	359.661	respect to horses, from reasons which I	cannot give here, I am doubtfully inclined to
	365.1164	descended from several wild species, I	cannot doubt that there has been an immense
	429.273	fuller's teazle, with its hooks, which	cannot be rivalled by any mechanical
	429.1323	further than to mere variability. We	cannot suppose that all the breeds were
	449.1101	differences; but, as a general rule, I	cannot doubt that the continued selection of
	457.588	altering the breed. Nevertheless I	cannot [page] 35 CHAP. I. UNCONSCIOUS
	477.950	such poor materials; but the art, I	cannot doubt, has been simple, and, as far as
	479.173	fact, that in a vast number of cases we	cannot recognise, and therefore do not know
	511.836	from their nocturnal rambling habits,	cannot be matched, and, although so much
	548.61	doubtful nature are far from uncommon	cannot be disputed. Compare the several floras
	548.1833	s admirable work, but which it	cannot [page] 49 CHAP. II. DOUBTFUL SPECIES
	582.915	is rather perplexing, and allusions	cannot be avoided to the "struggle for
	618.79	general characters as species, for they	cannot be distinguished from species,—except
	618.215	forms, and the occurrence of such links	cannot affect the actual characters of the
	657.57	more or less rapidly, in numbers, all	cannot do so, for the world would not hold
	695.229	never become naturalised, for they	cannot compete with our native plants, nor
	707.1701	multitudes, so close together that all	cannot live. [page] 72 MUTUAL CHECKS TO
	719.898	Trifolium pratense), as other bees	cannot reach the nectar. Hence I have very
	735.228	other mountain-varieties, so that they	cannot be kept together. The same result has
	810.254	selected change. What natural selection	cannot do, is to modify the structure of one
	810.455	be found in works of natural history, I	cannot find one case which will bear
	822.667	effect to such apparently weak means: I	cannot here enter on the details necessary to
	828.394	cocks of certain fowls, &c.), which we	cannot believe to be either useful to the
	986.13	SELECTION. CHAP. IV. sequently, I	cannot doubt that in the course of many
	1090.73	of their organisation, and I think this	cannot be disputed; if there be, owing to the
	1090.249	struggle for life, and this certainly	cannot be disputed; then, considering the
	1098.1154	several subordinate groups in any class	cannot be [page] 129 CHAP. IV. SUMMARY
	1119.953	but a long catalogue of facts which	cannot be here given would be necessary to
	1125.277	safely conclude that such influences	cannot have produced the many striking and
	1133.56	is of the slightest use to a being, we	cannot tell how much of it to attribute to the
	1141.580	anomaly in nature than a bird that	cannot fly; yet there are several in this
	1141.1139	and is exposed to danger from which it	cannot escape by flight, but by kicking it can
	1147.913	be lost early in life, and therefore	cannot be much used by these insects. In some
	1149.281	are so far deficient in wings that they	cannot fly; and that of the twenty-nine
	1173.644	arctic or even from a temperate region	cannot endure a tropical climate, or
	1173.725	So again, many succulent plants	cannot endure a damp climate. But the degree
	1183.478	our domestic breeds. The rat and mouse	cannot be considered as domestic animals, but
	1189.833	varieties are of recent origin, they	cannot owe their constitutional differences to
	1189.1117	it was—as proving that acclimatisation	cannot be effected! The case, also, of the
	1189.1560	the same precautions, the experiment	cannot be said to have been even tried. Nor
	1245.578	facts which I have collected, and which	cannot possibly be here introduced. I can only
	1251.171	certainly to hold good in this class. I	cannot make out that it applies to plants, and
	1257.941	natural selection either has not or	cannot come into full play, and thus the
	1450.529	distance from tree to tree. We	cannot doubt that each structure is of use to
	1590.67	are of special use to these birds; we	cannot believe that the same bones in the arm
	1592.18	laws of growth. Natural selection	cannot possibly produce any modification in
	1596.356	on natural history to this effect, I	cannot find even one which seems to me of any
	1604.634	used against many attacking animals,	cannot be withdrawn, owing to the backward
	1675.1400	in some few cases, certain instincts	cannot be considered as absolutely perfect
	1689.493	case of the several breeds of dogs: it	cannot be doubted that young pointers (I have
	1689.809	a flock of sheep, by shepherd-dogs. I	cannot see that these actions, performed
	1689.1166	her eggs on the leaf of the cabbage,—I	cannot see that these actions differ
	1697.653	as I hear from Mr. Brent, which	cannot fly eighteen inches high without going
	1755.363	food for itself or its young, and	cannot even feed itself: it is absolutely
	1803.391	a great error to suppose that the bees	cannot build up a rough wall of wax in the
	1833.126	natural selection,—cases, in which we	cannot see how an instinct could possibly have
	1833.470	remote in the scale of nature, that we	cannot account [page] 236 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII
	1837.543	and yet, from being sterile, they	cannot propagate their kind. The subject well
	1914.915	injurious to the fertility of a plant	cannot be doubted; for Gärtner gives in his
	1924.159	or variety increases fertility, that I	cannot doubt the correctness of this almost
	1958.223	extremely general result; but that it	cannot, under our present state of knowledge
	2012.403	the common gooseberry, for instance,	cannot be grafted on the currant, whereas the
	2026.248	facts, any more than why certain trees	cannot be grafted on others. Lastly, an embryo
	2040.39	It must, however, be confessed that we	cannot understand, excepting on vague
	2048.618	are generally sterile in some degree. I	cannot persuade myself that this parallelism
	2213.869	denuded the Weald. This, of course,	cannot be done; but we may, in order to form
	2221.302	number of generations, which the mind	cannot grasp, must have succeeded each other
	2261.37	From the foregoing considerations it	cannot be doubted that the geological record
	2351.640	certainly be highly remarkable; but I	cannot see that it would be an insuperable
	2359.491	earliest known species. For instance, I	cannot doubt that all the Silurian trilobites
	2359.810	differ much from living species; and it	cannot on my theory be supposed, that these
	2466.786	we may justly feel surprise why we	cannot account for the extinction of this
	2486.376	and the introduction of new ones,	cannot be owing to mere changes in marine
	2514.569	existing genera, families, and orders,	cannot be disputed. For if we confine our
	2596.212	as their degenerate descendants. This	cannot for an instant be admitted. These huge
	2626.117	at least be asserted that the record	cannot be proved to be much more perfect, the
	2635.25	DISTRIBUTION. Present distribution	cannot be accounted for by differences in
	2637.1028	or condition in the Old World which	cannot be paralleled in the New-at least as
	2683.336	many cases occur, in which we	cannot explain how the same species could have
	2803.237	on the theory of creation. We	cannot say that they have been created alike
	2861.122	and others have remained unaltered. We	cannot hope to explain such facts, until we
	2863.189	works on the antarctic regions. These	cannot be here discussed. I will only say that
	2863.812	these species are so distinct, that we	cannot suppose that there has been time since
	2886.1305	no doubt there are many cases which	cannot at present be explained: but some fresh
	2916.362	the globe. I have already stated that I	cannot honestly admit Forbes's view on
	2942.545	and newts on so many oceanic islands	cannot be accounted for by their physical
	2944.525	nearest to an exception; but this group	cannot be considered as oceanic, as it lies on
	2948.92	happens in the arctic regions. Yet it	cannot be said that small islands will not
	2948.369	naturalised and greatly multiplied. It	cannot be said, on the ordinary view of
	2984.1360	for its inhabitants; whereas it	cannot, I think, be disputed that the nature
	2984.1715	the moment the endemic species, which	cannot be here fairly included, as we are
	3163.438	characters, great and small, that we	cannot doubt that they have inherited their
	3239.312	similar: a better proof of this	cannot be given, than a circumstance mentioned
	3239.452	embryo of some vertebrate animal, he	cannot now tell whether it be that of a mammal
	3245.23	CHAP. XIII. tions of existence. We	cannot, for instance, suppose that in the
	3251.897	have a closed and imperfect mouth, and	cannot feed: their function at this stage is
	3263.342	horses, and various fancy animals,	cannot positively tell, until some time after
	3263.508	this plainly in our own children; we	cannot always tell whether the child will be
	3277.571	and form of beak, that they would, I	cannot doubt, be ranked in distinct genera
	3321.81	the male florets, which of course	cannot be fecundated, have a pistil, which is
	3329.191	early age is less rudimentary, or even	cannot be said to be in any degree rudimentary
	3343.92	well be variable, for its variations	cannot be checked by natural selection. At
	3378.567	to our imagination insuperably great,	cannot be considered real if we admit the
	3378.1030	The truth of these propositions	cannot, I think, be disputed. [page
	3386.76	and of their mongrel offspring	cannot be considered as universal; nor is
	3398.523	species in the intermediate regions. It	cannot be denied that we are as yet very
	3412.156	than most geologists believe. It	cannot be objected that there has not been
	3424.290	and the most perfect organs; it	cannot be pretended that we know all the
	3460.130	in character. But as all groups	cannot thus succeed in increasing in size, for
	3504.211	can clearly see why those animals which	cannot cross wide spaces of ocean, as frogs
	3526.367	view of the mutability of species? It	cannot be [page] 481 CHAP. XIV. CONCLUSION
	3530.82	nature are subject to no variation; it	cannot be proved that the amount of variation
	3530.272	species and well-marked varieties. It	cannot be maintained that species when
	3532.442	action of the coast-waves. The mind	cannot possibly grasp the full meaning of the
	3532.524	the term of a hundred million years; it	cannot add up and perceive the full effects of
	3546.903	resemble each other. Therefore I	cannot doubt that the theory of descent with
7			canon
	1552.397	this remark is indeed shown by that old	canon in natural history of "Natura non facit
	1636.90	understand the full meaning of that old	canon in natural history, "Natura non facit
	1636.148	Natura non facit saltum." This	canon, if we look only to the present
	1669.843	instincts, can be discovered. The	canon of "Natura non facit saltum" applies
	1883.801	of the instincts of others;—that the	canon in natural history, of "natura non
	3382.254	in nature, as is proclaimed by the	canon, "Natura non facit saltum," that we
	3462.196	by very short and slow steps. Hence the	canon of "Natura non facit saltum," which
2			canterbury
	6036.23	vo. 10s. 6d. —— Sermons preached in	Canterbury Cathedral, on the Unity of Evangelical
	6040.27	vo. 18s. —— Historical Memorials of	Canterbury. The Landing of Augustine—The Murder of
20			capable
	272.861	dispassionate judgment of which I am	capable, that the view which most naturalists
	289.203	oldest domesticated animals are still	capable of rapid improvement or modification
	413.94	or the rock-pigeon, has been found	capable of domestication in Europe and in India
	930.250	production of species, which will prove	capable of enduring for a long period, and of
	1002.345	will a greater number of individuals be	capable of there supporting themselves. A set
	1179.187	because they were subsequently found	capable of far-extended transportation, I think
	1183.1132	of the elephant and rhinoceros were	capable of enduring a glacial climate, whereas
	1470.280	it does not seem probable that fishes	capable of true flight would have been
	1839.516	a number should have been annually born	capable of work, but incapable of procreation
	1898.324	hardly have kept distinct had they been	capable of crossing freely. The importance of
	1950.852	for I am assured by two eminently	capable judges, namely Mr. Blyth and Capt
	1956.1313	an indelible characteristic, but as one	capable of being removed by domestication
	2578.182	may be true, and yet it may never be	capable of full proof. Seeing, for instance
	2723.742	floated for 42 days, and were then	capable of germination. But I do not doubt that
	2735.789	the Zoological Gardens, include seeds	capable of germination. Some seeds of the oat
	3032.1583	and according as the immigrants were	capable of varying more or less rapidly, there
	3554.704	and distinct from other forms, to be	capable of definition; and if definable
	3592.315	the most exalted object which we are	capable of conceiving, namely, the production
	3766.11	to natural selection, 101. Cirripedes	capable of crossing, 101. —, carapace aborted
	4241.61	Ornithorhynchus, 107, 416. Ostrich not	capable of flight, 134. —, habit of laying eggs
1			capacities
	351.206	climates. I do not dispute that these	capacities have added largely to the value of most
18			capacity
	441.1015	would readily believe in the natural	capacity and years of practice requisite to
	1179.264	I think the common and extraordinary	capacity in our domestic animals of not only
	1183.965	to most animals. On this view, the	capacity of enduring the most different climates
	1815.821	adjoining cells has been built. This	capacity in bees of laying down under certain
	1986.385	important, for they prove that the	capacity in any two species to cross is often
	1986.600	hand, these cases clearly show that the	capacity for crossing is connected with
	2006.355	not a specially endowed quality. As the	capacity of one plant to be grafted or budded on
	2006.522	that no one will suppose that this	capacity is a specially endowed quality, but
	2006.1186	in hybridisation, so with grafting, the	capacity is limited by systematic affinity, for
	2006.1464	be grafted with ease. But this	capacity, as in hybridisation, is by no means
	2120.45	same manner as in grafting trees, the	capacity of one species or variety to take on
	2126.1126	of the hybrids produced, and the	capacity of being grafted together-though this
	2126.1180	grafted together-though this latter	capacity evidently depends on widely different
	2677.964	remarkable and exceptional. The	capacity of migrating across the sea is more
	2882.324	wide dispersal would follow from this	capacity as an almost necessary consequence. We
	3010.629	that a species which apparently has the	capacity of crossing barriers and ranging widely
	3580.180	acquirement of each mental power and	capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on
	3985.8	Gourds, crossed, 270. Grafts,	capacity of, 261. Grasses, varieties of
1			capense
	1930.595	that "every ovule in a pod of Crinum	capense fertilised by C. revolutum produced a
1			capes
	2355.135	and were enabled to double the southern	capes of Africa or Australia, and thus reach
3			capital
	1046.628	The other nine species (marked by	capital letters) of our original genus, may for
	1068.161	by the broken lines, beneath the	capital letters, converging in sub-branches
	5084.98	and -56, including a Journey to the	Capital, with notices of Natural History, and
2			capriciously
	2886.161	species often range widely and almost	capriciously; for two river-systems will have some
	3442.582	on external characters alone and often	capriciously, can produce within a short period a
3			capsule
	1974.561	raised from seed out of the same	capsule and exposed to exactly the same
	1992.851	hybrids raised from seed from the same	capsule have a considerable degree of fertility
	2717.62	chiefly tried small seeds, without the	capsule or fruit; and as all of these sank in a
1			capsules
	2717.268	Afterwards I tried some larger fruits,	capsules, &c., and some of these floated for a
1			captain
	4059.8	sexual characters, 150. Hutton,	Captain, on crossed geese, 253. Huxley, Prof
1			captains
	5420.29	HEBER. TRAVELS IN THE HOLY LAND. By	CAPTAINS IRBY and MANGLES. THE SIEGE OF
1			captivates
	2677.482	first produced within a single region	captivates the mind. He who rejects it, rejects
1			captivity
	5642.52	Letters and Journals, during the	Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena. By WILLIAM
2			capture
	1747.838	and furious F. flava, which they rarely	capture, and it was evident that they did at
	1761.27	CHAP. VII. tageous to this species to	capture workers than to procreate them-the
1			captured
	1741.729	depends merely on the slaves being	captured in greater numbers in Switzerland than
1			capturing
	1731.416	though most energetic and courageous in	capturing slaves, do no other work. They are
1			capybara
	2657.1378	beaver or musk-rat, but the coypu and	capybara, rodents of the American type
1			caraccas
	2819.749	hot countries. So on the Silla of	Caraccas the illustrious Humboldt long ago found
3			carapace
	1231.541	or less completely its own shell or	carapace. This is the case with the male Ibla
	1231.654	manner with the Proteolepas: for the	carapace in all other cirripedes consists of the
	3767.3	Cirripedes capable of crossing, 101. —,	carapace aborted, 148. —, their ovigerous frena
1			caravan
	5143.18	vo. 26s. FERRIER'S (T. P.)	Caravan Journeys in Persia, Affghanistan, Herat
4			carboniferous
	2233.181	discovered by Sir C. Lyell in the	carboniferous strata of North America. In regard to
	2285.1081	thus, Messrs. Lyell and Dawson found	carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia
	2550.1062	between those of the overlying	carboniferous, and underlying Silurian system. But
	4140.8	on measure of denudation, 283. —, on a	carboniferous land-shell, 289. ——, on fossil whales
1			carcasses
	2729.584	observation. Again, I can show that the	carcasses of birds, when floating on the sea
1			cardwell
	5880.91	EARL STANHOPE and the Right Hon. EDWARD	CARDWELL. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. each. PEILE
3			career
	3247.80	animal during any part of its embryonic	career is active, and has to provide for
	4958.68	from the commencement of the official	career of the late Viscount Castlereagh to the
	5914.99	Course and Dissuasions from a Vicious	Career. Extracted from the Scriptures. Second
13			careful
	258.188	it seemed to me probable that a	careful study of domesticated animals and of
	369.372	by occasional crosses, if aided by the	careful selection of those individual mongrels
	461.385	unless actual measurements or	careful drawings of the breeds in question had
	463.42	a similar process of selection, and by	careful training, the whole body of English
	558.10	DOUBTFUL SPECIES. CHAP. II. that most	careful observer Gärtner, they can be crossed
	816.919	well that he can improve his breed by	careful selection of the best cocks. How low in
	830.986	the fleetness of his greyhounds by	careful and methodical selection, or by that
	1329.25	CHAP. V. bay horse. My son made a	careful examination and sketch for me of a dun
	1580.230	been but little artificial selection.	Careful observers are convinced that a damp
	1924.1372	experiments are in progress, so	careful an observer as Gärtner would have
	2118.238	is often so slight that the two most	careful experimentalists who have ever lived
	2910.1561	distant piece of water. Nature, like a	careful gardener, thus takes her seeds from a
	3275.671	under domestication; but having had	careful measurements made of the dam and of a
19			carefully
	319.136	and diversified. It is well worth while	carefully to study the several treatises
	455.1030	the breeding of domestic animals was	carefully attended to in ancient times, and is
	471.207	them, for any special purpose, would be	carefully preserved during famines and other
	582.674	permits me to add, that after having	carefully read my manuscript, and examined the
	1237.1138	each little deviation of form less	carefully than when the part has to serve for one
	1514.379	in the transparent layers; and	carefully selecting each alteration which, under
	1743.141	spectacle to behold the masters	carefully carrying, as Huber has described, their
	1767.1196	of the Mexican Melipona domestica,	carefully described and figured by Pierre Huber
	1851.360	long horns, could be slowly formed by	carefully watching which individual bulls and
	1859.1051	neuter-insects out of Europe have been	carefully examined. Mr. F. Smith has shown how
	1863.262	have their ocelli rudimentary. Having	carefully dissected several specimens of these
	1914.209	in many other cases, Gärtner is obliged	carefully to count the seeds, in order to show
	1920.114	was enabled to rear some hybrids,	carefully guarding them from a cross with either
	1924.419	garden, the visits of insects must be	carefully prevented during the flowering season
	1944.55	much fewer experiments have been	carefully tried than with plants. If our
	2331.1100	our geological formations have been	carefully examined; we forget that groups of
	2944.47	offer another and similar case. I have	carefully searched the oldest voyages, but have
	3277.210	twelve hours after being hatched; I	carefully measured the proportions (but will not
	3558.647	forms, we shall be led to weigh more	carefully and to value higher the actual amount
1			careless
	447.71	also followed; for hardly any one is so	careless as to allow his worst animals to breed
2			cares
	487.585	visible; and indeed he rarely	cares for what is internal. He can never act
	784.203	external and visible characters: nature	cares nothing for appearances, except in so
1			caret
	6181.0	The Charles Darwin Trust CRASSH	CARET File last updated 28 January
1			carices
	707.862	of plants (not counting grasses and	carices) flourished in the plantations, which
1			carlist
	5740.70	or, the Raid of Gomez. A Tale of the	Carlist War. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. MODERN DOMESTIC
1			carmichael's
	4938.0	With 20 Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 2s.6d.	CARMICHAEL'S (A. N.) Greek Verbs. Their Formations
1			carnarvon
	5486.31	RUXTON. PORTUGAL AND GALLICIA. By LORD	CARNARVON. LIFE OF LORD CLIVE. By REV. G. R
1			carnarvon's
	4940.0	Second Edition. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d.	CARNARVON'S (LORD) Portugal, Gallicia, and the
1			carnivora
	3069.511	mammals, by another those common to all	carnivora, by another those common to the dog
9			carnivorous
	295.147	confinement, I may just mention that	carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed
	295.310	plantigrades or bear family; whereas,	carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions
	816.1438	with special weapons. The males of	carnivorous animals are already well armed; though
	982.86	with simple habits. Take the case of a	carnivorous quadruped, of which the number that can
	982.626	water, and some perhaps becoming less	carnivorous. The more diversified in habits and
	982.707	and structure the descendants of our	carnivorous animal became, the more places they
	1002.733	and others have remarked, our	carnivorous, ruminant, and rodent mammals, could
	1442.170	as I hold, how, for instance, a land	carnivorous animal could have been converted into
	1442.364	easy to show that within the same group	carnivorous animals exist having every intermediate
3			caroline
	2948.1057	Archipelago, the Bonin Islands, the	Caroline and Marianne Archipelagoes, and
	5022.100	his Accession to the death of Queen	Caroline. Edited with Notes. Second Edition
	5376.100	his Accession to the Death of Queen	Caroline. Edited, with Notes by MR. CROKER
2			carriage
	822.776	if man can in a short time give elegant	carriage and beauty to his bantams, according to
	1257.1420	of the different carriers, in the	carriage and tail of our fantails, &c., these
20			carried
	365.98	several aboriginal stocks, has been	carried to an absurd extreme by some authors
	375.1853	feathers are kept expanded, and are	carried so erect that in good birds the head
	393.364	therefore, some of them must have been	carried back again into their native country
	461.164	c., by this very same process, only	carried on more methodically, did greatly
	842.1584	the plant; yet if a little pollen were	carried, at first occasionally and then
	846.1163	the pollen could not thus have been	carried. The weather had been cold and
	846.1566	to insects that pollen was regularly	carried from flower to flower, another process
	850.288	under nature, then as pollen is already	carried regularly from flower to flower, and as
	886.112	be objected that pollen could seldom be	carried from tree to tree, and at most only
	890.432	can see that pollen must be regularly	carried from flower to flower; and this will
	890.527	chance of pollen being occasionally	carried from tree to tree. That trees belonging
	1743.605	killed their small opponents, and	carried their dead bodies as food to their nest
	1743.907	combat; they were eagerly seized, and	carried off by the tyrants, who perhaps fancied
	1747.1230	had crawled away, they took heart and	carried off the pupæ. One evening I visited
	1761.271	When the instinct was once acquired, if	carried out to a much less extent even than in
	2060.1496	in the process of selection, as	carried on by man and nature, we need not be
	2351.274	species. Lately, Professor Pictet has	carried their existence one sub-stage further
	2743.82	with earth and stones, and have even	carried brushwood, bones, and the nest of a
	2749.517	of seawater; nor could they be long	carried in the crops or intestines of birds
	3295.505	young, during a course of modification	carried on for many generations, having to
9			carrier
	375.102	astonishing. Compare the English	carrier and the short-faced tumbler, and see
	375.245	differences in their skulls. The	carrier, more especially the male bird, is also
	375.954	short tails. The barb is allied to the	carrier, but, instead of a very long beak, has
	387.12	CHAP. I. DOMESTIC PIGEONS. the English	carrier, the short-faced tumbler, the runt, the
	395.431	for a beak like that of the English	carrier, or that of the short-faced tumbler, or
	413.277	breeds. Secondly, although an English	carrier or short-faced tumbler differs
	413.673	the wattle and length of beak of the	carrier, the shortness of that of the tumbler
	425.409	horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a	carrier and tumbler pigeon. One of the most
	2556.830	between the rock-pigeon and the	carrier have become extinct; and carriers which
2			carrier-pigeons
	2735.484	a friend of his had to give up flying	carrier-pigeons from France to England, as the hawks on
	3739.0	Cape of Good Hope, plants of, 110, 375.	Carrier-pigeons killed by hawks, 362. Cassini on
8			carriers
	405.722	species, aboriginally as distinct as	carriers, tumblers, pouters, and fantails now
	463.489	given in old pigeon treatises of	carriers [page] 36 UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION. CHAP
	828.314	domestic animals (as the wattle in male	carriers, horn-like protuberances in the cocks
	1257.1403	in the beak and wattle of the different	carriers, in the carriage and tail of our
	1261.634	to the male sex, as with the wattle of	carriers and the enlarged crop of pouters. Now
	2556.863	the carrier have become extinct; and	carriers which are extreme in the important
	3277.436	fantails, runts, barbs, dragons,	carriers, and tumblers. Now some of these birds
	4298.3	instinct of tumbling, 214. —,	carriers, killed by hawks, 362. —, young of
9			carry
	463.259	Races, are favoured in the weights they	carry. Lord Spencer and others have shown how
	846.221	on their part, regularly	carry pollen from flower to flower; and that
	872.1326	fly from flower to flower, and not	carry pollen from one to the other, to the
	1731.657	determine the migration, and actually	carry their masters in their jaws. So utterly
	1755.657	and when they migrate, the masters	carry the slaves. Both in Switzerland and
	1757.151	not slave-makers, will, as I have seen,	carry off pupæ of other species, if scattered
	1853.657	the workers of one caste alone	carry a wonderful sort of shield on their
	2749.350	scarcely any means of transport would	carry seeds for very great distances; for
	2855.284	wool, and other objects likely to	carry seeds have been largely imported into
4			carrying
	1737.1020	energetically with their masters in	carrying them away to a place of safety. Hence
	1743.151	to behold the masters carefully	carrying, as Huber has described, their slaves
	1749.111	of these ants entering their nest,	carrying the dead bodies of F. fusca (showing
	1749.367	last individual of F. sanguinea emerge,	carrying a pupa; but I was not able to find the
3			cart-horse
	1329.80	and sketch for me of a dun Belgian	cart-horse with a double stripe on each shoulder
	1337.150	breeds so distinct as the heavy Belgian	cart-horse, Welch ponies, cobs, the lanky Kattywar
	3275.757	three-days old colt of a race and heavy	cart-horse, I find that the colts have by no means
1			carunculated
	375.342	from the wonderful development of the	carunculated skin about the head, and this is
224			cases
	160.314	perfection — Means of transition —	Cases of difficulty — Natura non facit saltum
	160.409	of small importance — Organs not in all	cases absolutely perfect — The law of Unity
	242.460	but which, I hope, in most	cases will suffice. No one can feel more
	258.381	in this and in all other perplexing	cases I have invariably found that our
	291.1056	under confinement, even in the many	cases when the male and female unite. How
	291.1377	rarely or never seed! In some few such	cases it has been found out that very
	303.633	prior to the act of conception. These	cases anyhow show that variation is not
	305.1092	due to such conditions; but in some	cases it can be shown that quite opposite
	309.159	of the conditions of life—as, in some	cases, increased size from amount of food
	317.119	go together, of which many remarkable	cases could be given amongst animals and
	325.534	Every one must have heard of	cases of albinism, prickly skin, hairy bodies
	327.895	age, though sometimes earlier. In many	cases this could [page] 14 VARIATION. CHAP
	333.644	possibly live in a wild state. In many	cases we do not know what the aboriginal
	343.616	in the same manner as, only in most	cases in a lesser degree than, do closely
	389.429	are in some degree applicable in other	cases, I will here briefly give them. If the
	395.81	weight, and applicable in several other	cases, is, that the above-specified breeds
	403.885	of generations. These two distinct	cases are often confounded in treatises on
	429.1445	as we now see them; indeed, in several	cases, we know that this has not been their
	441.215	indispensable even than in ordinary	cases. If selection consisted merely in
	443.257	have proofs that this is not so in some	cases, in which exact records have been kept
	461.494	might serve for comparison. In some	cases, however, unchanged or but little
	479.164	known fact, that in a vast number of	cases we cannot recognise, and therefore do
	491.476	a fantail, is, I have no doubt, in most	cases, utterly incorrect. The man who first
	515.745	rendered infinitely complex. In some	cases, I do not doubt that the intercrossing
	515.1553	frequent sterility of hybrids; but the	cases of plants not propagated by seed are of
	530.97	from far northwards, would not in some	cases be inherited for at least some few
	532.1049	would be surprised at the number of the	cases of variability, even in important parts
	542.799	and the other as the variety. But	cases of great difficulty, which I will not
	542.1117	remove the difficulty. In very many	cases, however, one form is ranked as a
	544.208	to follow. We must, however, in many	cases, decide by a majority of naturalists
	554.12	is vainly to beat the air. Many of the	cases of strongly-marked varieties or
	560.29	Close investigation, in most	cases, will bring naturalists to an agreement
	566.424	observations, he will meet with more	cases of difficulty; for he will encounter a
	574.195	and higher stage may be, in some	cases, due merely to the long-continued
	604.236	and well-marked varieties; and in those	cases in which intermediate links have not
	641.163	and distinct species, which in most	cases obviously differ from each other far
	661.110	namely, the numerous recorded	cases of the astonishingly rapid increase of
	661.623	quite incredible. So it is with plants:	cases could be given of introduced plants
	665.358	America since its discovery. In such	cases, and endless instances could be given
	665.757	have been enabled to breed. In such	cases the geometrical ratio of increase, the
	673.807	this period in the great majority of	cases is an early one. If an animal can in
	673.1341	in a fitting place. So that in all	cases, the average number of any animal or
	687.681	killed. On the other hand, in some	cases, as with the elephant and rhinoceros
	701.27	its prey. On the other hand, in many	cases, a large stock of individuals of the
	701.1061	confines of their range. For in such	cases, we may believe, that a plant could
	705.65	come into play in some of these	cases; but on this intricate subject I will
	707.5	subject I will not here enlarge. Many	cases are on record showing how complex and
	725.313	the existence of the species. In some	cases it can be shown that widely-different
	737.827	will supplant another, and so in other	cases. We can dimly see why the competition
	804.1512	the structure of the larva; but in all	cases natural selection will ensure that
	816.478	will leave most progeny. But in many	cases, victory will depend not on general
	828.500	to the females. We see analogous	cases under nature, for instance, the tuft of
	864.1172	asked, is there for supposing in these	cases that two individuals ever concur in
	878.651	do they naturally cross. In many other	cases, far from there being any aids for self
	878.1482	bees, seeds freely. In very many other	cases, though there be no special mechanical
	882.468	self-fertilisation, should in so many	cases be mutually useless to each other! How
	900.334	that there are, on this view, many	cases of difficulty, some of which I am
	970.319	is shown by the hopeless doubts in many	cases how to rank them—yet certainly differ
	1034.681	to the upper horizontal lines. In some	cases I do not doubt that the process of
	1125.1104	elsewhere fleshy. Several other such	cases could be given. The fact of varieties
	1149.8	be much used by these insects. In some	cases we might easily put down to disuse
	1159.85	are rudimentary in size, and in some	cases are quite covered up by skin and fur
	1177.1100	In regard to animals, several authentic	cases could be given of species within
	1177.1357	native climate, but in all ordinary	cases we assume such to be the case; nor do
	1195.31	GROWTH. use, and disuse, have, in some	cases, played a considerable part in the
	1217.466	importance-the seeds being in some	cases, according to Tausch, orthospermous in
	1227.34	I suspect, also, that some of the	cases of compensation which have been
	1249.636	give a list of the more remarkable	cases; I will here only briefly give one, as
	1257.899	parallel natural case; for in such	cases natural selection either has not or
	1267.476	other structure. It is only in those	cases in which the modification has been
	1287.377	list; and as the differences in these	cases are of a very unusual nature, the
	1315.0	page] 162 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	cases: if, for instance, we did not know that
	1315.667	must generally be left doubtful, what	cases are reversions to an anciently existing
	1317.798	I have collected a long list of such	cases; but [page] 163 CHAP. V. LAWS OF
	1321.110	give them. I can only repeat that such	cases certainly do occur, and seem to me very
	1325.44	respect to the horse, I have collected	cases in England of the spinal stripe in
	1331.863	I may state that I have collected	cases of leg and shoulder stripes in horses
	1361.947	and natural selection will in such	cases not as yet have had time to overcome
	1374.387	of small importance—Organs not in all	cases absolutely perfect—The law of Unity of
	1448.92	for out of the many striking	cases which I have collected, I can give only
	1448.383	nothing less than a long list of such	cases is sufficient to lessen the difficulty
	1472.556	often change almost simultaneously. Of	cases of changed habits it will suffice
	1486.836	as the quail or partridge. In such	cases, and many others could be given, habits
	1488.85	of creation will say, that in these	cases it has pleased the [page
	1522.137	gradations of some kind. Numerous	cases could be given amongst the lower
	1522.497	digest and the stomach respire. In such	cases natural selection might easily
	1522.1099	by highly vascular partitions. In these	cases, one of the two organs might with ease
	1538.169	gradations, yet, undoubtedly, grave	cases of difficulty occur, some of which will
	1546.931	a parallel case of difficulty. Other	cases could be given; for instance in plants
	1546.1200	amongst flowering plants. In all these	cases of two very distinct species furnished
	1552.17	the same ancestor. Although in many	cases it is most difficult to conjecture by
	1560.1197	actually destroyed (except in some rare	cases) by the flies, but they are incessantly
	1562.56	importance have probably in some	cases been of high importance to an early
	1596.851	here to enter on this and other such	cases. Natural selection will never produce
	1622.425	through natural selection. In the	cases in which we know of no intermediate or
	1630.244	to another species, but in all	cases at the same time useful to the owner
	1638.746	the adaptations being aided in some	cases by use and disuse, being slightly
	1638.869	conditions of life, and being in all	cases subjected to the several laws of growth
	1675.1375	of others. So again, in some few	cases, certain instincts cannot be considered
	1681.310	Audubon has given several remarkable	cases of differences in nests of the same
	1683.164	shown by a multitude of facts. Several	cases also, could be given, of occasional and
	1685.145	by briefly considering a few	cases under [page] 213 CHAP. VII. DOMESTIC
	1701.174	On the other hand, habit alone in some	cases has sufficed; no animal is more
	1709.318	our ignorance call an accident. In some	cases compulsory habit alone has sufficed to
	1709.411	such inherited mental changes; in other	cases compulsory habit has done nothing, and
	1709.551	and unconsciously; but in most	cases, probably, habit and selection have
	1711.126	by selection, by considering a few	cases. I will select only three, out of the
	1799.74	and I suspect that the bees in such	cases stand in the opposed cells and push and
	1813.742	It was really curious to note in	cases of difficulty, as when two pieces of
	1833.107	to the theory of natural selection,—	cases, in which we cannot see how an instinct
	1833.185	could possibly have originated;	cases, in which no intermediate gradations
	1833.248	gradations are known to exist;	cases of instinct of apparently such trifling
	1833.370	been acted on by natural selection;	cases of instincts almost identically the
	1837.195	I will not here enter on these several	cases, but will confine myself to one special
	1883.310	in any useful direction. In some	cases habit or use and disuse have probably
	1883.482	great degree my theory; but none of the	cases of difficulty, to the best of my
	1906.660	sterility, which is common to the two	cases, has to be considered. The distinction
	1906.768	over, owing to the sterility in both	cases being looked on as a special endowment
	1910.418	but then he cuts the knot, for in ten	cases in which he found two forms, considered
	1914.145	the entire fertility of Kölreuter's ten	cases. But in these and in many other cases
	1914.183	cases. But in these and in many other	cases, Gärtner is obliged carefully to count
	1914.982	gives in his table about a score of	cases of plants which he castrated, and
	1914.1088	their own pollen, and (excluding all	cases such as the Leguminosæ, in which there
	1914.1680	conclusion in several other analogous	cases; it seems to me that we may well be
	1950.60	of any thoroughly well-authenticated	cases of perfectly fertile hybrid animals, I
	1966.722	as we have seen, in certain abnormal	cases, even to an excess of fertility, beyond
	1966.1006	fertile seed: but in some of these	cases a first trace of fertility may be
	1972.342	is by no means strict. There are many	cases, in which two pure species can be
	1972.737	in Dianthus, these two opposite	cases occur. The fertility, both of first
	1980.430	is by no means strict. A multitude of	cases could be given of very closely allied
	1986.333	of making reciprocal crosses. Such	cases are highly important, for they prove
	1986.572	organisation. On the other hand, these	cases clearly show that the capacity for
	1986.1199	failed. Several other equally striking	cases could be given. Thuret has observed the
	2006.877	their sap, &c.; but in a multitude of	cases we can assign no reason whatever. Great
	2006.1644	have been grafted together, in other	cases species of the same genus will not take
	2014.251	organs perfect; yet these two distinct	cases run to a certain extent parallel
	2020.409	systems. These differences, in both	cases, follow to a certain extent, as might
	2022.172	first crosses and of hybrids. These two	cases are fundamentally different, for, as
	2032.153	are many points of similarity. In both	cases the sterility is independent of general
	2032.279	of size or great luxuriance. In both	cases, the sterility occurs in various
	2040.572	have attempted to show, is that in two	cases, in some respects allied, sterility is
	2062.228	of sterility in the few following	cases, which I will briefly abstract. The
	2066.116	hostile witnesses, who in all other	cases consider fertility and sterility as
	2092.18	AND MONGRELS. ous; but some few	cases both of hybrids and mongrels long
	2094.253	varieties), and this implies in most	cases that there has been recent variability
	2110.281	than with mongrels. Looking to the	cases which I have collected of cross-bred
	2126.44	on several circumstances; in some	cases largely on the early death of the
	2155.491	from each other. Hence in all such	cases, we should be unable to recognise the
	2157.499	this a very rare event; for in all	cases the new and improved forms of life will
	2171.42	of degradation. The tides in most	cases reach the cliffs only for a short time
	2177.247	given me the maximum thickness, in most	cases from actual measurement, in a few cases
	2177.287	cases from actual measurement, in a few	cases from estimate, of each formation in
	2207.339	of 12,000 feet; yet in these	cases there is nothing on the surface to show
	2227.587	the water bespeaks its purity. The many	cases on record of a formation conformably
	2265.144	its commencement and at its close. Some	cases are on record of the same species
	2285.504	by the thinner formation. Many	cases could be given of the lower beds of a
	2285.764	occurred in its accumulation. In other	cases we have the plainest evidence in great
	2321.417	such lengthy periods; and in these	cases the inhabitants of the archipelago
	2335.76	formations,—longer perhaps in some	cases than the time required for the
	2428.228	have been fatal to my views. But such	cases are certainly exceptional; the general
	2438.851	in numbers of the species. In some	cases, however, the extermination of whole
	2446.261	and finally extinction. We see in many	cases in the more recent tertiary formations
	2472.309	same species are met with; for in some	cases not one species is identically the same
	2508.15	and immigration. I suspect that	cases of this nature have occurred in Europe
	2542.385	no right to expect, except in very rare	cases, to fill up wide intervals in the
	2556.49	for an instant, in this and other such	cases, that the record of the first
	2584.1298	it is not well displayed by them. Other	cases could be added, as the relation between
	2671.599	is possible. But in many other	cases, in which we have reason to believe
	2677.205	Undoubtedly there are very many	cases of extreme difficulty, in understanding
	2677.674	is universally admitted, that in most	cases the area inhabited by a species is
	2677.1136	accordingly, we find no inexplicable	cases of the same mammal inhabiting distant
	2677.1247	will feel any difficulty in such	cases as Great Britain having been formerly
	2683.311	is the most probable. Undoubtedly many	cases occur, in which we cannot explain how
	2687.303	tedious to discuss all the exceptional	cases of the same species, now living at
	2687.455	could be offered of many such	cases. But after some preliminary remarks, I
	2693.589	to the inhabitants of the continent.	Cases of this nature are common, and are, as
	2699.40	a single parent. But in the majority of	cases, namely, with all organisms which
	2755.238	exist, is one of the most striking	cases known of the same species living at
	2803.6	hemisphere of equatorial ocean. These	cases of relationship, without identity, of
	2831.165	animals. In marine productions, similar	cases occur; as an example, I may quote a
	2882.105	so unexpected, can, I think, in most	cases be explained by their having become
	2882.401	We can here consider only a few	cases. In regard to [page] 384 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2886.1293	of the world, no doubt there are many	cases which cannot at present be explained
	2886.1405	to very ancient forms, and in such	cases there will have been ample time for
	2934.30	XII. what they are elsewhere. Such	cases are generally accounted for by the
	2954.861	in forming a judgment in some	cases owing to the probable naturalisation of
	2954.1635	As the amount of modification in all	cases depends to [page] 396 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2966.57	give a single instance of one of the	cases of difficulty. Almost all oceanic
	2966.293	A. Gould has given several interesting	cases in regard to the land-shells of the
	2990.318	by deep arms of the sea, in most	cases wider than the British Channel, and
	2994.981	belonging in a large proportion of	cases, as shown by Alph. de Candolle, to
	3012.195	at a remote epoch; so that in such	cases there will have been ample time for
	3044.1216	than the higher; but there are in both	cases marked exceptions to the rule. On my
	3044.1539	migrated into distant quarters, in both	cases the forms within each class have been
	3044.1768	each other in time and space; in both	cases the laws of variation have been the
	3081.1368	family, is very unequal, and in some	cases seems to be entirely lost." Again in
	3147.448	under higher groups, though in these	cases the modification has been greater in
	3179.104	distinct group, this affinity in most	cases is general and not special: thus
	3233.202	leaves; but it would in these	cases probably be more correct, as Professor
	3247.457	animals is sometimes much obscured; and	cases could be given of the larvæ of two
	3247.628	than do their adult parents. In most	cases, however, the larvæ, though active
	3251.308	is higher than the caterpillar. In some	cases, however, the mature animal is
	3255.1152	stage of development; but in some few	cases, as in that of Aphis, if we look to the
	3267.532	supports this view. But in other	cases it is quite possible that each
	3269.678	the case; and I could give a good many	cases of variations (taking the word in the
	3271.169	first let us look at a few analogous	cases in domestic varieties. Some authors who
	3283.386	grown animal possesses them. And the	cases just given, more especially that of
	3291.11	effects of use and disuse. In certain	cases the successive steps of variation might
	3295.275	the final cause of the young in these	cases not undergoing any metamorphosis, or
	3301.1698	true. It can be proved true in those	cases alone in which the ancient state, now
	3309.471	the pelvis and hind limbs. Some of the	cases of rudimentary organs are extremely
	3337.103	organs is simple. We have plenty of	cases of rudimentary organs in our domestic
	3337.512	But I doubt whether any of these	cases throw light on the origin of
	3382.486	steps. There are, it must be admitted,	cases of special difficulty on the theory of
	3400.443	no right to expect (excepting in rare	cases) to discover directly connecting [page
	3440.55	separated sexes there will in most	cases be a struggle between the males for
	3464.498	or grebe! and so on in endless other	cases. But on the view of each [page
	3470.967	of caterpillars; and at other such	cases. The wonder indeed is, on the theory of
	3470.1042	theory of natural selection, that more	cases of the want of absolute perfection have
	3472.176	of so-called specific forms. In both	cases physical conditions seem to have
	3496.1115	of edentata in America, and other such	cases,—is intelligible, for within a confined
	3498.558	succession throughout time; for in both	cases the beings have been connected by the
	3502.475	of former migration, combined in most	cases with modification, we can understand
	3540.950	assigning any distinction in the two	cases. The day will come when this will be
2			cassini
	1211.320	differs, as has been described by	Cassini. These differences have been attributed
	3740.0	Carrier-pigeons killed by hawks, 362.	Cassini on flowers of compositæ, 145. Catasetum
4			caste
	1853.645	in Cryptocerus, the workers of one	caste alone carry a wonderful sort of shield
	1857.29	INSECTS. cocystus, the workers of one	caste never leave the nest; they are fed by
	1857.96	they are fed by the workers of another	caste, and they have an enormously developed
	1859.249	case of neuter insects all of one	caste or of the same kind, which have been
6			castes
	1853.274	are thus divided into two or even three	castes. The castes, moreover, do not generally
	1853.286	into two or even three castes. The	castes, moreover, do not generally graduate
	1865.129	of structure between the different	castes of neuters in the same species, that I
	1869.446	though the workers can be grouped into	castes of different sizes, yet they graduate
	1873.65	fact of two distinctly defined	castes of sterile workers existing in the same
	3382.628	the existence of two or three defined	castes of workers or sterile females in the
1			castle
	4790.32	s. BANKES' (GEORGE) STORY OF CORFE	CASTLE, with documents relating to the Time of
2			castlereagh
	4958.0	Essay on English Poetry. Post 8vo. 6s.	CASTLEREAGH (THE) DESPATCHES, from the commencement
	4958.96	official career of the late Viscount	Castlereagh to the close of his life. Edited by the
3			castrated
	1914.590	a plant to be hybridised must be	castrated, and, what is often more important
	1914.1007	a score of cases of plants which he	castrated, and artificially fertilised with their
	1924.1414	an observer as Gärtner would have	castrated his hybrids, and this would have
1			casually
	3239.32	Embryology.—It has already been	casually remarked that certain organs in the
1			cataclysm
	3586.972	has never once been broken, and that no	cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence we
1			cataclysms
	717.851	as we do not see the cause, we invoke	cataclysms to desolate the world, or invent laws
12			catalogue
	526.223	this subject at all properly, a long	catalogue of dry facts should be given; but these
	532.769	parts; but I could show by a long	catalogue of facts, that parts which must be
	616.542	marked for me in the well-sifted London	Catalogue of plants (4th edition) 63 plants which
	616.850	Great Britain. Now, in this same	catalogue, 53 acknowledged varieties are recorded
	914.183	for I can bring a considerable	catalogue of facts, showing that within the same
	1119.928	in the first chapter—but a long	catalogue of facts which cannot be here given
	1317.202	of the same genus. A considerable	catalogue, also, could be given of forms
	4674.6	into Mean Solar Time.8s. 1842.—	Catalogue of 1439 Stars. 8s. 1845.—Longitude of
	4678.20	of Valentia, 8s. 1847.—Twelve Years'	Catalogue of Stars. 14s. 1851.—Maskelyne's
	4690.15	of the Zenith Tube. 3s. II. Six Years'	Catalogue of Stars. 10s. ——— MAGNETICAL AND
	4718.18	vo. 9s. 16. GROOMBRIDGE'S	CATALOGUE OF CIRCUMPOLAR STARS. 4to. 10s
	5594.25	vo. 6s.6d. ——Numismata Hellenica. A	Catalogue of Greek Coins. With Map and Appendix
1			catalogues
	260.546	be treated properly only by giving long	catalogues of facts. We shall, however, be enabled
2			catalonia
	5157.65	for Spain, Andalusia, Ronda, Valencia,	Catalonia, Granada, Gallicia, Arragon, Navarre
	5284.45	Ronda, Granada, Valencia,	Catalonia, Gallicia, Arragon, and Navarre. Maps
2			catasetum
	3141.1105	forms (Monochanthus, Myanthus, and	Catasetum), which had previously been ranked as
	3741.0	Cassini on flowers of compositæ, 145.	Catasetum, 424. Cats, with blue eyes, deaf
2			catastrophes
	2434.355	swept away at successive periods by	catastrophes, is very generally given up, even by
	3574.922	by miraculous acts of creation and by	catastrophes; and as the most important of all
1			catawbiense
	1942.27	CHAP. VIII. between Rhod. Ponticum and	Catawbiense, and that this hybrid "seeds as freely
7			catch
	250.1036	and tongue, so admirably adapted to	catch insects under the bark of trees. In the
	491.367	the more likely it would be to	catch his attention. But to use such an
	493.83	of structure would be necessary to	catch the fancier's eye: he perceives
	784.1273	some modification prominent enough to	catch his eye, or to be plainly useful to him
	836.334	one cat, for instance, taking to	catch rats, another mice; one cat, according
	836.551	woodcocks or snipes. The tendency to	catch rats rather than mice is known to be
	1123.561	we can here and there dimly	catch a faint ray of light, and we may feel
3			catching
	836.505	on marshy ground and almost nightly	catching woodcocks or snipes. The tendency to
	1476.335	for hours with widely open mouth, thus	catching, like a whale, insects in the water
	3678.6	distribution of, 394. Bear,	catching water-insects, 184. Bee, sting of
1			category
	1040.488	they may have arrived at the doubtful	category of sub-species; but we have only to
8			caterpillar
	331.200	known to appear at the corresponding	caterpillar or cocoon stage. But hereditary
	804.250	and agricultural plants; in the	caterpillar and cocoon stages of the varieties of
	1657.949	so P. Huber found it was with a	caterpillar, which makes a very complicated hammock
	1657.1019	complicated hammock; for if he took a	caterpillar which had completed its hammock up to
	1657.1176	up only to the third stage, the	caterpillar simply re-performed the fourth, fifth
	1657.1276	stages of construction. If, however, a	caterpillar were taken out of a hammock made up
	3251.287	that the butterfly is higher than the	caterpillar. In some cases, however, the mature
	3269.306	for instance, peculiarities in the	caterpillar, cocoon, or imago states of the silk
2			caterpillars
	1889.117	feeding within the live bodies of	caterpillars,—not as specially endowed or created
	3470.935	feeding within the live bodies of	caterpillars; and at other such cases. The wonder
1			cathcarts
	4960.0	LONDONDERRY. 12 Vols. 8vo. 14s. each	CATHCARTS (SIR GEORGE) Commentaries on the War in
1			cathedral
	6036.34	d. —— Sermons preached in Canterbury	Cathedral, on the Unity of Evangelical and
1			cathedrals
	5336.3	Associations. Woodents. 16mo. Is. ——	CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND. Post 8vo. In Preparation
2			catholic
	5122.107	parts of his Book of the Roman	Catholic Church; with Remarks on certain Works
	5900.107	parts of his "Book of the Roman	Catholic Church;" with Remarks on certain Works
2			cation
	2132.0	page] 278 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII.	cation by the selection of mere external
	3073.0	page] 414 CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII.	cation, which is partially revealed to us by
1			catskill
	836.1452	varieties of the wolf inhabiting the	Catskill Mountains in the United States, one
45			cattle
	331.67	inherited peculiarities in the horns of	cattle could appear only in the offspring when
	337.1265	and race-horses, long and short-horned	cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and
	359.432	constitution, &c., of the humped Indian	cattle, that these had descended from a
	359.517	aboriginal stock from our European	cattle; and several competent judges believe
	365.343	at least a score of species of wild	cattle, as many sheep, and several goats in
	365.788	possesses several peculiar breeds of	cattle, sheep, &c., we must admit that many
	423.54	asked, a celebrated raiser of Hereford	cattle, whether his cattle might not have
	423.74	raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his	cattle might not have descended from long
	435.30	BY MAN. a large extent some breeds of	cattle and sheep. In order fully to realise
	455.717	in South Africa match their draught	cattle by colour, as do some of the Esquimaux
	461.280	the forms and qualities of their	cattle. Slow and insensible changes of this
	463.309	Spencer and others have shown how the	cattle of England have increased in weight and
	661.466	the rate of increase of slow-breeding	cattle and horses in South-America, and
	707.1358	the land had been enclosed, so that	cattle could not enter. But how important an
	711.453	been perpetually browsed down by the	cattle. In one square yard, at a point some
	711.940	no one would ever have imagined that	cattle would have so closely and effectually
	713.17	searched it for food. Here we see that	cattle absolutely determine the existence of
	713.147	insects determine the existence of	cattle. Perhaps Paraguay offers the most
	713.231	instance of this; for here neither	cattle nor horses nor dogs have ever run wild
	713.787	Paraguay, the flies would decrease—then	cattle and horses would become feral, and this
	804.417	chickens; in the horns of our sheep and	cattle when nearly adult;—so in a state of
	968.59	given showing how quickly new breeds of	cattle, sheep, and other animals, and
	968.225	known that the ancient black	cattle were displaced by the long-horns, and
	1560.840	that the distribution and existence of	cattle and other animals in South America
	1580.1295	A good observer, also, states that in	cattle susceptibility to the attacks of flies
	1845.513	in the horns of different breeds of	cattle in relation to an artificially
	1851.41	nearly the same variety; breeders of	cattle wish the flesh and fat to be well
	1851.272	that I do not doubt that a breed of	cattle, always yielding oxen with
	1857.250	by the aphides, or the domestic	cattle as they may be called, which our
	1956.927	that our European and the humped Indian	cattle are quite fertile together; but from
	2305.118	to prove, that our different breeds of	cattle, sheep, horses, and dogs have descended
	2452.547	far and near, like our short-horn	cattle, and takes the place of other breeds in
	3135.1139	are very useful for this purpose with	cattle, because they are less variable than
	3263.299	for it is notorious that breeders of	cattle, horses, and various fancy animals
	3263.1302	again, as when the horns of cross-bred	cattle have been affected by the shape of the
	3269.406	in the horns of almost full-grown	cattle. But further than this, variations
	3337.308	dangling horns in hornless breeds of	cattle, more especially, according to Youatt
	3661.26	in, 375. Azara on flies destroying	cattle, 72. Azores, flora of, 363. B
	3711.38	Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of Indian	cattle, 18. —, on striped Hemionus, 163. —, on
	3745.0	curling tail when going to spring, 201.	Cattle destroying fir-trees, 71. ——destroyed
	3913.23	varieties, 267. Fir-trees destroyed by	cattle, 71. ——, pollen of, 203. Fish, flying
	4264.10	of domestic animals, 253. Paraguay,	cattle destroyed by flies, 72. Parasites
	4350.28	Rengger on flies destroying	cattle, 72. Reproduction, rate of
	4422.38	Spencer, Lord, on increase in size of	cattle, 35. Sphex, parasitic, 218. Spiders
	4596.34	on rudimentary horns in young	cattle, 454. Z. Zebra, stripes on
2			caudal
	381.269	remarkable manner. The number of the	caudal and sacral vertebræ vary; as does the
	381.889	the number of the primary wing and	caudal feathers; the relative length of wing
2			caught
	1159.410	assured by a Spaniard, who had often	caught them, that they were frequently blind
	2896.35	informs me that a Dyticus has been	caught with an Ancylus (a fresh-water shell
1			cauliflower
	3337.413	the state of the whole flower in the	cauliflower. We often see rudiments of various
3			causa
	1297.1575	of these three plants, not to the vera	causa of community of descent, and a
	2677.539	He who rejects it, rejects the vera	causa of ordinary generation with subsequent
	3540.847	laws. They admit variation as a vera	causa in one case, they arbitrarily reject it
64			cause
	250.768	food, &c., as the only possible	cause of variation. In one very limited sense
	285.998	to the new conditions of life to	cause any appreciable amount of variation
	291.466	to suspect that the most frequent	cause of variability may be attributed to the
	297.104	view we owe variability to the same	cause which produces sterility; and
	325.137	it may not be due to the same original	cause acting on both; but when amongst
	331.728	the peculiarity, and not to its primary	cause, which may have acted on the ovules or
	560.349	be highly useful to man, or from any	cause closely attract his attention
	594.142	relation to the size of the genera. The	cause of lowly-organised plants ranging
	641.614	however slight and from whatever	cause proceeding, if it be in any degree
	693.954	in numbers, we may feel sure that the	cause lies quite as much in other species
	699.368	parasitic worms, which have from some	cause, possibly in part through facility of
	717.834	organic being; and as we do not see the	cause, we invoke cataclysms to desolate the
	802.28	CHAP. IV. the good of the being, will	cause other modifications, often of the most
	804.1710	for if they became so, they would	cause the extinction of the species. Natural
	858.376	called a trifling and insignificant	cause, when applied to the excavation of
	878.267	agency of insects is often required to	cause the stamens to spring forward, as
	970.985	Mere chance, as we may call it, might	cause one variety to differ in some character
	1119.303	plainly our ignorance of the	cause of each particular variation. Some
	1123.634	may feel sure that there must be some	cause for each deviation of structure
	1159.516	was certainly in this condition, the	cause, as appeared on dissection, having been
	1281.626	this proposition will be granted. The	cause of the original variability of
	1285.154	the less favoured males. Whatever the	cause may be of the variability of secondary
	1303.588	in the external conditions of life to	cause the reappearance of the slaty-blue
	1351.613	an unreal, or at least for an unknown,	cause. It makes the works of God a mere
	1357.974	It is probably from this same	cause that organic beings low in the scale of
	1365.13	OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. Whatever the	cause may be of each slight difference in the
	1365.94	the offspring from their parents-and a	cause for each must exist-it is the steady
	1412.333	of distribution, these facts ought to	cause surprise, as climate and height or
	1434.570	which they tend to connect. From this	cause alone the interme- [page] 179 CHAP. VI
	1492.11	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. Creator to	cause a being of one type to take the place
	1492.586	be from its own place. Hence it will	cause him no surprise that there should be
	1514.726	In living bodies, variation will	cause the slight alterations, generation will
	1558.94	importance does not seem sufficient to	cause the preservation of successively
	1574.436	colour is due to some quite distinct	cause, probably to sexual selection. A
	1584.25	IMPORTANCE. ignorance of the precise	cause of the slight analogous differences
	1586.888	of growth, or from other unknown	cause, may reappear from the law of reversion
	1606.288	with the poison originally adapted to	cause galls subsequently intensified, we can
	1606.404	the use of the sting should so often	cause the insect's own death: for if on the
	1606.576	of natural selection, though it may	cause the death of some few members. If we
	1681.966	wildness of our large birds to this	cause; for in uninhabited islands large birds
	1713.62	that the more immediate and final	cause of the cuckoo's instinct is, that
	1825.1604	would be saved. Again, from the same	cause, it would be advantageous to the
	1906.609	This distinction is important, when the	cause of the sterility, which is common to
	1914.507	in a state of nature. But a serious	cause of error seems to me to be here
	1920.557	has been diminished by an independent	cause, namely, from close interbreeding. I
	1948.586	case of any pure animal, which from any	cause had the least tendency to sterility
	2026.597	death of the embryo is a very frequent	cause of sterility in first crosses. I was at
	2094.715	the view which I have taken on the	cause of ordinary variability; namely, that
	2143.1064	modification and improvement. The main	cause, however, of innumerable intermediate
	2235.93	results from another and more important	cause than any of the foregoing; namely, from
	2446.208	agencies are amply sufficient to	cause rarity, and finally extinction. We see
	2458.72	descendants of a species will generally	cause the extermination of the parent-species
	2486.718	or other physical conditions, as the	cause of these great mutations in the forms
	2498.121	prevail. As they prevailed, they would	cause the extinction of other and inferior
	2663.53	my theory, is simply inheritance, that	cause which alone, as far as we positively
	2936.900	has shown, generally have, whatever the	cause may be, confined ranges. Hence trees
	3069.1390	propinquity of descent,—the only known	cause of the similarity of organic beings,—is
	3081.91	to the outer world. Perhaps from this	cause it has partly arisen, that almost all
	3263.727	what period it is fully displayed. The	cause may have acted, and I believe generally
	3295.247	with Aphis. With respect to the final	cause of the young in these cases not
	3343.1136	come into play; and this will tend to	cause the entire obliteration of a
	3351.1267	of descent,—the only certainly known	cause of similarity in organic beings,—we
	3532.14	had undergone mutation. But the chief	cause of our natural unwillingness to admit
	4105.19	in beetles, 135. Knight, Andrew, on	cause of variation, 7. Kölreuter on the
19			caused
	146.399	individuals — Slow action — Extinction	caused by Natural Selection — Divergence of
	713.384	and Rengger have shown that this is	caused by the greater number in Paraguay of a
	737.412	States of one species of swallow having	caused the decrease of another species. The
	737.518	missel-thrush in parts of Scotland has	caused the decrease of the song-thrush. How
	764.383	of individuals—Slow action—Extinction	caused by Natural Selection—Divergence of
	824.190	such differences have been mainly	caused by sexual selection; that is
	1141.1043	tenanted by no beast of prey, has been	caused by disuse. The ostrich indeed inhabits
	1211.805	certain other parts of the flower had	caused their abortion; but in some Compositæ
	1598.316	be struck between the good and evil	caused by each part, each will be found on the
	2452.1124	that the production of new forms has	caused the extinction of about the same number
	2458.623	belonging to a distinct group, and thus	caused its extermination; and if many allied
	2723.619	and this, as we have seen, would have	caused some of them to have floated much
	2886.618	period in the level of the land, having	caused rivers to flow into each other
	2918.521	difference in physical conditions has	caused so great a difference in number. Even
	3263.673	period of life any variation has been	caused, but at what period it is fully
	3263.1016	exposed. Nevertheless an effect thus	caused at a very early period, even before the
	3275.615	these two breeds has been wholly	caused by selection under domestication; but
	3307.304	in the life of each, though perhaps	caused at the earliest, and being inherited at
	4521.1	Variation under domestication, 7. —	caused by reproductive system being affected
47			causes
	126.4	I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.	Causes of Variability — Effects of Habit
	172.291	but incidental on other differences —	Causes of the sterility of first crosses and
	215.148	special circumstances in its favour —	Causes of the general belief in the
	266.162	how Natural Selection almost inevitably	causes much Extinction of the less improved
	283.4	I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.	Causes of Variability—Effects of Habit
	291.48	disputed at what period of life the	causes of variability, whatever they may be
	291.290	that unnatural treatment of the embryo	causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot
	295.886	so seriously affected by unperceived	causes as to fail in acting, we need not be
	515.1678	is only temporary. Over all these	causes of Change I am convinced that the
	590.738	number of dominant species. But so many	causes tend to obscure this result, that I am
	590.901	genera. I will here allude to only two	causes of obscurity. Fresh-water and salt
	778.148	acting on the reproductive system,	causes or increases variability; and in the
	948.846	Many will exclaim that these several	causes are amply sufficient wholly to stop the
	1203.185	in the shape of the pelvis in birds	causes the remarkable diversity in the shape
	1245.705	high generality. I am aware of several	causes of error, but I hope that I have made
	1261.522	sometimes become attached, from	causes quite unknown to us, more to one sex
	1345.1369	and that this tendency, from unknown	causes, sometimes prevails. And we have just
	1568.164	have originated from quite secondary	causes, independently of natural selection. We
	1568.765	arisen from the above or other unknown	causes, it may at first have been of no
	1576.34	We are profoundly ignorant of the	causes producing slight and unimportant
	1604.707	backward serratures, and so inevitably	causes the death of the insect by tearing out
	1663.991	variations produced by the same unknown	causes which produce slight deviations of
	1681.244	the country inhabited, but often from	causes wholly unknown to us: Audubon has given
	1825.595	or other enemies, or on quite distinct	causes, and so be altogether independent of
	1936.927	show on what slight and mysterious	causes the lesser or greater fertility of
	2018.23	of grafting and [page] 263 CHAP. VIII.	CAUSES OF STERILITY. of crossing distinct
	2022.0	it is unimportant for their welfare.	Causes of the Sterility of first Crosses and
	2022.105	look a little closer at the probable	causes of the sterility of first crosses and
	2022.467	apparently depends on several distinct	causes. There must sometimes be a physical
	2030.23	in fact, is [page] 265 CHAP. VIII.	CAUSES OF STERILITY. the great bar to the
	2126.908	correspond, though due to distinct	causes; for both depend on the amount of
	2486.436	changes in marine currents or other	causes more or less local and temporary, but
	2506.546	we should find in both, from the	causes explained in the foregoing paragraphs
	2602.1161	at first often been local. All these	causes taken conjointly, must have tended to
	2980.14	be some day explained. The law which	causes the inhabitants of an archi- [page
	3209.152	by utility or by the doctrine of final	causes. The hopelessness of the attempt has
	3291.73	of variation might supervene, from	causes of which we are wholly ignorant, at a
	3412.1562	are often at first local,—both	causes rendering the discovery of intermediate
	3432.112	nature acts on the organisation, and	causes variability. But man can and does
	3492.792	slow modification of their descendants,	causes the forms of life, after long intervals
	3566.69	field of inquiry will be opened, on the	causes and laws of variation, on correlation
	3574.868	by slowly acting and still existing	causes, and not by miraculous acts of creation
	3574.969	and as the most important of all	causes of organic change is one which is
	3582.336	world should have been due to secondary	causes, like those determining the birth and
	4434.4	of hybrids, 246. ———, laws of, 254. ——,	causes of, 263. —from unfavourable conditions
	4780.73	Science in England, and on some of its	Causes. 4to. 7s. 6d. ——— Views of the
	6076.78	before the Revolution, 1789, and on the	Causes of that Event. Translated by HENRY
12			causing
	515.194	are so far of the highest importance as	causing variability. I do not believe that
	960.302	plants have become naturalised, without	causing, as far as we know, the extinction of
	976.1279	be called the principle of divergence,	causing differences, at first barely
	1090.402	and to their conditions of existence,	causing an infinite diversity in structure
	1233.189	superfluous, without by any means	causing some other part to be largely developed
	1598.208	Paley has remarked, for the purpose of	causing pain or for doing an injury to its
	1966.1104	of one of the pure parent-species	causing the flower of the hybrid to wither
	2026.63	the female element, but be incapable of	causing an embryo to be developed, as seems to
	2412.90	believe in no fixed law of development,	causing all the inhabitants of a country to
	2412.468	to a greater or lesser amount, thus	causing a greater or lesser amount of
	3470.610	need not marvel at the sting of the bee	causing the bee's own death; at drones being
	3488.333	to mistakes, and at many instincts	causing other animals to suffer. If species be
1			caution
	423.1263	parents—may they not learn a lesson of	caution, when they deride the idea of species
1			cautioned
	3135.692	instead of an artificial system; we are	cautioned, for instance, not to class two
9			cautious
	242.281	in, though I hope I have always been	cautious in trusting to good authorities alone
	1406.42	the first place we should be extremely	cautious in inferring, because an area is now
	1522.23	become extinct. We should be extremely	cautious in concluding that an organ could not
	1538.30	sack? Although we must be extremely	cautious in concluding that any organ could not
	1574.1177	of putrid matter; but we should be very	cautious in drawing any such inference, when we
	1618.33	it. We have seen in this chapter how	cautious we should be in concluding that the
	1622.509	transitional states, we should be very	cautious in concluding that none could have
	3382.318	saltum," that we ought to be extremely	cautious in saying that any organ or instinct
	3574.624	succeeding organic forms. We must be	cautious in attempting to correlate as strictly
1			cautley
	3900.8	elephants and mastodons, 334, ——, and	Cautley on mammals of sub-Himalayan beds
1			cautley's
	2590.842	manner we know from Falconer and	Cautley's discoveries, that northern India was
1			cavalcaselle
	4964.0	Kaffir War. Second Edition. 8vo. 12s.	CAVALCASELLE (G. B.) Notices of the Early Flemish
5			cave-animals
	1167.1493	we might expect still to see in the	cave-animals of America, affinities to the other
	1167.1690	is the case with some of the American	cave-animals, as I hear from [page] 139 CHAP. V
	1171.206	of the affinities of the blind	cave-animals to the other inhabitants of the two
	1171.548	feeling any surprise that some of the	cave-animals should be very anomalous, as Agassiz
	3815.22	D. Dana, Prof., on blind	cave-animals, 139. —, on relations of crustaceans of
2			cave-insects
	1167.390	remarked, this is not the case, and the	cave-insects of the two continents are not more
	1171.41	Dana; and some of the European	cave-insects are very closely allied to those of the
2			cave-rat
	1161.514	one of the blind animals, namely, the	cave-rat, the eyes are of immense size; and
	1161.865	use and disuse, so in the case of the	cave-rat natural selection seems to have
3			caverns
	1167.79	life more similar than deep limestone	caverns under a nearly similar climate; so that
	1167.228	created for the American and European	caverns, close similarity in their organisation
	3337.938	of the eyes of animals inhabiting dark	caverns, and of the wings of birds inhabiting
16			caves
	1161.98	different classes, which inhabit the	caves of Styria and of Kentucky, are blind
	1165.86	with all the other inhabitants of the	caves, disuse by itself seems to have done
	1167.768	and deeper recesses of the Kentucky	caves, as did European animals into the caves
	1167.808	caves, as did European animals into the	caves of Europe. We have some evidence of
	1171.357	That several of the inhabitants of the	caves of the Old and New Worlds should be
	2233.584	mammals have been discovered either in	caves or in lacustrine deposits; and that not
	2584.118	the fossil mammals from the Australian	caves were closely allied to the living
	2584.648	made by MM. Lund and Clausen in the	caves of Brazil. I was so much impressed with
	2584.1113	We see it also in the birds of the	caves of Brazil. Mr. Woodward has shown that
	2596.331	and have left no progeny. But in the	caves of Brazil, there are many extinct
	3004.326	in the blind animals inhabiting the	caves of America and of Europe. Other
	3476.376	the blind animals inhabiting the dark	caves of America and Europe. In both
	3629.13	fur in cold climates, 133. —, blind, in	caves, 137. —, extinct, of Australia
	3700.15	of, on continents, 132. ——, fossil, in	caves of Brazil, 339. —of Madeira, Bermuda
	4082.14	side, colours of, 132. ——, blind, in	caves, 138. ——, luminous, 193. ——, neuter
	4100.10	on classification, 417. K. Kentucky,	caves of, 137. Kerguelen-land, flora of
1			cealed
	1153.0	page] 136 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	cealed, until the wind lulls and the sun
9			cease
	747.680	of an utter desert, will competition	cease. The land may be extremely cold or dry
	1257.619	Dorking fowl) or the whole breed will	cease to have a nearly uniform character. The
	1267.15	OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. course of time	cease; and that the most abnormally developed
	2494.153	course, or even their existence, would	cease. We know not at all precisely what are
	3426.1025	once come into play, does not wholly	cease; for new varieties are still
	3468.196	occupied place in nature, these facts	cease to be strange, or perhaps might even
	3518.948	be so unlike the adult forms. We may	cease marvelling at the embryo of an air
	3554.551	British brambles are true species will	cease. Systematists will have only to decide
	3560.251	and aborted organs, &c., will	cease to be metaphorical, and will have a
3			ceased
	1787.921	As soon as this occurred, the bees	ceased to excavate, and began to build up flat
	1932.1014	ovaries of the three first flowers soon	ceased to grow, and after a [page] 251 CHAP
	2817.175	The cold may have come on, or have	ceased, earlier at one point of the globe than
2			ceases
	2450.272	and yet to marvel greatly when it	ceases to exist, is much the same as to admit
	2624.581	during the later geological periods	ceases to be mysterious, and is simply
1			ceasing
	289.41	case is on record of a variable being	ceasing to be variable under cultivation. Our
1			celebes
	2954.502	Archipelago, which is traversed near	Celebes by a space of deep ocean; and this
3			celebrated
	423.24	BY MAN. Ask, as I have asked, a	celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle, whether his
	1731.155	Huber, a better observer even than his	celebrated father. This ant is absolutely
	1801.987	differ from those made by the justly	celebrated elder Huber, but I am convinced of
4			cell-making
	166.264	Slave-making ants — Hive-bee, its	cell-making instinct — Difficulties on the theory
	1647.250	bees—Slave-making ants—Hive-bee, its	cell-making instinct—Difficulties on the theory of
	1763.0	slaves as is the Formica rufescens.	Cell-making instinct of the Hive-Bee.—I will not
	3688.8	not sucking the red clover, 95. ——, ——,	cell-making instinct, 224. ——, humble, cells of
58			cells
	1386.158	as that which leads the bee to make	cells, which have practically anticipated the
	1649.234	as that of the hive-bee making its	cells will probably have occurred to many
	1731.1095	fed and saved the survivors; made some	cells and tended the larvæ, and put all to
	1763.415	recondite problem, and have made their	cells of the proper shape to hold the
	1763.678	would find it very difficult to make	cells of wax of the true form, though this is
	1765.22	instincts. [page] 225 CHAP. VII.	CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. I was led to
	1767.151	relation to the presence of adjoining	cells; and the following view may, perhaps
	1767.555	separate and very irregular rounded	cells of wax. At the other end of the series
	1767.612	the other end of the series we have the	cells of the hive-bee, placed in a double
	1767.994	of the bases of three adjoining	cells on the opposite side. In the series
	1767.1074	between the extreme perfection of the	cells of the hive-bee and the simplicity of
	1767.1155	of those of the humble-bee, we have the	cells of the Mexican Melipona domestica
	1767.1418	regular waxen comb of cylindrical	cells, in which the young are hatched, and
	1767.1486	hatched, and, in addition, some large	cells of wax for holding honey. These latter
	1767.1531	of wax for holding honey. These latter	cells are nearly spherical and of nearly
	1767.1677	point to notice, is that these	cells are always made at that degree of
	1771.192	cell adjoins two, three or more other	cells. When one cell comes into contact with
	1771.249	comes into contact with three other	cells, which, from the spheres being nearly
	1771.554	of the cell of the hive-bee. As in the	cells of the hive-bee, so here, the three
	1771.686	the construction of three adjoining	cells. It is obvious that the Melipona saves
	1771.804	the flat walls between the adjoining	cells are not double, but are of the same
	1771.935	each flat portion forms a part of two	cells. Reflecting on this case, it occurred
	1777.22	spheres in [page] 227 CHAP. VII.	CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. both layers be formed
	1779.286	which have been made of the	cells of the hive-bee. Hence we may safely
	1781.270	must suppose the Melipona to make her	cells truly spherical, and of equal sizes
	1781.572	suppose the Melipona to arrange her	cells in level layers, as she already does
	1781.631	as she already does her cylindrical	cells; and we must further suppose, and this
	1787.1197	pyramid as in the case of ordinary	cells. I then put into the hive, instead of
	1791.22	in due [page] 229 CHAP. VII.	CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. time; so that the
	1799.101	bees in such cases stand in the opposed	cells and push and bend the ductile and warm
	1801.158	thin wall of wax, they could make their	cells of the proper shape, by standing at the
	1803.329	plays in the construction of the	cells; but it would be a great error to
	1805.22	in the proper [page] 231 CHAP. VII.	CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. position-that is
	1807.333	of the rhombic basal plates of future	cells. But the rough wall of wax has in every
	1807.1085	by a gigantic coping. From all the	cells, both those just commenced and those
	1809.68	the difficulty of understanding how the	cells are made, that a multitude of bees all
	1813.409	worked into the growing edges of the	cells all round. The work of construction
	1815.383	projecting beyond the other completed	cells. It suffices that the bees should be
	1815.535	from the walls of the last completed	cells, and then, by striking imaginary
	1815.794	both of that cell and of the adjoining	cells has been built. This capacity in bees
	1817.22	two just-com- [page] 233 CHAP. VII.	CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. menced cells, is
	1819.7	VII. CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. menced	cells, is important, as it bears on a fact
	1819.131	the foregoing theory; namely, that the	cells on the extreme margin of wasp-combs are
	1819.375	case of a queen-wasp) making hexagonal	cells, if she work alternately on the inside
	1819.448	the inside and outside of two or three	cells commenced at the same time, always
	1819.552	relative distance from the parts of the	cells just begun, sweeping spheres or
	1825.1119	her instinct led her to make her waxen	cells near together, so as to intersect a
	1825.1212	a wall in common even to two adjoining	cells, would save some little wax. Hence it
	1825.1347	our humble-bee, if she were to make her	cells more and more regular, nearer together
	1825.1430	and aggregated into a mass, like the	cells of the Melipona; for in this case a
	1825.1547	of each cell would serve to bound other	cells, and much wax would be saved. Again
	1825.1677	the Melipona, if she were to make her	cells closer together, and more regular in
	3689.12	cell-making instinct, 224. ——, humble,	cells of, 225. —, parasitic, 218. Beetles
	4052.9	selection applied by, 32. Huber on	cells of bees, 230. —, P., on reason blended
	4057.13	Melipona domestica, 225. Humble-bees,	cells of, 225. Hunter, J., on secondary
	4182.22	of fossils, 296. Miller, Prof., on the	cells of bees, 226. Mirabilis, crosses of
	4466.20	calf, 450, 480. Tegetmeier, Mr., on	cells of bees, 228, 233. Temminck on
	4554.10	parts being variable, 150. —, on the	cells of bees, 225. —, on general affinities
2			cellular
	3331.1101	flowers, and which is formed merely of	cellular tissue, can thus act? Can we suppose
	3552.282	their germinal vesicles, their	cellular structure, and their laws of growth and
3			cement
	1807.739	first to pile up a broad ridge of	cement, and then to begin cutting it away
	1807.914	masons always piling up the cut-away	cement, and adding fresh cement, on the summit
	1807.939	the cut-away cement, and adding fresh	cement, on the summit of the ridge. We shall
1			cemeteries
	5042.27	vo. 6s. DENNIS (GEORGE) Cities and	Cemeteries of Etruria; or, the extant Local
16			central
	532.1543	of the main nerves close to the great	central ganglion of an insect would have been
	1211.26	OF GROWTH. difference in the ray and	central florets of, for instance, the daisy
	1211.1066	in the flow of nutriment towards the	central and external flowers: we know, at least
	1211.1363	in some garden pelargoniums, that the	central flower of the truss often loses the
	1213.53	to the difference in the corolla of the	central and exterior flowers of a head or umbel
	1217.556	flowers and cœlospermous in the	central flowers,—that the elder De Candolle
	1819.851	the proper relative distances from the	central point and from each other, strike the
	2637.707	the vast American continent, from the	central parts of the United States to its
	2651.186	eastern and western shores of South and	Central America; yet these great faunas are
	2759.294	within a very recent geological period,	central Europe and North America suffered under
	2761.934	arctic fauna and flora, covering the	central parts of Europe, as far [page
	2793.117	mostly in a modified condition, in the	central parts of Europe and the United States
	2811.408	far below their present level. In	central Chile I was astonished at the structure
	5143.182	and Sketches of the Nomade Tribes of	Central Asia. Second Edition. Map. 8vo. 21s
	5292.3	Map. Post 8vo. 2 Vols. 12s. ——	CENTRAL ITALYSOUTH TUSCANY and the PAPAL STATES
	5972.36	d. ——— Geology and Extinct Volcanos of	Central France. Second Edition, revised and
4			centre
	1775.101	placed in two parallel layers; with the	centre of each sphere at the distance of
	2379.1553	had subsided some miles nearer to the	centre of the earth, and which had been
	2863.1104	in radiating lines from some common	centre; and I am inclined to look in the
	4734.36	d. 21. MAYER'S DISTANCES of the MOON'S	CENTRE from the PLANETS. 1822, 3s.; 1823, 4s
12			centres
	192.166	the productions of the same continent —	Centres of creation — Means of dispersal, by
	1775.53	equal spheres be described with their	centres placed in two parallel layers; with the
	1775.215	or at some lesser distance), from the	centres of the six surrounding spheres in the
	1775.307	and at the same distance from the	centres of the adjoining spheres in the other
	2665.28	genera, [page] 351 CHAP. XI. SINGLE	CENTRES OF CREATION. and even families are
	2679.28	life are [page] 353 CHAP. XI. SINGLE	CENTRES OF CREATION. nearly the same, so that
	2691.28	region, [page] 355 CHAP. XI. SINGLE	CENTRES OF CREATION. has probably received at
	2695.45	remarks on "single and multiple	centres of creation" do not directly bear on
	2701.141	of difficulty on the theory of "single	centres of creation," I must say a few words on
	3024.782	under the designation of single	centres of creation, by some general
	3750.0	Cave, inhabitants of, blind, 137.	Centres of creation, 352. Cephalopodæ
	3798.17	Cowslip, 49. Creation, single	centres of, 352. Crinum, 250. Crosses
13			centuries
	461.42	that this process, continued during	centuries, would improve and modify any breed, in
	479.341	and kitchen gardens. If it has taken	centuries or thousands of years to improve [page
	729.35	must here have gone on during long	centuries, each annually scattering its seeds by
	729.641	which have determined, in the course of	centuries, the proportional numbers and kinds of
	976.885	sub-breeds; finally, after the lapse of	centuries, the sub-breeds would become converted
	1345.1608	some of which have bred true for	centuries, species; and how exactly parallel is
	2745.171	been in action year after year, for	centuries and tens of thousands of [page
	2749.1811	this), received within the last few	centuries, through occasional means [page
	2839.209	and animals have spread within a few	centuries, this period will have been ample for
	2855.364	Europe during the last two or three	centuries from La Plata, and during the last
	4818.45	of the Church in the First Three	Centuries. Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. 6d
	5241.82	Europe, during the 16th, 17th, and 18th	Centuries. Fourth Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 36s
	5924.114	during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth	Centuries. Translated from the German by MRS
11			century
	451.134	scarcely more than three-quarters of a	century; it has certainly been more attended to
	461.1017	been greatly changed within the last	century, and in this case the change has, it is
	659.942	if this be so, at the end of the fifth	century there would be alive fifteen million
	2213.1038	in height at the rate of one inch in a	century. This will at first appear much too
	2217.16	IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. of one inch per	century for the whole length would be an ample
	2904.304	Potamogeton. Herons and other birds,	century after century, have gone on daily
	2904.318	Herons and other birds, century after	century, have gone on daily devouring fish
	5108.60	Political, and Industrial, in the 19th	Century. By W. JOHNSTON. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18s
	5132.82	its Discovery to the Close of the 17th	Century. With Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d
	5536.96	Industrial, in the Middle of the 19th	Century. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18s. JOURNAL OF A
	5608.99	and Vienna at the end of the 17th	Century. Edited by HON. H. MANNERS SUTTON. 8vo
1			cephalopodæ
	3750.26	blind, 137. Centres of creation, 352.	Cephalopodæ, development of, 442. Cervulus
1			cephalopodic
	3255.732	fish, "there is no metamorphosis; the	cephalopodic character is manifested long before the
2			cephalopods
	2526.39	Batrachians, the older Fish, the older	Cephalopods, and the eocene Mammals, with the more
	4257.28	on the metamorphosis of	cephalopods and spiders, 442. P. Pacific Ocean
1			ceremonies
	5221.116	Identity, their Manners, Customs, and	Ceremonies; with Sketches of Travel in Ancient
178			certain
	234.69	as naturalist, I was much struck with	certain facts in the distribution of the
	250.1138	which draws its nourishment from	certain trees, which has seeds that must be
	250.1197	has seeds that must be transported by	certain birds, and which has flowers with
	250.1289	absolutely requiring the agency of	certain insects to bring pollen from one flower
	252.77	would, I presume, say that, after a	certain unknown number of [page
	305.964	nearly all the individuals exposed to	certain conditions are affected in the same way
	317.298	affected from coloured individuals by	certain vegetable poisons. Hairless dogs have
	327.253	not so; why the child often reverts in	certain characters to its grandfather or
	381.1429	the voice and disposition. Lastly, in	certain breeds, the males and females have come
	411.199	having very abnormal characters in	certain respects, as compared with all other
	413.329	faced tumbler differs immensely in	certain characters from the rock-pigeon, yet by
	429.1604	variations; man adds them up in	certain directions useful to him. In this sense
	431.74	of selection is not hypothetical. It is	certain that several of our eminent breeders
	455.158	the destruction of horses under a	certain size was ordered, and this may be
	485.164	for their own food, at least during	certain seasons. And in two countries very
	536.298	shown that the muscles in the larvæ of	certain insects are very far from uniform
	574.602	explained) differences of structure in	certain definite directions. Hence I believe a
	576.287	by Mr. Wollaston with the varieties of	certain fossil land-shells in Madeira. If a
	584.610	consideration from wide range, and to a	certain extent from commonness), often give
	608.829	species already manufactured still to a	certain extent resemble varieties, for they
	610.422	clustered like satellites around	certain other species. And what are varieties
	610.542	to each other, and clustered round	certain forms—that is, round their parent
	618.311	connect; and except, secondly, by a	certain amount of [page] 59 CHAP. II. RESEMBLE
	622.536	together, forming little clusters round	certain species. Species very closely allied to
	713.430	by the greater number in Paraguay of a	certain fly, which lays its eggs in the navels
	713.633	means, probably by birds. Hence, if	certain insectivorous birds (whose numbers are
	723.853	mice and then of bees, the frequency of	certain flowers in that district! In the case
	735.146	of sheep: it has been asserted that	certain mountain-varieties will starve out
	796.897	purple plums suffer far more from a	certain disease than yellow plums; whereas
	810.686	instance, the great jaws possessed by	certain insects, and used exclusively for
	828.364	horn-like protuberances in the cocks of	certain fowls, &c.), which we cannot believe to
	836.147	born with an innate tendency to pursue	certain kinds of prey. Nor can this be thought
	838.37	Let us now take a more complex case.	Certain plants excrete a sweet juice
	852.200	to be a common plant; and that	certain insects depended in main part on its
	852.412	and sucking the nectar at the bases of	certain flowers, which they can, with a very
	934.772	of isolation will generally, to a	certain extent, have concurred. Finally, I
	940.701	which, like fossils, connect to a	certain extent orders now widely separated in
	994.425	a few groups more especially adapted to	certain stations in their new homes. But the
	1141.167	animals strengthens and enlarges	certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and
	1153.260	of the almost entire absence of	certain large groups of beetles, elsewhere
	1177.551	few plants, of their becoming, to a	certain extent, naturally habituated to
	1189.504	on many kinds of cultivated plants,	certain varieties are said to withstand certain
	1189.544	certain varieties are said to withstand	certain climates better than others: this is
	1189.676	in the United States, in which	certain varieties are habitually recommended
	1205.128	St. Hilaire has forcibly remarked, that	certain malconformations very frequently, and
	1211.767	ray-petals by drawing nourishment from	certain other parts of the flower had caused
	1225.259	side." I think this holds true to a	certain extent with our domestic productions
	1287.848	because common to large groups; but in	certain genera the neuration differs in the
	1345.769	races) of a bluish colour, with	certain bars and other marks; and when any
	1502.315	moderately high stage of perfection. In	certain crustaceans, for instance, there is a
	1524.349	an accessory to the auditory organs of	certain fish, or, for I do not know which
	1580.1045	subsistence, and would be exposed to a	certain extent to natural selection, and
	1580.1406	as is the liability to be poisoned by	certain plants; so that colour would be thus
	1657.470	associated with other habits, and with	certain periods of time and states of the body
	1675.1382	of others. So again, in some few cases,	certain instincts cannot be considered as
	1683.228	of occasional and strange habits in	certain species, which might, if advantageous
	1689.379	of the oddest tricks, associated with	certain frames of mind or periods of time. But
	1711.339	nests; the slave-making instinct of	certain ants; and the comb-making power of the
	1767.833	of three rhombs. These rhombs have	certain angles, and the three which form the
	1781.389	seeing that she already does so to a	certain extent, and seeing what perfectly
	1815.859	capacity in bees of laying down under	certain circumstances a rough wall in its
	1845.205	which have become correlated to	certain ages, and to either sex. We have
	1845.596	state of the male sex; for oxen of	certain breeds have longer horns than in other
	1845.830	with the sterile condition of	certain members of insect-communities: the
	1851.657	with the sterile condition of	certain members of the community, has been
	1918.6	page] 248 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. It is	certain, on the one hand, that the sterility of
	1918.756	best botanists on the question whether	certain doubtful forms should be ranked as
	1932.117	there are individual plants, as with	certain species of Lobelia, and with all the
	1932.551	it fertilised distinct species. So that	certain individual plants and all the
	1932.604	plants and all the individuals of	certain species can actually be hybridised much
	1956.611	yet, with perhaps the exception of	certain indigenous domestic dogs of South
	1966.705	fertility; and, as we have seen, in	certain abnormal cases, even to an excess of
	1986.1260	Thuret has observed the same fact with	certain sea-weeds or Fuci. Gärtner, moreover
	1992.274	all necessarily go together. There are	certain hybrids which instead of having, as is
	1994.277	fertility, or even to fertility under	certain conditions in excess. That their
	2010.104	varieties of the apricot and peach on	certain varieties of the plum. As Gärtner
	2014.266	yet these two distinct cases run to a	certain extent parallel. Something analogous
	2014.550	rendered barren. On the other hand,	certain species of Sorbus, when grafted on
	2020.428	differences, in both cases, follow to a	certain extent, as might have been expected
	2026.234	given of these facts, any more than why	certain trees cannot be grafted on others
	2032.465	male. In both, the tendency goes to a	certain extent with systematic affinity, for
	2032.785	with unimpaired fertility; and	certain species in a group will produce
	2046.566	to in our fourth chapter, that a	certain amount of crossing is indispensable
	2056.241	than other dogs with foxes, or that	certain South American indigenous domestic dogs
	2062.179	the evidence of the existence of a	certain amount of sterility in the few
	2076.39	From observations which I have made on	certain varieties of hollyhock, I am inclined
	2126.1262	circumstances-should all run, to a	certain extent, parallel with the systematic
	2305.239	aboriginal stocks; or, again, whether	certain sea-shells inhabiting the shores of
	2331.130	groups of species suddenly appear in	certain formations, has been urged by several
	2331.869	record, and falsely infer, because	certain genera or families have not been found
	2331.926	families have not been found beneath a	certain stage, that they did not exist before
	2351.364	and some palæontologists believe that	certain much older fishes, of which the
	2444.645	as a rare species, we might have felt	certain from the analogy of all other mammals
	2452.732	and artificial, are bound together. In	certain flourishing groups, the number of new
	2472.168	distant points, the organic remains in	certain beds present an unmistakeable degree of
	2480.897	to those which lived in Europe during	certain later tertiary stages, than to those
	2486.275	of analogous phenomena, it will appear	certain that all these modifications of species
	2492.74	which already have invaded to a	certain extent the territories of other species
	2494.569	of spreading into new territories. A	certain amount of isolation, recurring at long
	2508.264	the two countries; but when he compares	certain stages in England with those in France
	2514.1153	of these two orders; and has placed	certain pachyderms in the same sub-order with
	2552.182	preceding and succeeding faunas, that	certain genera offer exceptions to the rule
	2576.51	that ancient animals resemble to a	certain extent the embryos of recent animals of
	2602.5	GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. CHAP. X. only	certain classes of organic beings have been
	2624.377	that ancient animals resemble to a	certain extent the embryos of more recent
	2669.918	enormously remote geological period, so	certain species have migrated over vast spaces
	2711.301	seas to their present inhabitants,—a	certain degree of relation (as we shall
	2729.512	dicotyledonous plants germinated: I am	certain of the accuracy of this observation
	2735.1555	retained their power of germination.	Certain seeds, however, were always killed by
	2803.392	areas; for if we compare, for instance,	certain parts of South America with the
	2817.990	was at the same time lower along	certain broad belts of longitude. On this view
	2839.1095	productions will have suffered to a	certain extent. On the other hand, the
	2839.1296	will have suffered less. And it is	certain that many temperate plants, if
	2839.1602	a firm front against intruders, that a	certain number of the more vigorous and
	2855.117	degree in Australia, and have to a	certain extent beaten the natives; whereas
	2857.379	means of migration, or the reason why	certain species and not others have migrated
	2861.4	XI. DURING THE GLACIAL PERIOD. why	certain species have been modified and have
	2930.43	islands are sometimes deficient in	certain classes, and their places are
	2936.112	of remote islands. For instance, in	certain islands not tenanted by mammals, some
	2954.132	there is also a relation, to a	certain extent independent of distance, between
	2954.907	owing to the probable naturalisation of	certain mammals through man's agency; but we
	2958.2	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XII. a	certain degree on the lapse of time, and as
	2960.319	bats,—the singular proportions of	certain orders of plants,—herbaceous forms
	2994.43	several islands, and we may infer from	certain facts that these have probably spread
	3010.697	and ranging widely, as in the case of	certain powerfully-winged birds, will
	3012.40	In considering the wide distribution of	certain genera, we should bear in mind that
	3032.1336	of the communication which allowed	certain forms and not others to enter, either
	3044.681	of species, belonging either to a	certain period of time, or to a certain area
	3044.713	to a certain period of time, or to a	certain area, are often characterised by
	3061.542	closest competition, and by looking to	certain facts in naturalisation. I attempted
	3081.1181	Robert Brown, who in speaking of	certain organs in the Proteaceæ, says their
	3087.282	the upper jaws of young ruminants, and	certain rudimentary bones of the leg, are
	3089.524	of insects are folded-mere colour in	certain Algæ-mere pubescence on parts of the
	3095.980	resemblance, too slight to be defined.	Certain plants, belonging to the Malpighiaceæ
	3101.519	botanist, Aug. St. Hilaire. If	certain characters are always found correlated
	3111.234	or even necessity of this practice in	certain groups of birds; and it has been
	3127.20	CHAP. XIII. have inherited to a	certain extent their characters. This natural
	3141.371	of the males and hermaphrodites of	certain cirripedes, when adult, and yet no one
	3147.238	varieties which have undergone a	certain, and sometimes a considerable amount of
	3195.42	perfect a collection: nevertheless, in	certain classes, we are tending in this
	3197.1103	We can understand why we value	certain resemblances far more than others; why
	3211.555	foot might have all its bones, or	certain bones, lengthened to any extent, and
	3215.437	ultimately by the complete abortion of	certain parts, by the soldering together of
	3215.681	sea-lizards, and in the mouths of	certain suctorial crustaceans, the general
	3215.761	pattern seems to have been thus to a	certain extent obscured. There is another and
	3217.366	connexion with—the elemental parts of a	certain number of vertebræ. The anterior and
	3225.146	a series of internal vertebræ bearing	certain processes and appendages; in the
	3229.91	modification, should have seized on a	certain number of the primordially similar
	3229.370	discovering in such parts or organs, a	certain degree of fundamental resemblance
	3239.55	has already been casually remarked that	certain organs in the individual, which when
	3251.412	in the scale than the larva, as with	certain parasitic crustaceans. To refer once
	3255.554	in some whole groups of animals and in	certain members of other groups, the embryo
	3269.213	a corresponding age in the offspring.	Certain variations can only appear at
	3291.3	by the effects of use and disuse. In	certain cases the successive steps of variation
	3295.86	that this is the rule of development in	certain whole groups of animals, as with cuttle
	3313.16	RUDIMENTARY ORGANS. in the beaks of	certain embryonic birds. Nothing can be plainer
	3321.447	and be used for a distinct object: in	certain fish the swim-bladder seems to be
	3323.345	of the wings of the female moths in	certain groups. Rudimentary organs may be
	3331.245	and organs are exquisitely adapted for	certain purposes, tells us with equal plainness
	3337.1122	of flying. Again, an organ useful under	certain conditions, might become injurious
	3412.1397	explored. Only organic beings of	certain classes can be preserved in a fossil
	3432.484	thought of altering the breed. It is	certain that he can largely influence the
	3454.426	or incipient species, retain to a	certain degree the character of varieties; for
	3476.238	is occasionally blind, and then at	certain moles, which are habitually blind and
	3478.741	off from a common progenitor in	certain characters, by which they have come to
	3512.475	so complex and circuitous. We see why	certain characters are far more serviceable
	3538.281	than to the explanation of a	certain number of facts will certainly reject
	3544.212	periods in the earth's history	certain elemental atoms have been commanded
	3586.881	before the Silurian epoch, we may feel	certain that the ordinary succession by
	4022.75	on white animals not poisoned by	certain plants, 12. Hewitt, Mr., on sterility
	4225.4	crossed varieties of, 271. ——,	certain species very sterile, 257. Noble, Mr
	4300.59	Plants, poisonous, not affecting	certain coloured animals, 12. —, selection
	4314.21	habits of, 213. Poison not affecting	certain coloured animals, 12. ROBINIA
	4436.4	from unfavourable conditions, 265. —of	certain varieties, 269. St. Helena, productions
	5046.36	DOG-BREAKING; the Most Expeditious,	Certain, and Easy Method, whether great
	5122.140	Roman Catholic Church; with Remarks on	certain Works of Dr. Milner and Dr. Lingard
	5512.61	on Dog-Breaking; the most expeditious,	certain, and easy Method, whether great
	5900.141	Roman Catholic Church;" with Remarks on	certain Works of Dr. Milner and Dr. Lingard
63			certainly
	313.235	in the embryo or larva will almost	certainly entail changes in the mature animal. In
	317.682	any peculiarity, he will almost	certainly unconsciously modify other parts of the
	333.168	varieties, when run wild, gradually but	certainly revert in character to their aboriginal
	337.86	home. Nevertheless, as our varieties	certainly do occasionally revert in some of their
	369.1031	of the task becomes apparent.	Certainly, a breed intermediate between two very
	383.142	told that they were wild birds, would	certainly, I think, be ranked by him as well
	395.267	with the wild rock-pigeon, yet are	certainly highly abnormal in other parts of their
	451.150	three-quarters of a century; it has	certainly been more attended to of late years
	461.1277	that, though the old Spanish pointer	certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow has not
	568.0	difficulties will rise to a climax.	Certainly no clear line of demarcation has as yet
	602.433	new species to be a slow one. And this	certainly is the case, if varieties be looked at
	641.1273	We have seen that man by selection can	certainly produce great results, and can adapt
	713.840	would become feral, and this would	certainly greatly alter (as [page] 73 CHAP. III
	772.644	open on its borders, new forms would	certainly immigrate, and this also would
	778.555	of variability is necessary; as man can	certainly produce great results by adding up in
	784.23	such intruders. As man can produce and	certainly has produced a great result by his
	842.380	would get dusted with pollen, and would	certainly often transport the pollen from one
	864.1026	are many hermaphrodite animals which	certainly do not habitually pair, and a vast
	908.806	its several districts will almost	certainly present different conditions of life
	970.346	in many cases how to rank them—yet	certainly differ from each other far less than do
	1090.239	a severe struggle for life, and this	certainly cannot be disputed; then, considering
	1159.483	blind; one which I kept alive was	certainly in this condition, the cause, as
	1159.690	to any animal, and as eyes are	certainly not indispensable to animals with
	1251.131	to them, and the rule seems to me	certainly to hold good in this class. I cannot
	1287.1080	species of the same genus as having as	certainly descended from the same progenitor, as
	1321.116	them. I can only repeat that such cases	certainly do occur, and seem to me very
	1323.575	double. The shoulder stripe is	certainly very variable in length and outline. A
	1438.151	natural selection, they will almost	certainly be beaten and supplanted by the forms
	1494.639	the variations be inherited, which is	certainly the case; and if any variation or
	1669.530	of some kind are possible; and this we	certainly can do. I have been surprised to find
	1677.287	me. I can only assert, that instincts	certainly do vary-for instance, [page
	1681.436	States. Fear of any particular enemy is	certainly an instinctive quality, as may be seen
	1689.677	that they are taken out; retrieving is	certainly in some degree inherited by retrievers
	1689.1632	instincts, as they may be called, are	certainly far less fixed or invariable than
	1731.259	without their aid, the species would	certainly become extinct in a single year. The
	1885.129	that common case of closely allied, but	certainly distinct, species, when inhabiting
	1898.207	of all organic forms. This view	certainly seems at first probable, for species
	1950.1071	pure parent-species exists, they must	certainly be highly fertile. A doctrine which
	2096.176	form; but this, if it be true, is	certainly only a difference in degree. Gärtner
	2102.501	of plants. With animals one variety	certainly often has this prepotent power over
	2249.609	last to a distant geological age, was	certainly deposited during a downward oscillation
	2345.693	the secondary periods, they would	certainly have been preserved and discovered; and
	2351.602	of the chalk formation, the fact would	certainly be highly remarkable; but I cannot see
	2363.79	of these orders, they would almost	certainly have been long ago supplanted and
	2420.458	the same; for both would almost	certainly inherit different characters from their
	2428.238	fatal to my views. But such cases are	certainly exceptional; the general rule being a
	2444.1288	the fact, yet the fossil horse would	certainly have become rarer and rarer, and
	2570.397	the eocene fauna or flora would	certainly be beaten and exterminated; as would a
	2683.473	and climatal changes, which have	certainly occurred within recent geological times
	2831.264	authority, Prof. Dana, that "it is	certainly a wonderful fact that New Zealand
	2833.622	by others as varieties; but some are	certainly identical, and many, though closely
	2984.692	near each other that they would almost	certainly receive immigrants from the same
	3024.64	of the level of the land, which have	certainly occurred within the recent period, and
	3044.169	occur above and below: so in space, it	certainly is the general rule that the area
	3145.699	close descent in common, there will	certainly be close resemblance or affinity. As
	3191.1865	throughout all time and space. We shall	certainly never succeed in making [page
	3247.858	not perceive that a barnacle was, as it	certainly is, a crustacean; but a glance at the
	3351.1251	of this element of descent,—the only	certainly known cause of similarity in organic
	3406.588	groups of allied species appear, though	certainly they often falsely appear, to have come
	3406.836	of the Silurian groups of fossils? For	certainly on my theory such [page
	3412.479	generations of countless species which	certainly have existed. We should not be able to
	3484.540	play in modifying instincts; but it	certainly is not indispensable, as we see, in the
	3538.310	of a certain number of facts will	certainly reject my theory. A few naturalists
2			cervulus
	1950.155	reason to believe that the hybrids from	Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii, and from
	3751.0	Cephalopodæ, development of, 442.	Cervulus, 253. Cetacea, teeth and hair
2			cetacea
	1205.876	in their dermal coverings, viz.	Cetacea (whales) and Edentata (armadilloes
	3752.0	development of, 442. Cervulus, 253.	Cetacea, teeth and hair, 144. Ceylon, plants of
1			cetaceans
	3163.374	members of the whale family; for these	cetaceans agree in so many characters, great and
5			ceylon
	1177.924	that he has observed similar facts in	Ceylon, and analogous observations have been
	2823.523	peninsula of India, on the heights of	Ceylon, and on the volcanic cones of Java
	3753.0	Cetacea, teeth and hair, 144.	Ceylon, plants of, 375. Chalk formation
	4798.17	Narratives. 8vo. 15s. ——— (SIR GEORGE)	Ceylon; Past and Present. Map. Post 8vo. 6s
	6068.38	TENNENT'S (SIR J. E.) Christianity in	Ceylon. Its Introduction and Progress under
1			chace—the
	5864.14	vo. 30s. [page] 26 NIMROD On the	Chace—The Turf—and The Road. Reprinted from the
7			chain
	2147.500	any such finely graduated organic	chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious
	2155.718	the same time we had a nearly perfect	chain of the intermediate links. It is just
	2325.298	same group into one long and branching	chain of life. We ought only to look for a
	3153.450	forms are connected together by a	chain of intermediate groups, we may at once
	3191.32	XIII. together by a long, but broken,	chain of affinities. Extinction has only
	3492.651	nor groups of species reappear when the	chain of ordinary generation has once been
	3496.101	by their intermediate position in the	chain of descent. The grand fact that all
3			chains
	2649.146	productions; though as mountain	chains, deserts, &c., are not as impassable
	3109.52	are often plainly influenced by	chains of affinities. Nothing can be easier
	3546.344	classes can be connected together by	chains of affinities, and all can be
1			chaldean
	5576.141	of Assyria. With an Account of the	Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan; the Yezedis
12			chalk
	2213.128	period as since the latter part of the	Chalk formation. The distance from the
	2213.1317	doubt whether any rock, even as soft as	chalk, would yield at this rate excepting on
	2227.1603	the genus Chthamalus existed during the	chalk period. The molluscan genus Chiton
	2345.1233	which he had himself extracted from the	chalk of Belgium. And, as if to make the case
	2351.171	the teleostean fishes, low down in the	Chalk period. This group includes the large
	2351.570	believes, at the commencement of the	chalk formation, the fact would certainly be
	2468.237	throughout the world. Thus our European	Chalk formation can be recognised in many
	2468.378	where not a fragment of the mineral	chalk itself can be found; namely, in North
	2472.244	degree of resemblance to those of the	Chalk. It is not that the same species are
	2472.572	other forms, which are not found in the	Chalk of Europe, but which occur in the
	2558.444	remains from the several stages of the	chalk formation, though the species are
	3754.0	and hair, 144. Ceylon, plants of, 375.	Chalk formation, 322. Characters, divergence
1			chalked
	435.957	says:—"It would seem as if they had	chalked out upon a wall a form perfect in
1			chamber
	1914.824	potted, and apparently were kept in a	chamber in his house. That these processes are
54			chance
	258.272	cultivated plants would offer the best	chance of making out this obscure problem. Nor
	264.440	conditions of life, will have a better	chance of surviving, and thus be naturally
	395.760	but that he intentionally or by	chance picked out extraordinarily abnormal
	483.330	so rich in species, do not by a strange	chance possess the aboriginal stocks of any
	499.1402	breed, whatever they may be. But the	chance will be infinitely small of any record
	505.212	to man appear only occasionally, the	chance of their appearance will be much
	641.928	also, will thus have a better	chance of surviving, for, of the many
	725.559	numbers and kinds to what we call	chance. But how false a view is this! Every
	770.158	over others, would have the best	chance of surviving and of procreating their
	778.352	natural selection, by giving a better	chance of profitable variations occurring; and
	816.636	stag or spurless cock would have a poor	chance of leaving offspring. Sexual selection
	830.666	and slimmest wolves would have the best	chance of surviving, and so be preserved or
	836.716	individual wolf, it would have the best	chance of surviving and of leaving offspring
	842.730	which consequently would have the best	chance of flourishing and surviving. Some of
	852.855	food more quickly, and so have a better	chance of living and leaving descendants. Its
	890.491	to flower; and this will give a better	chance of pollen being occasionally carried
	896.475	but I have been enabled, by a fortunate	chance, elsewhere to prove that two
	906.222	of individuals, by giving a better	chance for the appearance within any given
	912.1160	of plants of the same variety, as the	chance of intercrossing with other varieties
	920.397	that they will have a better	chance of surviving and propagating their kind
	926.591	natural selection, by decreasing the	chance of the appearance of favourable
	930.380	area, not only will there be a better	chance of favourable variations arising from
	956.757	the number of its enemies, run a good	chance of utter extinction. But we may go
	962.83	in individuals will have the best	chance of producing within any given period
	970.952	and ill-defined differences. Mere	chance, as we may call it, might cause one
	986.162	of grass would always have the best	chance of succeeding and of increasing in
	1046.337	for these will have the best	chance of filling new and widely different
	1080.723	reduce its numbers, and thus lessen its	chance of further variation and improvement
	1090.799	thus characterised will have the best	chance of being preserved in the struggle for
	1096.449	become, the better will be their	chance of succeeding in the battle of life
	1108.179	low down in a tree, and which by some	chance has been favoured and is still alive on
	1119.186	in a state of nature—had been due to	chance. This, of course, is a wholly incorrect
	1153.799	indolent habit, will have had the best	chance of surviving from not being blown out
	1231.1326	Proteolepas would have a better	chance of supporting itself, by less nutriment
	1420.82	as already remarked, run a greater	chance of being exterminated than one existing
	1424.117	numbers will always have a better	chance, within any given period, of presenting
	1426.329	do nothing until favourable variations	chance to occur, and until a place in the
	1470.600	in the battle for life. Hence the	chance of discovering species with
	1500.374	gradations are possible, and for the	chance of some gradations having been
	1610.573	that a few granules may be wafted by a	chance breeze on to the ovules? Summary of
	1831.965	in their turn will have had the best	chance of succeeding in the struggle for
	1924.1067	pollen is as often taken by	chance (as I know from my own experience) from
	2299.412	degree. According to this view, the	chance of discovering in a formation in any
	2299.1071	and this again would greatly lessen the	chance of our being able to trace the stages
	2492.165	be those which would have the best	chance of spreading still further, and of
	2494.369	of individuals, from giving a better	chance of the appearance of favourable
	2578.662	are discovered-a discovery of which the	chance is very small. On the Succession of
	2663.1149	extended homes will have the best	chance of seizing on new places, when they
	2749.1539	Even in this case, how small would the	chance be of a seed falling on favourable soil
	2910.166	a single seed or egg will have a good	chance of succeeding. Although there will
	2910.567	a foreign country, would have a better	chance of seizing on a place, than in the case
	2936.1049	plant, though it would have no	chance of successfully competing in stature
	3016.339	the lower forms will have had a better	chance of ranging widely and of still
	3398.360	of time there will always be a good	chance for wide migration by many means. A
5			chanced
	477.1188	and, when a slightly better variety has	chanced to appear, selecting it, and so onwards
	776.116	which in the course of ages	chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured
	1743.22	than in England. One day I fortunately	chanced to witness a migration from one nest to
	2285.1012	have been suspected, had not the trees	chanced to have been preserved: thus, Messrs
	2753.761	living there, nearly every seed, which	chanced to arrive, would be sure to germinate
5			chancellor
	4944.16	Crown 8vo. 6s. each. —— Life of Lord	Chancellor Bacon. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Lives of
	4970.16	Plates. 16mo. 5s. CLARENDON (LORD	CHANCELLOR); Lives of his Friends and
	5078.13	Vols. Post 8vo. 18s. ELDONS (LORD	CHANCELLOR) Public and Private Life, with
	5614.58	Friends and Contemporaries of the Lord	Chancellor Clarendon, illustrative of Portraits in
	6084.48	HORACE) Public and Private Life of Lord	Chancellor Eldon, with Selections from his
1			chancellors
	4942.36	s. CAMPBELL'S (LORD) Lives of the Lord	Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of
2			chances
	325.433	in the child, the mere doctrine of	chances almost compels us to attribute its
	1424.996	improve their stocks by selection; the	chances in this case will be strongly in favour
91			change
	186.87	species — On their different rates of	change — Species once lost do not reappear
	291.880	the organisation, to the action of any	change in the conditions of life. Nothing is
	305.1017	are affected in the same way, the	change at first appears to be directly due to
	309.65	Nevertheless some slight amount of	change may, I think, be attributed to the
	311.377	the wild-duck; and I presume that this	change may be safely attributed to the
	313.193	be called correlation of growth. Any	change in the embryo or larva will almost
	337.1471	under nature the conditions of life do	change, variations and reversions of character
	429.382	the wild Dipsacus; and this amount of	change may have suddenly arisen in a seedling
	435.729	the character of his flock, but to	change it altogether. It is the magician's
	461.1047	the last century, and in this case the	change has, it is believed, been chiefly
	461.1162	but what concerns us is, that the	change has been effected unconsciously and
	479.18	could anywhere find. A large amount of	change in our cultivated plants, thus slowly
	515.1688	temporary. Over all these causes of	Change I am convinced that the accumulative
	693.309	and finally disappearing; and the	change of climate being conspicuous, we are
	693.718	the least degree favoured by any slight	change of climate, they will increase in
	707.565	and planted with Scotch fir. The	change in the native vegetation of the planted
	747.325	confines of its geographical range, a	change of constitution with respect to climate
	772.123	of a country undergoing some physical	change, for instance, of climate. The
	772.236	would almost immediately undergo a	change, and some species might become extinct
	772.428	country are bound together, that any	change in the numerical proportions of some of
	772.513	the inhabitants, independently of the	change of climate itself, would most seriously
	778.66	as stated in the first chapter, that a	change in the conditions of life, by specially
	778.263	life are supposed to have undergone a	change, and this would manifestly be
	778.785	do I believe that any great physical	change, as of climate, or any unusual degree
	810.223	in consequence profits by the selected	change. What natural selection cannot do, is
	830.391	prey, a deer for instance, had from any	change in the country increased in numbers, or
	836.17	modifying the breed. Even without any	change in the proportional numbers of the
	836.631	be inherited. Now, if any slight innate	change of habit or of structure benefited an
	920.858	type; but if their conditions of life	change and they undergo modification
	922.677	adapted organisms, after any physical	change, such as of climate or elevation of the
	954.146	I can see no limit to the amount of	change, to the beauty and infinite complexity
	982.322	the country not undergoing any	change in its conditions) only by its varying
	1040.312	parent. If we suppose the amount of	change between each horizontal line in our
	1042.283	two species, according to the amount of	change supposed to be represented be- [page
	1078.151	our diagram, we suppose the amount of	change represented by each successive group of
	1257.1167	the present time are undergoing rapid	change by continued selection, are also
	1345.426	the stripes is not accompanied by any	change of form or by any other new character
	1345.931	reappear; but without any other	change of form or character. When the oldest
	1450.961	Let the climate and vegetation	change, let other competing rodents or new
	1472.395	for us, whether habits generally	change first and structure afterwards; or
	1472.523	to changed habits; both probably often	change almost simultaneously. Of cases of
	1486.919	have changed without a corresponding	change of structure. The webbed feet of the
	1486.1153	toes shows that structure has begun to	change. He who believes in separate and
	1522.673	for one function alone, and thus wholly	change its nature by insensible steps. Two
	1620.61	may under new conditions of life	change its habits, or have diversified habits
	1701.474	attribute the whole of the inherited	change from extreme wildness to extreme
	2046.223	benefit is derived from almost any	change in the habits of life. Again, both with
	2094.829	system being eminently sensitive to any	change in the conditions of life, being thus
	2157.354	had undergone a vast amount of	change; and the principle of competition
	2165.203	for so great an amount of organic	change, all changes having been effected very
	2267.121	compared with the period requisite to	change one species into another. I am aware
	2273.892	of level, on the inordinately great	change of climate, on the prodigious lapse of
	2281.343	has been much interrupted, as a	change in the currents of the sea and a supply
	2293.390	view we do find the kind of evidence of	change which on my theory we ought to find
	2408.589	The productions of the land seem to	change at a quicker rate than those of the sea
	2408.795	considered high in the scale of nature,	change more quickly than those that are low
	2408.904	to this rule. The amount of organic	change, as Pictet has remarked, does not
	2408.1246	will be found to have undergone some	change. When a species has once disappeared
	2412.134	all the inhabitants of a country to	change abruptly, or simultaneously, or to an
	2412.1007	others; or, if changing, that it should	change less. We see the same fact in
	2412.1347	the apparently quicker rate of	change in terrestrial and in more highly
	2416.188	become modified; for those which do not	change will become extinct. In members of the
	2418.51	of the same class the average amount of	change, during long and equal periods of time
	2418.422	consequently the amount of organic	change exhibited by the fossils embedded in
	2468.168	than the fact, that the forms of life	change almost simultaneously throughout the
	2474.185	of the land and of fresh water	change at distant points in the same parallel
	2522.248	those groups which have undergone much	change in the course of geological ages; and
	2610.316	of different classes do not necessarily	change together, or at the same rate, or in
	2703.155	abstract of the more important facts.	Change of climate must have had a powerful
	2869.239	felt one of his great cycles of	change; and that on this view, combined with
	2886.740	occurred during floods, without any	change of level. We have evidence in the loess
	2910.803	reason to believe that such low beings	change or become modified less quickly than
	3016.236	within each great class, generally	change at a slower rate than the higher forms
	3026.213	and remember that some forms of life	change most slowly, enormous periods of time
	3044.1165	lower members of each class generally	change less than the higher; but there are in
	3081.571	having generally been subjected to less	change in the adaptation of the species to
	3203.910	in homologous organs: the parts may	change to almost any extent in form and size
	3339.4	rendered harmless and rudimentary. Any	change in function, which can be effected by
	3404.207	climate and other conditions of life	change insensibly in going from a district
	3404.498	that only a few species are undergoing	change at any one period; and all changes are
	3412.241	sufficient for any amount of organic	change; for the lapse of time has been so
	3482.140	which have been inherited without	change for an enormous period. It is
	3492.249	successive intervals; and the amount of	change, after equal intervals of time, is
	3532.172	are always slow in admitting any great	change of which we do not see the intermediate
	3574.987	most important of all causes of organic	change is one which is almost independent of
	3578.47	it follows, that the amount of organic	change in the fossils of consecutive
	3578.467	not overrate the accuracy of organic	change as a measure of time. During early
	3578.609	probably fewer and simpler, the rate of	change was probably slower; and at the first
	3578.735	simplest structure existed, the rate of	change may have been slow in an extreme degree
	4287.23	on rate of organic	change, 313. —, on continuous succession of
	4310.17	distributed, 406. Plumage, laws of	change in sexes of birds, 89. Plums in the
39			changed
	172.384	Parallelism between the effects of	changed conditions of life and crossing
	266.606	a simple being or a simple organ can be	changed and perfected into a highly developed
	337.701	itself the conditions of life are	changed. If it could be shown that our domestic
	461.534	cases, however, unchanged or but little	changed individuals of the same breed may be
	461.993	the English pointer has been greatly	changed within the last century, and in this
	707.798	numbers of the heath-plants were wholly	changed, but twelve species of plants (not
	749.219	of its life will generally be	changed in an essential manner. If we wished to
	946.569	of the renewed continent will again be	changed; and again there will be a fair field
	952.150	the inhabitants of this world have	changed. Slow though the process of selection
	1231.0	page] 148 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	changed conditions of life a structure before
	1472.61	three instances of diversified and of	changed habits in the individuals of the same
	1472.246	modification of its structure, for its	changed habits, or exclusively for one of its
	1472.487	modifications of structure lead to	changed habits; both probably often change
	1472.565	almost simultaneously. Of cases of	changed habits it will suffice merely to allude
	1486.887	many others could be given, habits have	changed without a corresponding change of
	1663.164	its present conditions of life. Under	changed conditions of life, it is at least
	1896.374	Parallelism between the effects of	changed conditions of life and crossing
	2379.1007	the areas of preponderant movement have	changed in the lapse of ages? At a period
	2389.268	may represent the apparently abruptly	changed forms of life, entombed in our
	2408.49	different genera and classes have not	changed at the same rate, or in the same degree
	2408.536	Molluscs and all the Crustaceans have	changed greatly. The productions of the land
	2408.1094	the forms of life have seldom	changed in exactly the same degree. Yet if we
	2474.275	We may doubt whether they have thus	changed: if the Megatherium, Mylodon
	2480.54	forms of life are spoken of as having	changed simultaneously throughout the world, it
	2562.178	at least those inhabiting the sea, have	changed almost simultaneously throughout the
	2616.413	of the world will appear to have	changed simultaneously. We can understand how
	2759.646	So greatly has the climate of Europe	changed, that in Northern Italy, gigantic
	3044.1386	we look to the forms of life which have	changed during successive ages within the same
	3044.1478	of the world, or to those which have	changed after having migrated into distant
	3339.149	so that an organ rendered, during	changed habits of life, useless or injurious
	3418.390	plainly declares that all species have	changed; and they have changed in the manner
	3418.413	all species have changed; and they have	changed in the manner which my theory requires
	3418.475	which my theory requires, for they have	changed slowly and in a graduated manner. We
	3442.213	as they generally have varied under the	changed conditions of domestication. And if
	3492.873	of time, to appear as if they had	changed simultaneously throughout the world
	3520.112	an organ, when it has become useless by	changed habits or under changed conditions
	3520.136	useless by changed habits or under	changed conditions [page] 480 CONCLUSION. CHAP
	3526.113	convinced me that species have	changed, and are still slowly changing by the
	4431.15	beetles, fighting, 88. Sterility from	changed conditions of life, 9. —of hybrids
82			changes
	186.273	On Extinction — On simultaneous	changes in the forms of life throughout the
	192.211	of creation — Means of dispersal, by	changes of climate and of the level of the land
	291.1424	has been found out that very trifling	changes, such as a little more or less water at
	309.8	CHAP. I. UNDER DOMESTICATION. similar	changes of structure. Nevertheless some slight
	313.252	or larva will almost certainly entail	changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities
	461.308	of their cattle. Slow and insensible	changes of this kind could never be recognised
	499.1508	of such slow, varying, and insensible	changes. I must now say a few words on the
	532.1647	species; I should have expected that	changes of this nature could have been effected
	790.409	of life. We see nothing of these slow	changes in progress, until the hand of time has
	804.1362	the correlated result of successive	changes in the structure of their larvæ. So
	858.215	Lyell's noble views on "the modern	changes of the earth, as illustrative of
	942.883	will thus be checked: after physical	changes of any kind, immigration will be pre
	948.311	places will often depend on physical	changes, which are generally very slow, and on
	1119.1082	system is eminently susceptible to	changes in the conditions of life; and to
	1167.1320	will often have effected other	changes, such as an increase in the length of
	1357.512	to the individual, will be saved.	Changes of structure at an early age will
	1406.443	existing in the intermediate zones. By	changes in the form of the land and of climate
	1430.144	And such new places will depend on slow	changes of climate, or on the occasional
	1586.735	entailed on other parts diversified	changes of no direct use. So again characters
	1669.944	force to instincts as to bodily organs.	Changes of instinct may sometimes be
	1709.393	to produce such inherited mental	changes; in other cases compulsory habit has
	2032.732	in a group will sometimes resist great	changes of conditions with unimpaired fertility
	2042.227	body of evidence, that slight	changes in the conditions of life are
	2048.45	it seems that, on the one hand, slight	changes in the conditions of life benefit all
	2048.340	But we have seen that greater	changes, or changes of a particular nature
	2048.352	we have seen that greater changes, or	changes of a particular nature, often render
	2126.616	of their offspring; and that slight	changes in the conditions of life are
	2165.215	great an amount of organic change, all	changes having been effected very slowly
	2239.10	OF THE CHAP. IX. and great	changes in the mineralogical composition of
	2239.103	formations, generally implying great	changes in the geography of the surrounding
	2269.108	of migration during climatal and other	changes; and when we see a species first
	2273.848	and likewise to reflect on the great	changes of level, on the inordinately great
	2273.1413	for we know what vast geographical	changes occurred in other parts of America
	2273.1764	of species and to geographical	changes. And in the distant future, a geologist
	2285.40	generally have been due to geographical	changes requiring much time. Nor will the
	2285.899	of many long intervals of time and	changes of level during the process of
	2285.1784	but abrupt, though perhaps very slight,	changes of form. It is all-important to
	2299.555	two forms, is small, for the successive	changes are supposed to have been local or
	2321.351	of level, and that slight climatal	changes would intervene during such lengthy
	2398.263	species—On Extinction—On simultaneous	changes in the forms of life throughout the
	2402.688	of Philippi in Sicily, the successive	changes in the marine inhabitants of that
	2486.400	of new ones, cannot be owing to mere	changes in marine currents or other causes more
	2486.651	It is, indeed, quite futile to look to	changes of currents, climate, or other physical
	2492.360	dependent on climatal and geographical	changes, or on strange accidents, but in the
	2592.618	of time and after great geographical	changes, permitting much inter-migration, the
	2635.203	of creation—Means of dispersal, by	changes of climate and of the level of the land
	2671.481	the vast geographical and climatal	changes which will have supervened since
	2683.453	But the geographical and climatal	changes, which have certainly occurred within
	2687.1213	to former climatal and geographical	changes and various occasional means of
	2703.413	branch of the subject in some detail.	Changes of level in the land must also have
	2707.772	in admitting such enormous geographical	changes within the period of existing species
	2707.936	in our continents; but not of such vast	changes in their position and extension, as to
	2761.204	as follows. But we shall follow the	changes more readily, by supposing a new
	2787.233	surmounted by looking to still earlier	changes of climate of an opposite nature. We
	2886.552	of fresh-water fish mainly to slight	changes within the recent period in the level
	2886.816	the loess of the Rhine of considerable	changes of level in the land within a very
	2886.1466	been ample time for great geographical	changes, and consequently time and means for
	2958.53	on the lapse of time, and as during	changes of level it is obvious that islands
	3012.269	for great climatal and geographical	changes and for accidents of transport; and
	3024.4	page] 407 CHAP. XII. SUMMARY. the	changes of climate and of the level of the land
	3024.130	the recent period, and of other similar	changes which may have occurred within the same
	3028.40	As exemplifying the effects of climatal	changes on distribution, I have attempted to
	3211.253	other parts of the organisation. In	changes of this nature, there will be little or
	3337.705	under nature ever undergo abrupt	changes. I believe that disuse has been the
	3392.766	organic beings are increased by slight	changes in their conditions of life, and that
	3392.964	So that, on the one hand, considerable	changes in the conditions of life and crosses
	3392.1090	and on the other hand, lesser	changes in the conditions of life and crosses
	3398.633	the various climatal and geographical	changes which have affected the earth during
	3398.703	earth during modern periods; and such	changes will obviously have greatly facilitated
	3404.532	change at any one period; and all	changes are slowly effected. I have also shown
	3426.182	system being eminently susceptible to	changes in the conditions of life; so that this
	3442.73	each land has undergone great physical	changes, we might have expected that organic
	3498.197	to former climatal and geographical	changes and to the many occasional and unknown
	3572.205	and will continue to throw, on former	changes of climate and of the level of the land
	3790.19	general, 480. Conditions, slight	changes in, favourable to fertility, 267. Coot
	3911.13	Fertility of hybrids, 249. —from slight	changes in conditions, 267. —of crossed
	3933.9	in time and space, 409. Forests,	changes in, in America, 74. Formation, Devonian
	4014.7	Hearne on habits of bears, 184. Heath,	changes in vegetation, 72, Heer, O., on plants
	4138.14	for existence, 62. ——, on modern	changes of the earth, 95. ——, on measure of
	4429.22	structure, 180. Staffordshire, heath,	changes in, 72. Stag-beetles, fighting
	5646.59	Principles of Geology; or, the Modern	Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants
	5648.48	of Elementary Geology; or, the Ancient	Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants
1			change—species
	2398.85	new species—On their different rates of	change—Species once lost do not reappear—Groups of
23			changing
	934.1305	will thus play an important part in the	changing history of the organic world. We can
	1412.856	means exclusively depends on insensibly	changing physical conditions, but in large part
	1454.288	no difficulty, more especially under	changing conditions of life, in the continued
	1494.743	organ be ever useful to an animal under	changing conditions of life, then the difficulty
	1514.37	part of this layer to be continually	changing slowly in density, so as to separate
	1514.225	with the surfaces of each layer slowly	changing in form. Further we must suppose that
	1598.414	After the lapse of time, under	changing conditions of life, if any part comes
	1622.269	good for its possessor, then, under	changing conditions of life, there is no logical
	1883.166	I can see no difficulty, under	changing conditions of life, in natural
	2385.1330	imperfectly kept, and written in a	changing dialect; of this history we possess the
	2412.701	on the rate of breeding, on the slowly	changing physical conditions of the country, and
	2412.982	form much longer than others; or, if	changing, that it should change less. We see the
	2418.649	taken almost at hazard, in a slowly	changing drama. We can clearly understand why a
	2426.139	and disappearance as do single species,	changing more or less quickly, and in a greater
	2468.21	group of species. On the Forms of Life	changing almost simultaneously throughout the
	2482.30	sense. The fact of the forms of life	changing simultaneously, in the above large
	2512.146	regions the species have gone on slowly	changing during the accumulation of the several
	2699.337	will have gone on simultaneously	changing, and the whole amount of modification
	3129.349	and all intermediate and slowly	changing dialects, had to be included, such an
	3448.385	in selecting variations useful, under	changing conditions of life, to her living
	3526.143	have changed, and are still slowly	changing by the preservation and accumulation of
	4421.2	successively appearing, 312. ——	changing simultaneously throughout the world
	4588.15	of types, 339. World, species	changing simultaneously thoughout, 322. Wrens
3			channel
	2954.1271	We see Britain separated by a shallow	channel from Europe, and the mammals are the
	2990.347	in most cases wider than the British	Channel, and there is no reason to suppose that
	5364.98	Scotland and Ireland, including the	Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. Third
3			channels
	2954.1402	on many islands separated by similar	channels from Australia. The West Indian Islands
	2958.118	that islands separated by shallow	channels are more likely to have been
	2958.248	than islands separated by deeper	channels, we can understand the frequent
1			chantrey
	4966.0	and Works. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s.	CHANTREY (SIR FRANCIS). Winged Words on
1			chantreys
	4966.40	CHANTREY (SIR FRANCIS). Winged Words on	Chantreys Woodcocks. Edited by JAS. P. MUIRHEAD
2			chaos
	1426.130	any one period present an inextricable	chaos of varying and intermediate links
	3400.334	blended together in an inextricable	chaos? With respect to existing forms, we
89			chapter
	122.0	Page 1	CHAPTER I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION
	128.0	of Selection. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7-43	CHAPTER II. VARIATION UNDER NATURE
	136.0	page] vi CONTENTS.	CHAPTER III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
	142.0	of all relations. .. Page 60-79	CHAPTER IV. NATURAL SELECTION. Natural
	148.0		CHAPTER V. LAWS OF VARIATION. Effects of
	156.0	page] vii CONTENTS.	CHAPTER VI. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	162.0	Page 171-206	CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts
	168.0	or sterile insects — Summary. 207-244	CHAPTER VIII. HYBRIDISM. Distinction
	176.0	page] viii CONTENTS.	CHAPTER IX. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE
	182.0	fossiliferous strata. Page 279-311	CHAPTER X. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF
	188.0	and present chapters .. .. 312-345	CHAPTER XI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	196.0	page] ix CONTENTS.	CHAPTER XII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	202.0	Page 383-410	CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC
	211.0	origin explained — Summary 411-458	CHAPTER XIV. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION
	260.52	I shall devote the first	chapter of this Abstract to Variation under
	260.673	favourable to variation. In the next	chapter the Struggle for Existence amongst all
	266.91	be treated at some length in the fourth	chapter; and we shall then see how Natural
	266.288	Divergence of Character. In the next	chapter I shall discuss the complex and little
	266.928	of the Geological Record. In the next	chapter I shall consider the geological
	266.1215	in an embryonic condition. In the last	chapter I shall give a [page] 6 INTRODUCTION
	279.0	I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.	CHAPTER I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION
	520.0	VARIATION UNDER NATURE. CHAP. II.	CHAPTER II. VARIATION UNDER NATURE
	526.54	the principles arrived at in the last	chapter to organic beings in a state of nature
	594.214	ranging widely will be discussed in our	chapter on geographical distribution. From
	629.0	STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. CHAP. III.	CHAPTER III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
	635.39	BEFORE entering on the subject of this	chapter, I must make a few preliminary remarks
	635.183	Selection. It has been seen in the last	chapter that amongst organic beings in a state
	641.478	as we shall more fully see in the next	chapter, follow inevitably from the struggle
	760.0	page] 80 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV.	CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION. Natural
	766.71	discussed too briefly in the last	chapter, act in regard to variation? Can the
	778.50	to believe, as stated in the first	chapter, that a change in the conditions of
	884.1061	subject we shall return in a future	chapter. In the case of a gigantic tree
	928.227	to be small, as we shall see in our	chapter on geographical distribution; yet of
	936.93	which will be again alluded to in our	chapter on geographical distribution; for
	956.61	will be more fully discussed in our	chapter on Geology; but it must be here alluded
	962.209	this, in the facts given in the second	chapter, showing that it is the common species
	964.351	suffer most. And we have seen in the	chapter on the Struggle for Existence that it
	1006.410	because we have seen in the second	chapter, [page break] [Diagram] Diagram
	1072.292	remains. We shall, when we come to our	chapter on Geology, have to refer again to this
	1084.1079	have to return to this subject in the	chapter on Classification, but I may add that
	1113.0	page] 131 CHAP. V. LAWS OF VARIATION.	CHAPTER V. LAWS OF VARIATION. Effects of
	1141.66	From the facts alluded to in the first	chapter, I think there can be little doubt that
	1273.28	VARIATION. turn to this subject in our	chapter on Classification. It would be almost
	1357.1711	but we have also seen in the second	Chapter that the same principle applies to the
	1370.0	CHAP. VI. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY.	CHAPTER VI. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1394.218	to discuss this question in the	chapter on the Imperfection of the geological
	1424.563	in each country, as shown in the second	chapter, presenting on an average a greater
	1440.493	are preserved, as we shall in a future	chapter attempt to show, in an extremely
	1540.178	case will be treated of in the next	chapter. The electric organs of fishes offer
	1560.178	be of importance or not. In a former	chapter I have given instances of most trifling
	1612.11	breeze on to the ovules? Summary of	Chapter.—We have in this chapter discussed some
	1612.36	Summary of Chapter.—We have in this	chapter discussed some of the difficulties and
	1618.21	exterminating it. We have seen in this	chapter how cautious we should be in concluding
	1643.0	page] 207 CHAP. VII. INSTINCT.	CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts
	1879.44	I have endeavoured briefly in this	chapter to show that the mental qualities of
	1883.416	pretend that the facts given in this	chapter strengthen in any great degree my
	1892.0	die. [page] 245 CHAP. VIII. HYBRIDISM.	CHAPTER VIII. HYBRIDISM. Distinction
	2046.550	from the facts alluded to in our fourth	chapter, that a certain amount of crossing is
	2118.11	species and varieties. Summary of	Chapter.—First crosses between forms
	2132.263	then, the facts briefly given in this	chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even
	2137.0	IMPERFECTION OF GEOLOGICAL RECORD.	CHAPTER IX. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE
	2143.13	fossiliferous strata. IN the sixth	chapter I enumerated the chief objections which
	2297.170	I shall have to return in the following	chapter. One other consideration is worth
	2385.1483	volume, only here and there a short	chapter has [page] 311 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL
	2394.0	GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. CHAP. X.	CHAPTER X. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF
	2412.1581	of life, as explained in a former	chapter. When many of the inhabitants of a
	2428.25	present day. We have seen in the last	chapter that the species of a group sometimes
	2528.206	to turn to the diagram in the fourth	chapter. We may suppose that the numbered
	2564.388	as I attempted to show in the last	chapter, in any one or two formations all the
	2576.605	of natural selection. In a future	chapter I shall attempt to show that the adult
	2631.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI.	CHAPTER XI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	2657.1702	back to past ages, as shown in the last	chapter, and we find American types then
	2669.39	I believe, as was remarked in the last	chapter, in no law of necessary development. As
	2669.806	conditions. As we have seen in the last	chapter that some forms have retained nearly
	2675.216	produced: for, as explained in the last	chapter, it is incredible that individuals
	2687.733	regions; and secondly (in the following	chapter), the wide distribution of freshwater
	2874.0	CHAP. XII. FRESH-WATER PRODUCTIONS.	CHAPTER XII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	3049.0	page] 411 CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION.	CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC
	3119.672	referring to the diagram in the fourth	chapter. We will suppose the letters A to L to
	3173.7	or three orders of small size. In the	chapter on geological succession I attempted to
	3187.42	as we have seen in the fourth	chapter, has played an important part in
	3269.27	period. I have stated in the first	chapter, that there is some evidence to render
	3343.946	also, of economy, explained in a former	chapter, by which the materials forming any
	3351.17	laws of inheritance. Summary.—In this	chapter I have attempted to show, that the
	3361.73	which have been considered in this	chapter, seem to me to proclaim so plainly
	3370.0	page] 459 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION.	CHAPTER XIV. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION
	3384.268	facts given at the end of the eighth	chapter, which seem to me conclusively to show
	3418.146	to the hypothesis given in the ninth	chapter. That the geological record is
	3434.604	as explained in the third	chapter. More individuals are born than can
1			chapter—but
	1119.909	I have remarked in the first	chapter—but a long catalogue of facts which cannot
1			chapter—if
	1086.11	as at the present day. Summary of	Chapter—If during the long course of ages and
15			chapters
	186.540	Summary of preceding and present	chapters .. .. 312-345 CHAPTER XI
	200.322	Summary of the last and present	chapters. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page
	266.412	of growth. In the four succeeding	chapters, the most apparent and gravest
	1092.240	of evidence given in the following	chapters. But we already see how it entails
	1390.79	Instinct and Hybridism in separate	chapters. On the absence or rarity of
	1649.65	have been worked into the previous	chapters; but I have thought that it would be
	2389.220	in the interrupted succession of	chapters, may represent the apparently abruptly
	2398.522	areas—Summary of preceding and present	chapters. LET us now see whether the several
	2598.37	Summary of the preceding and present	Chapters.—I have attempted to show that the
	2878.312	Summary of the last and present	chapters. AS lakes and river-systems are
	3020.28	new homes. Summary of last and present	Chapters.—In these chapters I have endeavoured
	3020.47	of last and present Chapters.—In these	chapters I have endeavoured to show, that if we
	3057.624	habits. In our second and fourth	chapters, on Variation and on Natural Selection
	5368.27	Post 8vo. —— Shall and Will; or, Two	Chapters on Future Auxiliary-Verbs. Second
	5932.57	Insect Architecture. To which are added	Chapters on the Ravages, the Preservation, for
152			character
	126.85	Correlation of Growth — Inheritance —	Character of Domestic Varieties — Difficulty of
	146.443	by Natural Selection — Divergence of	Character, related to the diversity of
	146.588	Selection, through Divergence of	Character and Extinction, on the descendants from
	266.265	what I have called Divergence of	Character. In the next chapter I shall discuss
	299.166	a new and sometimes very different	character from that of the rest of the plant
	325.879	be, to look at the inheritance of every	character whatever as the rule, and non
	333.188	wild, gradually but certainly revert in	character to their aboriginal stocks. Hence it
	337.1508	do change, variations and reversions of	character probably do occur; but natural
	339.226	as already remarked, less uniformity of	character than in true species. Domestic races of
	343.56	also, often have a somewhat monstrous	character; by which I mean, that, although
	369.446	mongrels, which present any desired	character; but that a race could be obtained
	403.419	breed, the tendency to reversion to any	character derived from such cross will naturally
	403.675	tendency in both parents to revert to a	character, which has been lost during some former
	417.888	so often have a somewhat monstrous	character. It is also a most favourable
	435.698	agriculturist, not only to modify the	character of his flock, but to change it
	471.71	as never to think of the inherited	character of the offspring of their domestic
	485.638	kept by savages have more of the	character of species than the varieties kept in
	487.287	understand the frequently abnormal	character of our domestic races, and likewise
	491.298	and the more abnormal or unusual any	character was when it first appeared, the more
	536.472	same authors practically rank that	character as important (as some few naturalists
	542.58	possess in some considerable degree the	character of species, but which are so closely
	552.840	as varieties, have so perfectly the	character of species that they are ranked by
	582.981	struggle for existence," "divergence of	character," and other questions, hereafter to be
	610.937	as I call it, of Divergence of	Character, [page] 58 SPECIES OF LARGE GENERA
	764.425	by Natural Selection—Divergence of	Character, related to the diversity of
	764.568	Selection, through Divergence of	Character and Extinction, on the descendants from
	784.502	being which she tends. Every selected	character is fully exercised by her; and the
	784.695	he seldom exercises each selected	character in some peculiar and fitting manner; he
	788.310	s productions should be far "truer" in	character than man's productions; that they
	818.55	the contest is often of a more peaceful	character. All those who have attended to the
	916.144	the same variety, true and uniform in	character. It will obviously thus act far more
	920.610	which never intercross, uniformity of	character can be retained amongst them, as long
	920.910	undergo modification, uniformity of	character can be given to their modified
	966.35	page] 111 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. instances could be given showing how
	970.14	murderous pestilence." Divergence of	Character.—The principle, which I have designated
	970.255	ones, though having somewhat of the	character of species—as is shown by the hopeless
	970.1021	cause one variety to differ in some	character from its parents, and the offspring of
	970.1132	differ from its parent in the very same	character and in a greater degree; but this alone
	976.1380	increase, and the breeds to diverge in	character both from each other and from their
	980.35	page] 113 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. We can clearly see this in the case
	992.35	of [page] 115 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. plants through man's agency in
	1004.380	being derived from divergence of	character, combined with the principles of
	1016.35	page] 117 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. that on an average more of the
	1018.949	being derived from divergence of	character comes in; for this will generally lead
	1026.899	increasing in number and diverging in	character. In the diagram the process is
	1030.35	page] 119 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. I am far from thinking that the most
	1034.263	in number as well as diverging in	character: this is represented in the diagram by
	1038.333	both gone on slowly diverging in	character from their original stocks, without
	1040.136	and m10, which, from having diverged in	character during the successive generations, will
	1044.35	be- [page] 121 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. tween the horizontal lines. After
	1046.221	are already extremely different in	character, will generally tend to produce the
	1058.35	page] 123 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. The new species in our diagram
	1060.196	the extreme amount of difference in	character between species a14 and z14 will be
	1070.49	while to reflect for a moment on the	character of the new species F14, which is
	1070.130	supposed not to have diverged much in	character, but to have retained the form of (F
	1070.506	will be in some degree intermediate in	character between the two groups descended from
	1070.619	two groups have gone on diverging in	character from the type of their parents, the new
	1072.594	often, in some degree, intermediate in	character between existing groups; and we can
	1074.35	for [page] 125 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF	CHARACTER. the extinct species lived at very
	1078.490	both from continued divergence of	character and from inheritance from a different
	1096.0	page] 128 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV.	character; for more living beings can be
	1098.334	been remarked, leads to divergence of	character and to much extinction of the less
	1102.441	entailing extinction and divergence of	character, as we have seen illustrated in the
	1257.650	will cease to have a nearly uniform	character. The breed will then be said to have
	1269.290	the colour would be only a specific	character, and no one would be surprised at one
	1269.466	the colour would become a generic	character, and its variation would be a more
	1273.563	the species. And this fact shows that a	character, which is generally of generic value
	1287.496	same number of joints in the tarsi is a	character generally common to very large groups
	1287.772	manner of neuration of the wings is a	character of the highest importance, because
	1305.261	show a tendency to revert in	character to the foreign breed for many
	1305.700	in which both parents have lost some	character which their progenitor possessed, the
	1305.804	strong or weak, to reproduce the lost	character might be, as was formerly remarked, for
	1305.948	any number of generations. When a	character which has been lost in a breed
	1309.91	has been a tendency to reproduce the	character in question, which at last, under
	1309.539	in a tendency to produce any	character being inherited for an endless number
	1311.840	As, however, we never know the exact	character of the common ancestor of a group, we
	1315.713	are reversions to an anciently existing	character, and what are new but analogous
	1317.703	so as to acquire, in some degree, the	character of the same part or organ in an allied
	1323.90	not indeed as affecting any important	character, but from occurring in several species
	1345.461	any change of form or by any other new	character. We see this tendency to become striped
	1345.949	but without any other change of form or	character. When the oldest and truest breeds of
	1345.1321	generation to produce the long-lost	character, and that this tendency, from unknown
	1361.1334	have succeeded in giving a fixed	character to the organ, in however extraordinary
	1574.284	enemies; and consequently that it was a	character of importance and might have been
	1845.765	I can see no real difficulty in any	character having become correlated with the
	1859.815	ultimately came to have the desired	character. On this view we ought occasionally to
	1982.95	of difference in any recognisable	character is sufficient to prevent two species
	1992.344	of having, as is usual, an intermediate	character between their two parents, always
	2092.82	mongrels long retaining uniformity of	character could be given. The variability
	2110.697	sudden reversions to the perfect	character of either parent would be more likely
	2110.850	suddenly produced and semi-monstrous in	character, than with hybrids, which are descended
	2528.1048	the continued tendency to divergence of	character, which was formerly illustrated by this
	2528.1343	not, however, assume that divergence of	character is a necessary contingency; it depends
	2534.170	effects of extinction and divergence of	character, has become divided into several sub
	2536.682	families together, intermediate in	character, would be justified, as they are
	2540.309	of descent they have not diverged in	character from the common progenitor of the order
	2540.500	in some slight degree intermediate in	character between their modified descendants, or
	2550.19	CHAP. X. mediate in general	character between that which preceded and that
	2550.377	fail to be nearly intermediate in	character between the forms of life above and
	2550.769	period undoubtedly is intermediate in	character, between the preceding and succeeding
	2550.1021	by palæontologists as intermediate in	character between those of the overlying
	2552.122	as a whole is nearly intermediate in	character between the preceding and succeeding
	2552.457	in arrangement. The species extreme in	character are not the oldest, or the most recent
	2552.547	nor are those which are intermediate in	character, intermediate in age. But [page
	2556.907	which are extreme in the important	character of length of beak originated earlier
	2558.129	are in some degree intermediate in	character, is the fact, insisted on by all
	2578.543	animals having the common embryological	character of the Vertebrata, until beds far
	2590.646	partook strongly of the present	character of the southern half of the continent
	2618.209	the continued tendency to divergence of	character, why the more ancient a form is, the
	2622.498	formation are intermediate in	character. The inhabitants of each successive
	2669.860	forms have retained nearly the same	character from an enormously remote geological
	2743.601	C. Watson) from the somewhat northern	character of the flora in comparison with the
	2972.314	birds to American species in every	character, in their habits, gestures, and tones
	2988.942	might spread and yet retain the same	character throughout the group, just as we see on
	3000.43	principle which determines the general	character of the fauna and flora of oceanic
	3016.405	of still retaining the same specific	character. This fact, together with the seeds and
	3063.120	increasing in number and diverging in	character, to supplant and exterminate the less
	3075.1422	a merely adaptive for an essential	character." So with plants, how remarkable it is
	3089.322	the nostrils to the mouth, the only	character, according to Owen, which absolutely
	3089.760	of hair, this external and trifling	character would, I think, have been considered by
	3095.543	a classification founded on any single	character, however important that may be, has
	3101.163	any particular species. If they find a	character nearly uniform, and common to a great
	3109.317	ends of the series, which have hardly a	character in common; yet the species at both ends
	3123.1763	for F originally was intermediate in	character between A and I, and the several genera
	3139.17	CHAP. XIII. in the important	character of having a longer beak, yet all are
	3151.24	CHAP. XIII. care not how trifling a	character may be-let it be the mere inflection of
	3153.374	Let two forms have not a single	character in common, yet if these extreme forms
	3159.1033	understand why analogical or adaptive	character, although of the utmost importance to
	3173.126	group having generally diverged much in	character during the long-continued process of
	3179.680	Marsupial, which will have had a	character in some degree intermediate with
	3179.1009	retained, by inheritance, more of the	character of its ancient progenitor than have
	3179.1231	from having partially retained the	character of their common progenitor, or of an
	3181.65	and gradual divergence in	character of the species descended from [page
	3197.158	induces extinction and divergence of	character in the many descendants from one
	3255.745	is no metamorphosis; the cephalopodic	character is manifested long before the parts of
	3351.928	of extinction and divergence of	character. In considering this view of
	3432.526	that he can largely influence the	character of a breed by selecting, in each
	3432.862	by man have to a large extent the	character of natural species, is shown by the
	3454.445	species, retain to a certain degree the	character of varieties; for they differ from each
	3460.101	and at the same time more divergent in	character. But as all groups cannot thus succeed
	3460.336	on increasing in size and diverging in	character, together with the almost inevitable
	3492.1004	being in some degree intermediate in	character between the [page] 476 RECAPITULATION
	3496.438	progenitor have generally diverged in	character, the progenitor with its early
	3496.521	will often be intermediate in	character in comparison with its later
	3512.308	of extinction and divergence of	character. On these same principles we see how it
	3592.172	Selection, entailing Divergence of	Character and the Extinction of less-improved
	3841.14	of, under nature, 134. Divergence of	character, 111. Division, physiological, of
	5082.33	s. ELLIS (MRS.) On the Education of	Character, with Hints on Moral Training. Post 8vo
	5092.14	German. Post8vo. 6s. 6d. —— — Life and	Character of the Duke of Wellington; Fcap. 8vo
	5372.51	in Her Minority; or, The Progress of	Character. By the Author of "BERTHA'S JOURNAL
	5704.29	mo. 3s. MAURELS (JULES) Essay on the	Character, Actions, and Writings of the-Duke of
	5732.3	Second Edition. 6 Vols. 8vo. 72s. ———	Character and Conduct of the Apostles considered
6			characterised
	852.773	other insect, so that an individual so	characterised would be able to obtain its food more
	1090.766	do occur, assuredly individuals thus	characterised will have the best chance of being
	1090.942	tend to produce offspring similarly	characterised. This principle of preservation, I have
	2472.454	of genera, and sometimes are similarly	characterised in such trifling points as mere
	3044.737	time, or to a certain area, are often	characterised by trifling characters in common, as of
	6150.22	Post8vo. 6s. 6d. —— Epochs of Painting	Characterised; a Sketch of the History of Painting
16			characteristic
	389.836	one of the parent-stocks possessed the	characteristic enormous crop? The supposed aboriginal
	499.1334	of the inhabitants—slowly to add to the	characteristic features of the breed, whatever they
	1303.129	with white. As all these marks are	characteristic of the parent rock-pigeon, I presume
	1580.1704	if we are unable to account for the	characteristic differences of our domestic breeds
	1956.1286	look at sterility, not as an indelible	characteristic, but as one capable of being removed by
	2149.923	with a crop somewhat enlarged, the	characteristic features of these two breeds. These two
	2424.331	from its new progenitor some slight	characteristic differences. Groups of species, that
	2649.315	are very inferior in degree to those	characteristic of distinct continents. Turning to the
	2823.14	THE GLACIAL PERIOD. ing to genera	characteristic of the Cordillera. On the mountains of
	3225.424	of the same part or organ is the common	characteristic (as Owen has observed) of all low or
	3277.915	less than in the full-grown birds. Some	characteristic points of difference—for instance, that
	3283.459	that of pigeons, seem to show that the	characteristic differences which give value to each
	3283.873	is not the universal rule; for here the	characteristic differences must either have appeared
	3456.537	modification, the slight differences,	characteristic of varieties of the same species, tend
	3456.636	augmented into the greater differences	characteristic of species of the same genus. New and
	3540.477	which consequently have every external	characteristic feature of true species,—they admit
2			characteristics
	2532.122	a vast period the same general	characteristics. This is represented in the diagram by
	3153.99	in several of its most important	characteristics, from its allies, and yet be safely
1			characterized
	548.1758	group there are many insects which are	characterized as varieties in Mr. Wollaston's
181			characters
	146.79	with man's selection — its power on	characters of trifling importance — its power at
	152.351	manner are highly variable: specific	characters more variable than generic: secondary
	152.407	variable than generic: secondary sexual	characters variable — Species of the same genus
	152.509	manner — Reversions to long-lost	characters — Summary
	208.258	classification — Analogical or adaptive	characters — Affinities, general, complex and
	327.261	why the child often reverts in certain	characters to its grandfather or grandmother or
	337.136	do occasionally revert in some of their	characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not
	337.834	that is, to lose their acquired	characters, whilst kept under unchanged conditions
	337.1623	will determine how far the new	characters thus arising shall be preserved. When
	343.1188	races do not differ from each other in	characters of generic value. I think it could be
	343.1337	differ most widely in determining what	characters are of generic value; all such
	365.212	which breeds true, let the distinctive	characters be ever so slight, has had its wild
	389.1130	known; and these have not any of the	characters of the domestic breeds. Hence the
	389.1379	their size, habits, and remarkable	characters, seems very improbable; or they must
	399.939	are very apt suddenly to acquire these	characters; for instance, I crossed some uniformly
	399.1415	principle of reversion to ancestral	characters, if all the domestic breeds have
	411.185	these species having very abnormal	characters in certain respects, as compared with
	413.337	tumbler differs immensely in certain	characters from the rock-pigeon, yet by comparing
	413.568	extremes of structure. Thirdly, those	characters which are mainly distinctive of each
	449.1276	from each other chiefly in these	characters. It may be objected that the principle
	487.378	differences being so great in external	characters and relatively so slight in internal
	497.17	BY MAN. CHAP. I. most fleeting of	characters, have lately been exhibited as distinct
	532.1297	at finding variability in important	characters, and that there are not many men who
	538.537	of the species have fixed and definite	characters. Genera which are polymorphic in one
	542.426	forms have permanently retained their	characters in their own country for a long time
	542.628	together by others having intermediate	characters, he treats the one as a variety of the
	618.47	then, varieties have the same general	characters as species, for they cannot be
	618.240	of such links cannot affect the actual	characters of the forms which they connect; and
	764.75	with man's selection—its power on	characters of trifling importance—its power at all
	784.184	can act only on external and visible	characters: nature cares nothing for appearances
	792.84	and for the good of each being, yet	characters and structures, which we are apt to
	796.644	flesh are considered by botanists as	characters of the most trifling importance: yet we
	976.1062	the inferior animals with intermediate	characters, being neither very swift nor very
	1090.1398	Sexual selection will also give	characters useful to the males alone, in their
	1117.337	manner are highly variable: specific	characters more variable than generic: secondary
	1117.393	variable than generic: secondary sexual	characters variable—Species of the same genus vary
	1131.98	in a very slight degree some of the	characters of such species, accords with our view
	1245.1344	in the case of secondary sexual	characters, when displayed in any unusual manner
	1245.1421	manner. The term, secondary sexual	characters, used by Hunter, applies to characters
	1245.1460	characters, used by Hunter, applies to	characters which are attached to one sex, but are
	1245.1663	offer remarkable secondary sexual	characters, it applies [page] 151 CHAP. V. LAWS
	1249.90	in the case of secondary sexual	characters, may be due to the great variability of
	1249.147	due to the great variability of these	characters, whether or not displayed in any
	1249.309	is not confined to secondary sexual	characters is clearly shown in the case of
	1249.1286	differ more from each other in the	characters of these important valves than do other
	1261.449	deserves notice that these variable	characters, produced by man's selection, sometimes
	1269.87	extended. It is notorious that specific	characters are more variable than generic. To
	1269.675	would advance, namely, that specific	characters are more variable than generic, because
	1273.154	of the above statement, that specific	characters are more variable than generic; but I
	1275.787	of some other genus, are called generic	characters; and these characters in common I
	1275.809	called generic characters; and these	characters in common I attribute to inheritance
	1279.210	manner: and as these so-called generic	characters have been inherited from a remote
	1279.614	of the same genus, are called specific	characters; and as these specific characters have
	1279.648	characters; and as these specific	characters have varied and come to differ within
	1281.158	on details, that secondary sexual	characters are very variable; I think it also will
	1281.313	more widely in their secondary sexual	characters, than in other parts of their
	1281.483	birds, in which secondary sexual	characters are strongly displayed, with the amount
	1281.680	variability of secondary sexual	characters is not manifest; but we can see why
	1281.733	not manifest; but we can see why these	characters should not have been rendered as
	1281.855	the organisation; for secondary sexual	characters have been accumulated by sexual
	1285.206	of the variability of secondary sexual	characters, as they are highly variable, sexual
	1285.429	amount of difference in their sexual	characters, than in other parts of their structure
	1293.67	the greater variability of specific	characters, or those which distinguish species
	1293.144	species from species, than of generic	characters, or those which the species possess in
	1293.550	great variability of secondary sexual	characters, and the great amount of difference in
	1293.611	amount of difference in these same	characters between closely allied species;—that
	1297.102	one species often assumes some of the	characters of an allied species, or reverts to
	1297.161	species, or reverts to some of the	characters of an early progenitor.—These
	1297.433	on the head and feathers on the feet,—	characters not possessed by the aboriginal rock
	1305.43	doubt it is a very surprising fact that	characters should reappear after having been lost
	1311.247	species would resemble in some of its	characters another species; this other species
	1311.357	well-marked and permanent variety. But	characters thus gained would probably be of an
	1311.458	for the presence of all important	characters will be governed by natural selection
	1311.791	exhibit reversions to lost ancestral	characters. As, however, we never know the exact
	1315.140	we could not have told, whether these	characters in our domestic breeds were reversions
	1315.857	varying offspring of a species assuming	characters (either from reversion or from
	1317.491	one in varying has assumed some of the	characters of the other, so as to produce the
	1345.1213	for the reappearance of very ancient	characters, is-that there is a tendency in the
	1357.1287	Specific characters-that is, the	characters which have come to differ since the
	1357.1433	parent-are more variable than generic	characters, or those which have long been
	1361.192	or incipient species. Secondary sexual	characters are highly variable, and such
	1361.233	are highly variable, and such	characters differ much in the species of the same
	1361.1631	may occasionally revert to some of the	characters of their ancient progenitors. Although
	1560.226	I have given instances of most trifling	characters, such as the down on fruit and the
	1568.62	may sometimes attribute importance to	characters which are really of very little
	1568.321	influence on the organisation; that	characters reappear from the law of reversion
	1568.550	have largely modified the external	characters of animals having a will, to give one
	1586.770	changes of no direct use. So again	characters which formerly were useful, or which
	1655.36	But I could show that none of these	characters of instinct are universal. A little
	1839.1230	unhesitatingly assumed that all its	characters had been slowly acquired through
	2080.232	from man selecting only external	characters in the production of the most distinct
	2104.159	to the existence of secondary sexual	characters; but more especially owing to
	2110.405	resemblances seem chiefly confined to	characters almost monstrous in their nature, and
	2110.593	fingers and toes; and do not relate to	characters which have been slowly acquired by
	2359.966	they belong, for they do not present	characters in any degree intermediate between them
	2420.486	almost certainly inherit different	characters from their distinct progenitors. For
	2520.222	is directly intermediate in all its	characters between two living forms, the objection
	2520.711	present day from each other by a dozen	characters, the ancient members of the same two
	2520.820	by a somewhat lesser number of	characters, so that the two groups, though
	2522.110	more it tends to connect by some of its	characters groups now widely separated from each
	2540.132	to differ from each other by a dozen	characters, in this case the genera, at the early
	2540.236	VI., would differ by a lesser number of	characters; for at this early stage of descent
	2542.765	less from each other in some of their	characters than do the existing members of the
	2596.425	are closely allied in size and in other	characters to the species still living in South
	2618.588	the more often, apparently, it displays	characters in some degree intermediate between
	3044.763	are often characterised by trifling	characters in common, as of sculpture or colour
	3061.355	there is a constant tendency in their	characters to diverge. This conclusion was
	3069.431	that is, by one sentence to give the	characters common, for instance, to all mammals
	3069.1132	a more or less concealed form, that the	characters do not make the genus, but that the
	3069.1195	the genus, but that the genus gives the	characters, seem to imply that something more is
	3075.826	as merely "adaptive or analogical	characters;" but to the consideration of these
	3081.1598	valvular æstivation. Any one of these	characters singly is frequently of more than
	3089.37	Numerous instances could be given of	characters derived from parts which must be
	3095.48	for classification, of trifling	characters, mainly depends on their being
	3095.120	being correlated with several other	characters of more or less importance. The value
	3095.195	The value indeed of an aggregate of	characters is very evident in natural history
	3095.325	may depart from its allies in several	characters, both of high physiological importance
	3095.695	The importance of an aggregate of	characters, even when none are important, alone
	3095.795	think, that saying of Linnæus, that the	characters do not give the genus, but the genus
	3095.853	give the genus, but the genus gives the	characters; for this saying seems founded on an
	3095.1135	remarked, "the greater number of the	characters proper to the species, to the genus, to
	3101.60	about the physiological value of the	characters which they use in defining a group, or
	3101.527	botanist, Aug. St. Hilaire. If certain	characters are always found correlated with others
	3101.1002	vital organs, are found to offer	characters of quite subordinate value. We can see
	3103.15	subordinate value. We can see why	characters derived from the embryo should be of
	3103.493	Edwards and Agassiz, that embryonic	characters are the most important of any in the
	3103.729	two main divisions have been founded on	characters derived from the embryo,—on the number
	3107.144	on embryology, we shall see why such	characters are so valuable, on the view of
	3109.123	be easier than to define a number of	characters common to all birds; but in the case of
	3117.205	on descent with modification; that the	characters which naturalists consider as showing
	3127.41	inherited to a certain extent their	characters. This natural arrangement is shown, as
	3139.529	differ in colour and other important	characters from negroes. With species in a state
	3141.243	sometimes differ in the most important	characters, is known to every naturalist: scarcely
	3147.824	of any kind. Therefore we choose those	characters which, as far as we can judge, are the
	3151.535	points of structure, but when several	characters, let them be ever so trifling, occur
	3151.714	on the theory of descent, that these	characters have been inherited from a common
	3151.816	know that such correlated or aggregated	characters have especial value in classification
	3153.248	done, as long as a sufficient number of	characters, let them be ever so unimportant
	3153.971	I think, clearly see why embryological	characters are of such high classificatory
	3159.885	very distinct animals. On my view of	characters being of real importance for
	3159.1495	apparent paradox, that the very same	characters are analogical when one class or order
	3163.279	of the body and fin-like limbs serve as	characters exhibiting true affinity between the
	3163.401	for these cetaceans agree in so many	characters, great and small, that we cannot doubt
	3173.247	ancient forms of life often present	characters in some slight degree intermediate
	3185.70	their retention by inheritance of some	characters in common, we can understand the
	3185.394	will have transmitted some of its	characters, modified in various ways and degrees
	3191.1578	or forms, representing most of the	characters of each group, whether large or small
	3197.468	and of all ages, although having few	characters in common, under one species; we use
	3197.1348	summarily reject analogical or adaptive	characters, and yet use these same characters
	3197.1383	characters, and yet use these same	characters within the limits of the same group. We
	3237.114	instance, of a crab retaining numerous	characters, which they would probably have
	3263.1579	quite unimportant whether most of its	characters are fully [page] 444 EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP
	3351.410	classifications; the value set upon	characters, if constant and prevalent, whether of
	3351.627	in value between analogical or adaptive	characters, and characters of true affinity; and
	3351.643	analogical or adaptive characters, and	characters of true affinity; and other such rules
	3359.1206	The importance of embryological	characters and of rudimentary organs in
	3442.555	Man, though acting on external	characters alone and often capriciously, can
	3472.322	they occasionally assume some of the	characters of the species proper to that zone. In
	3476.633	and species reversions to long-lost	characters occur. How inexplicable on the theory
	3478.96	created, why should the specific	characters, or those by which the species of the
	3478.214	be more variable than the generic	characters in which they all agree? Why, for
	3478.580	well-marked varieties, of which the	characters have become in a high degree permanent
	3478.749	off from a common progenitor in certain	characters, by which they have come to be
	3482.25	CHAP. XIV. and therefore these same	characters would be more likely still to be
	3482.95	still to be variable than the generic	characters which have been inherited without
	3512.483	and circuitous. We see why certain	characters are far more serviceable than others
	3512.564	others for classification;—why adaptive	characters, though of paramount importance to the
	3516.34	importance in classification; why	characters derived from rudimentary parts, though
	3516.174	value; and why embryological	characters are the most valuable of all. The real
	3516.427	lines of descent by the most permanent	characters, however slight their vital importance
	3560.197	type, paternity, morphology, adaptive	characters, rudimentary and aborted organs, &c
	3566.837	descent in our natural genealogies, by	characters of any kind which have long been
	3611.19	glacial period, 366. ——on embryological	characters, 418. —on the embryos of vertebrata
	3755.0	plants of, 375. Chalk formation, 322.	Characters, divergence of, 111. ——, sexual
	3880.21	of structure, 194. ——, on embryological	characters, 418. Eggs, young birds escaping from
	4058.32	Hunter, J., on secondary sexual	characters, 150. Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese
	4114.20	flowers, 451. L. Lamarck on adaptive	characters, 427. Land-shells, distribution of
	4160.22	Scotia, 296. M. Macleay on analogical	characters, 427. Madeira, plants of
	4338.52	of young, 215. Races, domestic,	characters of, 16. Race-horses, Arab
	4391.32	Sexes, relations of, 87. Sexual	characters variable, 156. ——selection, 87. Sheep
	5243.23	Vols. 8vo. 36s. —— Literary Essays and	Characters. Selected from the last work. Fcap. 8vo
1			characters—affinities
	3055.248	classification—Analogical or adaptive	characters—Affinities, general, complex and radiating
1			characters—summary
	1117.491	manner—Reversions to long lost	characters—Summary. I HAVE hitherto sometimes spoken as
1			characters-that
	1357.1263	hence probably are variable. Specific	characters-that is, the characters which have come to
5			charged
	2171.147	waves eat into them only when they are	charged with sand or pebbles; for there is
	2235.823	own country, great piles of sediment,	charged with new and peculiar forms of life
	2741.155	showing that soil almost everywhere is	charged with seeds. Reflect for a moment on the
	2898.1089	believe that botanists are aware how	charged the mud of ponds is with seeds: I have
	3406.246	why is not every geological formation	charged with such links? Why does not every
1			charges
	6034.37	STANLEY'S (Rev. A. P.) ADDRESSES AND	CHARGES OF THE LATE BISHOP STANLEY. With a
2			charing
	109.4	CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND	CHARING CROSS. [page v] CONTENTS
	4607.4	CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND	CHARING CROSS. [page 1 (MR. MURRAY'S GENERAL
31			charles
	80.3	RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. BY	CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., FELLOW OF THE ROYAL
	240.235	request that I would forward it to Sir	Charles Lyell, who sent it to the Linnean
	858.172	which were at first urged against Sir	Charles Lyell's noble views on "the modern
	2165.467	the lapse of time. He who can read Sir	Charles Lyell's grand work on the Principles of
	2385.784	believe that one great authority, Sir	Charles Lyell, from further reflexion
	2892.1718	or to any other distant point. Sir	Charles Lyell also [page] 386 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2994.1339	thrush of Chatham Island to be blown to	Charles Island, which has its own mocking
	2994.1466	itself there? We may safely infer that	Charles Island is well stocked with its own
	2994.1639	that the mocking-thrush peculiar to	Charles Island is at least as well fitted for
	4630.15	Edition. Fcap.8vo. 6s. ACLAND'S (REV.	CHARLES) Popular Account of the Manners and
	4776.11	to.10s. 6d. BABBAGE'S (	CHARLES) Economy of Machinery and Manufactures
	4806.12	Fcap. 8vo. 1s. each. BELL'S (SIR	CHARLES) Mechanism and Vital Endowments of the
	4984.171	From Family Papers, &c. Edited by	CHARLES ROSS. Second Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 63s
	5034.9	and Translated. 4to. 24s. DARWINS (	CHARLES) Journal of Researches into the Natural
	5072.14	vo. In Preparation. EASTLAKE (SIR	CHARLES) The Schools of Painting in Italy. From
	5122.40	EXETERS (BISHOP OF) Letters to the late	Charles Butler, on tfhe Theological parts of
	5136.14	Vols. 8vo. 26s. FELLOWS' (SIR	CHARLES) Travels and Researches in Asia Minor
	5164.42	The Civil Wars and Oliver Crom- VI.	Charles Churchill, well. VII. Samuel Foote
	5300.73	the German of KUGLER. Edited by Sir	CHARLES EASTLAKE, R. A. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post
	5444.27	GORDON. VOYAGE OF A NATURALIST. By	CHARLES DARWIN. HISTORY OF THE FALL OF THE
	5462.20	MADRAS. By a LADY. HIGHLAND SPORTS. By	CHARLES ST. JOHN. JOURNEYS ACROSS THE PAMPAS
	5562.134	the German. Edited, with Notes, by SIB	CHARLES EASTLAKE. Third Edition. Woodcuts
	5646.12	Fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. LYELLS (SIR	CHARLES) Principles of Geology; or, the Modern
	5664.12	Edition. Map. 8vo. 15s. Spain under	Charles the Second; or, Extracts from the
	5716.16	BENEDIOT. 8vo. 2s. 6d. MEBEDITHS (MRS.	CHARLES) Notes and Sketches of New South Wales
	5720.16	vo. 2s. 6d. [page] 24 MEREDITHS (MRS.	CHARLES) Tasmania, during a Residence of Nine
	5838.37	Life and Opinions of General Sir	Charles Napier; chiefly derived from his
	5900.40	PHILPOTT'S (BISHOP) Letters to the late	Charles Butler, on the Theological parts of his
	6044.12	Edition. Map. 8vo. 16s. ST. JOHN'S (	CHARLES) Wild Sports and Natural History of the
	6170.30	Wyhe. © 2002-8 The Complete Work of	Charles Darwin Online - University of Cambridge
	6177.4	and Humanities Research Council The	Charles Darwin Trust CRASSH CARET File last
2			charles's
	461.691	There is reason to believe that King	Charles's spaniel has been unconsciously modified
	4414.14	Sorbus, grafts of, 262. Spaniel, King	Charles's breed, 35. Species, polymorphic
2			charlock
	737.779	it its great congener. One species of	charlock will supplant another, and so in other
	3758.0	adaptive or analogical, 427.	Charlock, 76, Checks to increase
1			charm
	1586.1025	selection, when displayed in beauty to	charm the females, can be called useful only
2			charmed
	4968.0	Etchings. Square 8vo. 10s. 6d.	CHARMED ROE (THE); or, The Story of the Little
	6032.3	Woodcuts. Square 12mo. 1s. 6d. ——	Charmed Roe; or, the Story of the Little
1			charming
	1568.648	in fighting with another or in	charming the females. Moreover when a
2			charms
	828.46	in their weapons, means of defence, or	charms; and have transmitted these advantages
	3440.356	weapons or means of defence, or on the	charms of the males; and the slightest
1			chart
	5302.66	BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF.) With a	Chart. Post 8vo. 6s. 6d. —— GREECEthe Ionian
2			chase
	1478.684	and others with elongated wings which	chase insects on the wing; and on the plains
	5776.12	By LORD ELLESMERK. 6d. NlMRODONTHE	CHASE, 1s. ESSAY8 FROM "THE TIMES." 2 Vols
2			chatham
	2994.1309	let us suppose the mocking-thrush of	Chatham Island to be blown to Charles Island
	2994.1724	its home as is the species peculiar to	Chatham Island. Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Wollaston
1			chaucer
	5102.54	Lives of Eminent British Poets. From	Chaucer to Wordsworth. 4 Vols. 8vo. In
7			check
	337.959	body, so that free intercrossing might	check, by blending together, any slight
	675.406	or at recurrent intervals. Lighten any	check, mitigate the [page] 67 CHAP. III
	699.223	ensue: and here we have a limiting	check independent of the struggle for life
	725.163	probably come into play; some one	check or some few being generally the most
	778.846	or any unusual degree of isolation to	check immigration, is actually necessary to
	1239.335	to natural selection having no power to	check deviations in their structure. Thus
	2466.455	to increase inordinately, and that some	check is always in action, yet seldom
12			checked
	667.368	tendency to increase must be	checked by destruction at some period of life
	701.495	supply of seed, as their numbers are	checked during winter: but any one who has
	713.581	as they are, must be habitually	checked by some means, probably by birds. Hence
	729.371	which first clothed the ground and thus	checked the growth of the trees! Throw up a
	942.859	the range of each species will thus be	checked: after physical changes of any kind
	948.410	of better adapted forms having been	checked. But the action of natural selection
	1357.914	modifications have not been closely	checked by natural selection. It is probably
	1566.182	their structure will always have been	checked by natural selection. Seeing how
	2444.983	the unfavourable conditions were which	checked its increase, whether some one or
	2446.100	every living being is constantly being	checked by unperceived injurious agencies; and
	3343.102	variable, for its variations cannot be	checked by natural selection. At whatever
	3960.19	Galeopithecus, 181. Game, increase of,	checked by vermin, 68. Gärtner on sterility of
5			checking
	922.604	probably acts more efficiently in	checking the immigration of better adapted
	926.65	and constitution. Lastly, isolation, by	checking immigration and consequently
	2663.897	of barriers comes into play by	checking migration; as does time for the slow
	2998.768	probably played an important part in	checking the commingling of species under the
	3773.24	of types, 339. Climate, effects of, in	checking increase of beings, 68. —, adaptation
19			checks
	140.163	animals and plants — Nature of the	checks to increase — Competition universal
	633.155	animals and plants—Nature of the	checks to increase—Competition universal
	677.21	mitigate the [page] 67 CHAP. III.	CHECKS TO INCREASE. destruction ever so
	681.5	then another with greater force. What	checks the natural tendency of each species to
	681.257	increased. We know not exactly what the	checks are in even one single instance. Nor
	681.561	in my future work, discuss some of the	checks at considerable length, more especially
	683.10	quadrupeds, be let to grow, [page] 68	CHECKS TO INCREASE. CHAP. III. the more
	689.174	believe to be the most effective of all	checks. I estimated that the winter of
	691.21	instance extreme [page] 69 CHAP. III.	CHECKS TO INCREASE. cold, acts directly, it
	697.10	by our native animals. [page] 70	CHECKS TO INCREASE. CHAP. III. When a species
	703.28	effects [page] 71 CHAP. III. MUTUAL	CHECKS TO INCREASE. of close interbreeding
	707.68	how complex and unexpected are the	checks and relations between organic beings
	709.17	that all cannot live. [page] 72 MUTUAL	CHECKS TO INCREASE. CHAP. III. When I
	715.28	alter (as [page] 73 CHAP. III. MUTUAL	CHECKS TO INCREASE. indeed I have observed in
	721.17	of humble-bees became [page] 74 MUTUAL	CHECKS TO INCREASE. CHAP. III. extinct or
	725.45	case of every species, many different	checks, acting at different periods of life
	725.357	it can be shown that widely-different	checks act on the same species in different
	727.28	of trees [page] 75 CHAP. III. MUTUAL	CHECKS TO INCREASE. must here have gone on
	3759.0	or analogical, 427. Charlock, 76,	Checks to increase, 67. ———, mutual
1			cheering
	3558.1157	made for convenience. This may not be a	cheering prospect; but we shall at least be
1			cheltenham
	4856.573	s. Glasgow, 1855, 15s.;	Cheltenham, 1856, 18s; Dublin, 1857, 15s. [page
2			chemical
	3552.229	things have much in common, in their	chemical composition, their germinal vesicles
	5756.70	of Farmers. A Practical Treatise on the	Chemical Properties, Management, and Application
1			chequered
	399.446	besides the two black bars, the wings	chequered with black. These several marks do not
1			chess-player
	5884.120	which is added, Maxims and Hints for a	Chess-player. New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 1s
1			chest
	1580.871	to believe, increase the size of the	chest; and again correlation would come into
2			chestnut
	1325.228	mouse-duns, and in one instance in a	chestnut: a faint shoulder-stripe may sometimes
	1339.669	In Lord Moreton's famous hybrid from a	chestnut mare and male quagga, the hybrid, and
5			chickens
	804.377	and in the colour of the down of their	chickens; in the horns of our sheep and cattle
	1703.1125	our dogs. On the other hand, young	chickens have lost, wholly by habit, that fear
	1707.59	reared under a hen. It is not that	chickens have lost all fear, but fear only of
	1707.444	away. But this instinct retained by our	chickens has become useless under domestication
	3761.0	to increase, 67. ———, mutual, 71.	Chickens, instinctive tameness of
14			chief
	291.652	make me believe in this; but the	chief one is the remarkable effect which
	681.742	recall to the reader's mind some of the	chief points. Eggs or very young animals seem
	741.1373	midst of long grass, I suspect that the	chief use of the nutriment in the seed is to
	1586.1152	important consideration is that the	chief part of the organisation of every being
	1964.85	of first crosses and of hybrids. Our	chief object will be to see whether or not
	2143.38	IN the sixth chapter I enumerated the	chief objections which might be justly urged
	2626.278	disappear. On the other hand, all the	chief laws of palæontology plainly proclaim
	2984.1214	me a great difficulty: but it arises in	chief part from the deeply-seated error of
	3420.31	time. Such is the sum of the several	chief objections and difficulties which may
	3526.29	I have now recapitulated the	chief facts and considerations which have
	3532.8	they had undergone mutation. But the	chief cause of our natural unwillingness to
	4846.122	with Portrait and 60 Woodcuts of his	chief works. 4to. BREWSTER'S (SIR DAVID
	4946.16	Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Lives of the	Chief Justices of England. From the Norman
	6100.74	Great Britain. Being an Account of the	Chief Collections of Paintings, Sculpture
27			chiefly
	449.1259	produce races differing from each other	chiefly in these characters. It may be
	461.1080	the change has, it is believed, been	chiefly effected by crosses with the fox-hound
	681.1391	no less than 295 were destroyed,	chiefly by slugs and insects. If turf which has
	687.354	and hares on any large estate depends	chiefly on the destruction of vermin. If not
	689.536	for existence; but in so far as climate	chiefly acts in reducing food, it brings on the
	822.1254	on the view of plumage having been	chiefly modified by sexual selection, acting
	912.894	intercrossing took place would be	chiefly between the individuals of the same new
	1080.293	in the struggle for existence, it will	chiefly act on those which already have some
	1123.59	disturbed in the parents, I	chiefly attribute the varying or plastic
	1394.448	the imperfection of the record being	chiefly due to organic beings not inhabiting
	1584.293	on the origin of these differences,	chiefly through sexual selection of a
	1630.345	in each well-stocked country, must act	chiefly through the competition of the
	1755.925	materials for the nest: both, but	chiefly the slaves, tend, and milk as it may be
	1964.324	The following rules and conclusions are	chiefly drawn up from Gärtner's admirable work
	2002.197	or dependent on unknown differences,	chiefly in the reproductive systems, of the
	2020.343	are incidental on unknown differences,	chiefly in their reproductive systems. These
	2110.385	one parent, the resemblances seem	chiefly confined to characters almost monstrous
	2323.154	leads me to believe that it would be	chiefly these far-ranging species which would
	2357.43	these and similar considerations, but	chiefly from our ignorance of the geology of
	2590.218	law that marsupials should have been	chiefly or solely produced in Australia; or
	2717.23	OF DISPERSAL. For convenience sake I	chiefly tried small seeds, without the capsule
	2775.165	States believe to have been the case,	chiefly from the distribution of the fossil
	2849.22	GLACIAL PERIOD. homes; but the forms,	chiefly northern, which had crossed the equator
	3000.519	excepting in so far as the same forms,	chiefly of plants, have spread widely
	5340.24	Preparation.) —— FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS.	Chiefly from English Authors. Third Edition
	5838.53	Opinions of General Sir Charles Napier;	chiefly derived from his Journals, Letters, and
	6096.76	in Russia during a Year's Residence,	chiefly in the Interior. Second Edition. Post
13			child
	325.68	and we see it in the father and	child, we cannot tell whether it may not be
	325.405	individuals—and it reappears in the	child, the mere doctrine of chances almost
	327.230	inherited and sometimes not so; why the	child often reverts in certain characters to
	403.231	fact countenancing the belief that the	child ever reverts to some one ancestor
	1052.126	to some quite new station, in which	child and parent do not come into competition
	1119.507	deviations of structure, as to make the	child like its parents. But the much greater
	1203.364	pressure the shape of the head of the	child. In snakes, according to Schlegel, the
	2110.1131	that the laws of resemblance of the	child to its parents are the same, whether
	2157.434	between organism and organism, between	child and parent, will render this a very
	3263.539	we cannot always tell whether the	child will be tall or short, or what its
	3269.784	supervened at an earlier age in the	child than in the parent. These two
	3295.788	the existence of the species, that the	child should be modified at a very early age
	4135.22	inheritance, 12. ——, on resemblance of	child to parent, 275. Lund and Clausen on
2			childe
	4926.47	Works. Pocket Edition, Containing	Childe Harold; Dramas, 2 Vols.; Tales and
	4928.3	Or, separately, 2s. 6d Each volume. ——	Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. A New and
1			childish
	822.601	to all his hen birds. It may appear	childish to attribute any effect to such
6			children
	511.897	although so much valued by women and	children, we hardly ever see a distinct breed
	3263.495	out. We see this plainly in our own	children; we cannot always tell whether the
	4648.45	IDA'S Walks and Talks; a Story Book for	Children. By a LADY. Woodcuts. 16mo. 5s. AUSTIN
	5016.42	J. W.) Progressive Geography for	Children. Fifth Edition. 18mo. 1s. 6d
	5018.15	Edition. 18mo. 1s. 6d. —— Stories for	Children, Selected from the History of England
	6108.40	WALKS AND TALKS. A Story-book for Young	Children. By AUNT IDA. With Woodcuts. 16mo. 5s
2			chile
	1938.520	a natural species from the mountains of	Chile." I have taken some pains to ascertain
	2811.416	below their present level. In central	Chile I was astonished at the structure of a
6			china
	1185.415	even in the ancient Encyclopædias of	China, to be very cau- [page] 142 LAWS OF
	1331.978	countries from Britain to Eastern	China; and from Norway in the north to the
	5036.19	Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. DAVISS (SIR J. F.)	China: A General Description of that Empire
	5173.46	S (ROBERT) Narrative of Two Yisits to	China, between the years 1843-52, with full
	5436.38	FATHER RIPA'S MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF	CHINA A RESIDENCE IN THE WEST INDIES. By M.G
	5938.114	in the Service of the Emperor of	China. Translated from the Italian. By
3			chinese
	455.316	I find distinctly given in an ancient	Chinese encyclopædia. Explicit rules are laid
	1950.313	The hybrids from the common and	Chinese geese (A. cygnoides), species which are
	5175.22	Post 8vo. 18s. ——Residence among the	Chinese: Inland, on the Coast, and at Sea
2			chinks
	1478.554	trees and for seizing insects in the	chinks of the bark? Yet in North America there
	2966.875	mouth of the shell, might be floated in	chinks of drifted timber across moderately
1			chiton
	2227.1637	the chalk period. The molluscan genus	Chiton offers a partially analogous case
2			choephorœ
	4636.29	s. 6d. ÆSCHYLUS. (The Agamemnon and	Choephorœ.) Edited, with Notes. By Rev. W. PEILE
	5882.33	each. PEILE'S (REV. DR.) Agamemnon and	Choephorœ of Æschylus. A New Edition of the Text
2			choice
	455.37	barbarous periods of English history	choice animals were often imported, and laws
	471.304	which savages are so liable, and such	choice animals would thus generally leave more
2			choicest
	297.177	variability is the source of all the	choicest productions of the garden. I may add
	443.125	more abrupt. No one supposes that our	choicest productions have been produced by a
1			choking
	681.1248	cleared, and where there could be no	choking from other plants, I marked all the
3			choose
	822.327	standing by as spectators, at last	choose the most attractive partner. Those who
	3123.1172	each successive period. If, however, we	choose to suppose that any of the descendants
	3147.811	resemblances of any kind. Therefore we	choose those characters which, as far as we
1			choosing
	976.391	actually occurred with tumbler-pigeons)	choosing and breeding from birds with longer and
1			chose
	2723.284	mostly different from mine; but he	chose many large fruits and likewise seeds
8			chosen
	351.39	It has often been assumed that man has	chosen for domestication animals and plants
	383.48	at least a score of pigeons might be	chosen, which if shown to an ornithologist
	477.1461	small degree, to their having naturally	chosen and preserved the best varieties they
	1046.440	of nature: hence in the diagram I have	chosen the extreme species (A), and the nearly
	1179.55	our domestic animals were originally	chosen by uncivilised man because they were
	1269.540	be a more unusual circumstance. I have	chosen this example because an explanation is
	1681.161	partly in dependence on the situations	chosen, and on the nature and temperature of
	1974.388	individuals which happen to have been	chosen for the experiment. So it is with
1			christ
	5728.58	of Christianity, from the Birth of	Christ to the Extinction of Paganism in the
3			christian
	4850.75	of the Philosopher and the Hope of the	Christian. Seventh Thousand. Post 8vo. 6s
	4902.35	d. BURGONS (Rev. J. W.) Portrait of a	Christian Gentleman: a Memoir of the late Patrick
	5940.40	ROBERTSON'S (REV. J. C.) History of the	Christian Church, From the Apostolic Age to the
5			christianity
	5251.58	Essay on the Philosophical Evidence of	Christianity, or the Credibility obtained to a
	5728.26	FROGS, 15s. MILMANS (DEAN) History of	Christianity, from the Birth of Christ to the
	5730.20	Vols. 8vo. 36s. ———History of Latin	Christianity; including that of the Popes to the
	5732.70	Apostles considered as an Evidence of	Christianity. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Life and Works of
	6068.22	Fcap. 8vo. TENNENT'S (SIR J. E.)	Christianity in Ceylon. Its Introduction and
1			christians
	5576.150	With an Account of the Chaldean	Christians of Kurdistan; the Yezedis, or Devil
1			chromatic
	1494.239	and for the correction of spherical and	chromatic aberration, could have been formed by
1			chronology
	5916.132	Tables, illustrative of Indian History,	Chronology, Modern Coinages, Weights, Measures, &c
1			chronometers
	4714.39	EIFFE'S ACCOUNT OF IMPROVEMENTS IN	CHRONOMETERS. 4to. 2s. 15. ENCKE'S BERLINER
1			chronometrical
	4768.8	of MADEIRA. 1822. 4to. 5s. 39. ———	CHRONOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS for DIFFERENCES of
1			chrysalis
	3251.687	In the second stage, answering to the	chrysalis stage of butterflies, they have six
2			chthamalinæ
	2227.1204	instance, the several species of the	Chthamalinæ (a sub-family of sessile cirripedes
	3762.0	Chickens, instinctive tameness of, 216.	Chthamalinæ, 288. Chthamalus, cretacean species of
4			chthamalus
	2227.1573	yet it is now known that the genus	Chthamalus existed during the chalk period. The
	2345.1333	possible, this sessile cirripede was a	Chthamalus, a very common, large, and ubiquitous
	3717.23	Bosquet, M., on fossil	Chthamalus, 304. Boulders, erratic, on the Azores
	3763.0	tameness of, 216. Chthamalinæ, 288.	Chthamalus, cretacean species of
11			church
	4622.53	J.) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a	Church of England Missionary in the North
	4818.19	Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——— History of the	Church in the First Three Centuries. Second
	5122.116	parts of his Book of the Roman Catholic	Church; with Remarks on certain Works of Dr
	5264.41	written and adapted for the weekly	Church Service of the Year. Twelfth Edition
	5384.96	to the various Solemnities of the	Church. Third Edition. 24mo. 1,s. 3d. HOLLWAY
	5390.18	Fcap. 8vo. 1s. HOOK'S (REV. DR.)	Church Dictionary. Eighth Edition. 8vo. 16s
	5746.27	vo. 14s. MONASTERY AND THE MOUNTAIN	CHURCH. By Author of "Sunlight through the
	5900.116	of his "Book of the Roman Catholic	Church;" with Remarks on certain Works of Dr
	5940.50	S (REV. J. C.) History of the Christian	Church, From the Apostolic Age to the
	6026.31	SOUTHEY'S (ROBERT) Book of the	Church; with Notes containing the Authorities
	6104.57	Condition and Prospects of the Greek	Church. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d
1			churches
	5006.81	to the Antiquities, Curiosities,	Churches, Works of Art, Public Buildings, and
1			churchill
	5164.50	Wars and Oliver Crom- VI. Charles	Churchill, well. VII. Samuel Foote. 2 Vols
9			circle
	536.370	uniform. Authors sometimes argue in a	circle when they state that important organs
	2054.868	species. If we thus argue in a	circle, the fertility of all varieties
	2128.299	how liable we are to argue in a	circle with respect to varieties in a state of
	2787.659	lived further north under the Polar	Circle, in latitude 66º-67º; and that the
	2787.846	we shall see that under the Polar	Circle there is almost continuous land from
	2795.162	Old Worlds, migrated south of the Polar	Circle, they must have been completely cut off
	2801.211	the continuous shores of the Polar	Circle, will account, on the theory of
	4682.36	s. 1852.—I. Description of the Transit	Circle. 5s. II. Regulations of the Royal
	5324.35	s. —— ENVIRONS OF LONDON. Including a	Circle of 30 Miles round St. Paul's. Maps
1			circles
	717.219	and so onwards in ever-increasing	circles of complexity. We began this series by
6			circuitous
	1070.320	new species will be of a curious and	circuitous nature. Having descended from a form
	2536.776	not directly, but only by a long and	circuitous course through many widely different
	2622.134	but are intermediate only by a long and	circuitous course through many extinct and very
	3185.522	be related to each other by	circuitous lines of affinity of various lengths
	3351.244	are united by complex, radiating, and	circuitous lines of affinities into one grand
	3512.452	within each class are so complex and	circuitous. We see why certain characters are far
2			circular
	1781.1338	humble-bee adds cylinders of wax to the	circular mouths of her old cocoons. By such
	1787.210	bees instantly began to excavate minute	circular pits in it; and as they deepened these
2			circularly
	1793.674	of the ridge of vermilion wax, as they	circularly gnawed away and deepened the basins on
	1801.582	from the opposite sides, always working	circularly as they deepen each cell. They do not
1			circulate
	4842.101	of an Englishman in an Attempt to	circulate the Scriptures in the Peninsula. 3 Vols
3			circumferential
	1801.470	of a growing comb, do make a rough,	circumferential wall or rim all round the comb; and
	1807.162	that they can do this. Even in the rude	circumferential rim or wall of wax round a growing comb
	1813.47	cell, or the extreme margin of the	circumferential rim of a growing comb, with an
5			circumpolar
	2637.478	we exclude the northern parts where the	circumpolar land is almost continuous, all authors
	2765.240	with those of Europe; for the present	circumpolar inhabitants, which we suppose to have
	2787.973	America. And to this continuity of the	circumpolar land, and to the consequent freedom for
	2789.407	animals inhabited the almost continuous	circumpolar land; and that these plants and animals
	4718.31	vo. 9s. 16. GROOMBRIDGE'S CATALOGUE OF	CIRCUMPOLAR STARS. 4to. 10s. 17. HANSEN'S TABLES
10			circumstance
	417.928	character. It is also a most favourable	circumstance for the production of distinct breeds
	419.446	large groups of birds, in nature. One	circumstance has struck me much; namely, that all
	511.528	mingled in the same aviary; and this	circumstance must have largely favoured the
	584.292	hereafter see, is a far more important	circumstance) with different sets of organic beings
	978.137	apply most efficiently, from the simple	circumstance that the more diversified the
	1269.519	its variation would be a more unusual	circumstance. I have chosen this example because an
	1825.727	But let us suppose that this latter	circumstance determined, as it probably often does
	2902.172	I think it would be an inexplicable	circumstance if water-birds did not transport the
	3239.336	proof of this cannot be given, than a	circumstance mentioned by Agassiz, namely, that
	3552.379	We see this even in so trifling a	circumstance as that the same poison often similarly
4			circumstanced
	485.219	And in two countries very differently	circumstanced, individuals of the same species
	922.512	the surrounding and differently	circumstanced districts, will be prevented. But
	2026.831	mule. Hybrids, however, are differently	circumstanced before and after birth: when born and
	2494.913	had been for a long period favourably	circumstanced in an equal degree, whenever their
39			circumstances
	126.426	Origin of our Domestic Productions —	Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection
	146.252	individuals of the same species —	Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to Natural
	215.118	of the general and special	circumstances in its favour — Causes of the general
	260.613	however, be enabled to discuss what	circumstances are most favourable to variation. In
	325.298	to some extraordinary combination of	circumstances, appears in the parent—say, once
	501.34	I must now say a few words on the	circumstances, favourable, or the reverse, to man's
	503.19	are not amply [page] 41 CHAP. I.	CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO SELECTION. sufficient
	515.301	and necessary contingency, under all	circumstances, with all organic beings, as some
	596.524	have been formed through variation,	circumstances have been favourable for variation; and
	596.609	and hence we might expect that the	circumstances would generally be still favourable to
	661.198	animals in a state of nature, when	circumstances have been favourable to them during two
	699.43	a species, owing to highly favourable	circumstances, increases inordinately in numbers in a
	830.571	pressed for food. I can under such	circumstances see no reason to doubt that the
	902.0	fertilisation go on for perpetuity.	Circumstances favourable to Natural Selection.—This
	904.11	to Natural Selection.—This [page] 102	CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE CHAP. IV. is an extremely
	918.11	with those animals [page] 104	CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE CHAP. IV. which unite for
	932.11	of the same species [page] 106	CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE CHAP. IV. there supported
	942.14	less severe competition. To sum up the	circumstances favourable and unfavourable to natural
	988.144	structure, is seen under many natural	circumstances. In an extremely small area, especially
	1024.540	genus in its own country. And these	circumstances we know to be favourable to the
	1183.1385	constitution, brought, under peculiar	circumstances, into play. How much of the
	1514.435	each alteration which, under varied	circumstances, may in any way, or in any degree, tend
	1669.1138	year, or when placed under different	circumstances, &c.; in which case either one or the
	1815.867	in bees of laying down under certain	circumstances a rough wall in its proper place
	1918.235	is so easily affected by various	circumstances, that for all practical purposes it is
	1964.0	CHAP. VIII. LAWS OF STERILITY.	circumstances and rules governing the sterility of
	1974.286	two species are crossed under the same	circumstances, but depends in part upon the
	2126.21	VIII. SUMMARY. to depend on several	circumstances; in some cases largely on the early
	2143.402	occur at the present day, under the	circumstances apparently most favourable for their
	2213.1832	at the base. Hence, under ordinary	circumstances, I conclude that for a cliff 500 feet
	2259.198	new stations will often be formed;—all	circumstances most favourable, as previously
	2345.590	valve can be recognised; from all these	circumstances, I inferred that had sessile cirripedes
	2731.258	I think safely assume that under such	circumstances their rate of flight would often be
	3165.119	to live under nearly similar	circumstances,—to inhabit for instance the three
	3173.1384	some unusual coincidence of favourable	circumstances. Mr. Waterhouse has remarked that
	3374.116	of the general and special	circumstances in its favour—Causes of the general
	3574.367	depended on an unusual concurrence of	circumstances, and the blank intervals between the
	3764.0	Chthamalus, cretacean species of, 304.	Circumstances favourable to selection of domestic
	4390.12	sexual, 87. —, natural,	circumstances favourable to, 101. Sexes, relations of
1			circumstances-should
	2126.1227	evidently depends on widely different	circumstances-should all run, to a certain extent, parallel
3			cirripede
	1231.430	could be given: namely, that when a	cirripede is parasitic within another and is thus
	2345.1182	specimen of an unmistakeable sessile	cirripede, which he had himself extracted from
	2345.1317	as striking as possible, this sessile	cirripede was a Chthamalus, a very common, large
25			cirripedes
	896.335	be shown to be physically impossible.	Cirripedes long appeared to me to present a case
	1231.348	which I was much struck when examining	cirripedes, and of which many other instances
	1231.676	for the carapace in all other	cirripedes consists of the three highly-important
	1249.366	shown in the case of hermaphrodite	cirripedes; and I may here add, that I
	1249.561	rule almost invariably holds good with	cirripedes. I shall, in my future work, give a
	1249.765	The opercular valves of sessile	cirripedes (rock barnacles) are, in every sense of
	1532.182	give one more instance. Pedunculated	cirripedes have two minute folds of skin, [page
	1536.153	they are hatched within the sack. These	cirripedes have no branchiæ, the whole surface of
	1536.298	respiration. The Balanidæ or sessile	cirripedes, on the other hand, have no ovigerous
	1536.979	adhesive glands. If all pedunculated	cirripedes had become extinct, and they have
	1536.1079	far more extinction than have sessile	cirripedes, who would ever have imagined that the
	2227.1241	Chthamalinæ (a sub-family of sessile	cirripedes) coat the rocks all over the world in
	2345.122	me. In a memoir on Fossil Sessile	Cirripedes, I have stated that, from the number of
	2345.633	I inferred that had sessile	cirripedes existed during the secondary periods
	2349.51	we now positively know that sessile	cirripedes existed during the secondary period
	2349.109	during the secondary period; and these	cirripedes might have been the progenitors of our
	3141.379	the males and hermaphrodites of certain	cirripedes, when adult, and yet no one dreams of
	3247.743	law of common embryonic resemblance.	Cirripedes afford a good instance of this: even
	3247.1001	So again the two main divisions of	cirripedes, the pedunculated and sessile, which
	3251.466	crustaceans. To refer once again to	cirripedes: the larvæ in the first stage have
	3251.1420	spot. In this last and complete state,	cirripedes may be considered as either more highly
	3295.1612	as we have seen to be the case with	cirripedes. The adult might become fitted for
	3301.1175	we have seen, for instance, that	cirripedes can at once be recognised by their
	3766.0	to natural selection, 101.	Cirripedes capable of crossing, 101. —, carapace
	3938.21	neuter of, 239. Frena, ovigerous, of	cirripedes, 192. Fresh-water productions
1			cited
	1189.1187	also, of the kidney-bean has been often	cited for a similar purpose, and with much
1			cities
	5042.16	Fcap. 8vo. 6s. DENNIS (GEORGE)	Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria; or, the
3			civil
	4790.83	documents relating to the Time of the	Civil Wars, &c. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d
	4950.52	Modern India. A Sketch of the System of	Civil Government. With some Account of the
	5164.9	V. Sir Richard Steele. III. The	Civil Wars and Oliver Crom- VI. Charles
4			civilisation
	499.1281	in another, according to the state of	civilisation of the inhabitants—slowly to add to the
	3129.636	and subsequent isolation and states of	civilisation of the several races, descended from a
	3845.13	instincts of, 213. —, inherited	civilisation of, 215. —, fertility of breeds
	5084.152	notices of Natural History, and Present	Civilisation of the People. Fourth Thousand. Map and
5			civilised
	461.593	of the same breed may be found in less	civilised districts, where the breed has been
	483.557	to the plants in countries anciently	civilised. In regard to the domestic animals
	485.686	of species than the varieties kept in	civilised countries. On the view here given of
	1703.787	How rarely, on the other hand, do our	civilised dogs, even when quite young, require to
	1877.20	CHAP. VII. labour is useful to	civilised man. As ants work by inherited
1			civilising
	1703.1064	of selection, has probably concurred in	civilising by inheritance our dogs. On the other
2			civilized
	357.530	degree probable that man sufficiently	civilized to have manufactured pottery existed in
	1580.156	countries,—more especially in the less	civilized countries where there has been but
1			claim
	5624.18	Vols. 8vo. 24s. ———;Report of the	Claim of James, Earl of Crawfurd and
2			clarendon
	4970.0	By OTTO SPECKTER. Plates. 16mo. 5s.	CLARENDON (LORD CHANCELLOR); Lives of his Friends
	5614.69	Contemporaries of the Lord Chancellor	Clarendon, illustrative of Portraits in his
73			class
	208.398	Morphology, between members of the same	class, between parts of the same individual
	562.395	But if he confine his attention to one	class within one country, he will soon make
	1084.1283	of the same species making a	class, we can understand how it is that there
	1098.1148	The several subordinate groups in any	class cannot be [page] 129 CHAP. IV. SUMMARY
	1104.45	of all the beings of the same	class have sometimes been represented by a
	1245.1024	is a most abnormal structure in the	class mammalia; but the rule would not here
	1251.162	to me certainly to hold good in this	class. I cannot make out that it applies to
	1500.676	nothing on this head. In this great	class we should probably have to descend far
	1506.697	by any member of the great Articulate	class. He who will go thus far, if he find
	1516.489	common to all the members of a large	class, for in this latter case the organ must
	1516.629	since which all the many members of the	class have been developed; and in order to
	1546.238	appears in several members of the same	class, especially if in members having very
	1638.246	we see in organic beings of the same	class, and which is quite independent of
	1649.593	qualities of animals within the same	class. I will not attempt any definition of
	2042.103	extends to an allied yet very different	class of facts. It is an old and almost
	2163.201	to the common ancestor of each great	class. So that the number of intermediate and
	2339.273	published not many years ago, the great	class of mammals was always spoken of as
	2418.23	become extinct. In members of the same	class the average amount of change, during
	2458.920	belonging to the same or to a distinct	class, which yield their places to other
	2570.839	instance, not the highest in their own	class, may have beaten the highest molluscs
	2624.439	of more recent animals of the same	class, the fact will be intelligible. The
	2799.129	supposed), but we find in every great	class many forms, which some naturalists rank
	2924.837	an island nearly all the species of one	class are peculiar, those of another class
	2924.874	class are peculiar, those of another	class, or of another section of the same
	2924.915	or of another section of the same	class, are peculiar; and this difference
	3016.219	low in the scale within each great	class, generally change at a slower rate than
	3038.274	group of beings, even within the same	class, should have all its species endemic
	3044.998	whilst others belonging to a different	class, or to a different order, or even only
	3044.1149	and space the lower members of each	class generally change less than the higher
	3044.1567	in both cases the forms within each	class have been connected by the same bond of
	3055.382	MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same	class, between parts of the same individual
	3063.647	genera on this line form together one	class, for all have descended from one
	3067.224	and orders, all united into one	class. Thus, the grand fact in natural
	3069.69	species, genera, and families in each	class, on what is called the Natural System
	3095.1205	to the genus, to the family, to the	class, disappear, and thus laugh at our
	3109.512	belonging to this, and to no other	class of the Articulata. Geographical
	3119.99	arrangement of the groups within each	class, in due subordination and relation to
	3135.724	we are cautioned, for instance, not to	class two varieties of the pine-apple
	3153.563	and we put them all into the same	class. As we find organs of high
	3159.1530	same characters are analogical when one	class or order is compared with another, but
	3163.9	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. the same	class or order are compared one with another
	3165.403	a parallelism of this nature in any one	class, by arbitrarily raising or sinking the
	3185.1106	members of the same great natural	class. Extinction, as we have seen in the
	3187.154	between the several groups in each	class. We may thus account even for the
	3191.1802	in collecting all the forms in any	class which have lived throughout all time
	3197.1575	and how the several members of each	class are connected together by the most
	3201.125	between the members of any one	class; but when we have a distinct object in
	3203.54	have seen that the members of the same	class, independently of their habits of life
	3203.307	organs in the different species of the	class are homologous. The whole subject is
	3209.106	of pattern in members of the same	class, by utility or by the doctrine of final
	3211.1131	of the limbs throughout the whole	class. So with the mouths of insects, we have
	3217.138	the same part in different members of a	class, but of the different parts or organs
	3231.13	principle of inheritance. In the great	class of molluscs, though we can homologise
	3231.365	even in the lowest members of the	class, we do not find nearly so much
	3239.253	of distinct animals within the same	class are often strikingly similar: a better
	3241.86	of widely different animals of the same	class resemble each other, often have no
	3255.183	different animals within the same	class, that we might be led to look at these
	3257.364	of different species within the same	class, generally, but not universally
	3295.188	and with a few members of the great	class of insects, as with Aphis. With respect
	3301.1253	their larvæ as belonging to the great	class of crustaceans. As the embryonic state
	3307.532	of the common parent-form of each great	class of animals. Rudimentary, atrophied, or
	3323.792	the same part in different members of a	class, nothing is more common, or more
	3357.131	applied, of the different species of a	class; or to the homologous parts constructed
	3359.437	resemblance in different species of a	class of the homologous parts or organs
	3365.49	have all descended, each within its own	class or group, from common parents, and have
	3392.666	parallel, but directly opposite,	class of facts; namely, that the vigour and
	3484.303	endowing different animals of the same	class with their several instincts. I have
	3502.303	of the inhabitants within each great	class are plainly related; for they will
	3512.427	of the species and genera within each	class are so complex and circuitous. We see
	3518.643	alike in the early progenitor of each	class. On the principle of successive
	3550.37	embraces all the members of the same	class. I believe that animals have descended
	3566.1258	of the prototypes of each great	class. When we can feel assured that all the
	5870.132	on Osteology and Palæontology of the	class Mammalia, delivered at the Metropolitan
13			classed
	435.1546	and the sheep are each time marked and	classed, so that the very best may ultimately
	1378.41	difficulties and objections may be	classed under the following heads:— Firstly
	2480.1112	America would hereafter be liable to be	classed with somewhat older European beds
	2514.398	long ago remarked, all fossils can be	classed either in still existing groups, or
	2618.427	blending two groups previously	classed as distinct into one; but more commonly
	3057.124	descending degrees, so that they can be	classed in groups under groups. This
	3139.439	from the Negro, I think he would be	classed under the Negro group, however much he
	3145.576	of the kangaroo family would have to be	classed under the bear genus. The whole case is
	3153.151	from its allies, and yet be safely	classed with them. This may be safely done, and
	3159.545	by external appearances, actually	classed an homopterous insect as a moth. We see
	3301.41	ever lived on this earth have to be	classed together, and as all have been
	3412.1267	be discovered, it will simply be	classed as another and distinct species. Only a
	3416.140	created there, and will be simply	classed as new species. Most formations have
51			classes
	351.760	and belonging to equally diverse	classes and countries, were taken from a state
	872.86	can, I think, understand several large	classes of facts, such as the following, which
	1084.1348	how it is that there exist but very few	classes in each main division of the animal and
	1084.1651	of many genera, families, orders, and	classes, as at the present day. Summary of
	1098.1101	families, orders, sub-classes, and	classes. The several subordinate groups in any
	1161.71	belonging to the most different	classes, which inhabit the caves of Styria and
	1432.151	many forms, more especially amongst the	classes which unite for each birth and wander
	1464.50	a few members of such water-breathing	classes as the Crustacea and Mollusca are
	1900.30	In treating this subject, two	classes of facts, to a large extent
	1972.247	of the hybrids thus produced-two	classes of facts which are generally confounded
	2408.32	Species of different genera and	classes have not changed at the same rate, or
	2444.351	of a vast number of species of all	classes, in all countries. If we ask ourselves
	2526.117	the more recent members of the same	classes, we must admit that there is some truth
	2576.108	embryos of recent animals of the same	classes; or that the geological succession of
	2578.313	strictly belong to their own proper	classes, though some of these old forms are in
	2602.13	SUCCESSION. CHAP. X. only certain	classes of organic beings have been largely
	2610.289	successively; how species of different	classes do not necessarily change together, or
	2687.540	will discuss a few of the most striking	classes of facts; namely, the existence of the
	2701.28	Before discussing the three	classes of facts, which I have selected as
	2880.414	species, belonging to quite different	classes, an enormous range, but allied species
	2912.76	We now come to the last of the three	classes of facts, which I [page] 389 CHAP. XII
	2930.51	are sometimes deficient in certain	classes, and their places are apparently
	2948.701	of endemic species belonging to other	classes; and on continents it is thought that
	2960.139	richness in endemic forms in particular	classes or sections of classes,—the absence of
	2960.162	in particular classes or sections of	classes,—the absence of whole groups, as of
	2972.1068	in the proportions in which the several	classes are associated together, which
	3127.814	families, sections, orders, and	classes. It may be worth while to illustrate
	3163.185	with fishes, being adaptations in both	classes for swimming through the water; but the
	3165.23	is with fishes. As members of distinct	classes have often been adapted by successive
	3165.330	between the sub-groups in distinct	classes. A naturalist, struck by a parallelism
	3165.477	the value of the groups in other	classes (and all our experience shows that this
	3171.26	orders, under still fewer	classes, and all in one great natural system
	3187.216	even for the distinctness of whole	classes from each other—for instance, of birds
	3187.487	progenitors of the other vertebrate	classes. There has been less entire extinction
	3187.641	There has been still less in some other	classes, as in that of the Crustacea, for here
	3195.50	a collection: nevertheless, in certain	classes, we are tending in this direction; and
	3217.475	member of the vertebrate and articulate	classes are plainly homologous. We see the same
	3231.471	one part, as we find in the other great	classes of the animal and vegetable kingdoms
	3289.233	this view to whole families or even	classes. The fore-limbs, for instance, which
	3351.1521	species, genera, families, orders, and	classes. On this same view of descent with
	3361.21	is genealogical. Finally, the several	classes of facts which have been considered in
	3412.1405	Only organic beings of certain	classes can be preserved in a fossil condition
	3460.522	to groups, all within a few great	classes, which we now see everywhere around us
	3546.307	very far. All the members of whole	classes can be connected together by chains of
	3546.767	in the descendants. Throughout whole	classes various structures are formed on the
	5558.111	Translation for the Use of Junior	Classes. Third Edition. 12mo. 2s. KNAPPS (J. A
	5574.109	with English Translation for Junior	Classes. Third Edition. 12mo. 2s. LAYARDS (A
	5770.33	d. MURRAYS RAILWAY READING. For all	classes of Readers. [The following are
	6134.78	a General Diffusion of Taste among all	Classes; with Remarks on laying out Dressed or
	6136.122	Detailed Information for the several	Classes of Labourers and Artisans. Map. 18mo
	6146.95	with English Translation for Junior	Classes, Third Edition. 12mo. 2s. WORNUM
1			classic
	4978.58	Introductions to the Study of the Greek	Classic Poets. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d
5			classical
	455.388	are laid down by some of the Roman	classical writers. From passages in Genesis, it
	477.672	stock. The pear, though cultivated in	classical times, appears, from Pliny's
	477.1262	so onwards. But the gardeners of the	classical period, who cultivated the best pear
	5990.4	Geography. 4to. [In preparation. ———	Classical Dictionary for the Higher Forms in
	5992.12	Woodcuts. 8vo. 18s. ——— Smaller	Classical Dictionary. Abridged from the above
6			classics
	4860.8	Dublin, 1857, 15s. [page] 6 BRITISH	CLASSICS. A New Series of Standard English
	5012.96	vols. 8vo. 30s. (Murrays British	Classics.) ——— Lives of Eminent English Poets
	5014.119	vols. 8vo. 22s. 6d. (Murrays British	Classics.) CROKERS (J. W.) Progressive
	5200.172	Vols. 8vo. 30s. (Murray's British	Classics.) GLEIG'S (REV. G. R.) Campaigns of
	5534.127	vols. 8vo. 22s. 6d. (Murray's British	Classics.) JOHNSTON'S (WM.) England as it is
	6004.140	Vols. 8vo. 60s. (Murray's British	Classics.) ——— Student's Gibbon; being the
85			classification
	208.4	EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.	CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups — Natural
	208.94	system — Rules and difficulties in	classification, explained on the theory of descent
	208.165	theory of descent with modification —	Classification of varieties — Descent always used in
	208.218	of varieties — Descent always used in	classification — Analogical or adaptive characters
	266.1118	space; in the thirteenth, their	classification or mutual affinities, both when mature
	1084.1090	to this subject in the chapter on	Classification, but I may add that on this view of
	1102.250	explanation of this great fact in the	classification of all organic beings; but, to the best
	1104.811	branches may well represent the	classification of all extinct and living species in
	1273.39	turn to this subject in our chapter on	Classification. It would be almost superfluous to
	2068.339	by Sagaret, who mainly founds his	classification by the test of infertility, as
	2514.1102	that he has had to alter the whole	classification of these two orders; and has placed
	2520.336	I apprehend that in a perfectly natural	classification many fossil species would have to stand
	3046.23	selection. [page] 411 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF
	3055.4	EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.	CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups—Natural
	3055.90	system—Rules and difficulties in	classification, explained on the theory of descent
	3057.161	be classed in groups under groups. This	classification is evidently not arbitrary like the
	3059.11	other new and dominant [page] 412	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. species. Consequently the
	3065.23	from the [page] 413 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. genera descended from (I). So that we
	3069.1260	that something more is included in our	classification, than mere resemblance. I believe that
	3071.11	various degrees of modifi- [page] 414	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. cation, which is
	3075.42	us now consider the rules followed in	classification, and the difficulties which are
	3075.118	which are encountered on the view that	classification either gives some unknown plan of
	3075.523	would be of very high importance in	classification. Nothing can be more false. No one
	3075.1061	the more important it becomes for	classification. As an instance: Owen, in speaking of
	3079.23	important [page] 415 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. they may be for the welfare of the
	3081.391	always, true. But their importance for	classification, I believe, depends on their greater
	3083.11	most constant in structure; [page] 416	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. in another division they
	3085.92	are of quite subordinate value in	classification; yet no one probably will say that the
	3085.305	be given of the varying importance for	classification of the same important organ within the
	3087.177	condition are often of high value in	classification. No one will dispute that the
	3087.523	are of the highest importance in the	classification of the Grasses. Numerous instances
	3091.23	creature to [page] 417 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. birds and reptiles, as an approach in
	3095.20	important organ. The importance, for	classification, of trifling characters, mainly depends
	3095.506	Hence, also, it has been found, that a	classification founded on any single character
	3095.1245	class, disappear, and thus laugh at our	classification." But when Aspicarpa produced in France
	3099.11	are at work, they do [page] 418	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. not trouble themselves
	3101.893	are considered as highly serviceable in	classification; but in some groups of animals all
	3103.541	are the most important of any in the	classification of animals; and this doctrine has very
	3105.23	of the em- [page] 419 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. bryonic leaves or cotyledons, and on
	3107.187	are so valuable, on the view of	classification tacitly including the idea of descent
	3111.86	though perhaps not quite logically, in	classification, more especially in very large groups
	3115.11	subsequently discovered. [page] 420	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. All the foregoing rules
	3117.53	rules and aids and difficulties in	classification are explained, if I do not greatly
	3117.384	common parent, and, in so far, all true	classification is genealogical; that community of
	3121.23	to the same [page] 421 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. degree; they may metaphorically be
	3123.1365	in this case, their places in a natural	classification will have been more or less completely
	3125.11	from these two genera will [page] 422	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. have inherited to a
	3129.49	worth while to illustrate this view of	classification, by taking the case of languages. If we
	3129.214	the races of man would afford the best	classification of the various languages now spoken
	3131.23	natural, as [page] 423 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. it would connect together all
	3135.51	of this view, let us glance at the	classification of varieties, which are believed or
	3135.1377	we had a real pedigree, a genealogical	classification would be universally preferred; and it
	3137.11	differ from the others [page] 424	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. in the important
	3141.89	has in fact brought descent into his	classification; for he includes in his lowest grade
	3143.23	single species. [page] 425 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. But it may be asked, what ought we to
	3149.11	of the organisation. We [page] 426	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. care not how trifling a
	3151.850	characters have especial value in	classification. We can understand why a species or a
	3153.896	much, we at once value them less in our	classification. We shall hereafter, I think, clearly
	3155.23	importance. [page] 427 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. Geographical distribution may
	3159.925	characters being of real importance for	classification, only in so far as they reveal descent
	3161.11	when the members of [page] 428	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. the same class or order
	3169.23	a few great [page] 429 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. orders, under still fewer classes
	3177.11	that, when a member [page] 430	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. belonging to one group of
	3183.23	descended from [page] 431 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. a common parent, together with their
	3189.11	forms are still tied [page] 432	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. together by a long, but
	3191.435	varieties, nevertheless a natural	classification, or at least a natural arrangement
	3193.23	in making [page] 433 CHAP. XIII.	CLASSIFICATION. so perfect a collection: nevertheless
	3197.1056	which we are compelled to follow in our	classification. We can understand why we value certain
	3301.494	the embryo is even more important for	classification than that of the adult. For the embryo
	3345.188	understand, on the genealogical view of	classification, how it is that systematists have found
	3351.967	character. In considering this view of	classification, it should be borne in mind that the
	3359.1246	characters and of rudimentary organs in	classification is intelligible, on the view that an
	3512.535	far more serviceable than others for	classification;—why adaptive characters, though of
	3516.14	XIV. RECAPITULATION. importance in	classification; why characters derived from
	3694.6	Mr., on British plants, 48. —, on	classification, 419. Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt
	3725.18	specific forms, 293. Brown, Robert, on	classification, 414. Buckman on variation in plants
	3771.0	fossil, 304. ——, larvæ of, 440.	Classification, 413. Clift, Mr., on the succession of
	3966.23	upland, 185. Genealogy important in	classification, 425. Geoffrey St. Hilaire on
	4096.11	the birds of Bermuda, 391. Jussieu on	classification, 417. K. Kentucky, caves of
	4116.42	Madeira, naturalised, 402. Languages,	classification of, 422. Lapse, great, of time
	4362.70	organs, 450. Rudiments important for	classification, 416. S. Sageret on grafts
	4438.22	of, 389. St. Hilaire, Aug., on	classification, 418. St. John, Mr., on habits of cats
	4467.32	Temminck on distribution aiding	classification, 419. Thouin on grafts, 262. Thrush
	4532.4	when crossed, sterile, 269. ——,	classification of, 423. Verbascum, sterility of
	5932.131	for Purposes of Study, and the	Classification of Insects. New Edition. Woodcuts, Post
1			classification—analogical
	3055.210	of varieties—Descent always used in	classification—Analogical or adaptive characters—Affinities
7			classifications
	3073.49	is partially revealed to us by our	classifications. Let us now consider the rules
	3095.1647	to illustrate the spirit with which our	classifications are sometimes necessarily founded
	3103.123	those derived from the adult, for our	classifications of course include all ages of each
	3109.4	including the idea of descent. Our	classifications are often plainly influenced by chains
	3165.677	quinary, quaternary, and ternary	classifications have probably arisen. As the modified
	3351.374	encountered by naturalists in their	classifications; the value set upon characters, if
	3566.452	of already recorded species. Our	classifications will come to be, as far as they can be
6			classificatory
	532.872	whether viewed under a physiological or	classificatory point of view, sometimes vary in the
	3081.266	importance. No doubt this view of the	classificatory importance of organs which are
	3081.714	of an organ does not determine its	classificatory value, is almost shown by the one fact
	3081.898	the same physiological value, its	classificatory value is widely different. No
	3153.999	characters are of such high	classificatory importance. [page] 427 CHAP. XIII
	3516.130	service to the being, are often of high	classificatory value; and why embryological characters
1			classified
	3546.381	by chains of affinities, and all can be	classified on the same principle, in groups
3			classifying
	3077.27	importance! We must not, therefore, in	classifying, trust to resemblances in parts of the
	3135.538	Nearly the same rules are followed in	classifying varieties, as with species. Authors
	3566.609	the plan of creation. The rules for	classifying will no doubt become simpler when we
9			classing
	1269.814	importance than those commonly used for	classing genera. I believe this explanation is
	3135.620	have insisted on the necessity of	classing varieties on a natural instead of an
	3135.1028	found to be most constant, is used in	classing varieties: thus the great agriculturist
	3135.1303	serviceable, because less constant. In	classing varieties, I apprehend if we had a real
	3147.40	As descent has universally been used in	classing together the individuals of the same
	3147.196	different; and as it has been used in	classing varieties which have undergone a
	3157.73	be brought usefully into play in	classing large and widely-distributed genera
	3197.392	group. We use the element of descent in	classing the individuals of both sexes and of
	3197.527	under one species; we use descent in	classing acknowledged varieties, however
2			clausen
	2584.633	of fossil bones made by MM. Lund and	Clausen in the caves of Brazil. I was so much
	4136.9	of child to parent, 275. Lund and	Clausen on fossils of Brazil, 339. Lyell, Sir C
1			clausewitz
	5094.68	from the German of General Carl Von	Clausewitz. Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d. —— Pilgrimage, and
1			clausewitzs
	4972.0	LEWIS. Portraits. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s.	CLAUSEWITZS (CARL VON) Campaign of 1812, in Russia
1			claws
	741.440	the tiger; and in that of the legs and	claws of the parasite which clings to the
1			clean
	2737.57	and feet of birds are generally quite	clean, I can show that earth sometimes
1			clean-feeding
	1574.1262	we see that the skin on the head of the	clean-feeding male turkey is likewise naked. The
20			clear
	258.54	of the highest importance to gain a	clear insight into the means of modification
	285.896	with excess of food. It seems pretty	clear that organic beings must be exposed
	291.357	cannot be separated by any	clear line of distinction from mere
	455.439	From passages in Genesis, it is	clear that the colour of domestic animals was
	568.13	will rise to a climax. Certainly no	clear line of demarcation has as yet been
	830.70	Natural Selection.—In order to make it	clear how, as I believe, natural selection
	1125.784	are more brightly coloured under a	clear atmosphere, than when living on islands
	1287.982	the same species. This relation has a	clear meaning on my view of the subject: I
	1442.526	exists by a struggle for life, it is	clear that each is well adapted in its habits
	1737.1074	away to a place of safety. Hence, it is	clear, that the slaves feel quite at home
	1908.282	for it seems to make a broad and	clear distinction between varieties and
	1918.1027	sterility nor fertility affords any	clear distinction between species and
	2016.38	We thus see, that although there is a	clear and fundamental difference between the
	2343.278	to Lyell's 'Manual,' published in 1858,	clear evidence of the existence of whales in
	2379.1161	where oceans are now spread out; and	clear and open oceans may have existed where
	2426.673	descended from some one species, it is	clear that as long as any species of the
	3075.1277	have always regarded as affording very	clear indications of its true affinities. We
	3446.145	systematic works. No one can draw any	clear distinction between individual
	3530.181	of long ages is a limited quantity; no	clear distinction has been, or can be, drawn
	4924.73	Printed in small but beautifully	clear type. Portrait. Crown 8vo. 9s
3			cleared
	345.251	species. This point, if it could be	cleared up, would be interesting; if, for
	681.1211	three feet long and two wide, dug and	cleared, and where there could be no choking
	2767.245	the arctic forms would seize on the	cleared and thawed ground, always ascending
1			clearest
	2811.737	the southernmost extremity, we have the	clearest evidence of former glacial action, in
1			clearing
	4704.47	S AUXILIARY TABLES FOR HIS METHOD OF	CLEARING LUNAR DISTANCES. 8vo
43			clearly
	331.950	horn, though appearing late in life, is	clearly due to the male element. Having
	405.297	of the hybrid offspring of two animals	clearly distinct being themselves perfectly
	467.95	India, and Persia, we can, I think,	clearly trace the stages through which they
	602.518	at as incipient species; for my tables	clearly show as a general rule that, wherever
	622.743	analogy with varieties. And we can	clearly understand these analogies, if species
	695.77	by favouring other species, we may	clearly see in the prodigious number of plants
	747.79	or drier districts. In this case we can	clearly see that if we wished in imagination to
	747.378	with respect to climate would	clearly be an advantage to our plant; but we
	982.7	IV. DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER. We can	clearly see this in the case of animals with
	1249.323	to secondary sexual characters is	clearly shown in the case of hermaphrodite
	1524.81	is a good one, because it shows us	clearly the highly important fact that an organ
	1552.996	the theory of natural selection, we can	clearly understand why she should not; for
	1636.42	the theory of natural selection we can	clearly understand the full meaning of that old
	1661.634	to succeeding generations. It can be	clearly shown that the most wonderful instincts
	1801.58	of the ridge of vermilion wax, we can	clearly see that if the bees were to build for
	1801.399	into each other. Now bees, as may be	clearly seen by examining the edge of a growing
	1807.114	I have several specimens showing	clearly that they can do this. Even in the rude
	1906.236	organs functionally impotent, as may be	clearly seen in the state of the male element
	1980.114	by their systematic affinity. This is	clearly shown by hybrids never having been
	1986.578	On the other hand, these cases	clearly show that the capacity for crossing is
	1998.62	to each other. This latter statement is	clearly proved by reciprocal crosses between
	2002.63	facts, on the other hand, appear to me	clearly to indicate that the sterility both of
	2060.49	appears. It can, in the first place, be	clearly shown that mere external dissimilarity
	2420.7	in a slowly changing drama. We can	clearly understand why a species when once lost
	2486.911	special law. We shall see this more	clearly when we treat of the present
	2494.306	dominant species; but we can, I think,	clearly see that a number of individuals, from
	2584.555	types. This relationship is even more	clearly seen in the wonderful collection of
	2622.206	and very different forms. We can	clearly see why the organic remains of closely
	2622.421	linked together by generation: we can	clearly see why the remains of an intermediate
	2657.476	of beings, specifically distinct, yet	clearly related, replace each other. He hears
	2693.122	theory will be strengthened; for we can	clearly understand, on the principle of
	2823.922	fact that southern Australian forms are	clearly represented by plants growing on the
	3038.803	an island and the mainland. We can	clearly see why all the inhabitants of an
	3101.457	to be the true one; and by none more	clearly than by that excellent botanist, Aug
	3153.941	We shall hereafter, I think,	clearly see why embryological characters are of
	3159.987	so far as they reveal descent, we can	clearly understand why analogical or adaptive
	3197.1438	the limits of the same group. We can	clearly see how it is that all living and
	3251.151	that it is hardly possible to define	clearly what is meant by the organisation being
	3301.1419	modified ancient progenitors, we can	clearly see why ancient and extinct forms of
	3418.520	slowly and in a graduated manner. We	clearly see this in the fossil remains from
	3504.175	that many should be peculiar. We can	clearly see why those animals which cannot
	3518.804	not early period of life, we can	clearly see why the embryos of mammals, birds
	3524.20	CHAP. XIV. of life; and we can	clearly understand on this view the meaning of
2			clearness
	2761.123	of Europe, as explained with remarkable	clearness by Edward Forbes, is substantially as
	2863.110	remarkable are stated with admirable	clearness by Dr. Hooker in his botanical works on
6			cliff
	2171.299	away rock. At last the base of the	cliff is undermined, huge fragments fall down
	2171.784	for a few miles any line of rocky	cliff, which is undergoing degradation, we
	2213.762	the sea commonly wears away a line of	cliff of any given height, we could measure
	2213.1147	is the same as if we were to assume a	cliff one yard in height to be eaten back
	2213.1430	no doubt the degradation of a lofty	cliff would be more rapid from the breakage
	2213.1869	circumstances, I conclude that for a	cliff 500 feet in height, a denudation [page
7			cliffs
	858.485	of the longest lines of inland	cliffs. Natural selection can act only by the
	2171.58	The tides in most cases reach the	cliffs only for a short time twice a day, and
	2171.585	do we see along the bases of retreating	cliffs rounded boulders, all thickly clothed
	2171.917	length or round a promontory, that the	cliffs are at the present time suffering. The
	2205.57	and pared all round into perpendicular	cliffs of one or two thousand feet in height
	2213.983	assume that the sea would eat into	cliffs 500 feet in height at the rate of one
	3532.341	insisted that long lines of inland	cliffs had been formed, and great valleys
2			clift
	2584.46	during the later tertiary periods.—Mr.	Clift many years ago showed that the fossil
	3772.0	larvæ of, 440. Classification, 413.	Clift, Mr., on the succession of types
12			climatal
	2269.89	a large amount of migration during	climatal and other changes; and when we see a
	2321.342	oscillations of level, and that slight	climatal changes would intervene during such
	2492.334	often be very slow, being dependent on	climatal and geographical changes, or on strange
	2637.238	regions can be accounted for by their	climatal and other physical conditions. Of late
	2671.472	for during the vast geographical and	climatal changes which will have supervened
	2683.444	to the other. But the geographical and	climatal changes, which have certainly occurred
	2687.1187	our ignorance with respect to former	climatal and geographical changes and various
	2781.481	have been exposed to somewhat different	climatal influences. Their mutual relations will
	3012.243	will have been ample time for great	climatal and geographical changes and for
	3028.31	grave. As exemplifying the effects of	climatal changes on distribution, I have
	3398.607	of the full extent of the various	climatal and geographical changes which have
	3498.171	the world to another, owing to former	climatal and geographical changes and to the
91			climate
	140.219	Competition universal — Effects of	climate — Protection from the number of
	192.222	Means of dispersal, by changes of	climate and of the level of the land, and by
	250.727	refer to external conditions, such as	climate, food, &c., as the only possible cause
	309.293	and perhaps the thickness of fur from	climate. Habit also has a decided influence
	311.104	with plants when transported from one	climate to another. In animals it has a more
	689.0	a young elephant protected by its dam.	Climate plays an important part in determining
	689.427	from epidemics with man. The action of	climate seems at first sight to be quite
	689.528	for existence; but in so far as	climate chiefly acts in reducing food, it
	689.724	on the same kind of food. Even when	climate, for instance extreme [page] 69 CHAP
	693.319	finally disappearing; and the change of	climate being conspicuous, we are tempted to
	693.728	degree favoured by any slight change of	climate, they will increase in numbers, and, as
	693.1333	due to the directly injurious action of	climate, than we do in proceeding southwards or
	695.5	exclusively with the elements. That	climate acts in main part indirectly by
	695.175	which can perfectly well endure our	climate, but which never become naturalised
	731.786	varieties which best suit the soil or	climate, or are naturally the most fertile
	747.364	change of constitution with respect to	climate would clearly be an advantage to our
	747.539	they are destroyed by the rigour of the	climate alone. Not until we reach the extreme
	749.115	amongst new competitors, though the	climate may be exactly the same as in its
	772.148	some physical change, for instance, of	climate. The proportional numbers of its
	772.523	independently of the change of	climate itself, would most seriously affect
	778.799	that any great physical change, as of	climate, or any unusual degree of isolation to
	784.940	with long and short wool to the same	climate. He does not allow the most vigorous
	798.169	unimportant, we must not forget that	climate, food, &c., probably produce some
	922.696	after any physical change, such as of	climate or elevation of the land, &c.; and thus
	1125.37	How much direct effect difference of	climate, food, &c., produces on any being is
	1125.481	little influence may be attributed to	climate, food, &c.: thus, E. Forbes speaks
	1133.301	and better fur the more severe the	climate is under which they have lived; but who
	1133.537	much to the direct action of the severe	climate? for it would appear that climate has
	1133.571	climate? for it would appear that	climate has some direct action on the hair of
	1167.110	caverns under a nearly similar	climate; so that on the common view of the
	1173.564	that each species is adapted to the	climate of its own home: species from an arctic
	1173.669	region cannot endure a tropical	climate, or conversely. So again, many
	1173.746	succulent plants cannot endure a damp	climate. But the degree of adaptation of
	1177.106	not an imported plant will endure our	climate, and from the number of plants and
	1177.1328	were strictly adapted to their native	climate, but in all ordinary cases we assume
	1183.667	rodent, living free under the cold	climate of Faroe in the north and of the
	1183.830	to look at adaptation to any special	climate as a quality readily grafted on an
	1183.1162	were capable of enduring a glacial	climate, whereas the living species are now all
	1185.59	of species to any peculiar	climate is due to mere habit, and how much to
	1353.479	The external conditions of life, as	climate and food, &c., seem to have induced
	1406.482	changes in the form of the land and of	climate, marine areas now continuous must often
	1412.221	with the dredge. To those who look at	climate and the physical conditions of life as
	1412.352	these facts ought to cause surprise, as	climate and height or depth graduate away
	1430.155	places will depend on slow changes of	climate, or on the occasional immigration of
	1450.938	under all natural conditions. Let the	climate and vegetation change, let other
	1568.232	selection. We should remember that	climate, food, &c., probably have some little
	1580.274	observers are convinced that a damp	climate affects the growth of the hair, and
	2046.89	of seed, tubers, &c., from one soil or	climate to another, and back again. During the
	2143.694	already defined organic forms, than on	climate; and, therefore, that the really
	2273.902	on the inordinately great change of	climate, on the prodigious lapse of time, all
	2355.86	the species became adapted to a cooler	climate, and were enabled to double the
	2486.672	futile to look to changes of currents,	climate, or other physical conditions, as the
	2562.334	Consider the prodigious vicissitudes of	climate during the pleistocene period, which
	2570.214	forms. If under a nearly similar	climate, the eocene inhabitants of one quarter
	2586.154	man, who after comparing the present	climate of Australia and of parts of South
	2635.214	Means of dispersal, by changes of	climate and of the level of the land, and by
	2637.984	every temperature. There is hardly a	climate or condition in the Old World which
	2643.455	inhabit a considerably different	climate, and they will be found incomparably
	2643.614	or Africa under nearly the same	climate. Analogous facts could be given with
	2645.434	and where, under a slightly different	climate, there might have been free migration
	2703.165	of the more important facts. Change of	climate must have had a powerful influence on
	2703.240	on migration: a region when its	climate was different may have been a high road
	2749.1197	salt-water, they could not endure our	climate. Almost every year, one or two land
	2759.352	North America suffered under an Arctic	climate. The ruins of a house burnt by fire do
	2759.628	were lately filled. So greatly has the	climate of Europe changed, that in Northern
	2761.36	The former influence of the glacial	climate on the distribution of the inhabitants
	2773.613	without other evidence, that a colder	climate permitted their former migration across
	2775.7	too warm for their existence. If the	climate, since the Glacial period, has ever
	2777.125	have been exposed to nearly the same	climate, and, as is especially to be noticed
	2787.244	by looking to still earlier changes of	climate of an opposite nature. We have good
	2787.466	were specifically the same as now, the	climate was warmer than at the present day
	2787.571	that the organisms now living under the	climate of latitude 60º, during the Pliocene
	2787.1064	intermigration under a more favourable	climate, I attribute the necessary amount of
	2789.534	slowly to migrate southwards as the	climate became less warm, long before the com
	2811.183	on the shores of the Pacific, where the	climate is now so different, as far south as
	2839.1406	can withstand a much warmer	climate than their own. Hence, it seems to me
	2843.9	DISTRIBUTION,CHAP. XI. by a dry	climate; for Dr. Falconer informs me that it is
	2843.156	to perennial plants from a temperate	climate. On the other hand, the most humid and
	2843.996	of extreme cold, I believe that the	climate under the equator at the level of the
	2869.131	on the effects of great alternations of	climate on geographical distribution. I believe
	2972.1016	of the islands, in their height or	climate, or in the proportions in which the
	2972.1342	in the volcanic nature of the soil, in	climate, height, and size of the islands
	2984.1040	geological nature, the same height,	climate, &c., that many of the immigrants
	3024.15	CHAP. XII. SUMMARY. the changes of	climate and of the level of the land, which
	3404.170	remained continuous, and of which the	climate and other conditions of life change
	3572.216	continue to throw, on former changes of	climate and of the level of the land, we shall
	3730.0	on sterility of varieties, 270.	CLIMATE. C. Cabbage, varieties of, crossed
	3773.0	Mr., on the succession of types, 339.	Climate, effects of, in checking increase of
	3783.22	poor, 287. Colour, influenced by	climate, 132. ——, in relation to attacks by
	4149.28	on great alternations of	climate, 382. —, on the distribution of fresh
	5896.70	Coast of Yorkshire. With Essays on the	Climate, Scenery, and Ancient Inhabitants of
1			climate—protection
	633.207	Competition universal—Effects of	climate—Protection from the number of individuals—Complex
22			climates
	285.442	all ages under the most different	climates and treatment, I think we are driven to
	351.168	vary, and likewise to withstand diverse	climates. I do not dispute that these capacities
	351.442	and whether it would endure other	climates? Has the little variability of the ass
	737.664	species under the most different	climates! In Russia the small Asiatic cockroach
	784.631	of life. Man keeps the natives of many	climates in the same country; he seldom
	1139.180	although living under the most opposite	climates. Such considerations as these incline
	1173.802	degree of adaptation of species to the	climates under which they live is often
	1177.408	more than, by adaptation to particular	climates. But whether or not the adaptation be
	1179.341	only withstanding the most different	climates but of being perfectly [page] 141 CHAP
	1183.185	be brought to bear widely different	climates. We must not, however, push the
	1183.1005	capacity of enduring the most different	climates by man himself and by his domestic
	1189.552	varieties are said to withstand certain	climates better than others: this is very
	1580.1171	would succeed best under different	climates; and there is reason to believe that
	1982.508	and fitted for extremely different	climates, can often be crossed with ease. [page
	2006.1082	and adaptation to widely different	climates, does not always prevent the two
	2468.332	of the world, under the most different	climates, where not a fragment of the mineral
	2486.817	the world, under the most different	climates. We must, as Barrande has remarked
	2562.269	and therefore under the most different	climates and conditions. Consider the prodigious
	2651.708	from each other, under corresponding	climates; but from being separated from each
	3502.681	mountains, under the most different	climates; and likewise the close alliance of
	3628.26	with thicker fur in cold	climates, 133. —, blind, in caves
	3952.21	crossed, 258. Fur, thicker in cold	climates, 133. Furze, 439. G. Galapagos
3			climax
	566.1077	and his difficulties will rise to a	climax. Certainly no clear line of
	1853.38	But we have not as yet touched on the	climax of the difficulty; namely, the fact
	1871.299	structure; or lastly, and this is our	climax of difficulty, one set of workers of
1			climber
	1574.949	further modification and becoming a	climber. The naked skin on the head of a
1			climbers
	1574.764	hooks on many trees which are not	climbers, the hooks on the bamboo may have
3			climbing
	982.560	or alive; some inhabiting new stations,	climbing trees, frequenting water, and some
	1476.5	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. seen	climbing branches, almost like a creeper; it
	1478.508	be given than that of a woodpecker for	climbing trees and for seizing insects in the
2			climbs
	1478.1024	yet it is a woodpecker which never	climbs a tree! Petrels are the most aërial
	1574.516	bamboo in the Malay Archipelago	climbs the loftiest trees by the aid of
2			clinging
	1743.494	as many as three of these ants	clinging to the legs of the slave-making F
	1747.144	a few of these little yellow ants still	clinging to the fragments of the nest. This
2			clings
	635.1145	plainly in the humblest parasite which	clings [page] 61 CHAP. III. STRUGGLE FOR
	741.468	legs and claws of the parasite which	clings to the hair on the tiger's body. But in
2			clive
	5208.23	vo. 2s. 6d. —— Life of Robert Lord	Clive. Post 8vo. 5s. —— Life and Letters of
	5488.13	By LORD CARNARVON. LIFE OF LORD	CLIVE. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. BUSH LIFE IN
1			clives
	4974.0	by LORD ELLESMERE. Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d.	CLIVES (LORD) Life. By REV. G. R. GLEIG, M. A
69			close
	172.128	in degree, not universal, affected by	close interbreeding, removed by domestication
	291.1177	though living long under not very	close confinement in their native country
	532.1524	that the branching of the main nerves	close to the great central ganglion of an
	560.0	must be ranked as varieties.	Close investigation, in most cases, will
	594.96	the scale; and here again there is no	close relation to the size of the genera. The
	651.475	several seedling missletoes, growing	close together on the same branch, may more
	679.206	with ten thousand sharp wedges packed	close together and driven inwards by
	705.3	III. MUTUAL CHECKS TO INCREASE. of	close interbreeding, probably come into play
	707.1677	are now springing up in multitudes, so	close together that all cannot live. [page
	731.996	up a mixed stock of even such extremely	close varieties as the variously coloured
	866.337	offspring; and on the other hand, that	close interbreeding diminishes vigour and
	872.581	anthers and pistil generally stand so	close together that self-fertilisation seems
	878.1413	another species of Lobelia growing	close by, which is visited by bees, seeds
	882.384	of the same flower, though placed so	close together, as if for the very purpose of
	988.961	of the animals and plants which live	close round any small piece of ground, could
	1167.237	for the American and European caverns,	close similarity in their organisation and
	1177.470	or not the adaptation be generally very	close, we have evidence, in the case of some
	1331.1227	from one between brown and black to a	close approach to cream-colour. I am aware
	1424.1396	in greater numbers, will come into	close contact with each other, without the
	1478.941	flight, told me plainly of its	close blood-relationship to our common
	1661.198	was a habit and an instinct becomes so	close as not to be distinguished. If Mozart
	1701.559	simply to habit and long-continued	close confinement. Natural instincts are
	1741.476	the nest, and they alone open and	close the doors in the morning and evening
	1749.484	The nest, however, must have been	close at hand, for two or three individuals
	1767.107	that the form of the cell stands in	close relation to the presence of adjoining
	1896.126	in degree, not universal, affected by	close interbreeding, removed by domestication
	1920.577	by an independent cause, namely, from	close interbreeding. I have collected so
	1924.5	page] 249 CHAP. VIII. STERILITY. that	close interbreeding lessens fertility, and
	1924.1765	may, I believe, be accounted for by	close interbreeding having been avoided. Now
	1942.529	other, and the injurious influence of	close interbreeding is thus prevented. Any
	1948.178	so as to avoid the ill effects of	close interbreeding. On the contrary
	1980.841	failed to produce between extremely	close species a single hybrid. Even within
	2046.645	even with hermaphrodites; and that	close interbreeding continued during several
	2112.108	there seems to be a general and	close similarity in the offspring of crossed
	2132.160	excluding fertility, there is a	close general resemblance between hybrids and
	2149.700	existed, we should have an extremely	close series between both and the rock-pigeon
	2165.711	the past periods of time, may at once	close this volume. Not that it suffices to
	2209.547	and southern escarpments meet and	close, one can safely picture to [page
	2241.147	is, have not followed each other in	close sequence. Scarcely any fact struck me
	2265.132	lived at its commencement and at its	close. Some cases are on record of the same
	2291.280	are enabled to connect them together by	close intermediate gradations. And this from
	2325.451	and these links, let them be ever so	close, if found in different stages of the
	2329.324	which appeared at the commencement and	close of each formation, pressed so hardly on
	2343.365	upper greensand, some time before the	close of the secondary period. I may give
	2438.240	day; some having disappeared before the	close of the palæozoic period. No fixed law
	2438.940	of beings, as of ammonites towards the	close of the secondary period, has been
	2460.105	or orders, as of Trilobites at the	close of the palæozoic period and of
	2460.159	period and of Ammonites at the	close of the secondary period, we must
	2508.165	England and France, is able to draw a	close general parallelism between the
	2558.750	will not attempt to account for the	close resemblance of the distinct species in
	2564.516	which appeared at the commencement and	close of these periods; but we ought to find
	2645.139	to free migration, are related in a	close and important manner to the differences
	2711.195	sides of almost every continent,—the	close relation of the tertiary inhabitants of
	2863.392	and Fuegia, I believe that towards the	close of the Glacial period, icebergs, as
	2948.226	of the world on very small islands, if	close to a continent; and hardly an island
	2972.247	to have been created here; yet the	close affinity of most of these birds to
	3018.390	stations are so different—the very	close relation of the distinct species which
	3087.361	highly serviceable in exhibiting the	close affinity between Ruminants and
	3145.663	preposterous; for where there has been	close descent in common, there will certainly
	3145.712	in common, there will certainly be	close resemblance or affinity. As descent
	3159.1278	similar conditions, and thus assume a	close external resemblance; but such
	3255.107	embryo and the adult, and likewise a	close similarity in the embryos of widely
	3502.594	identity of some few plants, and the	close alliance of many others, on the most
	3502.708	different climates; and likewise the	close alliance of some of the inhabitants of
	4289.7	succession of genera, 316. ——, on	close alliance of fossils in consecutive
	4958.115	of the late Viscount Castlereagh to the	close of his life. Edited by the MARQUIS OF
	5070.83	of Constantinople by the Turks to the	Close of the War in the Crimea. 4 Vols. 8vo
	5132.64	of Yucatan, from its Discovery to the	Close of the 17th Century. With Map. 8vo. 10s
	5231.67	Greece. From the Earliest Times to the	close of the generation contemporary with the
2			closed
	1530.539	contrivance by which the glottis is	closed. In the higher Vertebrata the branchiæ
	3251.865	complex antennæ; but they have a	closed and imperfect mouth, and cannot feed
1			close-fitting
	766.613	in mind how infinitely complex and	close-fitting are the mutual relations of all organic
148			closely
	132.291	genera resemble varieties in being very	closely, but unequally, related to each other
	339.116	plants, and compare them with species	closely allied together, we generally perceive
	349.241	about the immutability of the many very	closely allied and natural species—for instance
	357.171	the breeds; and that some of the breeds	closely resemble, perhaps are identical with
	365.1268	variation. Who can believe that animals	closely resembling the Italian greyhound, the
	405.555	this hypothesis, if applied to species	closely related together, though it is
	441.86	this practice, except sometimes amongst	closely allied sub-breeds. And when a cross has
	505.1550	just when gardeners began to attend	closely to this plant. No doubt the strawberry
	524.281	genera resemble varieties in being very	closely, but unequally, related to each other
	542.97	character of species, but which are so	closely similar to some other forms, or are so
	542.144	similar to some other forms, or are so	closely linked to them by intermediate
	542.963	variety of another, even when they are	closely connected by intermediate links; nor
	560.355	highly useful to man, or from any cause	closely attract his attention, varieties of it
	560.549	as species. Look at the common oak, how	closely it has been studied; yet a German
	578.145	of convenience to a set of individuals	closely resembling each other, and that it does
	596.245	the smaller genera; for wherever many	closely related species (i.e. species of the
	616.365	that those species which are very	closely allied to other species, and in so far
	616.652	species, but which he considers as so	closely allied to other species as to be of
	616.1123	average range, as have those very	closely allied forms, marked for me by Mr
	622.465	large genera the species are apt to be	closely, but unequally, allied together
	622.566	round certain species. Species very	closely allied to other species apparently have
	681.1496	the case would be the same with turf	closely browsed by quadrupeds, be let to grow
	711.315	the old planted clumps. But on looking	closely between the stems of the heath, I found
	711.961	have imagined that cattle would have so	closely and effectually searched it for food
	822.378	most attractive partner. Those who have	closely attended to birds in confinement well
	872.714	have their organs of fructification	closely enclosed, as in the great
	898.175	even of the same genus, though agreeing	closely with each other in almost their whole
	988.1396	which thus jostle each other most	closely, shall, as a general rule, belong to
	994.173	in any land would generally have been	closely allied to the indigenes; for these are
	1056.1241	F), of the two species which were least	closely related to the other nine original
	1098.819	varieties of the same species most	closely related together, species of the same
	1098.876	species of the same genus less	closely and unequally related together, forming
	1098.986	species of distinct genera much less	closely related, and genera related in
	1167.438	of the two continents are not more	closely allied than might have been anticipated
	1171.63	of the European cave-insects are very	closely allied to those of the surrounding
	1171.399	of the Old and New Worlds should be	closely related, we might expect from the well
	1245.943	in comparison with the same part in	closely allied species. Thus, the bat's wing is
	1275.246	variable than those parts which are	closely alike in the several species? I do not
	1293.630	in these same characters between	closely allied species;—that secondary sexual
	1293.792	of the organisation,—are all principles	closely connected together. All being mainly
	1297.1684	like manner, but to three separate yet	closely related acts of creation. With pigeons
	1357.816	arising from such parts not having been	closely specialised to any particular function
	1357.906	that their modifications have not been	closely checked by natural selection. It is
	1400.283	meet at successive intervals with	closely allied or representative species
	1420.241	be eminently liable to the inroads of	closely allied forms existing on both sides of
	1434.380	we know of the actual distribution of	closely allied or representative species, and
	1440.124	intermediate varieties, linking most	closely all the species of the same group
	1448.200	transitional habits and structures in	closely allied species of the same genus; and
	1544.25	OF ORGANS. their intimate structure	closely resembles that of common muscle; and as
	1544.122	been shown that Rays have an organ	closely analogous to the electric apparatus
	1612.741	preceding and intermediate gradations.	Closely allied species, now living on a
	1885.109	to instincts; as by that common case of	closely allied, but certainly distinct, species
	1980.256	and on the other hand, by very	closely allied species generally uniting with
	1980.459	of cases could be given of very	closely allied species which will not unite, or
	1986.1455	has observed it even between forms so	closely related (as Matthiola annua and glabra
	1992.388	between their two parents, always	closely resemble one of them; and such hybrids
	1992.695	individuals sometimes are born, which	closely resemble one of their pure parents; and
	2006.1341	families; and, on the other hand,	closely allied species, and varieties of the
	2040.316	occasionally and exceptionally resemble	closely either pure parent. Nor do I pretend
	2056.764	though resembling each other most	closely, are utterly sterile when intercrossed
	2086.534	And, on the other hand, they agree most	closely in very many important respects. I
	2088.387	admits that hybrids between very	closely allied species are more variable than
	2096.280	when any two species, although most	closely allied to each other, are [page
	2102.642	cross, generally resemble each other	closely; and so it is with mongrels from a
	2110.100	that mongrel animals alone are born	closely like one of their parents; but it can
	2110.332	I have collected of cross-bred animals	closely resembling one parent, the resemblances
	2126.288	of two distinct species, seems	closely allied to that sterility which so
	2155.586	of any two or more species, even if we	closely compared the structure of the parent
	2173.12	waters washed their base. He who most	closely studies the action of the sea on our
	2235.359	to avoid believing that they are	closely consecutive. But we know, for instance
	2265.34	stand, why we do not therein find	closely graduated varieties between the allied
	2291.652	at the same time it could be most	closely connected with either one or both forms
	2297.17	OF THE CHAP. IX. yet are far more	closely allied to each other than are the
	2321.488	would have to migrate, and no	closely consecutive record of their
	2325.362	only to look for a few links, some more	closely, some more distantly related to each
	2408.1165	Yet if we compare any but the most	closely related formations, all the species
	2480.687	inhabitants of Europe resembled most	closely those of the southern hemisphere. So
	2480.843	of the United States are more	closely related to those which lived in Europe
	2528.680	will form a small family; b14 and f14 a	closely allied family or sub-family; and o14, e
	2536.391	these three families would be so	closely linked together that they probably
	2556.628	affinity, this arrangement would not	closely accord with the order in time of their
	2558.0	of the series in this same respect.	Closely connected with the statement, that the
	2558.247	two consecutive formations are far more	closely related to each other, than are the
	2558.795	resemblance of the distinct species in	closely consecutive [page] 336 GEOLOGICAL
	2564.78	of the fact of fossil remains from	closely consecutive formations, though ranked
	2564.151	ranked as distinct species, being	closely related, is obvious. As the
	2564.661	long as measured geologically,	closely allied forms, or, as they have been
	2584.129	mammals from the Australian caves were	closely allied to the living marsupials of that
	2590.735	and the southern half was formerly more	closely allied, than it is at present, to the
	2590.903	that northern India was formerly more	closely related in its mammals to Africa than
	2592.311	the next succeeding period of time,	closely allied though in some degree modified
	2596.389	are many extinct species which are	closely allied in size and in other characters
	2604.210	which must formerly have connected the	closely allied or representative species, found
	2622.245	clearly see why the organic remains of	closely consecutive formations are more closely
	2622.285	closely consecutive formations are more	closely allied to each other, than are those of
	2622.375	formations; for the forms are more	closely linked together by generation: we can
	2637.1072	be paralleled in the New-at least as	closely as the same species generally require
	2643.505	they will be found incomparably more	closely related to each other, than they are to
	2657.527	replace each other. He hears from	closely allied, yet distinct kinds of birds
	2681.939	genera in which the species are most	closely related to each other, are generally
	2689.462	of which most of its inhabitants are	closely related to, or belong to the same
	2693.1046	in space and time with a pre-existing	closely allied species." And I now know from
	2767.66	arctic forms would retreat northward,	closely followed up in their retreat by the
	2781.914	forms, and some few are distinct yet	closely allied or representative species. In
	2793.585	the later tertiary stages were more	closely related to each other than they are at
	2799.244	as distinct species; and a host of	closely allied or representative forms which
	2801.273	on the theory of modification, for many	closely allied forms now living in areas
	2801.535	the still more striking case of many	closely allied crustaceans (as described in
	2803.487	of the Old World, we see countries	closely corresponding in all their physical
	2819.456	two points are; and there are many	closely allied species. On the lofty mountains
	2833.660	certainly identical, and many, though	closely related to northern forms, must be
	2954.701	banks, and they are inhabited by	closely allied or identical quadrupeds. No
	2972.1117	associated together, which resembles	closely the conditions of the South American
	2978.359	to America, are related, and that very	closely, as we know from Dr. Hooker's account
	2978.644	in its endemic plants is much more	closely related to Australia, the nearest
	2984.44	though specifically distinct, to be	closely allied to those of the nearest
	2984.349	in a quite marvellous manner, by very	closely related species; so that the
	2994.193	an erroneous view of the probability of	closely allied species invading each other's
	2994.869	in new countries are not generally	closely allied to the aboriginal inhabitants
	3004.517	let them be ever so distant, many	closely allied or representative species occur
	3038.920	on the several islets, should be	closely related to each other, and likewise be
	3038.985	and likewise be related, but less	closely, to those of the nearest continent or
	3111.142	more especially in very large groups of	closely allied forms. Temminck insists on the
	3141.817	varieties, not solely because they	closely resemble the parent-form, but because
	3239.599	c., resemble each other much more	closely than do the mature insects; but in the
	3239.856	thus birds of the same genus, and of	closely allied genera, often resemble each
	3247.694	though active, still obey more or less	closely the law of common embryonic resemblance
	3257.467	the structure of the embryo not being	closely related to its conditions of existence
	3271.335	so different, are really varieties most	closely allied, and have probably descended
	3289.110	tend to resemble each other much more	closely than do the adults, just as we have
	3289.712	species will still resemble each other	closely, for they will not have been modified
	3291.311	tumbler) the young or embryo would	closely [page] 448 EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP. XIII
	3295.318	not undergoing any metamorphosis, or	closely resembling their parents from their
	3301.937	and are therefore in that degree	closely related. Thus, community in embryonic
	3315.171	species) resembling each other most	closely in all respects, one of which will have
	3323.143	and in other respects. Moreover, in	closely allied species, the degree to which the
	3404.310	into another district occupied by a	closely allied species, we have no just right
	3412.624	if we were to examine them ever so	closely, unless we likewise possessed many of
	3418.614	formations invariably being much more	closely related to each other, than are the
	3454.575	do the species of smaller genera. The	closely allied species also of the larger
	3510.17	acts of creation. The existence of	closely allied or representative species in any
	3510.231	invariably find that wherever many	closely allied species inhabit two areas, some
	3510.338	to both still exist. Wherever many	closely allied yet distinct species occur, many
	3518.885	reptiles, and fishes should be so	closely alike, and should be so unlike the
	3546.862	and at an embryonic age the species	closely resemble each other. Therefore I cannot
	3568.83	of the same species, and all the	closely allied species of most genera, have
	3940.39	Fries on species in large genera being	closely allied to other species, 57. Frigate
	4565.42	on species in large genera being	closely allied to others, 57. ——on the tarsi of
9			closely-allied
	343.650	most cases in a lesser degree than, do	closely-allied species of the same genus in a state of
	542.373	believe that many of these doubtful and	closely-allied forms have permanently retained their
	566.487	he will encounter a greater number of	closely-allied forms. But if his observations be
	878.491	it is well known that if very	closely-allied forms or varieties are planted near
	964.409	for Existence that it is the most	closely-allied forms,—varieties of the same species
	1273.436	species, has differed considerably in	closely-allied species, that it has, also, been
	1400.38	But it may be urged that when several	closely-allied species inhabit the same territory we
	2994.1193	distinct on each; thus there are three	closely-allied species of mocking-thrush, each
	3004.783	the two regions. And wherever many	closely-allied species occur, there will be found many
1			closely-linking
	1404.255	of life, why do we not now find	closely-linking intermediate varieties? This difficulty
1			closeness
	3135.441	with varieties as with species, namely,	closeness of descent with various degrees of
5			closer
	1825.1683	Melipona, if she were to make her cells	closer together, and more regular in every way
	2022.82	of Hybrids.—We may now look a little	closer at the probable causes of the sterility
	2618.503	commonly only bringing them a little	closer together. The more ancient a form is
	2831.322	fact that New Zealand should have a	closer resemblance in its crustacea to Great
	2984.478	are related in an incomparably	closer degree to each other than to the
9			closest
	441.149	And when a cross has been made, the	closest selection is far more indispensable
	505.1250	man, or so much valued by him, that the	closest attention should be paid to even the
	741.748	of plumed seeds no doubt stands in the	closest relation to the land being already
	964.227	extinct. The forms which stand in	closest competition with those undergoing
	988.1184	is seen, that where they come into the	closest competition with each other, the
	2285.82	requiring much time. Nor will the	closest inspection of a formation give any idea
	3061.503	which, in any small area, come into the	closest competition, and by looking to certain
	3133.68	languages, extinct and modern, by the	closest affinities, and would give the
	3438.58	species come in all respects into the	closest competition with each other, the
3			cloth
	4834.124	A New Edition. Medium 8vo. 21s.	cloth, 31s. 6d. calf, or 42s. morocco
	5412.96	s.6d. each, or bound in 34 Volumes,	cloth. CONTENTS OF THE SERIES. THE BIBLE IN
	5912.104	Initials, Vignettes, &c. Medium 8vo.	Cloth, 21s.; Calf, 31s. 6d.; Morocco. 42s
1			clothe
	651.194	the same and other kinds which already	clothe the ground. The missletoe is dependent
10			clothed
	381.1268	down with which the nestling birds are	clothed when hatched. The shape and size of the
	711.799	land was enclosed, it became thickly	clothed with vigorously growing young firs. Yet
	729.343	or on the other plants which first	clothed the ground and thus checked the growth
	741.799	to the land being already thickly	clothed by other plants; so that the seeds may
	2171.622	cliffs rounded boulders, all thickly	clothed by marine productions, showing how
	2759.728	moraines, left by old glaciers, are now	clothed by the vine and maize. Throughout a
	2843.1225	spaces of the tropical lowlands were	clothed with a mingled tropical and temperate
	2978.1161	the antarctic islands, when they were	clothed with vegetation, before the
	3321.233	style remains well developed, and is	clothed with hairs as in other compositæ, for
	3588.52	to contemplate an entangled bank,	clothed with many plants of many kinds, with
2			clothing
	665.66	over the wide plains of La Plata,	clothing square leagues of surface almost to the
	725.450	When we look at the plants and bushes	clothing an entangled bank, we are tempted to
2			clouds
	1610.507	elaboration by our fir-trees of dense	clouds of pollen, in order that a few granules
	5726.70	With English Notes. 8vo.—l.	CLOUDS, 10s.—2. WASPS, 10s.—3. FROGS, 15s
9			clover
	719.855	humble-bees alone visit the common red	clover (Trifolium pratense), as other bees
	723.56	rare in England, the heartsease and red	clover would become very rare, or wholly
	852.1211	suck the nectar out of the incarnate	clover, but not out of the common red [page
	856.0	page] 95 CHAP. IV. NATURAL SELECTION.	clover, which is visited by humble-bees alone
	856.79	alone; so that whole fields of the red	clover offer in vain an abundant supply of
	856.338	by experiment that the fertility of	clover greatly depends on bees visiting and
	856.571	might be a great advantage to the red	clover to have a shorter or more deeply
	2735.865	the oat, wheat, millet, canary, hemp,	clover, and beet germinated after having been
	3687.32	BEES. Bees, hive, not sucking the red	clover, 95. ——, ——, cell-making instinct
2			clovers
	719.803	beneficial to the fertilisation of our	clovers; but humble-bees alone visit the common
	852.1049	of the common red and incarnate	clovers (Trifolium pratense and incarnatum) do
2			clowes
	108.22	LONDON: PRINTED BY W.	CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING
	4606.22	LONDON: PRINTED BY W.	CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING
1			clubs
	375.21	DOMESTIC PIGEONS. of the London Pigeon	Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is
1			clump
	1749.294	for about forty yards, to a very thick	clump of heath, whence I saw the last
3			clumps
	707.1508	there are extensive heaths, with a few	clumps of old Scotch firs on the distant hill
	711.292	Scotch fir, except the old planted	clumps. But on looking closely between the
	711.539	yards distant from one of the old	clumps, I counted thirty-two little trees; and
1			clung
	2892.1211	hatched shells crawled on the feet, and	clung to them so firmly that when taken out
1			clusion
	3476.0	page] 473 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION.	clusion when we look, for instance, at the
1			cluster
	1807.1198	by a strong coping of wax, the bees can	cluster and crawl over the comb without
5			clustered
	610.389	little groups of species are generally	clustered like satellites around certain other
	610.526	unequally related to each other, and	clustered round certain forms—that is, round
	1102.47	in a single file, but seem rather to be	clustered round points, and these round other
	1574.586	aid of exquisitely constructed hooks	clustered around the ends of the branches, and
	3454.672	have restricted ranges, and they are	clustered in little groups round other species—in
1			clusters
	622.521	allied together, forming little	clusters round certain species. Species very
1			cnestis
	3081.1741	they appear insufficient to separate	Cnestis from Connarus." To give an example
2			coadaptation
	250.610	that perfection of structure and	coadaptation which most justly excites our
	258.103	into the means of modification and	coadaptation. At the commencement of my observations
2			coadaptations
	256.234	for it leaves the case of the	coadaptations of organic beings to each other and to
	954.199	beauty and infinite complexity of the	coadaptations between all organic beings, one with
2			co-adaptations
	635.1022	been perfected? We see these beautiful	co-adaptations most plainly in the woodpecker and
	1125.328	produced the many striking and complex	co-adaptations of structure between one organic being
1			coarse
	1261.203	to fail so far as to breed a bird as	coarse as a common tumbler from a good short
1			coarse-haired
	317.377	have imperfect teeth; long-haired and	coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted
1			coarser
	1498.323	to light, and likewise to those	coarser vibrations of the air which produce
14			coast
	1125.842	than when living on islands or near the	coast. So with insects, Wollaston is
	1155.640	As with mariners shipwrecked near a	coast, it would have been better for the good
	2213.1211	to be eaten back along a whole line of	coast at the rate of one yard in nearly every
	2213.1552	hand, I do not believe that any line of	coast, ten or twenty miles in length, ever
	2241.460	geological period. Along the whole west	coast, which is inhabited by a peculiar
	2241.718	will explain why along the rising	coast of the western side of South America
	2249.443	ancient tertiary formation on the west	coast of South America, which has been bulky
	2735.552	to England, as the hawks on the English	coast destroyed so many on their arrival
	2972.1162	the conditions of the South American	coast: in fact there is a considerable
	3619.39	South, no modern formations on west	coast, 290. Ammonites, sudden extinction of
	5175.46	among the Chinese: Inland, on the	Coast, and at Sea, during 1853-56. Woodcuts
	5630.211	Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West	Coast; thence across the Continent, down the
	5894.40	Geology of Yorkshire, The Yorkshire	Coast, and the Mountain-Limestone District
	5896.31	s. ——— Rivers, Mountains, and Sea	Coast of Yorkshire. With Essays on the
2			coast-action
	2255.456	and brought within the limits of the	coast-action. Thus the geological record will
	2315.480	soon as accumulated, by the incessant	coast-action, as we now see on the shores of South
1			coast-ice
	2759.864	rocks scored by drifted icebergs and	coast-ice, plainly reveal a former cold period
3			coast-rocks
	2241.939	from the enormous degradation of the	coast-rocks and from muddy streams entering the sea
	3833.45	on insular plants, 389. Degradation of	coast-rocks, 282. Denudation, rate of, 285. ——of
	4410.47	of Jordan Hill, on the degradation of	coast-rocks, 283. Snap-dragon, 161. Somerville
3			coasts
	2173.142	with the slowness with which rocky	coasts are worn away. The observations on this
	2213.1379	this rate excepting on the most exposed	coasts; though no doubt the degradation of a
	2241.252	hundred miles of the South American	coasts, which have been upraised several
4			coast-waves
	858.327	hear the action, for instance, of the	coast-waves, called a trifling and insignificant
	2219.461	have escaped the action of the	coast-waves. So that in all probability a far
	2241.1202	land within the grinding action of the	coast-waves. We may, I think, safely conclude that
	3532.420	excavated, by the slow action of the	coast-waves. The mind cannot possibly grasp the
3			coated
	1502.70	a series with an optic nerve merely	coated with pigment, and without any other
	1502.518	the transparent cones which are	coated by pigment, and which properly act only
	1506.547	apparatus of an optic nerve merely	coated with pigment and invested by
3			cobites
	1522.362	larva of the dragon-fly and in the fish	Cobites. In the Hydra, the animal may be turned
	3778.0	to organisms, 139. [page] 493 INDEX.	COBITES. Cobites, intestine of, 190. Cockroach
	3780.0	page] 493 INDEX. COBITES.	Cobites, intestine of, 190. Cockroach
1			cocci
	1741.299	probably in search of aphides or	cocci. According to Huber, who had ample
2			coccus
	536.106	of variability in these main nerves in	Coccus, which may almost be compared to the
	4133.31	Lubbock, Mr., on the nerves of	coccus, 46. Lucas, Dr. P., on inheritance
1			cock-fighter
	816.857	the spurred leg, as well as the brutal	cock-fighter, who knows well that he can improve his
1			cock-nests
	1885.566	Troglodytes) of North America, build "	cock-nests," to roost in, like the males of our
2			cockroach
	737.702	climates! In Russia the small Asiatic	cockroach has everywhere driven before it its
	3781.0	COBITES. Cobites, intestine of, 190.	Cockroach, 76. Collections, palæontological, poor
2			cocks
	816.949	breed by careful selection of the best	cocks. How low in the scale of nature this
	828.355	horn-like protuberances in the	cocks of certain fowls, &c.), which we cannot
3			cocoon
	331.215	at the corresponding caterpillar or	cocoon stage. But hereditary diseases and some
	804.266	plants; in the caterpillar and	cocoon stages of the varieties of the silkworm
	3269.319	peculiarities in the caterpillar,	cocoon, or imago states of the silk-moth; or
1			cocoon—or
	810.740	and used exclusively for opening the	cocoon—or the hard tip to the beak of nestling
2			cocoons
	1767.431	have humble-bees, which use their old	cocoons to hold honey, sometimes adding to them
	1781.1365	wax to the circular mouths of her old	cocoons. By such modifications of instincts in
1			cocystus
	1857.0	page] 239 CHAP. VII. NEUTER INSECTS.	cocystus, the workers of one caste never leave
1			codlin-apple
	423.447	sorts, for instance a Ribston-pippin or	Codlin-apple, could ever have proceeded from the
1			cœlospermous
	1217.536	in the exterior flowers and	cœlospermous in the central flowers,—that the elder
1			cœrulea
	1914.1532	blue pimpernels (Anagallis arvensis and	cœrulea), which the best botanists rank as
2			coexist
	836.933	formed which would either supplant or	coexist with the parent-form of wolf. Or, again
	1205.193	very frequently, and that others rarely	coexist, without our being able to assign any
1			co-exist
	576.549	the parent species; or both might	co-exist, and both rank as independent species
2			coexisted
	2474.487	one would have suspected that they had	coexisted with still living sea-shells; but as
	2474.559	shells; but as these anomalous monsters	coexisted with the Masto- [page] 324 GEOLOGICAL
1			co-existed
	2440.452	and other extinct monsters, which all	co-existed with still living shells at a very late
2			co-extensive
	192.322	Dispersal during the Glacial period	co-extensive with the world
	2635.312	Dispersal during the Glacial period	co-extensive with the world. IN considering the
2			cohere
	1199.64	been remarked by some authors, tend to	cohere; this is often seen in monstrous plants
	1357.208	same way, and homologous parts tend to	cohere. Modifications in hard parts and in
1			coinages
	5916.151	of Indian History, Chronology, Modern	Coinages, Weights, Measures, &c. Edited by
3			coincidence
	2693.1117	now know from correspondence, that this	coincidence he attributes to generation with
	3173.1358	a few members preserved by some unusual	coincidence of favourable circumstances. Mr
	5251.135	to a Scripture Kevelation from its	Coincidence with the Facts of Nature. 8vo. 9s. 6d
2			coincidences
	4816.15	Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——— Undesigned	Coincidences in the Writings of the Old and New
	4816.144	with an Appendix containing Undesigned	Coincidences between the Gospels, Acts, and Josephus
1			coincident
	2693.992	every species has come into existence	coincident both in space and time with a pre
1			coins
	5594.44	Hellenica. A Catalogue of Greek	Coins. With Map and Appendix. 4to 63s
1			colchicus
	1950.207	and Reevesii, and from Phasianus	colchicus with P. torquatus and with P
4			colder
	747.24	CHAP. III. into slightly hotter or	colder, damper or drier districts. In this
	2773.606	conclude without other evidence, that a	colder climate permitted their former
	2819.101	belts, having been simultaneously	colder from pole to pole, much light can be
	2839.13	THE GLACIAL PERIOD. neously much	colder than at present. The Glacial period, as
2			coldest
	2781.355	the Glacial epoch, and which during its	coldest period will have been temporarily
	2843.1151	or seven thousand feet. During this the	coldest period, I suppose that large spaces of
1			coleoptera
	1155.86	and which, as the flower-feeding	coleoptera and lepidoptera, must habitually use
2			coleopterous
	598.95	the plants of twelve countries, and the	coleopterous insects of two districts, into two
	2412.1108	for instance, in the land-shells and	coleopterous insects of Madeira having come to
1			coleridge
	4976.0	REV. G. R. GLEIG, M. A. Post 8vo. 6s.	COLERIDGE (SAMUEL TAYLOR). Specimens of his Table
4			collateral
	1048.934	So it probably will be with many whole	collateral lines of descent, which will be
	1500.257	of the same group, that is to the	collateral descendants from the same original
	1669.373	species-but we ought to find in the	collateral lines of descent some evidence of such
	2540.563	modified descendants, or between their	collateral relations. In nature the case will be
7			collect
	532.1124	parts of structure, which he could	collect on good authority, as I have collected
	1189.1394	are destroyed by frost, and then	collect seed from the few survivors, with care
	1450.673	escape birds or beasts of prey, or to	collect food more quickly, or, as there is
	1755.321	determine its own migrations, does not	collect food for itself or its young, and
	1755.1010	be called, their aphides; and thus both	collect food for the community. In England the
	1755.1097	masters alone usually leave the nest to	collect building materials and food for
	1825.682	quantity of honey which the bees could	collect. But let us suppose that this latter
22			collected
	291.1615	on the copious details which I have	collected on [page] 9 CHAP. I. UNDER
	317.183	animals and plants. From the facts	collected by Heusinger, it appears that white
	532.1161	collect on good authority, as I have	collected, during a course of years. It should be
	866.27	alone. In the first place, I have	collected so large a body of facts, showing, in
	900.79	the many special facts which I have	collected, but which I am not here able to give
	1177.692	and rhododendrons, raised from seed	collected by Dr. Hooker from trees growing at
	1245.557	the long array of facts which I have	collected, and which cannot possibly be here
	1317.768	or organ in an allied species. I have	collected a long list of such cases; but [page
	1325.34	With respect to the horse, I have	collected cases in England of the spinal stripe
	1331.853	details, I may state that I have	collected cases of leg and shoulder stripes in
	1448.111	of the many striking cases which I have	collected, I can give only one or two instances
	1821.749	quantity of fluid nectar must be	collected and consumed by the bees in a hive for
	1920.605	from close interbreeding. I have	collected so large a body of facts, showing
	2028.192	to a large body of facts, which I have	collected, showing that when animals and plants
	2110.300	Looking to the cases which I have	collected of cross-bred animals closely
	2223.356	specimens, or from a few specimens	collected on some one spot. Only a small portion
	2301.224	species, until many specimens have been	collected from many places; and in the case of
	2311.65	yet if all the species were to be	collected which have ever lived there, how
	2823.757	hot lowlands. A list of the genera	collected on the loftier peaks of Java raises a
	5002.47	ALLAN) Poems and Songs. Now first	collected and arranged, with Biographical Notice
	5676.19	Fcap. 8vo. 1s. McCULLOCHS (J. R.)	Collected Edition of Ricardos Political Works
	5846.53	C. N.) Customs' Tariffs of all Nations;	collected and arranged up to the year 1855. 4to
4			collecting
	842.1405	visiting flowers for the sake of	collecting pollen instead of nectar; and as pollen
	1761.79	than to procreate them-the habit of	collecting pupæ originally for food might by
	2880.542	the world. I well remember, when first	collecting in the fresh waters of Brazil, feeling
	3191.1770	to, if we were ever to succeed in	collecting all the forms in any class which have
10			collection
	1147.193	examined seventeen specimens in his own	collection, and not one had even a relic left. In
	2584.585	even more clearly seen in the wonderful	collection of fossil bones made by MM. Lund and
	2823.818	peaks of Java raises a picture of a	collection made on a hill in Europe! Still more
	3195.13	XIII. CLASSIFICATION. so perfect a	collection: nevertheless, in certain classes, we
	3406.290	with such links? Why does not every	collection of fossil remains afford plain evidence
	3574.196	as a well-filled museum, but as a poor	collection made at hazard and at rare intervals
	5124.20	Edition. 8vo. 16s. FAIRY RING (THE), A	Collection of TALES and STORIES for Young Persons
	5128.23	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. FAMILY RECEIPT-BOOK. A	Collection of a Thousand Valuable and Useful
	5614.184	of the Pictures, and Origin of the	Collection. Portraits. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. —— (M. G
	6066.25	Fcap 8vo. 2s. —— (J. E.) Fairy Ring. A	Collection of Stories for Young Persons. From the
9			collections
	180.259	On the poorness of our palæontological	collections — On the intermittence of geological
	1398.644	earth is a vast museum; but the natural	collections have been made only at intervals of
	2223.39	On the poorness of our Palæontological	collections.—That our palæontological collections
	2223.77	collections.—That our palæontological	collections are very imperfect, is admitted by
	3301.144	gradations, the best, or indeed, if our	collections were nearly perfect, the only possible
	3782.0	intestine of, 190. Cockroach, 76.	Collections, palæontological, poor, 287. Colour
	3928.33	on poorness of palæontological	collections, 287. —on continuous succession of
	6100.80	Britain. Being an Account of the Chief	Collections of Paintings, Sculpture, Manuscripts
	6102.81	Being an Account of more than Forty	Collections, visited in 1854-56 and never before
1			collections—on
	2141.253	On the poorness of our palæontological	collections—On the intermittence of geological
1			collector
	1131.537	confined to sea-coasts, as every	collector knows, are often brassy or lurid
1			collins
	461.118	any breed, in the same way as Bakewell,	Collins, &c., by this very same process, only
7			colonel
	1323.1026	appear: and I have been informed by	Colonel Poole that the foals of this species
	1331.107	generally striped, that, as I hear from	Colonel Poole, who examined the breed for the
	1331.511	quite disappear in old horses.	Colonel Poole has seen both gray and bay
	1333.16	to cream-colour. I am aware that	Colonel Hamilton Smith, who has written on this
	1343.7	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. to ask	Colonel Poole whether such face-stripes ever
	5512.13	The Student's Gibbon.) HUTCHINSON" (	COLONEL) on Dog-Breaking; the most expeditious
	6122.57	his Despatches and General Orders. By	COLONEL GURWOOD. 8vo. 18s. —— Speeches in
3			colonial
	4980.0	Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d.	COLONIAL LIBRARY. [See Home and Colonial Library
	4980.32	s. 6d. COLONIAL LIBRARY. [See Home and	Colonial Library.] COOKERY (DOMESTIC). Founded
	5412.9	Post 8vo. 21s. C [page] 18 HOME AND	COLONIAL LIBRARY. Complete in 70 Parts. Post 8vo
4			colonies
	2408.1470	latter rule, is that of the so-called "	colonies" of M. Barrande, which intrude for a
	3670.26	of, 98. Barrande, M., on Silurian	colonies, 313. ——on the succession of species
	4145.17	of species, 312. —, on Barrande's	colonies, 313. —, on tertiary formations of
	4622.104	Missionary in the North American	Colonies. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ABERCROMBIE'S (JOHN
4			colonisation
	200.222	to those of the nearest mainland — On	colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent
	2878.214	to those of the nearest mainland—On	colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent
	3018.740	but are explicable on the view of	colonisation from the nearest and readiest source
	6106.97	Account of the Beginning of the British	Colonisation of the Island. Map. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s
3			colonised
	2998.238	yet this latter island has not become	colonised by the Porto Santo species
	2998.312	nevertheless both islands have been	colonised by some European land-shells, which no
	3004.66	slowly upheaved, would naturally be	colonised from the surrounding lowlands. So it is
10			colonists
	2693.455	from it in the course of time a few	colonists, and their descendants, though modified
	2753.156	from the mainland, would not receive	colonists by similar means. I do not doubt that
	2910.629	place, than in the case of terrestrial	colonists. We should, also, remember that some
	2972.1832	Islands would be likely to receive	colonists, whether by occasional means of
	2976.100	Islands from Africa; and that such	colonists would be liable to modification;—the
	3000.222	the inhabitants of that region whence	colonists could most readily have been derived
	3000.274	most readily have been derived,—the	colonists having been subsequently modified and
	3018.862	and better adaptation of the	colonists to their new homes. Summary of last
	3502.403	of the same progenitors and early	colonists. On this same principle of former
	3502.1195	and as the two areas will have received	colonists from some third source or from each
47			colour
	309.202	increased size from amount of food,	colour from particular kinds of food and from
	317.41	with blue eyes are invariably deaf;	colour and constitutional peculiarities go
	399.1211	black barb was of as beautiful a blue	colour, with the white rump, double black wing
	411.322	respects to the rock-pigeon; the blue	colour and various marks occasionally
	449.723	kinds of gooseberries differ in size,	colour, shape, and hairiness, and yet the
	455.454	in Genesis, it is clear that the	colour of domestic animals was at that early
	455.727	Africa match their draught cattle by	colour, as do some of the Esquimaux their
	493.753	the common breed, which differ only in	colour, that [page] 40 SELECTION BY MAN. CHAP
	792.321	white in winter, the red-grouse the	colour of heather, and the black-grouse that
	796.213	be most effective in giving the proper	colour to each kind of grouse, and in keeping
	796.264	kind of grouse, and in keeping that	colour, when once acquired, true and constant
	796.396	of an animal of any particular	colour would produce little effect: we should
	796.593	In plants the down on the fruit and the	colour of the flesh are considered by
	804.349	in the eggs of poultry, and in the	colour of the down of their chickens; in the
	824.135	of life, but differ in structure,	colour, or ornament, such differences have
	1205.354	in cats, and the tortoise-shell	colour with the female sex; the feathered feet
	1205.538	when first hatched, with the future	colour of their plumage; or, again, the
	1211.1425	truss often loses the patches of darker	colour in the two upper petals; and that when
	1211.1532	nectary is quite aborted; when the	colour is absent from only one of the two
	1269.258	had blue flowers and some had red, the	colour would be only a specific character, and
	1269.436	all the species had blue flowers, the	colour would become a generic character, and
	1309.392	in the plumage to assume this	colour. This view is hypothetical, but could
	1315.510	might have inferred this, from the blue	colour and marks so often appearing when
	1331.1169	duns; by the term dun a large range of	colour is included, from one between brown and
	1339.1423	so convinced that not even a stripe of	colour appears from what would commonly be
	1345.756	or geographical races) of a bluish	colour, with certain bars and other marks; and
	1560.272	such as the down on fruit and the	colour of the flesh, which, from determining
	1574.166	we should have thought that the green	colour was a beautiful adaptation to hide this
	1574.399	as it is, I have no doubt that the	colour is due to some quite distinct cause
	1580.1234	reason to believe that constitution and	colour are correlated. A good observer, also
	1580.1360	the attacks of flies is correlated with	colour, as is the liability to be poisoned by
	1580.1430	be poisoned by certain plants; so that	colour would be thus subjected to the action
	1813.172	wax; and I invariably found that the	colour was most delicately diffused by the
	1859.1195	each other in size and sometimes in	colour; and that the extreme forms can
	2074.310	no other difference besides the mere	colour of the flower; and one variety can
	3044.804	in common, as of sculpture or	colour. In looking to the long succession of
	3089.514	the wings of insects are folded-mere	colour in certain Algæ-mere pubescence on
	3135.1196	are less variable than the shape or	colour of the body, &c.; whereas with sheep
	3139.502	group, however much he might differ in	colour and other important characters from
	3478.280	agree? Why, for instance, should the	colour of a flower be more likely to vary in
	3699.4	annually cross the Atlantic, 364. ——,	colour of, on continents, 132. ——, fossil, in
	3783.0	palæontological, poor, 287.	Colour, influenced by climate, 132. ——, in
	4080.9	at corresponding ages, 14, 86. Insects,	colour of, fitted for habitations, 84. —, sea
	4296.21	out of egg, 87. —, reverting to blue	colour, 160. —, instinct of tumbling
	4353.21	inheritance, 14. ——in pigeons to blue	colour, 160. Rhododendron, sterility of
	4585.9	Woodpecker, habits of, 184. —, green	colour of, 197. Woodward, Mr., on the duration
	6134.6	Sinai, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 15s. —— On	Colour, and on the Necessity for a General
26			coloured
	317.274	and pigs are differently affected from	coloured individuals by certain vegetable
	399.1652	several imagined aboriginal stocks were	coloured and marked like the rock-pigeon
	399.1737	no other existing species is thus	coloured and marked, so that in each separate
	731.1029	close varieties as the variously	coloured sweet-peas, they must be each year
	796.1018	peaches far more than those with other	coloured flesh. If, with all the aids of art
	1125.625	in shallow water, are more brightly	coloured than those of the same species further
	1125.767	of the same species are more brightly	coloured under a clear atmosphere, than when
	1303.396	because, as we have seen, these	coloured marks are eminently liable to appear in
	1303.499	of two distinct and differently	coloured breeds; and in this case there is
	1339.433	a figure of a similar mule. In four	coloured drawings, which I have seen, of hybrids
	1789.105	a thin and narrow, knife-edged ridge,	coloured with vermilion. The bees instantly
	1813.294	done with his brush-by atoms of the	coloured wax having been taken from the spot on
	2070.380	produce less seed, than do either	coloured varieties when fertilised with pollen
	2070.442	fertilised with pollen from their own	coloured flowers. Moreover, he asserts that when
	2074.163	by the crosses between the same	coloured flowers, than between those which are
	2074.222	between those which are differently	coloured. Yet these varieties of Verbascum
	2379.524	since the earliest silurian period. The	coloured map appended to my volume on Coral
	2657.669	but not quite alike, with eggs	coloured in nearly the same manner. The plains
	3478.437	created independently, have differently	coloured flowers, than if all the species of the
	3478.506	the species of the genus have the same	coloured flowers? If species are only well
	4300.67	poisonous, not affecting certain	coloured animals, 12. —, selection applied to
	4314.29	of, 213. Poison not affecting certain	coloured animals, 12. ROBINIA, Poison
	5402.42	Life of). By DEAN MILMAN. Woodcuts, and	coloured Borders. 8vo. 9s. HOSPITALS AND
	5724.196	the present time. Second Edition. With	Coloured Revenue Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d. MITCHELLS
	5764.98	Geologically Illustrated. With	Coloured Maps, Plates, Sections, &c. 2 Vols
	6134.151	Dressed or Geometrical Gardens. With	Coloured Illustrations and Woodcuts. 8vo. 18s
4			colouring
	395.183	in constitution, habits, voice,	colouring, and in most parts of their structure
	399.28	PIGEONS. Some facts in regard to the	colouring of pigeons well deserve consideration
	1345.325	which approaches to that of the general	colouring of the other species of the genus. The
	1478.852	part of its organisation, even in its	colouring, in the harsh tone of its voice, and
13			colours
	399.1842	a tendency to revert to the very same	colours and markings. Or, secondly, [page
	1125.931	residence near the sea affects their	colours. Moquin-Tandon gives a list of plants
	1131.784	for instance, was created with bright	colours for a warm sea; but that this other
	1315.578	when distinct breeds of diverse	colours are crossed. Hence, though under nature
	1325.132	of the most distinct breeds, and of all	colours; transverse bars on the legs are not
	1345.1005	the oldest and truest breeds of various	colours are crossed, we see a strong tendency
	3926.15	and umbelliferæ,144. Forbes, E., on	colours of shells, 132. —on abrupt range of
	3981.12	A., on land-shells, 397. ——, Mr., on	colours of birds, 132. —, on birds of the
	3998.8	Groups, aberrant, 429. Grouse,	colours of, 84. ——, red, a doubtful species
	4081.13	for habitations, 84. —, sea-side,	colours of, 132. ——, blind, in caves
	4396.8	mountain, varieties of, 76. Shells,	colours of, 132. ——, littoral, seldom embedded
	4579.7	of land-shells in Madeira, 52. ——, on	colours of insects on sea-shore, 132. —, on
	5722.121	Dyeing, arid the Preparation of	Colours and Artificial Gems, described in
1			colts
	3275.785	and heavy cart-horse, I find that the	colts have by no means acquired their full
3			columba
	389.186	have descended from the rock-pigeon (	Columba livia), including under this term
	411.591	domestic breeds have descended from the	Columba livia with its geographical sub-species
	3785.0	in relation to attacks by flies, 198.	Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons
2			columbidæ
	395.385	throughout the whole great family of	Columbidæ for a beak like that of the English
	411.244	respects, as compared with all other	Columbidæ, though so like in most other respects
2			colymbetes
	2896.158	a water-beetle of the same family, a	Colymbetes, once flew on board the 'Beagle,' when
	3786.0	livia, parent of domestic pigeons, 23.	Colymbetes, 386. Compensation of growth
3			combat
	1610.72	as born, or to perish herself in the	combat; for undoubtedly this is for the good
	1743.869	down on a bare spot near the place of	combat; they were eagerly seized, and carried
	1743.1011	they had been victorious in their late	combat. [page] 222 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. At
1			combination
	325.283	deviation, due to some extraordinary	combination of circumstances, appears in the parent
1			combinations
	3558.1104	admit that genera are merely artificial	combinations made for convenience. This may not be a
1			combine
	2514.709	series is far less perfect than if we	combine both into one general system. With
8			combined
	152.53	external conditions — Use and disuse,	combined with natural selection; organs of
	1004.391	derived from divergence of character,	combined with the principles of natural
	1117.51	of external conditions—Use and disuse,	combined with natural selection; organs of
	1153.559	to the action of natural selection, but	combined probably with disuse. For during
	1185.206	and how much to both means	combined, is a very obscure question. That habit
	1195.209	use and disuse have often been largely	combined with, and sometimes overmastered by
	2869.270	of change; and that on this view,	combined with modification through natural
	3502.458	same principle of former migration,	combined in most cases with modification, we can
1			combining
	2149.853	fantail and pouter; none, for instance,	combining a tail somewhat expanded with a crop
1			comb-making
	1711.361	instinct of certain ants; and the	comb-making power of the hive-bee: these two latter
4			combs
	723.225	of field-mice, which destroy their	combs and nests; and Mr. H. Newman, who has
	1787.102	of Mr. Tegetmeier, I separated two	combs, and put between them a long, thick
	1795.256	then stopping their work. In ordinary	combs it has appeared to me that the bees do
	1825.65	necessary for the construction of their	combs. Moreover, many bees have to remain
26			comes
	505.322	individuals being kept; and hence this	comes to be of the highest importance to
	566.828	other naturalists. When, moreover, he	comes to study allied forms brought from
	651.82	seeds, of which on an average only one	comes to maturity, may be more truly said to
	699.493	disproportionably favoured: and here	comes in a sort of struggle between the
	741.241	all other organic beings, with which it	comes into competition for food or residence
	884.560	flowers on the same plant. How, then,	comes it that such a vast number of the
	940.29	mination. Hence, perhaps, it	comes that the flora of Madeira, according to
	1018.959	derived from divergence of character	comes in; for this will generally lead to the
	1205.670	dog, though here probably homology	comes into play? With respect to this latter
	1267.401	in nearly the same state; and thus it	comes to be no more variable than any other
	1392.307	other less-favoured forms with which it	comes into competition. Thus extinction and
	1412.1005	which it is destroyed, or with which it	comes into competition; and as these species
	1498.93	hardly be considered real. How a nerve	comes to be sensitive to light, hardly
	1598.455	conditions of life, if any part	comes to be injurious, it will be modified
	1655.148	it, of judgment or reason, often	comes into play, even in animals very low in
	1771.213	or more other cells. When one cell	comes into contact with three other cells
	2110.1070	body of facts with respect to animals,	comes to the conclusion, that the laws of
	2412.836	with which the varying species	comes into competition. Hence it is by no
	2452.191	some advantage over those with which it	comes into competition; and the consequent
	2458.390	from one species, that is a new genus,	comes to supplant an old genus, belonging to
	2540.414	as they subsequently diverged. Thus it	comes that ancient and extinct genera are
	2578.16	to the adult. Thus the embryo	comes to be left as a sort of picture
	2663.878	Thus the high importance of barriers	comes into play by checking migration; as
	3247.206	or later in life; but whenever it	comes on, the adaptation of the larva to its
	3438.478	any season, over those with which it	comes into competition, or better adaptation
	3484.493	the hive-bee. Habit no doubt sometimes	comes into play in modifying instincts; but
10			coming
	234.990	to show that I have not been hasty in	coming to a decision. My work is now nearly
	419.326	parent, as any naturalist could in	coming to a similar conclusion in regard to
	1560.1350	to disease, or not so well enabled in a	coming dearth to search for food, or to escape
	1695.703	wild parentage only in one way, by not	coming in a straight line to his master when
	2267.452	as it seems to me, prevent us	coming to any just conclusion on this head
	2550.517	of some preceding forms, and for the	coming in of quite new forms by immigration
	2608.209	but often falsely apparent, sudden	coming in of whole groups of species. He may
	2681.1061	a strange anomaly it would be, if, when	coming one step lower in the series, to the
	2749.1591	a seed falling on favourable soil, and	coming to maturity! But it would be a great
	3578.342	by migrating into new countries and	coming into competition with foreign
2			command
	1930.458	and by his having hothouses at his	command. Of his many important statements I
	5954.172	vo. 10s. 6d. (Published by Imperial	Command.) RUXTON'S (GEORGE F.) Travels in
1			commanded
	3544.246	certain elemental atoms have been	commanded suddenly to flash into living tissues
3			commence
	846.1619	flower to flower, another process might	commence. No naturalist doubts the advantage of
	1502.25	perfected. In the Articulata we can	commence a series with an optic nerve merely
	1819.716	might, by fixing on a point at which to	commence a cell, and then moving outside, first
3			commenced
	1801.914	plates, until the hexagonal walls are	commenced. Some of these statements differ from
	1807.1108	From all the cells, both those just	commenced and those completed, being thus crowned
	1819.454	and outside of two or three cells	commenced at the same time, always standing at
19			commencement
	258.124	modification and coadaptation. At the	commencement of my observations it seemed to me
	1060.785	but from having diverged at the first	commencement of the process of modification, will be
	1803.159	have seen, strictly correct; the first	commencement having always been a little hood of wax
	1809.263	a score of individuals work even at the	commencement of the first cell. I was able
	2265.108	the allied species which lived at its	commencement and at its close. Some cases are on
	2329.307	the species which appeared at the	commencement and close of each formation, pressed so
	2339.345	of as having abruptly come in at the	commencement of the tertiary series. And now one of
	2339.573	in the new red sandstone at nearly the	commencement of this great series. Cuvier used to
	2345.872	had been suddenly developed at the	commencement of the tertiary series. This was a sore
	2351.550	did appear, as Agassiz believes, at the	commencement of the chalk formation, the fact would
	2564.499	the species which appeared at the	commencement and close of these periods; but we
	2781.299	existed on the mountains before the	commencement of the Glacial epoch, and which during
	2783.105	Glacial period, I assumed that at its	commencement the arctic productions were as uniform
	2783.622	temperate forms round the world, at the	commencement of the Glacial period. At the present
	2863.862	that there has been time since the	commencement of the Glacial period for their
	2863.1228	a former and warmer period, before the	commencement of the Glacial period, when the
	2867.186	now sunken islands, and perhaps at the	commencement of the Glacial period, by icebergs. By
	2978.1197	clothed with vegetation, before the	commencement of the Glacial period. The affinity
	4958.39	CASTLEREAGH (THE) DESPATCHES, from the	commencement of the official career of the late
1			commences
	562.24	varieties. When a young naturalist	commences the study of a group of organisms quite
2			commentaries
	4828.27	page] 5 BLACKSTONE'S (SIR WILLIAM)	Commentaries on the Laws of England, A New Edition
	4960.23	vo. 14s. each CATHCARTS (SIR GEORGE)	Commentaries on the War in Russia and Germany
2			commentary
	5540.19	Post8vo. 9s. 6d. JOWETT'S (Rev. B.)	Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles to the
	6038.3	Teaching. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——	Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles to the
2			commentators
	5192.114	incorporating the Researches of Recent	Commentators. By Dr. WM. SMITH. Sixth Thousand
	6006.114	Incorporating the Researches of Recent	Commentators. Sixth Thousand. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s
2			commingled
	1956.140	two or more aboriginal species, since	commingled by intercrossing. On this view, the
	2851.729	forms. And thus, when they became	commingled during the Glacial period, the northern
1			commingling
	2998.781	an important part in checking the	commingling of species under the same conditions of
1			commissioners
	4656.57	Issued by direction of the Lords	Commissioners of the Admiralty:mdash; 1. A MANUAL OF
198			common
	132.95	Wide ranging, much diffused, and	common species vary most — Species of the
	146.640	Extinction, on the descendants from a	common parent — Explains the Grouping of all
	351.584	by the rein-deer, or of cold by the	common camel, prevented their domestication? I
	359.989	of poultry have proceeded from the	common wild [page] 19 CHAP. I. UNDER
	363.185	that they all have descended from the	common wild duck and rabbit. The doctrine of
	375.585	almost like that of a finch; and the	common tumbler has the singular and strictly
	389.90	pigeons, I am fully convinced that the	common opinion of naturalists is correct
	389.1558	unlikely to be exterminated; and the	common rock-pigeon, which has the same habits
	419.284	they could ever have descended from a	common parent, as any naturalist could in
	443.379	the steadily-increasing size of the	common gooseberry may be quoted. We see an
	493.633	of perfection of each breed. The	common goose has not given rise to any marked
	493.718	varieties; hence the Thoulouse and the	common breed, which differ only in colour
	524.89	Wide ranging, much diffused, and	common species vary most—Species of the larger
	542.702	variety of the other, ranking the most	common, but sometimes the one first described
	548.1108	found within the same country, but are	common in separated areas. How many of those
	558.403	showing that they descend from	common parents, and consequently must be
	560.533	by some authors as species. Look at the	common oak, how closely it has been studied
	584.429	country, the species which are most	common, that is abound most in individuals
	590.245	a somewhat larger number of the very	common and much diffused or dominant species
	661.683	of introduced plants which have become	common throughout whole islands in a period of
	707.1035	for six insectivorous birds were very	common in the plantations, which were not to
	719.844	but humble-bees alone visit the	common red clover (Trifolium pratense), as
	764.620	Extinction, on the descendants from a	common parent—Explains the Grouping of all
	842.102	and at the back of the leaf of the	common laurel. This juice, though small in
	852.177	nectar by continued selection, to be a	common plant; and that certain insects
	852.1024	The tubes of the corollas of the	common red and incarnate clovers (Trifolium
	852.1238	incarnate clover, but not out of the	common red [page] 95 CHAP. IV. NATURAL
	908.196	to alter the breed, have a nearly	common standard of perfection, and all try to
	962.241	second chapter, showing that it is the	common species which afford the greatest
	976.1426	both from each other and from their	common parent. But how, it may be asked, can
	1018.322	with restricted ranges. Let (A) be a	common, widely-diffused, and varying species
	1024.289	those advantages which made their	common parent (A) more numerous than most of
	1026.465	other, and more considerably from their	common parent (A). We may continue the process
	1026.821	descendants, proceeding from the	common parent (A), will generally go on
	1034.39	As all the modified descendants from a	common and widely-diffused species, belonging
	1040.269	from each other and from their	common parent. If we suppose the amount of
	1056.361	and (I), were also supposed to be very	common and widely diffused species, so that
	1080.425	that its species have inherited from a	common ancestor some advantage in common
	1080.459	a common ancestor some advantage in	common. Hence, the struggle for the production
	1098.28	genera. We have seen that it is the	common, the widely-diffused, and widely
	1119.57	spoken as if the variations—so	common and multiform in organic beings under
	1167.134	nearly similar climate; so that on the	common view of the blind animals having been
	1173.240	on acclimatisation. As it is extremely	common for species of the same genus to
	1179.239	extended transportation, I think the	common and extraordinary capacity in our
	1183.923	flexibility of constitution, which is	common to most animals. On this view, the
	1183.1325	but merely as examples of a very	common flexibility of constitution, brought
	1199.132	monstrous plants; and nothing is more	common than the union of homologous parts in
	1219.78	of growth, structures which are	common to whole groups of species, and which
	1261.215	far as to breed a bird as coarse as a	common tumbler from a good short-faced strain
	1263.298	when the species branched off from the	common progenitor of the genus. This period
	1275.823	characters; and these characters in	common I attribute to inheritance from a
	1275.864	I attribute to inheritance from a	common [page] 156 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V
	1279.328	species first branched off from their	common progenitor, and subsequently have not
	1279.751	the branching off of the species from a	common progenitor, it is probable that they
	1287.516	in the tarsi is a character generally	common to very large groups of beetles, but in
	1287.817	of the highest importance, because	common to large groups; but in certain genera
	1287.1227	whatever part of the structure of the	common progenitor, or of its early descendants
	1293.194	or those which the species possess in	common;—that the frequent extreme variability
	1293.467	it may be developed, if it be	common to a whole group of species;—that the
	1293.898	the same group having descended from a	common progenitor, from whom they have
	1293.955	from whom they have inherited much in	common,—to parts which have recently and
	1297.867	of the pigeon having inherited from a	common parent the same constitution and
	1297.1208	produced by cultivation from a	common parent: if this be not so, the case
	1297.1373	these a third may be added, namely, the	common turnip. According to the ordinary view
	1305.427	the proportion of blood, to use a	common expression, of any one ancestor, is
	1309.800	inherited: for instance, in the	common snapdragon (Antirrhinum) a rudiment of
	1311.90	on my theory, to have descended from a	common parent, it might be expected that they
	1311.857	never know the exact character of the	common ancestor of a group, we could not
	1331.366	double and sometimes treble, is	common; the side of the face, moreover, is
	1339.108	horse-genus. Rollin asserts, that the	common mule from the ass and horse is
	1349.184	very differently constructed, the	common parent of our domestic horse, whether
	1357.1388	of the same genus branched off from a	common parent-are more variable than generic
	1361.1468	nearly the same constitution from a	common parent and exposed to similar
	1400.832	allied species have descended from a	common parent; and during the process of
	1412.74	as Alph. De Candolle has observed, a	common alpine species disappears. The same
	1424.302	in lesser numbers. Hence, the more	common forms, in the race for life, will tend
	1424.378	will tend to beat and supplant the less	common forms, for these will be more slowly
	1424.508	which, as I believe, accounts for the	common species in each country, as shown in
	1432.384	representative species and their	common parent, must formerly have existed in
	1478.973	of its close blood-relationship to our	common species; yet it is a woodpecker which
	1516.452	Or again, if we look to an organ	common to all the members of a large class
	1544.51	structure closely resembles that of	common muscle; and as it has lately been shown
	1546.360	its presence to inheritance from a	common ancestor; and its absence in some of
	1550.258	owe but little of their structure in	common to inheritance from the same ancestor
	1590.731	bat, which have been inherited from a	common progenitor, were formerly of more
	1825.1183	as to intersect a little; for a wall in	common even to two adjoining cells, would save
	1837.43	their similarity by inheritance from a	common parent, and must therefore believe that
	1885.94	in regard to instincts; as by that	common case of closely allied, but certainly
	1906.642	the cause of the sterility, which is	common to the two cases, has to be considered
	1908.90	or believed to have descended from	common parents, when intercrossed, and
	1914.1477	getting fertile seed; as he found the	common red and blue pimpernels (Anagallis
	1950.302	perfectly fertile. The hybrids from the	common and Chinese geese (A. cygnoides
	1986.1387	making reciprocal crosses is extremely	common in a lesser degree. He has observed it
	2012.370	so it sometimes is in grafting; the	common gooseberry, for instance, cannot be
	2026.784	lived, as we see in the case of the	common mule. Hybrids, however, are differently
	2040.621	some respects allied, sterility is the	common result,—in the one case from the
	2048.753	seem to be connected together by some	common but unknown bond, which is essentially
	2078.131	fact, that one variety of the	common tobacco is more fertile, when crossed
	2149.365	intermediate between each species and a	common but unknown progenitor; and the
	2155.218	them, but between each and an unknown	common parent. The common parent will have had
	2155.237	each and an unknown common parent. The	common parent will have had in its whole
	2163.171	on backwards, always converging to the	common ancestor of each great class. So that
	2273.421	some few still existing species are	common in the deposit, but have become extinct
	2345.1352	cirripede was a Chthamalus, a very	common, large, and ubiquitous genus, of which
	2400.131	organic beings, better accord with the	common view of the immutability of species, or
	2458.847	from some inherited inferiority in	common. But whether it be species belonging to
	2464.446	will partake of some inferiority in	common. Thus, as it seems to me, the manner
	2472.1013	if the few fossil species which are	common to the Old and New Worlds be kept
	2500.638	from inheriting some inferiority in	common; and therefore as new and improved
	2520.523	to distinct families. The most	common case, especially with respect to very
	2522.8	small approach to each other. It is a	common belief that the more ancient a form is
	2528.939	all will have inherited something in	common from their ancient and common
	2528.969	in common from their ancient and	common progenitor. On the principle of the
	2540.328	have not diverged in character from the	common progenitor of the order, nearly so much
	2578.522	be vain to look for animals having the	common embryological character of the
	2614.162	from their inferiority inherited from a	common progenitor, tend to become extinct
	2618.758	to, and consequently resemble, the	common progenitor of groups, since be- [page
	2651.120	with hardly a fish, shell, or crab in	common, than those of the eastern and western
	2651.1240	hardly one shell, crab or fish is	common to the above-named three approximate
	2651.1435	the Indian Ocean, and many shells are	common to the eastern islands of the Pacific
	2677.1457	why do we not find a single mammal	common to Europe and Australia or South
	2689.213	on my theory have all descended from a	common progenitor, can have migrated
	2693.614	the continent. Cases of this nature are	common, and are, as we shall hereafter more
	2743.439	large number of the species of plants	common to Europe, in comparison with the
	2795.86	period, as soon as the species in	common, which inhabited the New and Old Worlds
	2819.376	part of its scanty flora, are	common to Europe, enormously remote as these
	2831.611	me that twenty-five species of Algæ are	common to New Zealand and to Europe, but have
	2843.537	plants, about forty-six in number,	common to Tierra del Fuego and to Europe still
	2861.326	as far, and is twice or thrice as	common, as another species within their own
	2863.1097	migrated in radiating lines from some	common centre; and I am inclined to look in
	2886.220	river-systems will have some fish in	common and some different. A few facts seem to
	2892.121	on my theory, are descended from a	common parent and must have proceeded from a
	2916.216	and therefore have all proceeded from a	common birthplace, notwithstanding that in the
	2990.790	those confined to the archipelago, are	common to [page] 402 GEOGRAPHICAL
	3010.519	ranked as distinct species, and the	common range would have been greatly reduced
	3012.146	and must have branched off from a	common parent at a remote epoch; so that in
	3038.364	group should have all its species	common to other quarters of the world. We can
	3044.777	characterised by trifling characters in	common, as of sculpture or colour. In looking
	3057.751	widely ranging, the much diffused and	common, that is the dominant species belonging
	3063.760	have inherited something in	common. But the three genera on the left hand
	3063.844	have, on this same principle, much in	common, and form a sub-family, distinct from
	3063.965	the right hand, which diverged from a	common parent at the fifth stage of descent
	3063.1060	genera have also much, though less, in	common; and they form a family distinct from
	3069.442	by one sentence to give the characters	common, for instance, to all mammals, by
	3069.497	to all mammals, by another those	common to all carnivora, by another those
	3069.539	to all carnivora, by another those	common to the dog-genus, and then by adding a
	3101.193	find a character nearly uniform, and	common to a great number of forms, and not
	3101.236	to a great number of forms, and not	common to others, they use it as one of high
	3101.291	they use it as one of high value; if	common to some lesser number, they use it as
	3109.134	than to define a number of characters	common to all birds; but in the case of
	3109.330	which have hardly a character in	common; yet the species at both ends, from
	3117.344	those which have been inherited from a	common parent, and, in so far, all true
	3119.335	in the same degree in blood to their	common progenitor, may differ greatly, being
	3123.1001	from A will have inherited something in	common from their common parent, as will all
	3123.1019	something in common from their	common parent, as will all the descendants
	3129.688	of the several races, descended from a	common race) had altered much, and had given
	3135.892	identical; no one puts the swedish and	common turnips together, though the esculent
	3139.94	all are kept together from having the	common habit of tumbling; but the short-faced
	3141.329	a single fact can be predicated in	common of the males and hermaphrodites of
	3145.680	where there has been close descent in	common, there will certainly be close
	3151.435	habits, only by its inheritance from a	common parent. We may err in this respect in
	3151.752	characters have been inherited from a	common ancestor. And we know that such
	3153.387	forms have not a single character in	common, yet if these extreme forms are
	3159.685	as in the thickened stems of the	common and swedish turnip. The resemblance of
	3163.534	of body and structure of limbs from a	common ancestor. So it is with fishes. As
	3179.528	are due on my theory to inheritance in	common. Therefore we must suppose either that
	3179.815	and Marsupials branched off from a	common progenitor, and that both groups have
	3179.1250	retained the character of their	common progenitor, or of an early member of
	3185.2	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. a	common parent, together with their retention
	3185.84	by inheritance of some characters in	common, we can understand the excessively
	3185.251	group are connected together. For the	common parent of a whole family of species
	3191.1343	A, or from I, would have something in	common. In a tree we can specify this or that
	3197.482	ages, although having few characters in	common, under one species; we use descent in
	3197.919	between the descendants from a	common parent, expressed by the terms genera
	3215.19	CHAP. XIII. suppose that their	common progenitor had an upper lip, mandibles
	3225.417	of the same part or organ is the	common characteristic (as Owen has observed
	3233.398	not one from the other, but from some	common element. Naturalists, however, use such
	3247.713	obey more or less closely the law of	common embryonic resemblance. Cirripedes
	3307.499	picture, more or less obscured, of the	common parent-form of each great class of
	3309.132	the stamp of inutility, are extremely	common throughout nature. For instance
	3323.815	members of a class, nothing is more	common, or more necessary, than the use and
	3351.734	all naturally follow on the view of the	common parentage of those forms which are
	3365.70	within its own class or group, from	common parents, and have all been modified in
	3394.255	higher group, must have descended from	common parents; and therefore, in however
	3412.1064	will be able to decide, on the	common view, whether or not these doubtful
	3434.405	geometrical ratio of increase which is	common to all organic beings. This high rate
	3478.720	varied since they branched off from a	common progenitor in certain characters, by
	3482.500	the several species branched off from a	common progenitor, an unusual amount of
	3482.792	any other structure, if the part be	common to many subordinate forms, that is, if
	3484.758	the same genus having descended from a	common parent, and having inherited much in
	3484.802	parent, and having inherited much in	common, we can understand how it is that
	3496.333	and the extinct being the offspring of	common parents. As the groups which have
	3510.296	two areas, some identical species	common to both still exist. Wherever many
	3552.212	all living things have much in	common, in their chemical composition, their
	3558.922	and in this case scientific and	common language will come into accordance. In
	3586.608	as to foretel that it will be the	common and widely-spread species, belonging to
	4416.4	Species, polymorphic, 46. ——,	common, variable, 53. —in large genera
	4834.8	Printsellers, &c. 8vo. 3s. 6d. BOOK OF	COMMON PRAYER. With 1000 Illustrations of
4			commoner
	325.717	are truly inherited, less strange and	commoner deviations may be freely admitted to be
	962.514	life by the modified descendants of the	commoner species. From these several
	1331.735	race-horse the spinal stripe is much	commoner in the foal than in the full-grown
	2596.1142	Or, which would probably be a far	commoner case, two or three species of two or
2			commonest
	1018.217	seen that the species, which are the	commonest and the most widely-diffused, vary more
	2488.609	which are dominant, that is, which are	commonest in their own homes, and are most widely
20			commonly
	258.627	studies, although they have been very	commonly neglected by naturalists. From these
	327.434	to both sexes or to one sex alone, more	commonly but not exclusively to the like sex. It
	994.220	allied to the indigenes; for these are	commonly looked at as specially created and
	1269.796	physiological importance than those	commonly used for classing genera. I believe
	1297.1074	in the enlarged stems, or roots as	commonly called, of the Swedish turnip and Ruta
	1339.1454	of colour appears from what would	commonly be called an accident, that I was led
	1345.1508	are either plainer or appear more	commonly in the young than in the old. Call the
	1651.113	several distinct mental actions are	commonly embraced by this term; but every one
	1713.10	of all known instincts. It is now	commonly admitted that the more immediate and
	1930.772	we here have perfect, or even more than	commonly perfect, fertility in a first cross
	2078.281	experimentised on five forms, which are	commonly reputed to be varieties, and which he
	2143.357	assigned reasons why such links do not	commonly occur at the present day, under the
	2213.732	then, we knew the rate at which the sea	commonly wears away a line of cliff of any given
	2464.381	which thus yield their places will	commonly be allied, for they will partake of
	2618.466	classed as distinct into one; but more	commonly only bringing them a little closer
	2667.59	confined to the same areas, as is so	commonly and notoriously the case. I believe
	3057.533	in nature; for it is notorious how	commonly members of even the same subgroup have
	3173.1135	find after some investigation, does not	commonly fall to the lot of aberrant genera. We
	3263.6	of descent with modification. It is	commonly assumed, perhaps from monstrosities
	3450.204	can be drawn between species,	commonly supposed to have been produced by
1			commonly-assumed
	542.1017	by intermediate links; nor will the	commonly-assumed hybrid nature of the intermediate links
1			commonness
	584.630	range, and to a certain extent from	commonness), often give rise to varieties
6			communicated
	359.333	no opinion. I should think, from facts	communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the habits
	1956.977	quite fertile together; but from facts	communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, I think they must
	2026.445	to; but I believe, from observations	communicated to me by Mr. Hewitt, who has had great
	2843.445	and it is a striking fact, lately	communicated to me by Dr. Hooker, that all the
	2994.1776	Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Wollaston have	communicated to me a remarkable fact bearing on this
	3263.1185	appears in old age alone, has been	communicated to the offspring from the reproductive
2			communication
	499.877	civilised countries, with little free	communication, the spreading and knowledge of any new
	3032.1308	region; according to the nature of the	communication which allowed certain forms and not
2			communities
	1737.568	are found only in their own proper	communities, and have never been observed in the
	1877.456	admirable division of labour in the	communities of ants, by the means of natural
30			community
	526.681	equally difficult to define; but here	community of descent is almost universally
	810.165	each individual for the benefit of the	community; if each in consequence profits by the
	1297.1584	three plants, not to the vera causa of	community of descent, and a consequent tendency
	1606.493	the power of stinging be useful to the	community, it will fulfil all the requirements of
	1606.826	which are utterly useless to the	community for any other end, and which are
	1610.124	undoubtedly this is for the good of the	community; and maternal love or maternal hatred
	1741.25	INSTINCT. of July, I came across a	community with an unusually large stock of slaves
	1743.410	vigorously repulsed by an independent	community of the slave species (F. fusca
	1747.435	I found to my surprise an independent	community of F. flava under a stone beneath a
	1749.30	pupæ. One evening I visited another	community of F. sanguinea, and found a number of
	1755.1031	and thus both collect food for the	community. In England the masters alone usually
	1825.885	and let us further suppose that the	community lived throughout the winter, and
	1839.461	and it had been profitable to the	community that a number should have been annually
	1851.680	condition of certain members of the	community, has been advantageous to the community
	1851.720	community, has been advantageous to the	community: consequently the fertile males and
	1851.786	fertile males and females of the same	community flourished, and transmitted to their
	1863.895	workers had been the most useful to the	community, and those males and females had been
	1871.585	from being the most useful to the	community, having been produced in greater and
	1873.261	production may have been to a social	community of insects, on the same principle that
	1877.1395	in the utterly sterile members of a	community could possibly have affected the
	3117.421	classification is genealogical; that	community of descent is the hidden bond which
	3147.748	written pedigrees; we have to make out	community of descent by resemblances of any kind
	3153.320	unimportant, betrays the hidden bond of	community of descent. Let two forms have not a
	3153.507	groups, we may at once infer their	community of descent, and we put them all into
	3301.960	in that degree closely related. Thus,	community in embryonic structure reveals
	3301.1001	in embryonic structure reveals	community of descent. It will reveal this
	3301.1043	of descent. It will reveal this	community of descent, however much the structure
	3382.677	workers or sterile females in the same	community of ants; but I have attempted to show
	3516.283	beings are due to inheritance or	community of descent. The natural system is a
	3560.146	naturalists of affinity, relationship,	community of type, paternity, morphology
1			comorin
	665.266	as I hear from Dr. Falconer, from Cape	Comorin to the Himalaya, which have been
1			compact
	375.679	habit of flying at a great height in a	compact flock, and tumbling in the air head
3			comparable
	166.14	CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts	comparable with habits, but different in their
	483.493	up to a standard of perfection	comparable with that given to the plants in
	1647.14	CHAPTER VII. INSTINCT. Instincts	comparable with habits, but different in their
1			comparative
	3113.29	Finally, with respect to the	comparative value of the various groups of species
6			comparatively
	1267.517	in which the modification has been	comparatively recent and extraordinarily great that
	1414.165	that each has a wide range, with a	comparatively narrow neutral territory between them
	1424.807	mountainous region; a second to a	comparatively narrow, hilly tract; and a third to
	2337.310	great advantage over other organisms, a	comparatively short time would be necessary to
	2576.485	branched off from each other within	comparatively recent times. For this doctrine of
	2671.695	of a genus have been produced within	comparatively recent times, there is great difficulty
25			compare
	339.90	of our domestic animals and plants, and	compare them with species closely allied
	375.82	of the breeds is something astonishing.	Compare the English carrier and the short-faced
	429.550	case with the ancon sheep. But when we	compare the dray-horse and race-horse, the
	429.801	breed for another purpose; when we	compare the many breeds of dogs, each good for
	429.884	for man in very different ways; when we	compare the game-cock, so pertinacious in
	429.1078	bantam so small and elegant; when we	compare the host of agricultural, culinary
	532.1405	internal and important organs, and	compare them in many specimens of the same
	548.81	far from uncommon cannot be disputed.	Compare the several floras of Great Britain, of
	548.1441	ago, when comparing, and seeing others	compare, the birds from the separate islands of
	1251.349	made it particularly difficult to	compare their relative degrees of variability
	1281.368	in other parts of their organisation;	compare, for instance, the amount of difference
	1400.581	the one replaces the other. But if we	compare these species where they intermingle
	1510.411	powers like those of man? If we must	compare the eye to an optical instrument, we
	2408.1140	in exactly the same degree. Yet if we	compare any but the most closely related
	2522.500	towards very distinct groups. Yet if we	compare the older Reptiles and [page] 331 CHAP
	2556.444	inhabiting separated districts. To	compare small things with great: if the
	2643.34	In the southern hemisphere, if we	compare large tracts of land in Australia
	2643.319	utterly dissimilar. Or again we may	compare the productions of South America south
	2781.674	we find has been the case; for if we	compare the present Alpine plants and animals
	2795.848	Worlds. Hence it has come, that when we	compare the now living productions of the
	2803.369	conditions of the areas; for if we	compare, for instance, certain parts of South
	2918.297	over 780 miles of latitude, and	compare its flowering plants, only 750 in
	2924.185	world) is often extremely large. If we	compare, for instance, the number of the
	2924.361	number found on any continent, and then	compare the area of the islands with that of
	3006.634	the Felidæ and Canidæ. We see it, if we	compare the distribution of butterflies and
1			compare-but
	1918.634	species. It is also most instructive to	compare-but I have not space here to enter on
50			compared
	146.34	Natural Selection — its power	compared with man's selection — its power on
	172.530	not universal — Hybrids and mongrels	compared independently of their fertility
	343.269	degree in some one part, both when	compared one with another, and more especially
	343.321	with another, and more especially when	compared with all the species in nature to which
	411.220	characters in certain respects, as	compared with all other Columbidæ, though so
	443.513	when the flowers of the present day are	compared with drawings made only twenty or
	455.200	size was ordered, and this may be	compared to the "roguing" of plants by
	463.375	in weight and in early maturity,	compared with the stock formerly kept in this
	477.301	dahlia, and other plants, when	compared with the older varieties or with their
	536.134	nerves in Coccus, which may almost be	compared to the irregular branching of the stem
	610.746	of difference between varieties, when	compared with each other or with their parent
	679.136	any amount. The face of Nature may be	compared to a yielding surface, with ten
	701.285	because the seeds are in great excess	compared with the number of birds which feed on
	729.527	laws; but how simple is this problem	compared to the action and reaction of the
	764.32	Natural Selection—its power	compared with man's selection—its power on
	788.163	how poor will his products be,	compared with those accumulated by nature during
	940.194	taken together, make a small area	compared with that of the sea or of the land
	1263.105	manner in any one species,	compared with the other species of the same
	1600.331	Zealand, for instance, are perfect one	compared with another; but they are now rapidly
	1657.62	of the older metaphysicians have	compared instinct with habit. This comparison
	1859.1330	out of the same nest: I have myself	compared perfect gradations of this kind. It
	1896.516	not universal—Hybrids and mongrels	compared independently of their fertility
	2004.23	a nature, [page] 261 CHAP. VIII.	COMPARED WITH GRAFTING. that, in reciprocal
	2086.21	are crossed. Hybrids and Mongrels	compared, independently of their fertility
	2086.184	and of varieties when crossed may be	compared in several other respects. Gärtner
	2155.594	two or more species, even if we closely	compared the structure of the parent with that
	2267.83	lapse of years, each perhaps is short	compared with the period requisite to change one
	2267.861	forget how small the area of Europe is	compared with the rest of the world; nor have
	2331.1030	forget how large the world is,	compared with the area over which our geological
	2412.1410	in more highly organised productions	compared with marine and lower productions, by
	2480.489	the whole glacial epoch), were to be	compared with those now living in South America
	2602.187	our museums, is absolutely as nothing	compared with the incalculable number of
	2602.827	of each formation is, perhaps, short	compared with the average duration of specific
	2869.992	beings thus left stranded may be	compared with savage races of man, driven up and
	2880.729	of the surrounding terrestrial beings,	compared with those of Britain. But this power
	2910.356	yet as the number of kinds is small,	compared with those on the land, the competition
	2918.73	oceanic islands are few in number	compared with those on equal continental areas
	3159.1548	analogical when one class or order is	compared with another, but give true affinities
	3163.28	XIII. the same class or order are	compared one with another: thus the shape of the
	3163.137	are only analogical when whales are	compared with fishes, being adaptations in both
	3277.125	have descended from one wild species, I	compared young pigeons of various breeds, within
	3345.377	importance. Rudimentary organs may be	compared with the letters in a word, still
	3412.412	our museums is absolutely as nothing	compared with the countless generations of
	3578.944	recognised as a mere fragment of time,	compared with the ages which have elapsed since
	4064.21	of aphis, 442. Hybrids and mongrels	compared, 272. Hybridism, 245. Hydra, structure
	4166.18	Maize, crossed, 270. Malay Archipelago	compared with Europe, 299. —, mammals of
	4191.13	and sterility of, 267. —and hybrids	compared, 272. [page] 498 INDEX. MONKEYS
	4730.51	at GREENWICH. 1783 to 1819.	Compared with the Tables, 1821. 4to. 7s. 6d
	4770.40	VENUS and JUPITER: OBSERVATIONS of,	compared with the TABLES. London, 1822. 4to. 2s
	6082.37	Constitution of the United States	compared with our own. Post 8vo. 9s. 6d. TWISS
2			compares
	1914.305	is any degree of sterility. He always	compares the maximum number of seeds produced by
	2508.255	in the two countries; but when he	compares certain stages in England with those in
9			comparing
	413.377	characters from the rock-pigeon, yet by	comparing the several sub-breeds of these breeds
	449.105	effects of selection—namely, by	comparing the diversity of flowers in the
	463.433	stock formerly kept in this country. By	comparing the accounts given in old pigeon
	548.1412	races! Many years ago, when	comparing, and seeing others compare, the birds
	1510.33	It is scarcely possible to avoid	comparing the eye to a telescope. We know that
	2586.132	mean? He would be a bold man, who after	comparing the present climate of Australia and of
	3197.1262	physiological importance; why, in	comparing one group with a distinct group, we
	3217.530	homologous. We see the same law in	comparing the wonderfully complex jaws and legs
	3572.394	of the whole world. Even at present, by	comparing the differences of the inhabitants of
30			comparison
	305.327	of the conditions of life are in	comparison with the laws of reproduction, and of
	311.606	where they are habitually milked, in	comparison with the state of these organs in other
	449.305	is valued, in the kitchen-garden, in	comparison with the flowers of the same varieties
	449.422	of the same species in the orchard, in	comparison with the leaves and flowers of the same
	461.474	made long ago, which might serve for	comparison. In some cases, however, unchanged or
	578.327	forms. The term variety, again, in	comparison with mere individual differences, is
	822.1160	plumage of male and female birds, in	comparison with the plumage of the young, can be
	928.704	new organic forms, we ought to make the	comparison within equal times; and this we are
	1141.299	free nature, we can have no standard of	comparison, by which to judge of the effects of
	1245.73	an extraordinary degree or manner, in	comparison with the same part in allied species
	1245.910	unless it be unusually developed in	comparison with the same part in closely allied
	1245.1228	developed in some remarkable manner in	comparison with the other species of the same
	1293.314	a species in an extraordinary manner in	comparison with the same part in its congeners
	1353.258	we have the means of instituting a	comparison, the same laws appear to have acted in
	1361.605	size or in an extraordinary manner, in	comparison with the same part or organ in the
	1408.311	species is generally narrow in	comparison with the territory proper to each. We
	1657.97	have compared instinct with habit. This	comparison gives, I think, a remarkably accurate
	1845.654	longer horns than in other breeds, in	comparison with the horns of the bulls or cows of
	1936.994	fertility of species when crossed, in	comparison with the same species when self
	2096.21	highly variable. But to return to our	comparison of mongrels and hybrids: Gärtner states
	2153.23	RECORD. determined from a mere	comparison of their structure with that of the
	2209.175	of the Weald has been a mere trifle, in	comparison with that which has removed masses of
	2570.682	recent and victorious forms of life, in	comparison with the ancient and beaten forms; but
	2743.460	species of plants common to Europe, in	comparison with the plants of other oceanic
	2743.627	northern character of the flora in	comparison with the latitude, I suspected that
	2918.736	are included in these numbers, and the	comparison in some other respects is not quite
	3217.80	of the present subject; namely, the	comparison not of the same part in different
	3496.534	often be intermediate in character in	comparison with its later descendants; and thus we
	3574.555	the duration of these intervals by a	comparison of the preceding and succeeding organic
	3964.4	crossed maize and verbascum, 270. —on	comparison of hybrids and mongrels, 272. Geese
1			compatible
	1155.271	but even enlarged. This is quite	compatible with the action of natural selection
1			compatriots
	588.620	parents to become dominant over their	compatriots. If the plants inhabiting a country
6			compelled
	260.447	nature; but I shall, unfortunately, be	compelled to treat this subject far too briefly
	604.330	between doubtful forms, naturalists are	compelled to come to a determination by the
	830.849	period of the year, when they might be	compelled to prey on other animals. I can see no
	2291.1183	and should consequently be	compelled to rank them all as distinct species
	3197.1029	can understand the rules which we are	compelled to follow in our classification. We can
	3558.247	rank of species. Hereafter we shall be	compelled to acknowledge that the only
1			compels
	325.448	the mere doctrine of chances almost	compels us to attribute its reappearance to
1			compensate
	906.303	period of profitable variations, will	compensate for a lesser amount of variability in
8			compensation
	152.161	Correlation of growth —	Compensation and economy of growth — False
	1167.1393	length of the antennæ or palpi, as a	compensation for blindness. Notwithstanding such
	1225.81	at about the same period, their law of	compensation or balancement of growth; or, as Goethe
	1227.43	also, that some of the cases of	compensation which have been advanced, and likewise
	1233.397	organ, without requiring as a necessary	compensation the reduction of some adjoining part
	3787.0	domestic pigeons, 23. Colymbetes, 386.	Compensation of growth, 147. Compositae, outer and
	3979.10	the Malay Archipelago, 299. Goethe on	compensation of growth, 147. Gooseberry, grafts of
	4000.8	red, a doubtful species, 49. Growth,	compensation of, 147. —, correlation of, in domestic
10			compete
	695.236	become naturalised, for they cannot	compete with our native plants, nor resist
	741.988	well adapted for diving, allows it to	compete with other aquatic insects, to hunt for
	1002.464	but little diversified, could hardly	compete with a set more perfectly diversified
	1002.795	and rodent mammals, could successfully	compete with these well-pronounced orders. In
	2795.483	American productions, and have had to	compete with them; and in the other great
	2849.584	by strangers will have had to	compete with many new forms of life; and it is
	2924.626	and isolated district, and having to	compete with new associates, will be eminently
	2936.1166	established on an island and having to	compete with herbaceous plants alone, might
	2984.1454	inhabitants, with which each has to	compete, is at least as important, and
	2988.534	different islands, for it would have to	compete with different sets of organisms: a
8			competent
	343.868	which have not been ranked by some	competent judges as mere varieties, and by other
	343.917	judges as mere varieties, and by other	competent judges as the descendants of
	359.537	from our European cattle; and several	competent judges believe that these latter have
	435.409	passages to this effect from highly	competent authorities. Youatt, who was probably
	461.803	the time of that monarch. Some highly	competent authorities are convinced that the
	544.365	been ranked as species by at least some	competent judges. [page] 48 DOUBTFUL SPECIES
	2367.315	of life on this planet. Other highly	competent judges, as Lyell and the late E. Forbes
	2480.755	hemisphere. So, again, several highly	competent observers believe that the existing
3			competing
	1412.541	in numbers, were it not for other	competing species; that nearly all either prey on
	1450.979	and vegetation change, let other	competing rodents or new beasts of prey immigrate
	2936.1072	it would have no chance of successfully	competing in stature with a fully developed tree
44			competition
	140.184	Nature of the checks to increase —	Competition universal — Effects of climate
	584.221	conditions, and as they come into	competition (which, as we shall hereafter see, is a
	645.283	organic beings are exposed to severe	competition. In regard to plants, no one has
	737.241	of the same genus, when they come into	competition with each other, than between species
	737.859	other cases. We can dimly see why the	competition should be most severe between allied
	741.252	beings, with which it comes into	competition for food or residence, or from which it
	747.668	on the borders of an utter desert, will	competition cease. The land may be extremely cold
	747.744	cold or dry, yet there will be	competition between some few species, or between
	926.103	checking immigration and consequently	competition, will give time for any new variety to
	934.411	area, and will thus come into	competition with many others. Hence more new places
	934.487	more new places will be formed, and the	competition to fill them will be more severe, on a
	940.263	or of the land; and, consequently, the	competition between fresh-water productions will
	940.951	having thus been exposed to less severe	competition. To sum up the circumstances
	942.640	will have been subjected to very severe	competition. When converted by subsidence into
	946.327	area, there will again be severe	competition: the most favoured or improved
	964.235	The forms which stand in closest	competition with those undergoing modification and
	964.619	generally come into the severest	competition with each other. Consequently, each new
	988.1192	that where they come into the closest	competition with each other, the advantages of
	1048.529	For it should be remembered that the	competition will generally be most severe between
	1052.160	which child and parent do not come into	competition, both may continue to exist. If then
	1108.441	has apparently been saved from fatal	competition by having inhabited a protected station
	1171.843	preserved, owing to the less severe	competition to which the inhabitants of these dark
	1177.312	are limited in their ranges by the	competition of other organic beings quite as much
	1392.318	favoured forms with which it comes into	competition. Thus extinction and natural selection
	1412.1016	destroyed, or with which it comes into	competition; and as these species are already
	1630.365	country, must act chiefly through the	competition of the inhabitants one with another
	1634.97	and more diversified forms, and the	competition will have been severer, and thus the
	2157.383	amount of change; and the principle of	competition between organism and organism, between
	2412.847	which the varying species comes into	competition. Hence it is by no means surprising
	2412.1706	we can understand, on the principle of	competition, and on that of the many all-important
	2452.202	over those with which it comes into	competition; and the consequent extinction of less
	2454.4	the same number of old forms. The	competition will generally be most severe, as
	2458.1194	station, where they have escaped severe	competition. For instance, a single species of
	2494.436	favourable variations, and that severe	competition with many already existing forms, would
	2570.288	one quarter of the world were put into	competition with the existing inhabitants of the
	2669.416	of species, which stand in direct	competition with each other, migrate in a body into
	2851.612	advanced through natural selection and	competition to a higher stage of perfection or
	2910.393	compared with those on the land, the	competition will probably be less severe between
	3032.1493	happened to come in more or less direct	competition with each other and with the aborigines
	3061.511	any small area, come into the closest	competition, and by looking to certain facts in
	3438.66	come in all respects into the closest	competition with each other, the struggle will
	3438.489	over those with which it comes into	competition, or better adaptation in however slight
	3470.29	As natural selection acts by	competition, it adapts the inhabitants of each
	3578.354	into new countries and coming into	competition with foreign associates, might become
2			competitor
	816.242	result is not death to the unsuccessful	competitor, but few or no offspring. Sexual
	2444.1398	being seized on by some more successful	competitor. It is most difficult always to
12			competitors
	693.595	of its life, from enemies or from	competitors for the same place and food; and if
	693.660	place and food; and if these enemies or	competitors be in the least degree favoured by any
	693.1164	species of all kinds, and therefore of	competitors, decreases northwards; hence in going
	747.227	have to give it some advantage over its	competitors, or over the animals which preyed on it
	749.91	is placed in a new country amongst new	competitors, though the climate may be exactly the
	749.480	some advantage over a different set of	competitors or enemies. It is good thus to try in
	906.746	in a corresponding degree with its	competitors, it will soon be exterminated. In man
	934.1154	already have been victorious over many	competitors, will be those that will spread most
	1476.478	were constant, and if better adapted	competitors did not already exist in the country, I
	2663.1083	which have already triumphed over many	competitors in their own widely-extended homes will
	2839.1365	if protected from the inroads of	competitors, can withstand a much warmer climate
	3173.1300	groups conquered by more successful	competitors, with a few members preserved by some
4			compiled
	5068.51	H.) Life and Letters of John Calvin.	Compiled from authentic Sources. Portrait. 8vo
	5204.36	d. —— Story of the Battle of Waterloo,	Compiled from Public and Authentic Sources. Post
	5990.58	for the Higher Forms in Schools.	Compiled from the above two works. Fifth Edition
	6118.68	during his various Campaigns.	Compiled from Official and other Authentic
1			complement
	1528.85	apparatus has been worked in as a	complement to the swimbladder. All physiologists
1			complemental
	3251.1666	structure, or into what I have called	complemental males: and in the latter, the
22			complete
	236.82	will take me two or three more years to	complete it, and as my health is far from strong
	850.343	from flower to flower, and as a more	complete separation of the sexes of our plant
	850.570	favoured or selected, until at last a	complete separation of the sexes would be
	1657.1543	was much embarrassed, and, in order to	complete its hammock, seemed forced to start
	1657.1651	it had left off, and thus tried to	complete the already finished work. [page
	1697.1089	each successive generation would soon	complete the work; and unconscious [page
	1801.836	as the case may be; and they never	complete the upper edges of the rhombic plates
	1966.637	number of seeds produced, up to nearly	complete or even quite complete fertility; and
	1966.660	up to nearly complete or even quite	complete fertility; and, as we have seen, in
	2418.557	on this view, does not mark a new and	complete act of creation, but only an occasional
	2438.419	There is reason to believe that the	complete extinction of the species of a group is
	2960.726	migration would probably have been more	complete; and if modification be admitted, all
	3147.530	degree, and has taken a longer time to	complete? I believe it has thus been
	3215.416	by the atrophy and ultimately by the	complete abortion of certain parts, by the
	3251.1404	very simple eye-spot. In this last and	complete state, cirripedes may be considered as
	3331.495	the sake of symmetry," or in order "to	complete the scheme of nature;" but this seems
	3331.786	for the sake of symmetry, and to	complete the scheme of nature? An eminent
	3343.872	lost, and we should have a case of	complete abortion. The principle, also, of
	5008.21	Post 8vo. 16s. ——— Modern London. A	complete Guide for Visitors to the Metropolis
	5245.122	and the Literary History of Europe.	Complete Edition. 10 Vols. Post 8vo. 6s. each
	5412.27	page] 18 HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY.	Complete in 70 Parts. Post 8vo, 2s.6d. each, or
	6170.13	Dr John van Wyhe. © 2002-8 The	Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
9			completed
	1657.1041	for if he took a caterpillar which had	completed its hammock up to, say, the sixth stage
	1657.1134	construction, and put it into a hammock	completed up only to the third stage, the
	1767.1825	each other, if the spheres had been	completed; but this is never permitted, the bees
	1795.823	I found that the rhombic plate had been	completed, and had become perfectly flat: it was
	1807.1128	both those just commenced and those	completed, being thus crowned by a strong coping
	1815.373	place, projecting beyond the other	completed cells. It suffices that the bees should
	1815.525	other and from the walls of the last	completed cells, and then, by striking imaginary
	3251.1141	their final metamorphosis. When this is	completed they are fixed for life: their legs are
	3255.809	long before the parts of the embryo are	completed;" and again in spiders, "there is
17			completely
	876.250	effect, that it will invariably and	completely destroy, as has been shown by Gärtner
	1197.1045	not doubt, may be mastered more or less	completely by natural selection: thus a family of
	1231.513	thus protected, it loses more or less	completely its own shell or carapace. This is the
	1293.1156	natural selection having more or less	completely, according to the lapse of time
	1986.431	in any two species to cross is often	completely independent of their systematic
	1992.921	of fertility. These facts show how	completely fertility in the hybrid is independent
	2205.534	the surface of the land has been so	completely planed down by the action of the sea
	2383.228	anterior to the silurian epoch in a	completely metamorphosed condition. The several
	2729.409	out of one small portion of earth thus	completely enclosed by wood in an oak about
	2787.109	present, they must have been still more	completely separated by wider spaces of ocean. I
	2795.190	the Polar Circle, they must have been	completely cut off from each other. This
	2801.314	allied forms now living in areas	completely sundered. Thus, I think, we can
	2855.1109	the Glacial period must have been	completely isolated; and I believe that the
	2886.1102	must have parted river-systems and	completely prevented their inosculation, seems to
	3123.1282	much modified as to have more or less	completely lost traces of their parentage, in this
	3123.1408	will have been more or less	completely lost,—as sometimes seems to have
	3502.1033	if they have been for a long period	completely separated from each other; for as the
57			complex
	140.273	from the number of individuals —	Complex relations of all animals and plants
	208.292	characters — Affinities, general,	complex and radiating — Extinction separates
	264.371	manner profitable to itself, under the	complex and sometimes varying conditions of
	266.316	In the next chapter I shall discuss the	complex and little known laws of variation and
	319.88	seen laws of variation is infinitely	complex and diversified. It is well worth while
	515.728	result is thus rendered infinitely	complex. In some cases, I do not doubt that the
	641.717	of any species, in its infinitely	complex relations to other organic beings and
	707.37	Many cases are on record showing how	complex and unexpected are the checks and
	719.138	nature, are bound together by a web of	complex relations. I shall hereafter have
	766.601	Let it be borne in mind how infinitely	complex and close-fitting are the mutual
	766.903	some way to each being in the great and	complex battle of life, should sometimes occur
	772.343	what we have seen of the intimate and	complex manner in which the inhabitants of each
	788.402	infinitely better adapted to the most	complex conditions of life, and should plainly
	838.23	s flocks. Let us now take a more	complex case. Certain plants excrete a sweet
	934.59	the conditions of life are infinitely	complex from the large number of already
	1032.376	and this will depend on infinitely	complex relations. But as a general rule, the
	1102.365	explained through inheritance and the	complex action of natural selection, entailing
	1125.320	have produced the many striking and	complex co-adaptations of structure between one
	1231.1020	antennæ. Now the saving of a large and	complex structure, when rendered superfluous by
	1323.38	I will, however, give one curious and	complex case, not indeed as affecting any
	1494.438	numerous gradations from a perfect and	complex eye to one very imperfect and simple
	1494.824	of believing that a perfect and	complex eye could be formed by natural [page
	1516.37	If it could be demonstrated that any	complex organ existed, which could not possibly
	1558.285	in the case of an organ as perfect and	complex as the eye. In the first place, we are
	1590.1415	directly, or indirectly through the	complex laws of growth. Natural selection
	1663.545	thus, as I believe, that all the most	complex and wonderful instincts have originated
	1665.3	deviations of bodily structure. No	complex instinct can possibly be produced
	1669.240	transitional gradations by which each	complex instinct has been acquired-for these
	1669.801	gradations, leading to the most	complex instincts, can be discovered. The canon
	1938.604	the degree of fertility of some of the	complex crosses of Rhododendrons, and I am
	2000.13	differ in fertility. Now do these	complex and singular rules indicate that
	2020.69	And as we must look at the curious and	complex laws governing the facility with which
	2020.250	so I believe that the still more	complex laws governing the facility of first
	2118.615	but is governed by several curious and	complex laws. It is generally different, and
	2412.559	in the varying species, depends on many	complex contingencies,—on the variability being
	2412.1466	and lower productions, by the more	complex relations of the higher beings to their
	2466.291	a moment that we understand the many	complex contingencies, on which the existence
	2528.134	As the subject is somewhat	complex, I must request the reader to turn to
	2610.777	necessarily slow, and depends on many	complex contingencies. The dominant species of
	2669.248	far as it profits the individual in its	complex struggle for life, so the degree of
	3055.280	characters—Affinities, general,	complex and radiating—Extinction separates and
	3185.126	we can understand the excessively	complex and radiating affinities by which all
	3197.1616	are connected together by the most	complex and radiating [page] 434 MORPHOLOGY
	3217.556	same law in comparing the wonderfully	complex jaws and legs in crustaceans. It is
	3223.569	one crustacean, which has an extremely	complex mouth formed of many parts
	3251.832	compound eyes, and extremely	complex antennæ; but they have a closed and
	3351.220	living and extinct beings are united by	complex, radiating, and circuitous lines of
	3378.263	difficult to believe than that the more	complex organs and instincts should have been
	3426.357	form. Variability is governed by many	complex laws,—by correlation of growth, by use
	3448.183	to beings, under their excessively	complex relations of life, would be preserved
	3448.721	adapting each form to the most	complex relations of life. The theory of
	3472.4	perfection have not been observed. The	complex and little known laws governing
	3490.126	offspring should follow the same	complex laws in their degrees and kinds of
	3512.440	and genera within each class are so	complex and circuitous. We see why certain
	3560.535	a history; when we contemplate every	complex structure [page] 486 CONCLUSION. CHAP
	3588.332	and dependent on each other in so	complex a manner, have all been produced by
	4185.11	of, 258. Missel-thrush, 76. Misseltoe,	complex relations of, 3. Mississippi, rate of
4			complexity
	717.230	onwards in ever-increasing circles of	complexity. We began this series by insectivorous
	954.181	of change, to the beauty and infinite	complexity of the coadaptations between all
	1090.300	then, considering the infinite	complexity of the relations of all organic beings
	1622.216	know of a long series of gradations in	complexity, each good for its possessor, then
5			complicated
	1657.981	with a caterpillar, which makes a very	complicated hammock; for if he took a caterpillar
	1924.1328	be thus effected. Moreover, whenever	complicated experiments are in progress, so careful
	1938.133	some notice. It is notorious in how	complicated a manner the species of Pelargonium
	2104.96	but the subject is here excessively	complicated, partly owing to the existence of
	2542.36	In nature the case will be far more	complicated than is represented in the diagram; for
1			complication
	1494.33	auks. Organs of extreme perfection and	complication.—To suppose that the eye, with all its
3			composed
	2281.197	as is so often the case, a formation	composed of beds of different mineralogical
	2373.457	thickness, of which the formations are	composed, we may infer that from first to last
	3223.109	should the brain be enclosed in a box	composed of such numerous and such
1			compositae
	3788.0	Compensation of growth, 147.	Compositae, outer and inner florets of
5			compositæ
	1211.451	of the seeds in the ray-florets in some	Compositæ countenances this idea; but, in the
	1211.840	had caused their abortion; but in some	Compositæ there is a difference in the seeds of
	3321.36	supported on the style; but in some	Compositæ, the male florets, which of course
	3321.264	and is clothed with hairs as in other	compositæ, for the purpose of brushing the pollen
	3740.22	by hawks, 362. Cassini on flowers of	compositæ, 145. Catasetum, 424. Cats, with blue
1			composite
	3925.4	of, in relation to crossing, 97. —of	composite and umbelliferæ,144. Forbes, E., on
6			composition
	1767.950	on one side of the comb, enter into the	composition of the bases of three adjoining cells
	2239.39	and great changes in the mineralogical	composition of consecutive formations, generally
	2281.241	of beds of different mineralogical	composition, we may reasonably suspect that the
	2711.841	does their almost universally volcanic	composition favour the admission that they are the
	3552.238	have much in common, in their chemical	composition, their germinal vesicles, their
	5872.144	Versification, with Prefatory Rules of	Composition in Elegiac Metre. Third Edition. 12mo
2			compositous
	1207.253	the outer and inner flowers in some	Compositous and Umbelliferous plants. Every one
	1211.167	of parts of the flower. But, in some	Compositous plants, the seeds also differ in shape
2			compound
	1932.884	fertilised by the pollen of a	compound hybrid descended from three other and
	3251.803	natatory legs, a pair of magnificent	compound eyes, and extremely complex antennæ
6			compounded
	1986.1644	reciprocal crosses, though of course	compounded of the very same two species, the one
	2038.288	that two organisations should be	compounded into one, without some disturbance
	2038.598	from generation to generation the same	compounded organisation, and hence we need not be
	2040.798	by two organisations having been	compounded into one. It may seem fanciful, but I
	2126.246	whole organisation disturbed by being	compounded of two distinct species, seems closely
	3392.550	fail to have been disturbed from being	compounded of two distinct organisations. This
2			comprehend
	2165.417	the facts leading the mind feebly to	comprehend the lapse of time. He who can read Sir
	2165.1159	fresh sediment, before he can hope to	comprehend anything of the lapse of time, the
1			comprehension
	3560.420	ship, as at something wholly beyond his	comprehension; when we regard every production of
4			compulsory
	1697.113	solely from long-continued and	compulsory habit, but this, I think, is not true
	1697.1028	selection and the inherited effects of	compulsory training in each successive generation
	1709.324	call an accident. In some cases	compulsory habit alone has sufficed to produce
	1709.417	mental changes; in other cases	compulsory habit has done nothing, and all has
1			concave
	1795.480	commenced cell, which were slightly	concave on one side, where I suppose that the
2			conceal
	1707.227	young turkeys) from under her, and	conceal themselves in the surrounding grass or
	3159.1364	will not reveal—will rather tend to	conceal their blood-relationship to their
1			concealed
	3069.1107	we often meet with in a more or less	concealed form, that the characters do not make
1			conceit
	47.50	therefore, let no man out of a weak	conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied
8			conceivable
	250.50	the Origin of Species, it is quite	conceivable that a naturalist, reflecting on the
	1464.257	and formerly had flying reptiles, it is	conceivable that flying-fish, which now glide far
	1530.746	embryo their former position. But it is	conceivable that the now utterly lost branchiæ
	1622.358	impossibility in the acquirement of any	conceivable degree of perfection through natural
	1819.649	up intermediate planes. It is even	conceivable that an insect might, by fixing on a
	2759.208	facts. We have evidence of almost every	conceivable kind, organic and inorganic, that
	3215.277	mouths of insects. Nevertheless, it is	conceivable that the general pattern of an organ
	3295.1354	by natural selection different to any	conceivable extent from their parents. Such
2			conceive
	1450.891	is the best that it is possible to	conceive under all natural conditions. Let the
	1540.279	special difficulty; it is impossible to	conceive by what steps these wondrous organs
1			conceived
	1135.113	of life as different as can well be	conceived; and, on the other hand, of different
1			conceiving
	3592.326	exalted object which we are capable of	conceiving, namely, the production of the higher
3			conception
	291.199	of the embryo, or at the instant of	conception. Geoffroy St. Hilaire's experiments
	291.591	been affected prior to the act of	conception. Several reasons make me believe in
	303.615	of the parent prior to the act of	conception. These cases anyhow show that variation
1			concern
	804.1057	wholly different from those which	concern the mature insect. These modifications
9			concerned
	477.1016	and, as far as the final result is	concerned, has been followed almost unconsciously
	898.482	species, as far as function is	concerned, becomes very small. From these
	1456.921	as far as the organs of flight are	concerned, would convert it into a bat. In bats
	1649.484	I have with that of life itself. We are	concerned only with the diversities of instinct
	1839.944	instinct. As far as instinct alone is	concerned, the prodigious difference in this
	2795.288	as the more temperate productions are	concerned, took place long ages ago. And as the
	2839.524	but with the latter we are not now	concerned. The tropical plants probably suffered
	2863.472	suggested by Lyell, have been largely	concerned in their dispersal. But the existence
	3075.996	less any part of the organisation is	concerned with special habits, the more important
1			concerning
	4624.37	ABERCROMBIE'S (JOHN, M.D.) Enquiries	concerning the Intellectual Powers and the
4			concerns
	461.1137	by crosses with the fox-hound; but what	concerns us is, that the change has been
	864.960	for reproduction, which is all that	concerns us. But still there are many
	1257.1061	But what here more especially	concerns us is, that in our domestic animals
	1498.132	comes to be sensitive to light, hardly	concerns us more than how life itself first
3			conchologists
	2293.226	of the same formation. Some experienced	conchologists are now sinking many of the very fine
	2305.323	North America, which are ranked by some	conchologists as distinct species from their European
	2305.407	European representatives, and by other	conchologists as only varieties, are really varieties
2			concise
	5141.34	Handbook of Architecture. Being a	Concise and Popular Account of the Different
	5342.25	vo. 5s. —— ARCHITECTURE. Being a	Concise and Popular Account of the Different
30			conclude
	47.4	W. WHEWELL: Bridgewater Treatise. "To	conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak
	285.491	and treatment, I think we are driven to	conclude that this greater variability is simply
	333.524	in proving its truth: we may safely	conclude that very many of the most strongly
	772.290	species might become extinct. We may	conclude, from what we have seen of the intimate
	782.272	some of the natives, we may safely	conclude that the natives might have been
	900.418	to investigate. Finally then, we may	conclude that in many organic beings, a cross
	934.815	extent, have concurred. Finally, I	conclude that, although small isolated areas
	942.136	intricacy of the subject permits. I	conclude, looking to the future, that for
	1125.247	of plants. We may, at least, safely	conclude that such influences cannot have
	1191.29	others. On the whole, I think we may	conclude that habit, [page] 143 CHAP. V
	1263.163	other species of the same genus, we may	conclude that this part has undergone an
	1293.17	of the females. Finally, then, I	conclude that the greater variability of
	1418.869	facts and inferences, and therefore	conclude that varieties linking two other
	1466.360	natural selection. Furthermore, we may	conclude that transi- [page] 183 CHAP. VI
	1709.14	the power of flight. Hence, we may	conclude, that domestic instincts have been
	1781.20	of the hive-bee. Hence we may safely	conclude that if we could slightly modify the
	1859.432	females,—in this case, we may safely	conclude from the analogy of ordinary variations
	2213.1849	Hence, under ordinary circumstances, I	conclude that for a cliff 500 feet in height, a
	2243.24	coast-waves. We may, I think, safely	conclude that sediment must be accumulated in
	2247.95	the researches of E. Forbes, we may	conclude that the bottom will be inhabited by
	2273.1854	these beds, might be tempted to	conclude that the average duration of life
	2379.104	of level, which we may fairly	conclude must have intervened during these
	2379.585	to my volume on Coral Reefs, led me to	conclude that the great oceans are still mainly
	2506.287	but we are far from having any right to	conclude that this has invariably been the case
	2596.895	the same number of species, then we may	conclude that only one species of each of the
	2717.1599	from these scanty facts, we may	conclude that the seeds of 14/100 plants of any
	2755.835	ago as 1747, such facts led Gmelin to	conclude that the same species must have been
	2773.566	distant mountain-summits, we may almost	conclude without other evidence, that a colder
	3267.249	as it was fed by its parents. Hence, I	conclude, that it is quite possible, that each
	3345.593	of descent with modification, we may	conclude that the existence of organs in a
4			concluded
	1197.445	young or larva, will, it may safely be	concluded, affect the structure of the adult; in
	1958.100	of plants and animals, it may be	concluded that some degree of sterility, both in
	2267.268	namely Bronn and Woodward, have	concluded that the average duration of each
	2345.805	been discovered in beds of this age, I	concluded that this great group had been suddenly
1			concludes
	2693.937	paper by Mr. Wallace, in which he	concludes, that "every species has come into
5			concluding
	270.50	of the whole work, and a few	concluding remarks. No one ought to feel surprise
	1522.35	We should be extremely cautious in	concluding that an organ could not have been
	1538.42	we must be extremely cautious in	concluding that any organ could not possibly have
	1618.58	chapter how cautious we should be in	concluding that the most different habits of life
	1622.521	states, we should be very cautious in	concluding that none could have existed, for the
36			conclusion
	213.19	CHAPTER XIV. RECAPITULATION AND	CONCLUSION. Recapitulation of the
	250.266	and other such facts, might come to the	conclusion that each species had not been
	250.407	other species. Nevertheless, such a	conclusion, even if well founded, would be
	353.124	it is possible to come to any definite	conclusion, whether they have descended from one
	419.346	naturalist could in coming to a similar	conclusion in regard to the many species of
	645.636	it so—than constantly to bear this	conclusion in mind. Yet unless it be thoroughly
	1245.414	that he has come to a nearly similar	conclusion. It is hopeless to attempt to convince
	1303.352	We may I think confidently come to this	conclusion, because, as we have seen, these
	1914.1642	together; and as he came to the same	conclusion in several other analogous cases; it
	1930.42	W. Herbert. He is as emphatic in his	conclusion that some hybrids are perfectly fertile
	2100.209	hybrids do not differ much. But this	conclusion, as far as I can make out, is founded
	2110.1083	with respect to animals, comes to the	conclusion, that the laws of resemblance of the
	2249.325	that great formation, has come to the	conclusion that it was accumulated during
	2257.268	independently arrived at a similar	conclusion. One remark is here worth a passing
	2267.471	to me, prevent us coming to any just	conclusion on this head. When we see a species
	2367.379	and the late E. Forbes, dispute this	conclusion. We should not forget that only a small
	2434.524	views would naturally lead them to this	conclusion. On the contrary, we have every reason
	2637.352	studied the subject has come to this	conclusion. The case of America alone would almost
	2886.1170	seems to lead to this same	conclusion. With respect to allied fresh-water
	3024.692	not insuperable. And we are led to this	conclusion, which has been arrived at by many
	3061.383	in their characters to diverge. This	conclusion was supported by looking at the great
	3372.19	CHAPTER XIV. RECAPITULATION AND	CONCLUSION. Recapitulation of the
	3384.564	species. We see the truth of this	conclusion in the vast difference in the result
	3522.11	or under changed conditions [page] 480	CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. of life; and we can
	3528.22	It cannot be [page] 481 CHAP. XIV.	CONCLUSION. asserted that organic beings in a
	3536.11	to mine. It is so easy [page] 482	CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. to hide our ignorance
	3540.238	created. This seems to me a strange	conclusion to arrive at. They admit that a
	3542.22	illustration of [page] 483 CHAP. XIV.	CONCLUSION. the blindness of preconceived opinion
	3548.11	descent with modification [page] 484	CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. embraces all the members
	3556.22	essential con- [page] 485 CHAP. XIV.	CONCLUSION. sideration than it is at present; for
	3562.11	every complex structure [page] 486	CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. and instinct as the
	3570.22	period de- [page] 487 CHAP. XIV.	CONCLUSION. scended from one parent, and have
	3576.11	or the extermination of [page] 488	CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. others; it follows, that
	3584.22	long before the [page] 489 CHAP. XIV.	CONCLUSION. first bed of the Silurian system was
	3590.11	action of the external con- [page] 490	CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. ditions of life, and from
	3789.26	of, 144. ——, male flowers of, 451.	Conclusion, general, 480. Conditions, slight
9			conclusions
	234.744	I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the	conclusions, which then seemed to me probable: from
	240.89	at almost exactly the same general	conclusions that I have on the origin of species
	242.362	alone. I can here give only the general	conclusions at which I have arrived, with a few
	242.615	the facts, with references, on which my	conclusions have been grounded; and I hope in a
	242.826	be adduced, often apparently leading to	conclusions directly opposite to those at which I
	1763.134	but will merely give an outline of the	conclusions at which I have arrived. He must be a
	1918.555	have arrived at diametrically opposite	conclusions in regard to the very same species. It
	1964.308	confusion. The following rules and	conclusions are chiefly drawn up from Gärtner's
	2118.320	have come to diametrically opposite	conclusions in ranking forms by this test. The
1			conclusive
	3277.30	As the evidence appears to me	conclusive, that the several domestic breeds of
1			conclusively
	3384.294	of the eighth chapter, which seem to me	conclusively to show that this sterility is no more
1			concordat
	5942.40	Second Period, from A.D. 590 to the	Concordat of Worms. A.D. 1123. Vol. 2. 8vo. 18s
5			concur
	399.713	of the outer tail-feathers, sometimes	concur perfectly developed. Moreover, when two
	608.441	and, after deliberation, they	concur in this view. In this respect
	864.402	either occasionally or habitually,	concur for the reproduction of their kind
	864.1204	these cases that two individuals ever	concur in reproduction? As it is impossible
	1398.379	subsides. These contingencies will	concur only rarely, and after enormously long
2			concurred
	934.793	generally, to a certain extent, have	concurred. Finally, I conclude that, although
	1703.1051	some degree of selection, has probably	concurred in civilising by inheritance our dogs
2			concurrence
	892.669	with terrestrial animals without the	concurrence of two individuals. Of aquatic animals
	3574.352	as having depended on an unusual	concurrence of circumstances, and the blank
1			concurrent
	2542.841	of the same groups; and this by the	concurrent evidence of our best palæontologists
1			concurring
	725.222	generally the most potent, but all	concurring in determining the average number or
1			conde
	5448.24	THE JESUITS. LIFE OF LOUIS PRINCE OF	CONDE. By LORD MAHON. GIPSIES OF SPAIN. By
1			condé
	5666.24	vo. 6s. 6d. Life of Louis Prince of	Condé, surnamed the Great. Post 8vo. 6s
3			condensed
	1026.1001	ten-thousandth generation, and under a	condensed and simplified form up to the fourteen
	1040.938	as shown in the diagram in a	condensed and simplified manner), we get eight
	6128.133	Egyptians. New Edition. Revised and	Condensed. With 500 Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post 8vo
1			condi
	3241.152	often have no direct relation to their	condi- [page] 440 EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP. XIII
54			condition
	266.1192	both when mature and in an embryonic	condition. In the last chapter I shall give a
	295.455	utterly worthless, in the same exact	condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When
	526.1247	but who can say that the dwarfed	condition of shells in the brackish waters of the
	934.702	often have recently existed in a broken	condition, so that the good effects of isolation
	942.347	will exist for long periods in a broken	condition, will be the most favourable for the
	1026.674	but in a more and more modified	condition, some producing two or three varieties
	1123.100	attribute the varying or plastic	condition of the offspring. The male and female
	1123.309	plants, the bud, which in its earliest	condition does not apparently differ essentially
	1141.752	and has its wings in nearly the same	condition as the domestic Aylesbury duck. As the
	1141.908	I believe that the nearly wingless	condition of several birds, which now inhabit or
	1147.411	they are present, but in a rudimentary	condition. In the Ateuchus or sacred beetle of
	1147.702	in Ateuchus, and their rudimentary	condition in some other genera, by the long
	1149.401	genera have all their species in this	condition! Several facts, namely, that beetles in
	1153.468	have made me believe that the wingless	condition of so many Madeira beetles is mainly
	1159.501	I kept alive was certainly in this	condition, the cause, as appeared on dissection
	1257.1020	organisation is left in a fluctuating	condition. But what here more especially concerns
	1267.216	transmitted in approximately the same	condition to many modified descendants, as in the
	1267.912	to revert to a former and less modified	condition. The principle included in these
	1404.149	and may be embedded there in a fossil	condition. But in the intermediate region, having
	1406.600	in a far less continuous and uniform	condition than at present. But I will pass over
	1406.834	I do not doubt that the formerly broken	condition of areas now continuous has played an
	1470.680	grades of structure in a fossil	condition will always be less, from their having
	1500.494	in an unaltered or little altered	condition. Amongst existing Vertebrata, we find
	1845.817	become correlated with the sterile	condition of certain members of insect
	1851.644	instinct, correlated with the sterile	condition of certain members of the community
	1863.607	their ocelli in an exactly intermediate	condition. So that we here have two bodies of
	1863.799	by some few members in an intermediate	condition. I may digress by adding, that if the
	1863.1063	all the workers had come to be in this	condition; we should then have had a species of
	1863.1152	with neuters very nearly in the same	condition with those of Myrmica. For the workers
	1906.70	organs of reproduction in a perfect	condition, yet when intercrossed they produce
	2014.97	reproductive organs in an imperfect	condition, is a very different case from the
	2227.885	rarely lying for ages in an unaltered	condition. The remains which do become embedded
	2307.897	Mr. Godwin-Austen, that the present	condition of the Malay Archipelago, with its
	2371.16	OF THE CHAP. IX. a metamorphosed	condition. But the descriptions which we now
	2383.253	epoch in a completely metamorphosed	condition. The several difficulties here
	2542.326	record, and that in a very broken	condition, we have no right to expect, except in
	2578.109	of the ancient and less modified	condition of each animal. This view may be true
	2608.868	us, may now all be in a metamorphosed	condition, or may lie buried under the ocean
	2637.995	There is hardly a climate or	condition in the Old World which cannot be
	2793.99	their descendants, mostly in a modified	condition, in the central parts of Europe and the
	2954.359	species in a more or less modified	condition. Mr. Windsor Earl has made some
	3038.724	of mammals, in a more or less modified	condition, and the depth of the sea between an
	3087.140	yet, undoubtedly, organs in this	condition are often of high value in
	3251.1524	organised than they were in the larval	condition. But in some genera the larvæ become
	3309.75	organs.—Organs or parts in this strange	condition, bearing the stamp of inutility, are
	3329.331	said to have retained its embryonic	condition. I have now given the leading facts
	3345.672	a rudimentary, imperfect, and useless	condition, or quite aborted, far [page
	3392.215	organs on both sides are in a perfect	condition. As we continually see that organisms
	3412.1442	classes can be preserved in a fossil	condition, at least in any great number. Widely
	3476.119	incapable of flight, in nearly the same	condition as in the domestic duck; or when we
	3546.558	orders. Organs in a rudimentary	condition plainly show that an early progenitor
	5848.147	Irish Poor Law: in connection with the	Condition of the People. 4 Vols. 8vo. The work
	5874.63	and Transylvania. With Remarks on their	Condition, Social, Political, and Economical
	6104.20	Index. 8vo. 18s. WADDINGTON'S (DEAN)	Condition and Prospects of the Greek Church. New
218			conditions
	152.24	OF VARIATION. Effects of external	conditions — Use and disuse, combined with natural
	160.472	The law of Unity of Type and of the	Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of
	172.392	between the effects of changed	conditions of life and crossing — Fertility of
	192.76	for by differences in physical	conditions — Importance of barriers — Affinity of
	250.707	continually refer to external	conditions, such as climate, food, &c., as the
	250.913	to attribute to mere external	conditions, the structure, for instance, of the
	250.1507	beings, by the effects of external	conditions, or of habit, or of the volition of the
	256.302	to each other and to their physical	conditions of life, untouched and unexplained. It
	264.401	under the complex and sometimes varying	conditions of life, will have a better chance of
	285.597	productions having been raised under	conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat
	285.976	during several generations to the new	conditions of life to cause any appreciable amount
	291.894	to the action of any change in the	conditions of life. Nothing is more easy than to
	297.295	most freely under the most unnatural	conditions (for instance, the rabbit and ferret
	305.224	been exposed to exactly the same	conditions of life; and this shows how unimportant
	305.301	unimportant the direct effects of the	conditions of life are in comparison with the laws
	305.430	inheritance; for had the action of the	conditions been direct, if any of the young had
	305.972	all the individuals exposed to certain	conditions are affected in the same way, the
	305.1068	appears to be directly due to such	conditions; but in some cases it can be shown that
	305.1134	it can be shown that quite opposite	conditions produce [page] 11 CHAP. I. UNDER
	309.128	attributed to the direct action of the	conditions of life—as, in some cases, increased
	325.220	apparently exposed to the same	conditions, any very rare deviation, due to some
	337.678	for by the experiment itself the	conditions of life are changed. If it could be
	337.874	characters, whilst kept under unchanged	conditions, and whilst kept in a considerable body
	337.1449	I may add, that when under nature the	conditions of life do change, variations and
	425.225	to the direct action of the external	conditions of life, and some little to habit; but
	505.865	should be placed under favourable	conditions of life, so as to breed freely in that
	515.88	animals and plants. I believe that the	conditions of life, from their action on the
	515.615	attributed to the direct action of the	conditions of life. Something must be attributed
	526.1129	directly due to the physical	conditions of life; and "variations" in this sense
	538.850	of variability is independent of the	conditions of life. I am inclined to suspect that
	574.264	continued action of different physical	conditions in two different regions; but I have
	584.187	they become exposed to diverse physical	conditions, and as they come into competition
	590.514	something in the organic or inorganic	conditions of that country favourable to the genus
	635.911	to another part, and to the	conditions of life, and of one distinct organic
	653.681	distinct species, or with the physical	conditions of life. It is the doctrine of Malthus
	665.569	The obvious explanation is that the	conditions of life have been very favourable, and
	673.0	page] 66 HIGH RATE OF INCREASE. III.	conditions, a whole district, let it be ever so
	701.1124	that a plant could exist only where the	conditions of its life were so favourable that
	749.178	the same as in its former home, yet the	conditions of its life will generally be changed
	766.710	to each other and to their physical	conditions of life. Can it, then, be thought
	776.244	better adapting them to their altered	conditions, would tend to be preserved; and
	778.80	the first chapter, that a change in the	conditions of life, by specially acting on the
	778.211	and in the foregoing case the	conditions of life are supposed to have undergone
	778.1457	to each other and to the physical	conditions under which they live, that none of
	784.581	the being is placed under well-suited	conditions of life. Man keeps the natives of many
	788.410	better adapted to the most complex	conditions of life, and should plainly bear the
	790.360	relation to its organic and inorganic	conditions of life. We see nothing of these slow
	850.81	under culture and placed under new	conditions of life, sometimes the male organs and
	908.834	will almost certainly present different	conditions of life; and then if natural selection
	912.129	in exactly the same manner to the	conditions of each; for in a continuous area, the
	912.179	of each; for in a continuous area, the	conditions will generally graduate away insensibly
	920.667	retained amongst them, as long as their	conditions of life remain the same, only through
	920.839	from the proper type; but if their	conditions of life change and they undergo
	922.155	very large, the organic and inorganic	conditions of life will generally be in a great
	922.369	the same manner in relation to the same	conditions. Intercrosses, also, with the
	926.373	or from having very peculiar physical	conditions, the total number of the individuals
	934.25	CHAP. IV. there supported, but the	conditions of life are infinitely complex from the
	954.282	with another and with their physical	conditions of life, which may be effected in the
	982.336	not undergoing any change in its	conditions) only by its varying descendants
	988.482	for many years to exactly the same	conditions, supported twenty species of plants
	1020.375	continue to be exposed to the same	conditions which made their parents variable
	1086.71	long course of ages and under varying	conditions of life, organic beings [page
	1090.377	beings to each other and to their	conditions of existence, causing an infinite
	1092.128	various forms of life to their several	conditions and stations, must be judged of by the
	1119.761	in some way due to the nature of the	conditions of life, to which the parents and their
	1119.1097	eminently susceptible to changes in the	conditions of life; and to [page] 132 LAWS OF
	1133.165	natural selection, and how much to the	conditions of life. Thus, it is well known to
	1135.66	the same variety being produced under	conditions of life as different as can well be
	1135.223	from the same species under the same	conditions. Such facts show how indirectly [page
	1139.4	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. the	conditions of life must act. Again, innumerable
	1139.284	weight on the direct action of the	conditions of life. Indirectly, as already
	1167.27	its work. It is difficult to imagine	conditions of life more similar than deep
	1231.8	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. changed	conditions of life a structure before useful
	1303.566	case there is nothing in the external	conditions of life to cause the reappearance of
	1309.154	which at last, under unknown favourable	conditions, gains an ascendancy. For instance, it
	1311.611	not be left to the mutual action of the	conditions of life and of a similar inherited
	1353.456	species of the same genus. The external	conditions of life, as climate and food, &c., seem
	1374.448	The law of Unity of Type and of the	Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of
	1400.918	each has become adapted to the	conditions of life of its own region, and has
	1404.212	region, having intermediate	conditions of life, why do we not now find closely
	1412.246	who look at climate and the physical	conditions of life as the all-important elements
	1412.874	depends on insensibly changing physical	conditions, but in large part on the presence of
	1450.918	possible to conceive under all natural	conditions. Let the climate and vegetation change
	1454.297	more especially under changing	conditions of life, in the continued preservation
	1462.347	these birds is good for it, under the	conditions of life to which it is exposed, for
	1462.489	the best possible under all possible	conditions. It must not be inferred from these
	1494.752	ever useful to an animal under changing	conditions of life, then the difficulty of
	1568.925	descendants of the species under new	conditions of life and with newly acquired habits
	1586.473	use to their possessors. Physical	conditions probably have had some little effect on
	1590.1221	for the direct action of physical	conditions) may be viewed, either as having been
	1598.423	After the lapse of time, under changing	conditions of life, if any part comes to be
	1612.873	area was not continuous, and when the	conditions of life did not insensibly graduate
	1620.42	have seen that a species may under new	conditions of life change its habits, or have
	1622.278	for its possessor, then, under changing	conditions of life, there is no logical
	1638.111	two great laws-Unity of Type, and the	Conditions of Existence. By unity of type is meant
	1638.389	by unity of descent. The expression of	conditions of existence, so often insisted on by
	1638.630	each being to its organic and inorganic	conditions of life; or by having adapted them
	1638.832	by the direct action of the external	conditions of life, and being in all cases
	1638.947	growth. Hence, in fact, the law of the	Conditions of Existence is the higher law; as it
	1663.138	of each species, under its present	conditions of life. Under changed conditions of
	1663.172	conditions of life. Under changed	conditions of life, it is at least possible that
	1689.1834	shorter period, under less fixed	conditions of life. How strongly these domestic
	1821.145	profitable to the individual under its	conditions of life, it may reasonably be asked
	1883.175	I can see no difficulty, under changing	conditions of life, in natural selection
	1885.241	and living under considerably different	conditions of life, yet often retaining nearly the
	1896.382	between the effects of changed	conditions of life and crossing—Fertility of
	1974.93	is more easily affected by unfavourable	conditions, than is the fertility of pure species
	1974.601	capsule and exposed to exactly the same	conditions. By the term systematic affinity is
	1994.285	or even to fertility under certain	conditions in excess. That their fertility
	1994.396	to favourable and unfavourable	conditions, is innately variable. That it is by no
	2026.978	are generally placed under suitable	conditions of life. But a hybrid partakes of only
	2026.1230	by the mother, it may be exposed to	conditions in some degree unsuitable, and
	2026.1417	sensitive to injurious or unnatural	conditions of life. In regard to the sterility of
	2028.271	plants are removed from their natural	conditions, they are extremely liable to have
	2032.589	rendered impotent by the same unnatural	conditions; and whole groups of species tend to
	2032.743	will sometimes resist great changes of	conditions with unimpaired fertility; and certain
	2032.1165	placed during several generations under	conditions not natural to them, they are extremely
	2034.72	are placed under new and unnatural	conditions, and when hybrids are produced by the
	2034.299	similar manner. In the one case, the	conditions of life have been disturbed, though
	2038.76	case, or that of hybrids, the external	conditions have remained the same, but the
	2038.465	and organs one to another, or to the	conditions of life. When hybrids are able to breed
	2040.489	organism, when placed under unnatural	conditions, is rendered sterile. All that I have
	2040.661	common result,—in the one case from the	conditions of life having been disturbed, in the
	2042.242	of evidence, that slight changes in the	conditions of life are beneficial to all living
	2046.776	if these be kept under the same	conditions of life, always induces weakness and
	2048.60	on the one hand, slight changes in the	conditions of life benefit all organic beings, and
	2060.572	and disappearing under nearly the same	conditions of life. Lastly, and this seems to me
	2094.843	sensitive to any change in the	conditions of life, being thus often rendered
	2118.494	of favourable and unfavourable	conditions. The degree of sterility does not
	2126.382	pure species, when their natural	conditions of life have been disturbed. This view
	2126.631	and that slight changes in the	conditions of life are apparently favourable to
	2143.530	continuous area with graduated physical	conditions. I endeavoured to show, that the life
	2143.745	therefore, that the really governing	conditions of life do not graduate away quite
	2412.719	on the slowly changing physical	conditions of the country, and more especially on
	2412.1536	beings to their organic and inorganic	conditions of life, as explained in a former
	2420.100	never reappear, even if the very same	conditions of life, organic and inorganic, should
	2440.810	exterminated the former horse under	conditions of life apparently so favourable. But
	2444.480	that something is unfavourable in its	conditions of life; but what that something is, we
	2444.838	America, that under more favourable	conditions it would in a very few years have
	2444.961	not have told what the unfavourable	conditions were which checked its increase
	2444.1137	degree, they severally acted. If the	conditions had gone on, however slowly, becoming
	2486.699	of currents, climate, or other physical	conditions, as the cause of these great mutations
	2486.1037	is the relation between the physical	conditions of various countries, and the nature of
	2494.206	not at all precisely what are all the	conditions most favourable for the multiplication
	2532.45	in relation to its slightly altered	conditions of life, and yet retain throughout a
	2562.28	CHAP. X. formations, by the physical	conditions of the ancient areas having remained
	2562.282	under the most different climates and	conditions. Consider the prodigious vicissitudes
	2586.296	on the one hand, by dissimilar physical	conditions for the dissimilarity of the
	2590.41	on the other hand, by similarity of	conditions, for the uniformity of the same types
	2637.266	by their climatal and other physical	conditions. Of late, almost every author who has
	2637.807	we meet with the most diversified	conditions; the most humid districts, arid deserts
	2637.1210	confined to any small spot, having	conditions peculiar in only a slight [page
	2641.204	Notwithstanding this parallelism in the	conditions of the Old and New Worlds, how widely
	2643.200	parts extremely similar in all their	conditions, yet it would not be possible to point
	2661.206	and independent of their physical	conditions. The naturalist must feel little
	2663.395	direct influence of different physical	conditions. The degree of dissimilarity will
	2663.1266	new homes they will be exposed to new	conditions, and will frequently undergo further
	2669.766	degree with the surrounding physical	conditions. As we have seen in the last chapter
	2677.1510	and Australia or South America? The	conditions of life are [page] 353 CHAP. XI
	2683.250	and subsistence under past and present	conditions permitted, is the most probable
	2803.334	with the nearly similar physical	conditions of the areas; for if we compare, for
	2803.531	corresponding in all their physical	conditions, but with their inhabitants utterly
	2839.1249	have been placed under somewhat new	conditions, will have suffered less. And it is
	2918.506	of any difference in physical	conditions has caused so great a difference in
	2934.80	generally accounted for by the physical	conditions of the islands; but this explanation
	2934.251	least as important as the nature of the	conditions. Many remarkable little facts could be
	2942.587	be accounted for by their physical	conditions; indeed it seems that islands are
	2972.936	in America? There is nothing in the	conditions of life, in the geological nature of
	2972.1129	together, which resembles closely the	conditions of the South American coast: in fact
	2984.1282	error of considering the physical	conditions of a country as the most important for
	2988.468	undoubtedly be exposed to different	conditions of life in the different islands, for
	2998.819	commingling of species under the same	conditions of life. Thus, the south-east and south
	2998.926	Australia have nearly the same physical	conditions, and are united by continuous land, yet
	3006.147	former period under different physical	conditions, and the existence at remote points of
	3010.1389	and should place itself under diverse	conditions favourable for the conversion of its
	3016.93	modified in relation to their new	conditions. There is, also, some reason to believe
	3032.1111	areas having nearly the same physical	conditions should often be inhabited by very
	3032.1696	independently of their physical	conditions, infinitely diversified conditions of
	3032.1731	conditions, infinitely diversified	conditions of life,—there would be an almost
	3044.427	at some former period under different	conditions or by occasional means of transport
	3081.620	the adaptation of the species to their	conditions of life. That the mere physiological
	3147.928	have been modified in relation to the	conditions of life to which each species has been
	3153.679	to preserve life under the most diverse	conditions of existence—are generally the most
	3159.1248	may readily become adapted to similar	conditions, and thus assume a close external
	3245.185	branchial slits are related to similar	conditions,—in the young mammal which is nourished
	3245.535	of a porpoise, are related to similar	conditions of life. No one will suppose that the
	3245.708	to these animals, or are related to the	conditions to which they are exposed. The case
	3247.251	on, the adaptation of the larva to its	conditions of life is just as perfect and as
	3257.490	embryo not being closely related to its	conditions of existence, except when the [page
	3263.914	elements having been affected by the	conditions to which either parent, or their
	3337.1130	Again, an organ useful under certain	conditions, might become injurious under others
	3392.389	disturbed by slightly different and new	conditions of life, we need not feel surprise at
	3392.783	increased by slight changes in their	conditions of life, and that the offspring of
	3392.979	one hand, considerable changes in the	conditions of life and crosses between greatly
	3392.1105	the other hand, lesser changes in the	conditions of life and crosses between less
	3404.188	and of which the climate and other	conditions of life change insensibly in going from
	3426.197	eminently susceptible to changes in the	conditions of life; so that this system, when not
	3426.457	by the direct action of the physical	conditions of life. There is much difficulty in
	3426.710	for long periods. As long as the	conditions of life remain the same, we have reason
	3432.46	exposes organic beings to new	conditions of life, and then nature acts on the
	3438.578	a degree to the surrounding physical	conditions, will turn the balance. With animals
	3440.214	most successfully struggled with their	conditions of life, will generally leave most
	3442.221	generally have varied under the changed	conditions of domestication. And if there be any
	3448.394	variations useful, under changing	conditions of life, to her living products? What
	3472.191	specific forms. In both cases physical	conditions seem to have produced but little direct
	3484.900	placed under considerably different	conditions of life, [page] 475 CHAP. XIV
	3502.179	same continent, under the most diverse	conditions, under heat and cold, on mountain and
	3502.907	two areas may present the same physical	conditions of life, we need feel no surprise at
	3520.144	by changed habits or under changed	conditions [page] 480 CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV. of
	3566.192	on the direct action of external	conditions, and so forth. The study of domestic
	3574.1078	and perhaps suddenly altered physical	conditions, namely, the mutual relation of
	3790.0	of, 451. Conclusion, general, 480.	Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to
	3809.10	of sea, rate of, 359. Cuvier on	conditions of existence, 206. ——on fossil monkeys
	3886.3	Existence, struggle for, 60. —,	conditions of, 206. Extinction, as bearing on
	3911.24	hybrids, 249. —from slight changes in	conditions, 267. —of crossed varieties, 267. Fir
	4431.23	fighting, 88. Sterility from changed	conditions of life, 9. —of hybrids, 246. ———, laws
	4435.19	causes of, 263. —from unfavourable	conditions, 265. —of certain varieties, 269. St
	4521.49	reproductive system being affected by	conditions of life, 8. —under nature, 44. —, laws
1			conditions—importance
	2635.76	for by differences in physical	conditions—Importance of barriers—Affinity of the productions
1			conditions—use
	1117.24	OF VARIATION. Effects of external	conditions—Use and disuse, combined with natural
2			condor
	673.59	district, let it be ever so large. The	condor lays a couple of eggs and the ostrich a
	673.145	score, and yet in the same country the	condor may be the more numerous of the two
2			conduct
	5732.17	Vols. 8vo. 72s. ———Character and	Conduct of the Apostles considered as an
	5914.17	s. 6d.; Morocco. 42s. PRECEPTS FOR THE	CONDUCT OF LIFE. Exhortations to a Virtuous
2			cones
	1502.502	In other crustaceans the transparent	cones which are coated by pigment, and which
	2823.551	heights of Ceylon, and on the volcanic	cones of Java, many plants occur, either
3			confess
	1494.322	by natural selection, seems, I freely	confess, absurd in the highest possible degree
	1877.530	of natural selection. But I am bound to	confess, that, with all my faith in this
	3301.1604	be a law of nature; but I am bound to	confess that I only hope to see the law
4			confessed
	536.534	as some few naturalists have honestly	confessed) which does not vary; and, under this
	560.118	to rank doubtful forms. Yet it must be	confessed, that it is in the best-known countries
	2040.21	diminishes. It must, however, be	confessed that we cannot understand, excepting on
	3101.390	value. This principle has been broadly	confessed by some naturalists to be the true one
1			confessedly
	3424.123	relate to questions on which we are	confessedly ignorant; nor do we know how ignorant
6			confidence
	242.185	must trust to the reader reposing some	confidence in my accuracy. No doubt errors will
	1851.159	slaughtered, but the breeder goes with	confidence to the same family. I have such faith
	1859.53	be thought that I have an overweening	confidence in the principle of natural selection
	2257.89	be rendered intermittent. I feel much	confidence in the truth of these views, for they
	3538.514	by this volume; but I look with	confidence to the future, to young and rising
	3586.1041	world. Hence we may look with some	confidence to a secure future of equally
1			confidential
	4896.23	V0. 2s. 6d. BUONAPARTES (NAPOLEON)	Confidential Correspondence with his Brother Joseph
8			confidently
	667.135	do not annually pair. Hence we may	confidently assert, that all plants and animals are
	1125.524	food, &c.: thus, E. Forbes speaks	confidently that shells at their southern limit
	1303.327	in the several breeds. We may I think	confidently come to this conclusion, because, as we
	1349.22	V. SUMMARY. For myself, I venture	confidently to look back thousands on thousands of
	1628.259	means of natural selection. But we may	confidently believe that many modifications, wholly
	1847.356	sows seeds of the same stock, and	confidently expects to [page] 238 INSTINCT. CHAP
	1865.30	ocelli. I may give one other case: so	confidently did I expect to find gradations in
	1869.581	structure of their jaws. I speak	confidently on this latter point, as Mr. Lubbock
6			confine
	562.366	there is some variation. But if he	confine his attention to one class within one
	1837.211	enter on these several cases, but will	confine myself to one special difficulty, which
	2261.136	is extremely imperfect; but if we	confine our attention to any one formation, it
	2514.599	orders, cannot be disputed. For if we	confine our attention either to the living or
	2713.151	means of distribution. I shall here	confine myself to plants. In botanical works
	2916.752	In the following remarks I shall not	confine myself to the mere question of
35			confined
	331.652	embryology. These remarks are of course	confined to the first appearance of the
	532.298	of the same species inhabiting the same	confined locality. No one supposes that all the
	741.648	beetle, the relation seems at first	confined to the elements of air and water. Yet
	816.559	vigour, but on having special weapons,	confined to the male sex. A hornless stag or
	908.488	Thus it will be in nature; for within a	confined area, with some place in its polity not
	912.485	in birds, varieties will generally be	confined to separated countries; and this I
	922.83	the process of natural selection. In a	confined or isolated area, if not very large
	940.887	present day, from having inhabited a	confined area, and from having thus been exposed
	1034.743	the process of modification will be	confined to a single line of descent, and the
	1131.257	Thus the species of shells which are	confined to tropical and shallow seas are
	1131.338	generally brighter-coloured than those	confined to cold and deeper seas. The birds
	1131.392	and deeper seas. The birds which are	confined to continents are, according to Mr
	1131.504	those of islands. The insect-species	confined to sea-coasts, as every collector knows
	1249.280	little doubt. But that our rule is not	confined to secondary sexual characters is
	1986.692	differences imperceptible by us, and	confined to the reproductive system. This
	2110.393	parent, the resemblances seem chiefly	confined to characters almost monstrous in their
	2235.662	if his attention had been exclusively	confined to these large territories, would never
	2299.598	are supposed to have been local or	confined to some one spot. Most marine animals
	2323.287	would at first generally be local or	confined to one place, but if possessed of any
	2351.1117	Some few families of fish now have a	confined range; the teleostean fish might
	2351.1189	might formerly have had a similarly	confined range, and after having been largely
	2355.23	THE CHAP. IX. here they would remain	confined, until some of the species became
	2637.1175	rare case to find a group of organisms	confined to any small spot, having conditions
	2667.22	OF CREATION. and even families are	confined to the same areas, as is so commonly
	2681.785	number of sections of genera are	confined to a single region; and it has been
	2681.994	to each other, are generally local, or	confined to one area. What a strange anomaly it
	2863.587	belonging to genera exclusively	confined to the south, at these and other
	2886.1696	is hardly a single group of fishes	confined exclusively to fresh water, so that we
	2928.1118	whereas not one species of sea-shell is	confined to its shores: now, though we do not
	2936.914	have, whatever the cause may be,	confined ranges. Hence trees would be little
	2978.1478	inexplicable: but this affinity is	confined to the plants, and will, I do not doubt
	2990.757	in other parts of the world and those	confined to the archipelago, are common to
	2994.1240	allied species of mocking-thrush, each	confined to its own island. Now let us suppose
	3496.1152	cases,—is intelligible, for within a	confined country, the recent and the extinct
	3919.20	of, 384. Fishes, ganoid, now	confined to fresh water, 107. —, electric organs
14			confinement
	291.693	one is the remarkable effect which	confinement or cultivation has on the functions of
	291.1026	than to get it to breed freely under	confinement, even in the many cases when the male
	291.1183	though living long under not very close	confinement in their native country! This is
	295.110	the reproduction of animals under	confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous
	295.233	in this country pretty freely under	confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades
	295.622	sickly, yet breeding quite freely under	confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see
	295.979	at this system, when it does act under	confinement, acting not quite regularly, and
	393.915	man, as to be quite prolific under	confinement. An argument, as it seems to me, of
	822.407	who have closely attended to birds in	confinement well know that they often take
	1179.129	they were useful and bred readily under	confinement, and not because they were subsequently
	1701.565	to habit and long-continued close	confinement. Natural instincts are lost under
	1944.617	to few animals breeding freely under	confinement, few experiments have been fairly tried
	1944.796	of these nine species breeds freely in	confinement, we have no right to expect that the
	2032.931	any particular animal will breed under	confinement or any plant seed freely under culture
9			confines
	701.1024	in individuals, even on the extreme	confines of their range. For in such cases, we
	747.287	the animals which preyed on it. On the	confines of its geographical range, a change of
	747.585	alone. Not until we reach the extreme	confines of life, in the arctic regions or on
	908.1029	individuals of the same species on the	confines of each. And in this case the effects
	942.808	on each island: intercrossing on the	confines of the range of each species will thus
	1408.189	abruptly rarer and rarer on the	confines, and finally disappearing. Hence the
	1412.1307	defined. Moreover, each species on the	confines of its range, where it exists in
	2323.95	now range thousands of miles beyond its	confines; and analogy leads me to believe that
	2357.115	geology of other countries beyond the	confines of Europe and the United States; and
2			confirm
	608.324	as my imperfect results go, they always	confirm the view. I have also consulted some
	882.39	C. C. Sprengel has shown, and as I can	confirm, either the anthers burst before the
2			confirmation
	1755.45	are the facts, though they did not need	confirmation by me, in regard to the wonderful
	3135.3	and origin of each tongue. In	confirmation of this view, let us glance at the
3			confirmed
	1936.408	result. This result has, also, been	confirmed by other observers in the case of
	2078.35	Kölreuter, whose accuracy has been	confirmed by every subsequent observer, has
	2576.385	Yet I fully expect to see it hereafter	confirmed, at least in regard to subordinate
2			conformable
	1801.1096	I had space, I could show that they are	conformable with my theory. Huber's statement that
	2432.569	of the species of a group is strictly	conformable with my theory; as the species of the
2			conformably
	1671.49	in the case of corporeal structure, and	conformably with my theory, the instinct of each
	2227.618	The many cases on record of a formation	conformably covered, after an enormous interval of
5			confounded
	403.901	These two distinct cases are often	confounded in treatises on inheritance. Lastly
	1404.333	This difficulty for a long time quite	confounded me. But I think it can be in large part
	1900.111	different, have generally been	confounded together; namely, the sterility of two
	1972.284	classes of facts which are generally	confounded together-is by no means strict. There
	2000.128	simply to prevent their becoming	confounded in nature? I think not. For why should
3			confusion
	1378.249	forms? Why is not all nature in	confusion instead of the species being, as we see
	1898.165	of sterility, in order to prevent the	confusion of all organic forms. This view
	1964.273	crossing and blending together in utter	confusion. The following rules and conclusions
1			congener
	737.754	everywhere driven before it its great	congener. One species of charlock will supplant
2			congeners
	1293.351	in comparison with the same part in its	congeners; and the not great degree of
	1620.158	habits very unlike those of its nearest	congeners. Hence we can understand, bearing in
1			conglomerate
	2173.346	impressed, let any one examine beds of	conglomerate many thousand feet in thickness, which
1			congregate
	822.175	birds of Paradise, and some others,	congregate; and successive males display their
1			congregation
	4824.40	Plain Sermons Preached to a Country	Congregation. Second Edition. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 7s
1			conical
	375.1235	The turbit has a very short and	conical beak, with a line of reversed feathers
6			conjecture
	542.1407	a wide door for the entry of doubt and	conjecture is opened. Hence, in determining
	1552.47	in many cases it is most difficult to	conjecture by what transitions an organ could have
	1757.76	originated I will not pretend to	conjecture. But as ants, which are not slave
	3382.45	no doubt, extremely difficult even to	conjecture by what gradations many structures have
	3398.8	RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV. even to	conjecture how this could have been effected. Yet
	3540.719	pretend that they can define, or even	conjecture, which are the created forms of life
1			conjoined
	878.1072	pollen-granules are swept out of the	conjoined anthers of each flower, before the
1			conjointly
	2602.1174	been local. All these causes taken	conjointly, must have tended to make the
1			connaraceæ
	3081.1451	another work he says, the genera of the	Connaraceæ "differ in having one or more ovaria
1			connarus
	3081.1754	insufficient to separate Cnestis from	Connarus." To give an example amongst insects
12			connect
	618.275	characters of the forms which they	connect; and except, secondly, by a certain
	940.688	and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils,	connect to a certain extent orders now widely
	1418.797	numerically than the forms which they	connect. Now, if we may trust these facts and
	1418.997	numbers than the forms which they	connect, then, I think, we can understand why
	1434.551	than the varieties which they tend to	connect. From this cause alone the interme
	1438.210	and supplanted by the forms which they	connect; for these from existing in greater
	1456.385	fitted for gliding through the air, now	connect the Galeopithecus with the other
	2143.941	numbers than the forms which they	connect, will generally be beaten out and
	2291.255	as species, unless they are enabled to	connect them together by close intermediate
	2301.411	improbability of our being enabled to	connect species by numerous, fine, intermediate
	2522.87	is, by so much the more it tends to	connect by some of its characters groups now
	3133.9	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. it would	connect together all languages, extinct and
43			connected
	285.849	that this variability may be partly	connected with excess of food. It seems pretty
	303.685	show that variation is not necessarily	connected, as some authors have supposed, with
	538.19	can be given. There is one point	connected with individual differences, which
	542.971	of another, even when they are closely	connected by intermediate links; nor will the
	590.1033	are much diffused, but this seems to be	connected with the nature of the stations
	956.134	here alluded to from being intimately	connected with natural selection. Natural
	1062.477	a very important consideration), which	connected the original species (A) and (I), have
	1211.998	these several differences may be	connected with some difference in the flow of
	1237.640	the foregoing remark seems	connected with the very general opinion of
	1245.1523	to one sex, but are not directly	connected with the act of reproduction. The rule
	1293.800	are all principles closely	connected together. All being mainly due to the
	1863.750	but in their organs of vision, yet	connected by some few members in an intermediate
	1986.625	show that the capacity for crossing is	connected with constitutional differences
	2048.726	Both series of facts seem to be	connected together by some common but unknown
	2159.64	selection all living species have been	connected with the parent-species of each genus
	2163.88	have in their turn been similarly	connected with more ancient species; and so on
	2291.660	the same time it could be most closely	connected with either one or both forms by
	2301.117	examination, two forms can seldom be	connected by intermediate varieties and thus
	2325.209	which on my theory assuredly have	connected all the past and present species of the
	2434.236	new and improved forms are intimately	connected together. The old notion of all the
	2502.26	correspond. There is one other remark	connected with this subject worth making. I have
	2558.8	series in this same respect. Closely	connected with the statement, that the organic
	2604.196	links which must formerly have	connected the closely allied or representative
	2618.120	together one grand system; for all are	connected by generation. We can understand, from
	2703.709	land may at a former period have	connected islands or possibly even continents
	2707.196	in the Atlantic must recently have been	connected with Europe or Africa, and Europe
	2944.579	as oceanic, as it lies on a bank	connected with the mainland; moreover, icebergs
	2960.601	oceanic islands having been formerly	connected by continuous land with the nearest
	3044.1583	the forms within each class have been	connected by the same bond of ordinary generation
	3075.737	resemblances, though so intimately	connected with the whole life of the being, are
	3153.426	common, yet if these extreme forms are	connected together by a chain of intermediate
	3185.223	of the same family or higher group are	connected together. For the common parent of a
	3187.426	progenitors of birds were formerly	connected with the early progenitors of the other
	3187.566	of the forms of life which once	connected fishes with batrachians. There has been
	3197.1585	the several members of each class are	connected together by the most complex and
	3203.983	and size, and yet they always remain	connected together in the same order. We never
	3301.80	classed together, and as all have been	connected by the finest gradations, the best, or
	3498.585	for in both cases the beings have been	connected by the bond of ordinary generation, and
	3546.322	All the members of whole classes can be	connected together by chains of affinities, and
	3558.390	latter are known, or believed, to be	connected at the present day by intermediate
	3558.482	whereas species were formerly thus	connected. Hence, without quite rejecting the
	4131.21	of the Rhine, 384. Lowness of structure	connected with variability, 149. Lowness, related
	5006.134	of Art, Public Buildings, and Places	connected with interesting and historical
7			connecting
	2165.98	remains of such infinitely numerous	connecting links, it may be objected, that time
	2307.272	the distinction between species, by	connecting them together by numerous, fine
	2602.1332	we do not find interminable varieties,	connecting together all the extinct and existing
	3173.566	is, the greater must be the number of	connecting forms which on my theory have been
	3211.613	to any extent, and the membrane	connecting them increased to any extent, so as to
	3400.471	in rare cases) to discover directly	connecting [page] 463 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION
	3406.58	the extermination of an infinitude of	connecting links, between the living and extinct
1			connection
	5848.127	English, Scotch, and Irish Poor Law: in	connection with the Condition of the People
2			connects
	1108.339	Lepidosiren, which in some small degree	connects by its affinities two large branches of
	1616.23	CHAP. VI. the two forms which it	connects; consequently the two latter, during
10			connexion
	1104.725	tree was small, budding twigs; and this	connexion of the former and present buds by
	1281.3	very long period remained constant. In	connexion with the present subject, I will make
	3101.606	with others, though no apparent bond of	connexion can be discovered between them
	3197.669	of descent is the hidden bond of	connexion which naturalists have sought under the
	3203.864	on the high importance of relative	connexion in homologous organs: the parts may
	3211.799	the framework of bones or the relative	connexion of the several parts. If we suppose
	3217.326	is correspond in number and in relative	connexion with—the elemental parts of a certain
	3301.275	being on my view the hidden bond of	connexion which naturalists have been seeking
	6020.4	Edition.Portrait. Post 8vo. 9s. ———	Connexion of the Physical Sciences. Ninth Edition
	6042.24	vo. 7s. 6d. Sinai and Palestine, in	Connexion with their History. Fifth Edition. Map
1			connoisseur
	435.1445	and are studied, like a picture by a	connoisseur; this is done three times at intervals
2			conquer
	1080.654	in number. One large group will slowly	conquer another large group, reduce its numbers
	1508.393	grades. His reason ought to	conquer his imagination; though I have felt the
4			conquered
	782.82	countries, the natives have been so far	conquered by naturalised productions, that they
	1048.977	lines of descent, which will be	conquered by later and improved lines of descent
	3173.1271	at aberrant forms as failing groups	conquered by more successful competitors, with a
	3496.892	the later and more improved forms have	conquered the older and less improved organic
6			conquest
	4946.59	Justices of England. From the Norman	Conquest to the Death of Lord Tenterden. Second
	5177.30	vo. 16s. FRANCE (HISTORY OF). From the	Conquest by the Gauls to the Death of Louis
	5690.31	mo. 6s. ———History of France. From the	Conquest by the Gauls, to the Death of Louis
	5694.66	From the Earliest Times of the Roman	Conquest. With the History of Literature and Art
	5860.204	has existed in this Country since the	Conquest. Being a New Edition of the "Synopsis
	6008.60	from the Earliest Times to the Roman	Conquest. With the History of Literature and Art
1			conscientious
	1910.149	several memoirs and works of those two	conscientious and admirable observers, Kölreuter and
1			conscientiously
	3538.719	are mutable will do good service by	conscientiously expressing his conviction; for only
2			conscious
	1580.11	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. ately made	conscious of this by reflecting on the
	1657.346	not rarely in direct opposition to our	conscious will! yet they may be modified by the
19			consecutive
	2235.367	avoid believing that they are closely	consecutive. But we know, for instance, from Sir R
	2235.1017	of time which has elapsed between the	consecutive formations, we may infer that this
	2239.54	in the mineralogical composition of	consecutive formations, generally implying great
	2293.506	intervals, namely, to distinct but	consecutive stages of the same great formation, we
	2321.496	would have to migrate, and no closely	consecutive record of their modifications could be
	2335.29	RECORD. probably elapsed between our	consecutive formations,—longer perhaps in some
	2389.307	changed forms of life, entombed in our	consecutive, but widely separated formations. On
	2408.1040	formations; so that between each two	consecutive formations, the forms of life have
	2418.466	exhibited by the fossils embedded in	consecutive formations is not equal. Each formation
	2464.12	SUCCESSION, CHAP. X. between our	consecutive formations; and in these intervals
	2550.1215	intervals of time have elapsed between	consecutive formations. It is no real objection to
	2558.211	palæontologists, that fossils from two	consecutive formations are far more closely related
	2558.803	of the distinct species in closely	consecutive [page] 336 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. CHAP
	2564.86	the fact of fossil remains from closely	consecutive formations, though ranked as distinct
	2604.392	of time which have elapsed between our	consecutive formations; he [page] 343 CHAP. X
	2622.253	see why the organic remains of closely	consecutive formations are more closely allied to
	3418.564	see this in the fossil remains from	consecutive formations invariably being much more
	3578.72	of organic change in the fossils of	consecutive formations probably serves as a fair
	4289.36	on close alliance of fossils in	consecutive formations, 335. —, on embryological
5			consequence
	810.187	benefit of the community; if each in	consequence profits by the selected change. What
	2610.496	of old forms is the almost inevitable	consequence of the production of new forms. We can
	2882.356	this capacity as an almost necessary	consequence. We can here consider only a few cases
	2898.373	seem immediately to acquire, as if in	consequence, a very wide range. I think favourable
	3592.114	lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a	consequence to Natural Selection, entailing
1			consequences
	1889.191	or created instincts, but as small	consequences of one general law, leading to the
4			consequent
	804.1567	will ensure that modifications	consequent on other modifications at a different
	1297.1612	causa of community of descent, and a	consequent tendency to vary in a like manner, but
	2452.223	it comes into competition; and the	consequent extinction of less-favoured forms
	2787.1002	of the circumpolar land, and to the	consequent freedom for intermigration under a more
59			consequently
	264.200	born than can possibly survive; and as,	consequently, there is a frequently recurring
	538.1033	or disservice to the species, and which	consequently have not been seized on and rendered
	558.423	they descend from common parents, and	consequently must be ranked as varieties. Close
	590.571	country favourable to the genus; and,	consequently, we might have expected to have found
	665.634	very favourable, and that there has	consequently been less destruction of the old and
	719.288	is never visited by insects, and	consequently, from its peculiar structure, never can
	731.884	others and so yield more seed, and will	consequently in a few years quite supplant the other
	788.119	efforts of man! how short his time! and	consequently how poor will his products be, compared
	842.697	produce very vigorous seedlings, which	consequently would have the best chance of
	926.90	isolation, by checking immigration and	consequently competition, will give time for any new
	940.245	that of the sea or of the land; and,	consequently, the competition between fresh-water
	942.294	many oscillations of level, and which	consequently will exist for long periods in a broken
	956.269	in some way advantageous, which	consequently endure. But as from the high
	962.435	within any given period, and they will	consequently be beaten in the race for life by the
	964.648	severest competition with each other.	Consequently, each new variety or species, during
	1024.57	to variability is in itself hereditary,	consequently they will tend to vary, and generally
	1084.912	and leave no modified descendants; and	consequently that of the species living at any one
	1189.972	never propagated by seed, and of which	consequently new varieties have not been produced
	1287.1175	two sexes of any one of the species.	Consequently, whatever part of the structure of the
	1418.248	zone. The intermediate variety,	consequently, will exist in lesser numbers from
	1424.1203	intermediate narrow, hilly tract; and	consequently the improved mountain or plain breed
	1440.356	forms and the intermediate links.	Consequently evidence of their former existence
	1574.257	frequenting bird from its enemies; and	consequently that it was a character of importance
	1586.1232	being is simply due to inheritance; and	consequently, though each being assuredly is well
	1616.33	VI. the two forms which it connects;	consequently the two latter, during the course of
	1630.418	the inhabitants one with another, and	consequently will produce perfection, or strength in
	1825.928	lived throughout the winter, and	consequently required a store of honey: there can in
	1851.731	has been advantageous to the community:	consequently the fertile males and females of the
	2026.1272	in some degree unsuitable, and	consequently be liable to perish at an early period
	2054.800	be quite fertile when crossed, and he	consequently ranks them as undoubted species. If we
	2110.650	have been slowly acquired by selection.	Consequently, sudden reversions to the perfect
	2251.164	oscillations have affected wide spaces.	Consequently formations rich in fossils and
	2259.584	broken up into an archipelago), and	consequently during subsidence, though there will be
	2291.1167	their relationship, and should	consequently be compelled to rank them all as
	2365.0	numerous and improved descendants.	Consequently, if my theory be true, it is
	2418.387	and irregularly intermittent intervals;	consequently the amount of organic change exhibited
	2618.731	more nearly it will be related to, and	consequently resemble, the common progenitor of
	2643.409	lat. 35º with those north of 25º, which	consequently inhabit a considerably different
	2677.1313	been formerly united to Europe, and	consequently possessing the same quadrupeds. But if
	2777.211	they will have kept in a body together;	consequently their mutual relations will not have
	2781.571	have been in some degree disturbed;	consequently they will have been liable to
	2795.562	region, with those of the Old World.	Consequently we have here everything favourable for
	2851.555	homes in greater numbers, and having	consequently been advanced through natural selection
	2886.1479	for great geographical changes, and	consequently time and means for much migration. In
	2902.276	water plants to vast distances, and if	consequently the range of these plants was not very
	2910.484	than between terrestrial species;	consequently an intruder from the waters of a
	2928.948	proper places and habits, and will	consequently have been little liable to modification
	3012.313	and for accidents of transport; and	consequently for the migration of some of the
	3016.287	slower rate than the higher forms; and	consequently the lower forms will have had a better
	3061.9	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. species.	Consequently the groups which are now large, and
	3063.718	one ancient but unseen parent, and,	consequently, have inherited something in common
	3167.376	to go on increasing in size; and they	consequently supplant many smaller and feebler
	3185.481	to all; and the several species will	consequently be related to each other by circuitous
	3223.605	complex mouth formed of many parts,	consequently always have fewer legs; or conversely
	3225.845	liable to vary in number and structure;	consequently it is quite probable that [page
	3295.1141	from those of their parent, and	consequently to be constructed in a slightly
	3343.412	its reduced state at the same age, and	consequently will seldom affect or reduce it in the
	3398.1261	possible during a very long period; and	consequently the difficulty of the wide diffusion of
	3540.444	the majority of naturalists, and which	consequently have every external characteristic
22			consider
	266.944	Record. In the next chapter I shall	consider the geological succession of organic
	425.30	species? Selection.—Let us now briefly	consider the steps by which domestic races have
	532.714	generally affect what naturalists	consider unimportant parts; but I could show by
	552.237	Several most experienced ornithologists	consider our British red grouse as only a
	562.153	to determine what differences to	consider as specific, and what as varieties; for
	588.182	produce well-marked varieties, or, as I	consider them, incipient species. And this
	792.131	and structures, which we are apt to	consider as of very trifling importance, may
	1604.528	contrivances are less perfect. Can we	consider the sting of the wasp or of the bee as
	1610.437	through insect agency, can we	consider as equally perfect the elaboration by
	1960.74	Crosses and of Hybrids.—We will now	consider a little more in detail the [page
	2066.122	witnesses, who in all other cases	consider fertility and sterility as safe
	2066.908	so that even Gärtner did not venture to	consider the two varieties as specifically
	2562.294	most different climates and conditions.	Consider the prodigious vicissitudes of climate
	2683.645	many species. So that we are reduced to	consider whether the exceptions to [page
	2689.68	we shall be enabled at the same time to	consider a point equally important for us
	2882.381	necessary consequence. We can here	consider only a few cases. In regard to [page
	2916.812	mere question of dispersal; but shall	consider some other facts, which bear on the
	3075.11	us by our classifications. Let us now	consider the rules followed in classification
	3117.234	that the characters which naturalists	consider as showing true affinity between any
	3378.714	of any organ or instinct, which we may	consider, either do now exist or could have
	3544.830	appearance of species in what they	consider reverent silence. It may be asked how
	3546.168	distinct the forms are which we may	consider, by so much the arguments fall away in
29			considerable
	321.163	both those of slight and those of	considerable physiological importance, is endless
	337.907	conditions, and whilst kept in a	considerable body, so that free intercrossing might
	371.503	of them are very important, as being of	considerable antiquity. I have associated with
	526.884	a monstrosity I presume is meant some	considerable deviation of structure in one part
	542.34	Those forms which possess in some	considerable degree the character of species, but
	681.571	work, discuss some of the checks at	considerable length, more especially in regard to
	914.170	natural selection; for I can bring a	considerable catalogue of facts, showing that within
	930.45	I do not doubt that isolation is of	considerable importance in the production of new
	1032.941	to have allowed the accumulation of a	considerable amount of divergent variation. As all
	1054.46	our diagram be assumed to represent a	considerable amount of modification, species (A) and
	1195.47	disuse, have, in some cases, played a	considerable part in the modification of the
	1317.2	undoubtedly is the case in nature. A	considerable part of the difficulty in recognising a
	1317.189	the other species of the same genus. A	considerable catalogue, also, could be given of
	1992.866	from seed from the same capsule have a	considerable degree of fertility. These facts show
	2042.184	belief, founded, I think, on a	considerable body of evidence, that slight changes
	2249.685	oscillation of level, and thus gained	considerable thickness. All geological facts tell
	2285.1549	that if such species were to undergo a	considerable amount of modification during any one
	2299.363	been modified and perfected in some	considerable degree. According to this view, the
	2502.521	inhabitants of each region underwent a	considerable amount of modification and extinction
	2570.1553	set free in Great Britain, whether any	considerable number would be enabled to seize on
	2839.844	plants and animals can withstand a	considerable amount of cold, many might have escaped
	2845.22	by Hooker. Thus, as I believe, a	considerable number of plants, a few terrestrial
	2886.803	evidence in the loess of the Rhine of	considerable changes of level in the land within a
	2972.1188	American coast: in fact there is a	considerable dissimilarity in all these respects. On
	2972.1268	respects. On the other hand, there is a	considerable degree of resemblance in the volcanic
	2984.1835	since their arrival), we find a	considerable amount [page] 401 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC
	3147.263	undergone a certain, and sometimes a	considerable amount of modification, may not this
	3392.951	fertility. So that, on the one hand,	considerable changes in the conditions of life and
	3554.158	can dimly foresee that there will be a	considerable revolution in natural history
13			considerably
	305.82	of the same litter, sometimes differ	considerably from each other, though both the young
	363.89	and rabbits, the breeds of which differ	considerably from each other in structure, I do not
	554.413	veris and elatior. These plants differ	considerably in appearance; they have a different
	1026.441	s2, differing from each other, and more	considerably from their common parent (A). We may
	1062.254	I) will, owing to inheritance, differ	considerably from the eight descendants from (A
	1273.420	large groups of species, has differed	considerably in closely-allied species, that it has
	1478.333	with their structure either slightly or	considerably modified from that of their proper type
	1885.218	parts of the world and living under	considerably different conditions of life, yet often
	2155.397	points of structure may have differed	considerably from both, even perhaps more than they
	2412.1162	of Madeira having come to differ	considerably from their nearest allies on the
	2643.432	of 25º, which consequently inhabit a	considerably different climate, and they will be
	3412.1706	and distant regions until they are	considerably modified and im- [page] 465 CHAP. XIV
	3484.877	that allied species, when placed under	considerably different conditions of life, [page
11			consideration
	399.62	the colouring of pigeons well deserve	consideration. The rock-pigeon is of a slaty-blue
	554.80	or doubtful species well deserve	consideration; for several interesting lines of
	584.570	own country (and this is a different	consideration from wide range, and to a certain
	1062.455	also (and this is a very important	consideration), which connected the original species
	1420.317	sides of it. But a far more important	consideration, as I believe, is that, during the
	1586.1126	sense. But by far the most important	consideration is that the chief part of the
	2060.647	seems to me by far the most important	consideration, new races of animals and plants are
	2207.492	having been smoothly swept away. The	consideration of these facts impresses my mind almost
	2299.10	in the following chapter. One other	consideration is worth notice: with animals and
	3075.850	or analogical characters;" but to the	consideration of these resemblances we shall have to
	3558.528	Hence, without quite rejecting the	consideration of the present existence of
19			considerations
	260.11	neglected by naturalists. From these	considerations, I shall devote the first chapter of
	359.146	state that, from geographical and other	considerations, I think it highly probable that our
	417.667	The paramount importance of these	considerations in explaining the immense amount of
	582.22	VARY MOST. Guided by theoretical	considerations, I thought that some interesting
	675.65	is most necessary to keep the foregoing	considerations always in mind—never to forget that
	864.1303	details, I must trust to some general	considerations alone. In the first place, I have
	900.19	becomes very small. From these several	considerations and from the many special facts which I
	964.19	commoner species. From these several	considerations I think it inevitably follows, that as
	1139.195	under the most opposite climates. Such	considerations as these incline me to lay very little
	1153.414	frequent flight;—these several	considerations have made me believe that the wingless
	2056.820	sterile when intercrossed. Several	considerations, however, render the fertility of
	2080.432	reproductive system; from these several	considerations and facts, I do not think that the very
	2261.19	or linking forms. From the foregoing	considerations it cannot be doubted that the
	2265.613	proportional weight to the following	considerations. Although each formation may mark a
	2357.23	distant seas. From these and similar	considerations, but chiefly from our ignorance of the
	2687.128	belief, rendered probable by general	considerations, that each species has been produced
	2998.426	over the indigenous species. From these	considerations I think we need not greatly marvel at
	3024.819	centres of creation, by some general	considerations, more especially from the importance of
	3526.45	now recapitulated the chief facts and	considerations which have thoroughly convinced me that
41			considered
	469.93	of a course of selection, which may be	considered as unconsciously followed, in so far
	548.461	British plants, which are generally	considered as varieties, but which have all been
	552.766	It must be admitted that many forms,	considered by highly-competent judges as varieties
	560.669	out of forms, which are very generally	considered as varieties; and in this country the
	622.191	but the amount of difference	considered necessary to give to two forms the rank
	796.617	fruit and the colour of the flesh are	considered by botanists as characters of the most
	890.69	that flowers on the same tree can be	considered as distinct individuals only in a
	1183.488	breeds. The rat and mouse cannot be	considered as domestic animals, but they have been
	1297.642	tail-feathers in the pouter, may be	considered as a variation representing the normal
	1317.398	this shows, unless all these forms be	considered as independently created species, that
	1331.203	a horse without stripes is not	considered as purely-bred. The spine is always
	1498.64	by our imagination, can hardly be	considered real. How a nerve comes to be sensitive
	1675.1410	few cases, certain instincts cannot be	considered as absolutely perfect; but as details
	1767.198	and the following view may, perhaps, be	considered only as a modification of his theory
	1906.677	is common to the two cases, has to be	considered. The distinction has probably been
	1910.453	ten cases in which he found two forms,	considered by most authors as distinct species
	1944.486	perfectly fertile hybrid animal can be	considered as thoroughly well authenticated. It
	1956.1031	me by Mr. Blyth, I think they must be	considered as distinct species. On this view of
	1958.272	our present state of knowledge, be	considered as absolutely universal. Laws
	1994.139	we see that when forms, which must be	considered as good and distinct species, are
	2054.680	the primrose and cowslip, which are	considered by many of our best botanists as
	2128.79	varieties, or sufficiently alike to be	considered as varieties, and their mongrel
	2408.755	some reason to believe that organisms,	considered high in the scale of nature, change
	2520.76	species or group of species being	considered as intermediate between living species
	2528.575	forms beneath the uppermost line may be	considered as extinct. The three existing genera
	2608.136	region alone, as that of Europe, are	considered; he may urge the apparent, but often
	2944.535	an exception; but this group cannot be	considered as oceanic, as it lies on a bank
	3089.81	derived from parts which must be	considered of very trifling physiological
	3089.796	character would, I think, have been	considered by naturalists as important an aid in
	3101.857	are found nearly uniform, they are	considered as highly serviceable in classification
	3141.713	which can only in a technical sense be	considered as the same individual. He includes
	3251.355	however, the mature animal is generally	considered as lower in the scale than the larva
	3251.1438	and complete state, cirripedes may be	considered as either more highly or more lowly
	3309.289	bastard-wing" in birds may be safely	considered as a digit in a rudimentary state: in
	3351.776	parentage of those forms which are	considered by naturalists as allied, together with
	3361.54	classes of facts which have been	considered in this chapter, seem to me to proclaim
	3378.577	insuperably great, cannot be	considered real if we admit the following
	3386.86	of their mongrel offspring cannot be	considered as universal; nor is their very general
	4948.34	s. ——Shakspeare's Legal Acquirements	Considered. 8vo. 5s. 6d. —— (GEORGE) Modern India
	5646.100	of the Earth and its Inhabitants	considered as illustrative of Geology. Ninth
	5732.41	Character and Conduct of the Apostles	considered as an Evidence of Christianity. 8vo
25			considering
	250.3	and his excellent judgment. In	considering the Origin of Species, it is quite
	389.1332	be unknown to ornithologists; and this,	considering their size, habits, and remarkable
	892.385	cross being indispensable, by	considering the medium in which terrestrial animals
	996.3	made to the genera of these States. By	considering the nature of the plants or animals
	1090.275	certainly cannot be disputed; then,	considering the infinite complexity of the
	1532.3	converted into organs of flight. In	considering transitions of organs, it is so
	1552.133	have arrived at its present state; yet,	considering that the proportion of living and known
	1685.127	nature will be strengthened by briefly	considering a few cases under [page] 213 CHAP. VII
	1711.108	have become modified by selection, by	considering a few cases. I will select only three
	1795.0	planes or planes of intersection.	Considering how flexible thin wax is, I do not see
	1859.992	and this we do find, even often,	considering how few neuter-insects out of Europe
	1964.480	how far the rules apply to animals, and	considering how scanty our knowledge is in regard
	1994.0	resemblance to either pure parent.	Considering the several rules now given, which
	2199.712	estimate may be quite erroneous; yet,	considering over what wide spaces very fine
	2508.496	a manner very difficult to account for,	considering the proximity of the two areas,—unless
	2637.3	period co-extensive with the world. IN	considering the distribution of organic beings over
	2687.1138	from a single birthplace; then,	considering our ignorance with respect to former
	2745.0	thither the seeds of northern plants.	Considering that the several above means of
	2793.334	relationship which is most remarkable,	considering the distance of the two areas, and
	2902.111	was all contained in a breakfast cup!	Considering these facts, I think it would be an
	2906.3	are known sometimes to be dropped. In	considering these several means of distribution
	2984.1257	part from the deeply-seated error of	considering the physical conditions of a country as
	2984.1757	be here fairly included, as we are	considering how they have come to be modified since
	3012.3	and ultimately into new species. In	considering the wide distribution of certain genera
	3351.942	and divergence of character. In	considering this view of classification, it should
2			considers
	616.636	therein ranked as species, but which he	considers as so closely allied to other species
	1737.1669	leave or enter the nest. Hence he	considers them as strictly household slaves. The
1			consist
	3217.790	are intelligible on the view that they	consist of metamorphosed leaves, arranged in a
2			consisted
	441.235	than in ordinary cases. If selection	consisted merely in separating some very distinct
	477.1074	followed almost unconsciously. It has	consisted in always cultivating the best known
2			consisting
	2711.1149	or other such rocks, instead of	consisting of mere piles of volcanic matter. I
	5542.35	vo. JONES' (Rev. R,) Literary Remains.	Consisting of his Lectures and Tracts on Political
4			consists
	441.399	to be worth notice; but its importance	consists in the great effect produced by the
	1231.687	the carapace in all other cirripedes	consists of the three highly-important anterior
	1771.46	thus tend to intersect. Hence each cell	consists of an outer spherical portion and of
	3317.304	in the ovarium at its base. The pistil	consists of a stigma [page] 452 RUDIMENTARY
1			consolations
	5038.20	Post 8vo. 14s. DAVYS (SIR HUMPHRY)	Consolations in Travel; or, Last Days of a
1			console
	755.217	we reflect on this struggle, we may	console ourselves with the full belief, that
2			conspicuous
	693.333	and the change of climate being	conspicuous, we are tempted to attribute the whole
	3492.407	groups of species, which has played so	conspicuous a part in the history of the organic
2			constancy
	3081.443	I believe, depends on their greater	constancy throughout large groups of species; and
	3081.498	large groups of species; and this	constancy depends on such organs having generally
23			constant
	796.301	colour, when once acquired, true and	constant. Nor ought we to think that the
	1048.328	life over other forms, there will be a	constant tendency in the improved descendants of
	1237.364	when it occurs in lesser numbers, is	constant. The same author and some botanists
	1257.1753	There may be truly said to be a	constant struggle going on between, on the one
	1263.976	for a much longer period nearly	constant. And this, I am convinced, is the case
	1267.80	abnormally developed organs may be made	constant, I can see no reason to doubt. Hence
	1273.362	organ or part, which is generally very	constant throughout large groups of species, has
	1279.945	have for a very long period remained	constant. In connexion with the present subject
	1281.777	should not have been rendered as	constant and uniform as other parts of the
	1448.276	and of diversified habits, either	constant or occasional, in the same species. And
	1476.446	as this, if the supply of insects were	constant, and if better adapted competitors did
	1657.556	When once acquired, they often remain	constant throughout life. Several other points
	3061.328	in the economy of nature, there is a	constant tendency in their characters to diverge
	3063.41	attempted also to show that there is a	constant tendency in the forms which are
	3081.1891	as Westwood has remarked, are most	constant in structure; [page
	3095.651	part of the organisation is universally	constant. The importance of an aggregate of
	3135.1007	Whatever part is found to be most	constant, is used in classing varieties: thus
	3135.1290	are much less serviceable, because less	constant. In classing varieties, I apprehend if
	3153.726	of existence—are generally the most	constant, we attach especial value to them; but
	3351.425	the value set upon characters, if	constant and prevalent, whether of high vital
	3456.359	the economy of nature, there will be a	constant tendency in natural selection to
	3482.928	in this case it will have been rendered	constant by long-continued natural selection
	3554.658	easy) whether any form be sufficiently	constant and distinct from other forms, to be
3			constantinople
	4886.95	of Turkey in Europe and Asia, to	Constantinople, 1809—10. Third Edition. Maps and
	5070.48	of Modern Europe. From the taking of	Constantinople by the Turks to the Close of the War in
	5306.28	vo. 15s. —— TURKEYMALTA, ASIA MINOR,	CONSTANTINOPLE, Armenia, Mesopotamia, &c. Maps. Post
11			constantly
	645.612	at least I have found it so—than	constantly to bear this conclusion in mind. Yet
	645.1088	live on insects or seeds, and are thus	constantly destroying life; or we forget how
	693.504	species, even where it most abounds, is	constantly suffering enormous destruction at some
	1084.135	places in the polity of Nature, will	constantly tend to supplant and destroy the
	1159.914	and if so, natural selection would	constantly aid the effects of disuse. It is well
	1440.247	the very process of natural selection	constantly tends, as has been so often remarked
	1492.281	acknowledge that every organic being is	constantly endeavouring to increase in numbers
	1737.1753	The masters, on the other hand, may be	constantly seen bringing in materials for the nest
	1948.315	generation, in opposition to the	constantly repeated admonition of every breeder
	2446.83	the increase of every living being is	constantly being checked by unperceived injurious
	3468.8	RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV. species	constantly trying to increase in number, with
1			constantly-recurrent
	3434.200	individuals and races, during the	constantly-recurrent Struggle for Existence, we see the most
1			constellations
	3057.237	like the grouping of the stars in	constellations. The existence of groups would have
4			constitute
	641.292	How do those groups of species, which	constitute what are called distinct genera, and
	1060.892	from the other five species, and may	constitute a sub-genus or even a distinct genus
	3123.215	broken up into two or three families,	constitute a distinct order from those descended
	3512.68	all past and present organic beings	constitute one grand natural system, with group
1			constituting
	2596.989	genera has left modified descendants,	constituting the six new genera. The other seven
28			constitution
	319.347	the endless points in structure and	constitution in which the varieties and sub
	359.392	by Mr. Blyth, on the habits, voice, and	constitution, &c., of the humped Indian cattle, that
	395.154	breeds, though agreeing generally in	constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most
	735.485	exactly the same strength, habits, and	constitution, that the original proportions of a
	737.104	some similarity in habits and	constitution, and always in structure, the struggle
	747.335	of its geographical range, a change of	constitution with respect to climate would clearly
	784.1375	slightest difference of structure or	constitution may well turn the nicely-balanced scale
	926.29	tions in their structure and	constitution. Lastly, isolation, by checking
	964.560	from having nearly the same structure,	constitution, and habits, generally come into the
	978.234	any one species become in structure,	constitution, and habits, by so much will they be
	988.1316	accompanying differences of habit and	constitution, determine that the inhabitants, which
	1048.646	nearly related to each other in habits,	constitution, and structure. Hence all the
	1090.446	an infinite diversity in structure,	constitution, and habits, to be advantageous to them
	1096.116	they diverge in structure, habits, and	constitution, of which we see proof by looking at
	1183.900	on an innate wide flexibility of	constitution, which is common to most animals. On
	1183.1347	of a very common flexibility of	constitution, brought, under peculiar circumstances
	1189.1650	be supposed that no differences in the	constitution of seedling kidney-beans ever appear
	1195.92	part in the modification of the	constitution, and of the structure of various organs
	1297.890	inherited from a common parent the same	constitution and tendency to variation, when acted
	1311.657	of life and of a similar inherited	constitution. It might further be expected that the
	1361.1448	Species inheriting nearly the same	constitution from a common parent and exposed to
	1580.1217	and there is reason to believe that	constitution and colour are correlated. A good
	1974.330	but depends in part upon the	constitution of the individuals which happen to have
	1976.94	between species in structure and in	constitution, more especially in the structure of
	2026.1051	partakes of only half of the nature and	constitution of its mother, and therefore before
	3448.534	ages and rigidly scrutinising the whole	constitution, structure, and habits of each creature
	4830.99	above work which relate to the BRITISH	CONSTITUTION and the RIGHTS OF PERSONS. By R
	6082.3	and Canada. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. ——	Constitution of the United States compared with our
11			constitutional
	317.52	eyes are invariably deaf; colour and	constitutional peculiarities go together, of which
	784.342	every internal organ, on every shade of	constitutional difference, on the whole machinery of
	1177.821	in this country to possess different	constitutional powers of resisting cold. Mr. Thwaites
	1189.850	of recent origin, they cannot owe their	constitutional differences to habit. The case of the
	1353.569	modifications. Habit in producing	constitutional dif- [page] 168 LAWS OF VARIATION
	1560.370	insects or from being correlated with	constitutional differences, might assuredly be acted
	1918.1204	as is the evidence derived from other	constitutional and structural differences. In regard
	1986.640	capacity for crossing is connected with	constitutional differences imperceptible by us, and
	2060.916	in the reproductive system, or other	constitutional differences correlated with the
	3384.455	together, but that it is incidental on	constitutional differences in the reproductive systems
	5237.17	vo. 10s. 6d. HALLAM'S (HENRY)	Constitutional History of England, from the Accession
10			constitutions
	485.293	same species, having slightly different	constitutions or structure, would often succeed
	1185.164	of varieties having different innate	constitutions, and how much to both means combined
	1189.159	so many breeds and sub-breeds with	constitutions specially fitted for their own
	1189.401	those individuals which are born with	constitutions best adapted to their native countries
	1580.1122	and individuals with slightly different	constitutions would succeed best under different
	2038.183	by two different structures and	constitutions having been blended into one. For it is
	2849.700	in their structure, habits, and	constitutions will have profited them. Thus many of
	3386.215	that it is not likely that either their	constitutions or their reproductive systems should
	3392.323	in some degree sterile from their	constitutions having been disturbed by slightly
	3392.486	being in some degree sterile, for their	constitutions can hardly fail to have been disturbed
1			construct
	3209.416	that it has so pleased the Creator to	construct each animal and plant. The explanation
17			constructed
	266.673	a highly developed being or elaborately	constructed organ; secondly the subject of Instinct
	856.247	have a slightly longer or differently	constructed proboscis. On the other hand, I have
	1167.1020	to darkness. Next follow those that are	constructed for twilight; and, last of all, those
	1349.167	but perhaps otherwise very differently	constructed, the common parent of our domestic
	1456.1123	see traces of an apparatus originally	constructed for gliding through the air rather than
	1524.140	important fact that an organ originally	constructed for one purpose, namely flotation, may
	1540.79	which are often very differently	constructed from either the males or fertile
	1560.499	the giraffe looks like an artificially	constructed fly-flapper; and it seems at first
	1574.568	trees by the aid of exquisitely	constructed hooks clustered around the ends of the
	2657.625	similar, and sees their nests similarly	constructed, but not quite alike, with eggs
	3203.686	and the wing of the bat, should all be	constructed on the same pattern, and should include
	3211.939	called, of all mammals, had its limbs	constructed on the existing general pattern, for
	3223.834	such widely different purposes, be all	constructed on the same pattern? On the theory of
	3251.754	they have six pairs of beautifully	constructed natatory legs, a pair of magnificent
	3295.1160	of their parent, and consequently to be	constructed in a slightly different manner, then
	3357.165	of a class; or to the homologous parts	constructed on the same pattern in each individual
	3588.249	and to reflect that these elaborately	constructed forms, so different from each other
1			constructing
	4708.21	Folio. 60s. 11. BIRD'S METHOD OF	CONSTRUCTING MURAL QUADRANTS.London, 1768. 4to. 2s
18			construction
	1657.1094	hammock up to, say, the sixth stage of	construction, and put it into a hammock completed up
	1657.1247	the fourth, fifth, and sixth stages of	construction. If, however, a caterpillar were taken
	1763.549	consumption of precious wax in their	construction. It has been remarked that a skilful
	1771.654	any one cell necessarily enter into the	construction of three adjoining cells. It is obvious
	1803.309	a part excavation plays in the	construction of the cells; but it would be a great
	1813.438	of the cells all round. The work of	construction seems to be a sort of balance struck
	1819.1086	a single hexagon being built, as in its	construction more materials would be required than
	1821.314	towards the present perfect plan of	construction, could have profited the progenitors of
	1825.43	secretion of the wax necessary for the	construction of their combs. Moreover, many bees
	3203.1241	We see the same great law in the	construction of the mouths of insects: what can be
	3207.145	of maxillæ. Analogous laws govern the	construction of the mouths and limbs of crustaceans
	3211.1084	plain signification of the homologous	construction of the limbs throughout the whole class
	3223.338	will by no means explain the same	construction in the skulls of birds. Why should
	4514.34	Utility, how far important in the	construction of each part, 199. V. Valenciennes on
	4852.38	Stereoscope: its History, Theory,	Construction, and Application to the Arts and to
	4854.43	Kaleidoscope: its History, Theory, and	Construction, with its application to the Fine and
	5052.33	s. —— Treatise on the Principle and	Construction of Military Bridges, and the Passage of
	5888.94	Optical Refinements exhibited in the	Construction of the Ancient Buildings at Athens
1			consultation
	896.14	IV. OF INTERCROSSING. failed, after	consultation with one of the highest authorities
1			consulted
	608.354	always confirm the view. I have also	consulted some sagacious and most experienced
4			consumed
	1821.628	to fifteen pounds of dry sugar are	consumed by a hive of bees for the secretion of
	1821.763	of fluid nectar must be collected and	consumed by the bees in a hive for [page
	2199.513	yet what time this must have	consumed! Good observers have estimated that
	2285.167	of the time which its deposition has	consumed. Many instances could be given of beds
1			consumption
	1763.512	of honey, with the least possible	consumption of precious wax in their construction
3			contact
	1424.1402	greater numbers, will come into close	contact with each other, without the
	1771.224	other cells. When one cell comes into	contact with three other cells, which, from the
	6168.162	any form requires written permission.	Contact: Dr John van Wyhe. © 2002-8 The
1			contain
	2213.1709	we must remember that almost all strata	contain harder layers or nodules, which from
1			contained
	2902.81	number; and yet the viscid mud was all	contained in a breakfast cup! Considering these
9			containing
	2480.1411	and South America, and Australia, from	containing fossil remains in some degree allied
	2904.1103	reject from its stomach a pellet	containing the seeds of the Nelumbium undigested
	4810.57	during a Visit to her Uncle in England.	Containing a Variety of Interesting and
	4816.122	of their Veracity: with an Appendix	containing Undesigned Coincidences between the
	4926.36	s. ——— Poetical Works. Pocket Edition,	Containing Childe Harold; Dramas, 2 Vols.; Tales
	5221.49	ASAHEL) Nestorians, or the Lost Tribes;	containing Evidence of their Identity, their
	5245.21	Fcap. 8vo. 2s. —— Historical Works.	Containing the History of England, — The Middle
	5766.47	or, a History of the Oldest Rocks	containing Organic Remains. Third Edition. Map and
	6026.50	ROBERT) Book of the Church; with Notes	containing the Authorities, and an Index. Seventh
2			contemplate
	3560.517	as one which has had a history; when we	contemplate every complex structure [page
	3588.21	perfection. It is interesting to	contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many
5			contemporaneous
	2317.136	of the archipelago, together with a	contemporaneous accumulation of sediment, would exceed
	2506.136	movement, it is probable that strictly	contemporaneous formations have often been accumulated
	2508.632	two seas inhabited by distinct, but	contemporaneous, faunas. Lyell has made similar
	2817.295	for long at each, and that it was	contemporaneous in a geological sense, it seems to me
	3574.672	in attempting to correlate as strictly	contemporaneous two formations, which include few
3			contemporaries
	4970.54	CHANCELLOR); Lives of his Friends and	Contemporaries, illustrative of Portraits in his
	5225.105	of George Grenville, his Friends and	Contemporaries, during a period of 30 years. Including
	5614.31	s. 6d. ——— (LADY THERESA) Friends and	Contemporaries of the Lord Chancellor Clarendon
2			contemporary
	5231.91	Times to the close of the generation	contemporary with the death of Alexander the Great
	6148.83	Italian Painters: with a Table of the	Contemporary Schools of Italy. By a LADY. Post8vo
8			contents
	114.0	STREET, AND CHARING CROSS. [page v]	CONTENTS. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ INTRODUCTION
	134.10	page] vi	CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
	154.11	page] vii	CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	174.12	Summary. 245-278 [page] viii	CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. ON THE IMPERFECTION OF
	194.10	page] ix	CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. GEOGRAPHICAL
	2735.357	to look out for tired birds, and the	contents of their torn crops might thus readily
	5161.51	JOHN) Historical & Biographical Essays.	Contents: I. The Grand Remonstrance, 1641. IV
	5414.0	each, or bound in 34 Volumes, cloth.	CONTENTS OF THE SERIES. THE BIBLE IN SPAIN. By
3			contest
	731.622	severe, and we sometimes see the	contest soon decided: for instance, if several
	818.19	the sword or spear. Amongst birds, the	contest is often of a more peaceful character
	988.243	open to immigration, and where the	contest between individual and individual must
60			continent
	192.154	Affinity of the productions of the same	continent — Centres of creation — Means of
	234.219	present to the past inhabitants of that	continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some
	552.647	Europe is ample, will that between the	Continent and the Azores, or Madeira, or the
	796.13	IV. NATURAL SELECTION. parts of the	Continent persons are warned not to keep white
	928.606	area, or a large open area like a	continent, has been most favourable for the
	936.181	that the productions of the smaller	continent of Australia have formerly yielded, and
	942.518	the area will first have existed as a	continent, and the inhabitants, at this period
	946.545	the various inhabitants of the renewed	continent will again be changed; and again there
	1167.1562	to the other inhabitants of that	continent, and in those of Europe, to the
	1167.1632	to the inhabitants of the European	continent. And this is the case with some of the
	1400.225	travelling from north to south over a	continent, we generally meet at successive
	1406.201	lead us to believe that almost every	continent has been broken up into islands even
	2199.211	thousands of feet in thickness on the	Continent. Moreover, between each successive
	2259.527	the productions on the shores of a	continent when first broken up into an
	2379.1349	Pacific Ocean were now converted into a	continent, we should there find formations older
	2412.1208	from their nearest allies on the	continent of Europe, whereas the marine shells
	2444.901	a very few years have stocked the whole	continent. But we could not have told what the
	2584.177	allied to the living marsupials of that	continent. In South America, a similar
	2584.836	this wonderful relationship in the same	continent between the dead and the living
	2590.684	character of the southern half of the	continent; and the southern half was formerly
	2592.396	descendants. If the inhabitants of one	continent formerly differed greatly from those of
	2592.454	differed greatly from those of another	continent, so will their modified descendants
	2637.687	yet if we travel over the vast American	continent, from the central parts of the United
	2645.789	from each other as is possible. On each	continent, also, we see the same fact; for on the
	2657.112	affinity of the productions of the same	continent or sea, though the species themselves
	2657.255	law of the widest generality, and every	continent offers innumerable instances
	2661.13	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI. the American	continent and in the American seas. We see in
	2693.385	of a few hundreds of miles from a	continent, would probably receive from it in the
	2693.578	inheritance to the inhabitants of the	continent. Cases of this nature are common, and
	2707.540	has not recently been united to some	continent. This view cuts the Gordian knot of the
	2711.180	on the opposite sides of almost every	continent,—the close relation of the tertiary
	2749.711	or from island to island, or from a	continent to a neighbouring island, but not from
	2749.772	island, but not from one distant	continent to another. The floras of distant
	2753.50	immigrants from Europe or any other	continent, that a poorly-stocked island, though
	2801.714	seas of Japan,—areas now separated by a	continent and by nearly a hemisphere of
	2811.669	Further south on both sides of the	continent, from lat. 41º to the southernmost
	2817.752	sides of the southern extremity of the	continent. If this be admitted, it is difficult
	2886.109	of distant continents. But on the same	continent the species often range widely and
	2916.579	been nearly or quite joined to some	continent. This view would remove many
	2924.341	with the number found on any	continent, and then compare the area of the
	2924.410	area of the islands with that of the	continent, we shall see that this is true. This
	2944.309	island situated above 300 miles from a	continent or great continental island; and many
	2948.237	on very small islands, if close to a	continent; and hardly an island can be named on
	2958.423	of islands with those of a neighbouring	continent,—an inexplicable relation on the view
	2960.647	by continuous land with the nearest	continent; for on this latter view the migration
	2972.89	the unmistakeable stamp of the American	continent. There are twenty-six land birds, and
	2972.656	distant several hundred miles from the	continent, yet feels that he is standing on
	2978.151	are related to those of the nearest	continent, or of other near islands. The
	2978.847	which, although the next nearest	continent, is so enormously remote, that the fact
	2984.83	closely allied to those of the nearest	continent, we sometimes see displayed on a small
	2998.701	as in the several districts of the same	continent, pre-occupation has probably played an
	3032.946	which formerly inhabited the same	continent. Bearing in mind that the mutual
	3038.1018	less closely, to those of the nearest	continent or other source whence immigrants were
	3496.1037	endurance of allied forms on the same	continent,—of marsupials in Australia, of
	3502.145	traveller, namely, that on the same	continent, under the most diverse conditions
	3504.465	found on islands far distant from any	continent. Such facts [page] 478 RECAPITULATION
	3572.477	of the sea on the opposite sides of a	continent, and the nature of the various
	3572.538	of the various inhabitants of that	continent in relation to their apparent means of
	5630.236	on the West Coast; thence across the	Continent, down the River Zambesi, to the Eastern
	5866.82	Hunting, Shooting, and Fishing on the	Continent. Woodcuts. 12mo. 7s. 6d. OLIPHANT'S
9			continental
	936.332	Asiatic area. Thus, also, it is that	continental productions have everywhere become so
	942.210	for terrestrial productions a large	continental area, which will probably undergo many
	946.282	islands shall be re-converted into a	continental area, there will again be severe
	2375.323	periods, neither continents nor	continental islands existed where our oceans now
	2855.1348	have everywhere lately yielded to	continental forms, naturalised by man's agency. I
	2916.401	cannot honestly admit Forbes's view on	continental extensions, which, if legitimately
	2918.102	in number compared with those on equal	continental areas: Alph. de Candolle admits this
	2944.328	miles from a continent or great	continental island; and many islands situated at a
	3930.4	succession of genera, 316. —on	continental extensions, 357. —on distribution
1			continent—centres
	2635.150	Affinity of the productions of the same	continent—Centres of creation—Means of dispersal, by
32			continents
	1131.404	seas. The birds which are confined to	continents are, according to Mr. Gould, brighter
	1141.1089	by disuse. The ostrich indeed inhabits	continents and is exposed to danger from which it
	1167.414	case, and the cave-insects of the two	continents are not more closely allied than might
	1171.255	to the other inhabitants of the two	continents on the ordinary view of their
	2373.616	in the neighbourhood of the existing	continents of Europe and North America. But we do
	2375.308	and secondary periods, neither	continents nor continental islands existed where
	2379.376	and on the other hand, that where	continents now exist, large tracts of land have
	2379.724	areas of oscillations of level, and the	continents areas of elevation. But have we any
	2379.837	have thus remained from eternity? Our	continents seem to have been formed by a
	2379.1096	antecedent to the silurian epoch,	continents may have existed where oceans are now
	2379.1210	open oceans may have existed where our	continents now stand. Nor should we be justified
	2492.562	the terrestrial inhabitants of distinct	continents than with the marine inhabitants of the
	2586.361	of the inhabitants of these two	continents, [page] 340 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
	2608.596	extended, and where our oscillating	continents now stand they have stood ever since
	2608.773	different aspect; and that the older	continents, formed of formations older than any
	2649.250	so long as the oceans separating	continents, the differences are very inferior in
	2649.342	to those characteristic of distinct	continents. Turning to the sea, we find the same
	2703.744	have connected islands or possibly even	continents together, and thus have allowed
	2707.903	of great oscillations of level in our	continents; but not of such vast changes in their
	2707.1769	be proved that within the recent period	continents which are now quite separate, have been
	2711.786	belief of their former continuity with	continents. Nor does their almost universally
	2711.909	that they are the wrecks of sunken	continents;—if they had originally existed as
	2749.816	to another. The floras of distant	continents would not by such means become mingled
	2789.52	reasons before alluded to, that our	continents have long remained in nearly the same
	2803.441	of South America with the southern	continents of the Old World, we see countries
	2886.81	occur in the fresh waters of distant	continents. But on the same continent the species
	2898.124	and even marsh-species have, both over	continents and to the most remote oceanic islands
	2948.717	belonging to other classes; and on	continents it is thought that mammals appear and
	2948.1721	have enormous ranges, and are found on	continents and on far distant islands. Hence we
	2954.89	to the remoteness of islands from	continents, there is also a relation, to a certain
	2988.992	throughout the group, just as we see on	continents some species spreading widely and
	3699.18	the Atlantic, 364. ——, colour of, on	continents, 132. ——, fossil, in caves of Brazil
11			contingencies
	395.907	extinct or unknown. So many strange	contingencies seem to me improbable in the highest
	804.1008	the larva of an insect to a score of	contingencies, wholly different from those which
	1398.360	sea, whilst it slowly subsides. These	contingencies will concur only rarely, and after
	2317.250	of the same specific forms; and these	contingencies are [page] 301 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL
	2412.567	species, depends on many complex	contingencies,—on the variability being of a
	2444.1033	increase, whether some one or several	contingencies, and at what period of the horse's life
	2466.299	that we understand the many complex	contingencies, on which the existence of each species
	2610.785	slow, and depends on many complex	contingencies. The dominant species of the larger
	3295.433	would result from the two following	contingencies; firstly, from the young, during a
	3351.882	through natural selection, with its	contingencies of extinction and divergence of
	3512.262	theory of natural selection with its	contingencies of extinction and divergence of
4			contingency
	515.278	is an inherent and necessary	contingency, under all circumstances, with all
	2279.1022	amount of subsidence is probably a rare	contingency; for it has been observed by more than
	2528.1368	divergence of character is a necessary	contingency; it depends solely on the descendants
	3460.383	together with the almost inevitable	contingency of much extinction, explains the
1			contingent
	3255.249	to look at these facts as necessarily	contingent in some manner on growth. But there is
1			continual
	1612.662	of natural selection almost implies the	continual supplanting and extinction of preceding
21			continually
	250.677	excites our admiration. Naturalists	continually refer to external conditions, such as
	375.1323	the breast; and it has the habit of	continually expanding slightly the upper part of
	566.191	of difference in the forms which he is	continually studying; and he has little general
	850.520	more and more increased, would be	continually favoured or selected, until at last a
	956.839	further than this; for as new forms are	continually and slowly being produced, unless we
	982.1426	go on varying, and those varieties were	continually selected which differed from each other
	1189.334	to doubt that natural selection will	continually tend to preserve those individuals
	1227.193	namely, that natural selection is	continually trying to economise in every part of
	1263.573	amount of variability, which has	continually been accumulated by natural selection
	1514.25	PERFECTION. part of this layer to be	continually changing slowly in density, so as to
	1663.415	in natural selection preserving and	continually accumulating variations of instinct to
	1807.1453	manner of building, strength is	continually given to the comb, with the utmost
	1825.1262	save some little wax. Hence it would	continually be more and more advantageous to our
	1863.943	and those males and females had been	continually selected, which produced more and more
	2147.76	selection, through which new varieties	continually take the places of and exterminate
	2227.252	is not accumulating. I believe we are	continually taking a most erroneous view, when we
	2241.1071	littoral and sub-littoral deposits are	continually worn away, as soon as they are brought
	2331.779	their modified descendants. But we	continually over-rate the perfection of the
	2331.987	did not exist before that stage. We	continually forget how large the world is, compared
	2576.833	it leaves the embryo almost unaltered,	continually adds, in the course of successive
	3392.232	sides are in a perfect condition. As we	continually see that organisms of all kinds are
11			continue
	1020.340	m1. These two varieties will generally	continue to be exposed to the same conditions
	1026.491	from their common parent (A). We may	continue the process by similar steps for any
	1046.690	original genus, may for a long period	continue transmitting unaltered descendants; and
	1052.182	do not come into competition, both may	continue to exist. If then our diagram be
	1084.504	extinction, will for a long period	continue to increase. But which groups will
	1466.206	grades of the structure will seldom	continue to exist to the present day, for they
	2094.363	that such variability would often	continue and be super-added to that arising from
	2247.355	and extent over a shallow bottom, if it	continue slowly to subside. In this latter case
	3337.1286	in this case natural selection would	continue slowly to reduce the organ, until it
	3426.852	inherited for many generations, may	continue to be inherited for an almost infinite
	3572.176	which geology now throws, and will	continue to throw, on former changes of climate
27			continued
	449.1123	a general rule, I cannot doubt that the	continued selection of slight variations, either
	461.25	SELECTION. doubt that this process,	continued during centuries, would improve and
	483.442	native plants have not been improved by	continued selection up to a standard of
	836.1127	to hunt different prey; and from the	continued preservation of the individuals best
	846.39	When our plant, by this process of the	continued preservation or natural selection of
	852.148	been slowly increasing the nectar by	continued selection, to be a common plant; and
	856.868	perfect manner to each other, by the	continued preservation of individuals presenting
	858.846	principle, banish the belief of the	continued creation of new organic [page] 96 ON
	976.685	slight; in the course of time, from the	continued selection of swifter horses by some
	1078.466	as these latter two genera, both from	continued divergence of character and from
	1084.762	we may predict that, owing to the	continued and steady increase of the larger
	1257.1177	time are undergoing rapid change by	continued selection, are also eminently liable to
	1267.742	seldom as yet have been fixed by the	continued selection of the individuals varying in
	1267.835	required manner and degree, and by the	continued rejection of those tending to revert to
	1454.324	changing conditions of life, in the	continued preservation of individuals with fuller
	1717.1774	successful in rearing their young. By a	continued process of this nature, I believe that
	1898.681	could not have been acquired by the	continued preservation of successive profitable
	1936.294	experiment during five years, and he	continued to try it during several subsequent
	2046.665	and that close interbreeding	continued during several generations between the
	2528.1012	progenitor. On the principle of the	continued tendency to divergence of character
	2534.120	one order; and this order, from the	continued effects of extinction and divergence of
	2618.173	generation. We can understand, from the	continued tendency to divergence of character
	2699.653	to descent from any single pair, but to	continued care in selecting and training many
	5510.108	Cæsar. Based on HUME'S History, and	continued to 1858. Woodcuts. Post8vo. 7s.6d
	5860.292	the Peerage." Revised, Corrected, and	Continued to the Present Time. By WILLIAM
	5918.55	IN THE EAST. An Historical Summary,	continued to the Present Time. With Map by
	6010.96	of Julius Caæsar. Based on Hume, and	continued to 1858. Eighth Thousand. Woodcuts
3			continues
	285.1109	has once begun to vary, it generally	continues to vary for many generations. [page
	417.403	sent him some very rare birds;" and,	continues the courtly historian, "His Majesty by
	2279.895	the supply whilst the downward movement	continues. In fact, this nearly exact balancing
2			continuing
	1040.844	differences distinguishing species. By	continuing the same process for a greater number
	1275.455	surely expect to find them still often	continuing to vary in those parts of their
3			continuity
	2687.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI.	continuity of range are so numerous and of so
	2711.770	opposed to the belief of their former	continuity with continents. Nor does their almost
	2787.955	to eastern America. And to this	continuity of the circumpolar land, and to the
36			continuous
	566.887	forms brought from countries not now	continuous, in which case he can hardly hope to
	912.158	to the conditions of each; for in a	continuous area, the conditions will generally
	934.370	be able to spread over the open and	continuous area, and will thus come into
	934.613	area. Moreover, great areas, though now	continuous, owing to oscillations of level, will
	1406.88	in inferring, because an area is now	continuous, that it has been continuous during a
	1406.117	is now continuous, that it has been	continuous during a long period. Geology would
	1406.508	land and of climate, marine areas now	continuous must often have existed within recent
	1406.577	within recent times in a far less	continuous and uniform condition than at present
	1406.769	species have been formed on strictly	continuous areas; though I do not doubt that the
	1406.857	formerly broken condition of areas now	continuous has played an important part in the
	1414.84	species, when inhabiting a	continuous area, are generally so distributed that
	1432.20	we do see. Secondly, areas now	continuous must often have existed within the
	1434.89	in different portions of a strictly	continuous area, intermediate varieties will, it
	1612.781	Closely allied species, now living on a	continuous area, must often have been formed when
	1612.848	have been formed when the area was not	continuous, and when the conditions of life did
	1612.1003	are formed in two districts of a	continuous area, an intermediate variety will
	2143.490	presence, namely on an extensive and	continuous area with graduated physical conditions
	2426.304	its existence, as long as it lasts, is	continuous. I am aware that there are some
	2492.613	than with the marine inhabitants of the	continuous sea. We might therefore expect to find
	2637.505	where the circumpolar land is almost	continuous, all authors agree that one of the most
	2649.10	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI. lofty and	continuous mountain-ranges, and of great deserts
	2677.715	the area inhabited by a species is	continuous; and when a plant or animal inhabits
	2683.585	or rendered discontinuous the formerly	continuous range of many species. So that we are
	2787.869	under the Polar Circle there is almost	continuous land from western Europe, through
	2789.396	plants and animals inhabited the almost	continuous circumpolar land; and that these plants
	2801.180	period, was nearly uniform along the	continuous shores of the Polar Circle, will
	2886.1012	of the fish on opposite sides of	continuous mountain-ranges, which from an early
	2960.614	having been formerly connected by	continuous land with the nearest continent; for on
	2976.12	XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS. by formerly	continuous land, from America; and the Cape de
	2998.956	physical conditions, and are united by	continuous land, yet they are inhabited by a vast
	3040.358	of each species and group of species is	continuous in time; for the exceptions to the rule
	3044.273	species, or by a group of species, is	continuous; and the exceptions, which are not rare
	3404.141	which has during a long period remained	continuous, and of which the climate and other
	3929.4	palæontological collections, 287. —on	continuous succession of genera, 316. —on
	4288.6	on rate of organic change, 313. —, on	continuous succession of genera, 316. ——, on close
	4586.10	of specific forms, 293. —, on the	continuous succession of genera, 316. —, on the
10			continuously
	2426.796	of ages, so long must its members have	continuously existed, in order to have generated
	2426.961	genus Lingula, for instance, must have	continuously existed by an unbroken succession of
	2602.748	that each single formation has not been	continuously deposited; that the duration of each
	2707.1820	which are now quite separate, have been	continuously, or almost continuously, united [page
	2707.1844	have been continuously, or almost	continuously, united [page] 358 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2793.749	and New Worlds will have been almost	continuously united by land, serving as a bridge
	2910.1031	many species having formerly ranged as	continuously as fresh-water productions ever can
	2958.156	channels are more likely to have been	continuously united within a recent period to the
	2990.431	they have at any former period been	continuously united. The currents of the sea are
	3024.420	how often a species may have ranged	continuously over a wide area, and then have become
6			contrary
	403.783	for all that we can see to the	contrary, may be transmitted undiminished for an
	1305.881	for all that we can see to the	contrary, transmitted for almost any number of
	1948.206	effects of close interbreeding. On the	contrary, brothers and sisters have usually been
	2434.543	lead them to this conclusion. On the	contrary, we have every reason to believe, from
	2817.491	Without some distinct evidence to the	contrary, we may at least admit as probable that
	3359.1115	us no inexplicable difficulties; on the	contrary, their presence might have been even
5			contrast
	892.292	fact, which offers so strong a	contrast with terrestrial plants, on the view of
	1737.723	size of their red masters, so that the	contrast in their appearance is very great. When
	1755.145	slaves. Let it be observed what a	contrast the instinctive habits of F. sanguinea
	2094.534	cross or in the first generation, in	contrast with their extreme variability in the
	3384.106	crossed, which forms so remarkable a	contrast with the almost universal fertility of
1			contributed
	5348.23	vo. 2s. 6d. —— Descriptive Essays:	contributed to the " Quarterly Review." 2 Vols
8			contrivance
	429.310	cannot be rivalled by any mechanical	contrivance, is only a variety of the wild Dipsacus
	878.116	one after the other towards it, the	contrivance seems adapted solely to ensure self
	878.425	genus, which seems to have a special	contrivance for self-fertilisation, it is well
	878.977	is a really beautiful and elaborate	contrivance by which every one of the infinitely
	878.1527	though there be no special mechanical	contrivance to prevent the stigma of a flower
	1530.503	lungs, notwithstanding the beautiful	contrivance by which the glottis is closed. In the
	1546.994	instance in plants, the very curious	contrivance of a mass of pollen-grains, borne on a
	1574.638	the ends of the branches, and this	contrivance, no doubt, is of the highest service to
8			contrivances
	878.730	self-fertilisation, there are special	contrivances, as I could show from the writings of C
	1494.96	that the eye, with all its inimitable	contrivances for adjusting the focus to different
	1604.383	enthusiasm a multitude of inimitable	contrivances in nature, this same reason tells us
	1604.490	err on both sides, that some other	contrivances are less perfect. Can we consider the
	1610.318	If we admire the several ingenious	contrivances, by which the flowers of the orchis and
	3470.434	land. Nor ought we to marvel if all the	contrivances in nature be not, as far as we can
	3564.39	and instinct as the summing up of many	contrivances, each useful to the possessor, nearly
	5183.62	of Travel; or, Hints on the Shifts and	Contrivances available in Wild Countries. Second
1			controversies
	5392.30	vo. 16s. — Discourses on the Religious	Controversies of the Day. 8vo. 9s. — (THEODORE) Life
1			convalescence
	2046.136	to another, and back again. During the	convalescence of animals, we plainly see that great
7			convenience
	511.418	be mated for life, and this is a great	convenience to the fancier, for thus many races may
	578.109	one arbitrarily given for the sake of	convenience to a set of individuals closely
	578.414	also applied arbitrarily, and for mere	convenience sake. [page] 53 CHAP. II. DOMINANT
	651.879	which pass into each other, I use for	convenience sake the general term of struggle for
	1675.945	is extremely viscid, it is probably a	convenience to the aphides to have it removed; and
	2717.4	CHAP. XI. MEANS OF DISPERSAL. For	convenience sake I chiefly tried small seeds
	3558.1126	merely artificial combinations made for	convenience. This may not be a cheering prospect
3			convenient
	1394.175	of the earth? It will be much more	convenient to discuss this question in the chapter
	1649.116	I have thought that it would be more	convenient to treat the subject separately
	3376.53	volume is one long argument, it may be	convenient to the reader to have the leading facts
1			convergence
	1506.16	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. and must act by	convergence; and at their lower ends there seems to
2			converging
	1068.178	lines, beneath the capital letters,	converging in sub-branches downwards towards a
	2163.153	species; and so on backwards, always	converging to the common ancestor of each great
1			conversations
	5272.30	page] 15 HAND-BOOK OF TRAVEL-TALK; or,	Conversations in English, German, French, and Italian
1			conversed
	419.594	of plants, with whom I have ever	conversed, or whose treatises I have read, are
9			conversely
	365.674	few distinct from those of Germany and	conversely, and so with Hungary, Spain, &c., but
	804.1407	in the structure of their larvæ. So,	conversely, modifications in the adult will
	1173.681	cannot endure a tropical climate, or	conversely. So again, many succulent plants cannot
	1177.1229	from warmer to cooler latitudes, and	conversely; but we do not positively know that
	1233.269	in a corresponding degree. And,	conversely, that natural selection may perfectly
	1269.379	the blue species varying into red, or	conversely; but if all the species had blue
	2273.508	in the immediately surrounding sea; or,	conversely, that some are now abundant in the
	3141.959	is descended from the primrose, or	conversely, ranks them together as a single
	3223.645	consequently always have fewer legs; or	conversely, those with many legs have simpler
2			conversion
	1532.92	to bear in mind the probability of	conversion from one function to another, that I
	3010.1419	diverse conditions favourable for the	conversion of its offspring, firstly into new
3			convert
	1040.627	more numerous or greater in amount, to	convert these three forms into well-defined
	1456.938	organs of flight are concerned, would	convert it into a bat. In bats which have the
	2936.1453	whatever order they belonged, and thus	convert them first into bushes and ultimately
21			converted
	624.182	we shall hereafter see, tend to become	converted into new and distinct species. The
	641.107	incipient species, become ultimately	converted into good and distinct species, which
	942.658	to very severe competition. When	converted by subsidence into large separate
	976.924	centuries, the sub-breeds would become	converted into two well-established and distinct
	1420.454	are supposed on my theory to be	converted and perfected into two distinct species
	1442.205	land carnivorous animal could have been	converted into one with aquatic habits; for how
	1446.199	quadruped could possibly have been	converted into a flying bat, the question would
	1506.491	in believing that natural selection has	converted the simple apparatus of an optic nerve
	1524.194	one purpose, namely flotation, may be	converted into one for a wholly different purpose
	1528.372	that natural selection has actually	converted a swimbladder into a lung, or organ
	1530.1156	for respiration have been actually	converted into organs of flight. In considering
	1536.825	act of respiration, have been gradually	converted by natural selection into branchiæ
	1622.744	a swim-bladder has apparently been	converted into an air-breathing lung. The same
	1787.318	them wider and wider until they were	converted into shallow basins, appearing to the
	2351.1472	this day, if the Malay Archipelago were	converted into land, the tropical parts of the
	2379.1332	the bed of the Pacific Ocean were now	converted into a continent, we should there find
	2432.891	or three varieties, these being slowly	converted into species, which in their turn
	3057.906	thus produced ultimately become	converted, as I believe, into new and distinct
	3251.1195	are fixed for life: their legs are now	converted into prehensile organs; they again
	3289.995	period of life, and having thus been	converted into hands, or paddles, or wings
	3321.560	of giving buoyancy, but has become	converted into a nascent breathing organ or lung
2			converting
	4668.15	s Refraction Tables. II. Tables for	converting Errors of R.A. and N.P.D. 8s. into
	4672.14	Ten Seconds of Time. 8s. II. Table for	converting Sidereal into Mean Solar Time.8s
3			convex
	1502.608	excluding lateral pencils of light, are	convex at their upper ends [page
	1795.562	the bees had excavated too quickly, and	convex on the opposed side, where the bees had
	1799.25	CHAP. VII. this by gnawing away the	convex side; and I suspect that the bees in
5			conviction
	258.552	clue. I may venture to express my	conviction of the high value of such studies
	751.250	relations of all organic beings; a	conviction as necessary, as it seems to be
	1245.634	be here introduced. I can only state my	conviction that it is a rule of high generality. I
	1924.701	origin. I am strengthened in this	conviction by a remarkable statement repeatedly
	3538.750	by conscientiously expressing his	conviction; for only thus can the load of
4			convince
	751.172	what to do, so as to succeed. It will	convince us of our ignorance on the mutual
	1245.455	It is hopeless to attempt to	convince any one of the truth of this
	1942.588	is thus prevented. Any one may readily	convince himself of the efficiency of insect
	3534.132	of an abstract, I by no means expect to	convince experienced naturalists whose minds are
27			convinced
	272.1033	created—is erroneous. I am fully	convinced that species are not immutable; but
	272.1326	of that species. Furthermore, I am	convinced that Natural Selection has been the
	389.71	the breeds of pigeons, I am fully	convinced that the common opinion of naturalists
	419.648	whose treatises I have read, are firmly	convinced that the several breeds to which each
	423.240	or rabbit fancier, who was not fully	convinced that each main breed was descended from
	461.829	Some highly competent authorities are	convinced that the setter is directly derived
	515.1700	Over all these causes of Change I am	convinced that the accumulative action of
	532.962	individuals of the same species. I am	convinced that the most experienced naturalist
	582.371	and assistance on this subject, soon	convinced me that there were many difficulties
	645.712	thoroughly engrained in the mind, I am	convinced that the whole economy of nature, with
	920.228	take place only at long intervals, I am	convinced that the young thus produced will gain
	1125.879	coast. So with insects, Wollaston is	convinced that residence near the sea affects
	1249.503	this Order, and I am fully	convinced that the rule almost invariably holds
	1263.1001	period nearly constant. And this, I am	convinced, is the case. That the struggle between
	1339.1387	respect to this last fact, I was so	convinced that not even a stripe of colour
	1580.252	selection. Careful observers are	convinced that a damp climate affects the growth
	1801.1020	justly celebrated elder Huber, but I am	convinced of their accuracy; and if I had space
	1877.725	not the case of these neuter insects	convinced me of the fact. I have, therefore
	1924.575	their own individual pollen; and I am	convinced that this would be injurious to their
	2249.5	of degradation, may be formed. I am	convinced that all our ancient formations, which
	2359.317	rocks. Most of the arguments which have	convinced me that all the existing species of the
	2367.193	Sir R. Murchison at their head, are	convinced that we see in the organic remains of
	2805.75	subject, the Glacial period. I am	convinced that Forbes's view [page] 373 CHAP. XI
	2811.563	of the Andes; and this I now feel	convinced was a gigantic moraine, left far below
	3028.174	modern Glacial period, which I am fully	convinced simultaneously affected the whole world
	3526.82	considerations which have thoroughly	convinced me that species have changed, and are
	3534.20	of generations. Although I am fully	convinced of the truth of the views given in this
1			cooked
	1847.258	Thus, a well-flavoured vegetable is	cooked, and the individual is destroyed; but
4			cookery
	4982.0	See Home and Colonial Library.]	COOKERY (DOMESTIC). Founded on Principles of
	5048.16	Post 8vo. 9s. DOMESTIC MODERN	COOKERY. Founded on Principles of Economy and
	5742.16	War. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. MODERN DOMESTIC	COOKERY. Founded on Principles of Economy and
	5952.25	vo. 36s. RUNDELLS (MRS.) Domestic	Cookery, founded on Principles of Economy and
3			cooler
	1177.1207	extended their range from warmer to	cooler latitudes, and conversely; but we do
	2355.79	some of the species became adapted to a	cooler climate, and were enabled to double the
	2817.893	world was at this period simultaneously	cooler. But it would suffice for my purpose
1			coots
	1486.516	the sea. On the other hand, grebes and	coots are eminently aquatic, although their
2			coping
	1807.1064	but always crowned by a gigantic	coping. From all the cells, both those just
	1807.1170	being thus crowned by a strong	coping of wax, the bees can cluster and crawl
3			copious
	291.1586	sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the	copious details which I have collected on
	1225.572	abundant and nutritious foliage and a	copious supply of oil-bearing seeds. When the
	1584.377	kind, but without here entering on	copious details my reasoning would appear
1			copyright
	4832.42	ROBERTON) on the Laws of Artistic	Copyright and their Defects, for Artists
2			coral
	2379.562	coloured map appended to my volume on	Coral Reefs, led me to conclude that the
	2707.1356	now marked, as I believe, by rings of	coral or atolls standing over them. Whenever
2			coral-islands
	2725.176	widest oceans; and the natives of the	coral-islands in the Pacific, procure [page
	3792.0	to fertility, 267. Coot, 185.	Coral-islands, seeds drifted to, 360. ——reefs
1			coral-producing
	2707.1271	animals during their migration. In the	coral-producing oceans such sunken islands are now
5			cordillera
	2657.1240	We ascend the lofty peaks of the	Cordillera and we find an alpine species of
	2811.311	noticed on the Rocky Mountains. In the	Cordillera of Equatorial South America, glaciers
	2817.634	western sides of North America, in the	Cordillera under the equator and under the warmer
	2823.36	ing to genera characteristic of the	Cordillera. On the mountains of Abyssinia, several
	2843.348	the Himalaya, and the long line of the	Cordillera, seem to have afforded two great lines
1			corfe
	4790.26	vo. 16s. BANKES' (GEORGE) STORY OF	CORFE CASTLE, with documents relating to the
1			corinthians
	6038.44	on St. Paul's Epistles to the	Corinthians, with Notes and Dissertations. Second
1			corn-crake
	3794.0	indicating movements of earth, 309.	Corn-crake, 185. Correlation of growth in domestic
1			corncrakes
	1492.771	water; that there should be long-toed	corncrakes living in meadows instead of in swamps
1			cornea
	1502.368	for instance, there is a double	cornea, the inner one divided into facets
2			corner
	2809.769	of glacial action in the south-eastern	corner of Australia. Looking to America; in
	2978.1344	between the flora of the south-western	corner of Australia and of the Cape of Good
2			corners
	1456.156	flank-membrane, stretching from the	corners of the jaw to the tail, and including
	2998.875	Thus, the south-east and south-west	corners of Australia have nearly the same
1			cornwall
	5326.13	vo. (In preparation.) —— DEVON AND	CORNWALL. Maps. Post 8vo. —— WILTS, DORSET, AND
1			cornwallis
	4984.0	New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.	CORNWALLIS (THE) Papers and Correspondence during
6			corolla
	856.402	bees visiting and moving parts of the	corolla, so as to push the pollen on to the
	856.631	or more deeply divided tube to its	corolla, so that the hive-bee could visit its
	1203.18	VARIATION. CHAP. V. the petals of the	corolla into a tube. Hard parts seem to affect
	1211.509	this idea; but, in the case of the	corolla of the Umbelliferæ, it is by no means
	1211.946	florets without any difference in the	corolla. Possibly, these several differences
	1213.38	With respect to the difference in the	corolla of the central and exterior flowers of
1			corollary
	741.2	CHAP. III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. A	corollary of the highest importance may be
1			corollas
	852.1008	of structure. The tubes of the	corollas of the common red and incarnate clovers
7			corporeal
	1663.67	that instincts are as important as	corporeal structure for the welfare of each
	1663.614	have originated. As modifications of	corporeal structure arise from, and are increased
	1669.137	variations. Hence, as in the case of	corporeal structures, we ought to find in nature
	1671.24	in nature. Again as in the case of	corporeal structure, and conformably with my
	1883.897	applicable to instincts as well as to	corporeal structure, and is plainly explicable on
	3484.90	offer no greater difficulty than does	corporeal structure on the theory of the natural
	3586.1181	by and for the good of each being, all	corporeal and mental endowments will tend to
13			correct
	325.791	admitted to be inheritable. Perhaps the	correct way of viewing the whole subject, would
	343.1273	be shown that this statement is hardly	correct; but naturalists differ most widely in
	389.123	the common opinion of naturalists is	correct, namely, that all have descended from
	566.325	and in other countries, by which to	correct his first impressions. As he extends
	1173.431	from a single parent, if this view be	correct, acclimatisation must be readily
	1636.228	of the world, is not strictly	correct, but if we include all those of past
	1773.485	and tells me that it is strictly	correct:— If a number of equal spheres be
	1803.140	is not, as far as I have seen, strictly	correct; the first commencement having always
	2749.183	accidental, but this is not strictly	correct: the currents of the sea are not
	2942.420	this exception (if the information be	correct) may be explained through glacial
	3233.225	would in these cases probably be more	correct, as Professor Huxley has remarked, to
	3462.304	knowledge tends to make more strictly	correct, is on this theory simply intelligible
	4860.82	English Authors, printed from the most	correct text, and edited with elucidatory notes
1			corrected
	5860.277	the "Synopsis of the Peerage." Revised,	Corrected, and Continued to the Present Time. By
1			correcting
	4758.26	to. 40s. 34. SHEPHERD'S TABLES for	CORRECTING LUNAR DISTANCES. 1772. Royal 4to. 21s
3			correction
	1494.211	different amounts of light, and for the	correction of spherical and chromatic aberration
	1604.181	this high standard under nature. The	correction for the aberration of light is said, on
	3891.3	Eye, structure of, 187. —,	correction for aberration, 202. Eyes reduced in
1			corrections
	5930.146	New Edition, with the Author's latest	Corrections. Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or Fine Paper, with
2			correctly
	1763.951	planes, or even perceive when they are	correctly made. But the difficulty is not nearly
	2480.1559	the older underlying deposits, would be	correctly ranked as simultaneous in a geological
1			correctness
	1924.176	fertility, that I cannot doubt the	correctness of this almost universal belief amongst
1			correlate
	3574.650	We must be cautious in attempting to	correlate as strictly contemporaneous two
23			correlated
	804.1330	part of their structure is merely the	correlated result of successive changes in the
	1217.246	of the seeds, which are not always	correlated with any differences in the flowers, it
	1217.790	may be wholly due to unknown laws of	correlated growth, and without being, as far as we
	1219.486	would naturally be thought to be	correlated in some necessary manner. So, again, I
	1315.333	the number of the markings, which are	correlated with the blue tint, and which it does
	1560.354	the attacks of insects or from being	correlated with constitutional differences, might
	1580.351	and that with the hair the horns are	correlated. Mountain breeds always differ from
	1580.1245	that constitution and colour are	correlated. A good observer, also, states that in
	1580.1344	to the attacks of flies is	correlated with colour, as is the liability to be
	1845.191	of structure which have become	correlated to certain ages, and to either sex. We
	1845.258	and to either sex. We have differences	correlated not only to one sex, but to that short
	1845.789	in any character having become	correlated with the sterile condition of certain
	1845.915	lies in understanding how such	correlated modifications of structure could have
	1851.616	modification of structure, or instinct,	correlated with the sterile condition of certain
	2060.943	or other constitutional differences	correlated with the reproductive system. He
	2267.971	same formation throughout Europe been	correlated with perfect accuracy. With marine
	2472.1269	the several formations could be easily	correlated. These observations, however, relate
	3095.90	mainly depends on their being	correlated with several other characters of more
	3101.555	If certain characters are always found	correlated with others, though no apparent bond of
	3151.791	common ancestor. And we know that such	correlated or aggregated characters have especial
	3295.1430	Such differences might, also, become	correlated with successive stages of development
	4009.16	of same species, 183. Hair and teeth,	correlated, 144. Harcourt, Mr. E. V., on the birds
	4463.15	flowers, 146. Teeth and hair	correlated, 144. ——, embryonic, traces of, in
37			correlation
	126.47	of Variability — Effects of Habit —	Correlation of Growth — Inheritance — Character of
	152.137	and of vision — Acclimatisation —	Correlation of growth — Compensation and economy of
	266.366	little known laws of variation and of	correlation of growth. In the four succeeding
	313.166	here only allude to what may be called	correlation of growth. Any change in the embryo or
	313.558	by an elongated head. Some instances of	correlation are quite whimsical: thus [page
	317.779	owing to the mysterious laws of the	correlation of growth. The result of the various
	381.708	of the tongue (not always in strict	correlation with the length of beak), the size of
	449.970	perhaps never, the case. The laws of	correlation of growth, the importance of which
	515.536	laws, more especially by that of	correlation of growth. Something may be attributed
	798.324	that there are many unknown laws of	correlation of growth, which, when one part of the
	804.1146	no doubt affect, through the laws of	correlation, the structure of the adult; and
	1193.20	that habit, [page] 143 CHAP. V.	CORRELATION OF GROWTH. use, and disuse, have, in
	1197.0	selection of innate differences.	Correlation of Growth.—I mean by this expression
	1205.26	viscera. The nature of the bond of	correlation is very frequently quite obscure. M. Is
	1205.723	With respect to this latter case of	correlation, I think it can hardly be accidental
	1207.71	to show the importance of the laws of	correlation in modifying important structures
	1209.20	one knows the [page] 145 CHAP. V.	CORRELATION OF GROWTH. difference in the ray and
	1211.1282	of this, and of a striking case of	correlation, that I have recently observed in some
	1219.34	We may often falsely attribute to	correlation of growth, structures which are common
	1221.20	plants producing [page] 147 CHAP. V.	CORRELATION OF GROWTH. seeds which were a little
	1235.20	adjoining part. [page] 149 CHAP. V.	CORRELATION OF GROWTH. It seems to be a rule, as
	1568.373	from the law of reversion; that	correlation of growth will have had a most
	1580.888	the size of the chest; and again	correlation would come into play. Animals kept by
	1586.580	independently of any good thus gained.	Correlation of growth has no doubt played a most
	1586.843	or which formerly had arisen from	correlation of growth, or from other unknown cause
	1590.1073	several laws of inheritance, reversion,	correlation of growth, &c. Hence every detail of
	2060.1348	or more probably indirectly, through	correlation, modify the reproductive system in the
	3038.1165	from each other, there should be a	correlation, in the presence of identical species
	3211.195	modified form, but often affecting by	correlation of growth other parts of the
	3426.374	is governed by many complex laws,—by	correlation of growth, by use and disuse, and by
	3476.435	Europe. In both varieties and species	correlation of growth seems to have played a most
	3566.102	on the causes and laws of variation, on	correlation of growth, on the effects of use and
	3795.0	of earth, 309. Corn-crake, 185.	Correlation of growth in domestic productions
	3970.8	of repeated parts, 149. ———, on	correlation in monstrosities, 11. ———, on
	3971.8	in monstrosities, 11. ———, on	correlation, 144. ———, on variable parts being
	4001.3	Growth, compensation of, 147. —,	correlation of, in domestic products
	4002.3	of, in domestic products, 11. —,	correlation of, 143. H. Habit, effect of, under
4			correlations
	152.204	and economy of growth — False	correlations — Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly
	313.304	mature animal. In monstrosities, the	correlations between quite distinct parts are very
	1219.568	I do not doubt that some apparent	correlations, occurring throughout whole orders, are
	1357.631	and there are very many other	correlations of growth, the nature of which we are
1			correlations—multiple
	1117.194	and economy of growth—False	correlations—Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised
5			correspond
	2126.873	their hybrid-offspring should generally	correspond, though due to distinct causes; for
	2408.954	Pictet has remarked, does not strictly	correspond with the succession of our geological
	2500.823	in both ways will everywhere tend to	correspond. There is one other remark connected
	2506.676	life; but the species would not exactly	correspond; for there will have been a little more
	3217.289	the skull are homologous with—that is	correspond in number and in relative connexion
18			correspondence
	1980.320	uniting with facility. But the	correspondence between systematic affinity and the
	2693.1091	allied species." And I now know from	correspondence, that this coincidence he attributes to
	2803.286	that they have been created alike, in	correspondence with the nearly similar physical
	4896.36	d. BUONAPARTES (NAPOLEON) Confidential	Correspondence with his Brother Joseph, sometime King
	4912.56	Memoirs. With Selections from his	Correspondence. By his Son. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 16s
	4934.45	S (JOHN) Life. With Extracts from his	Correspondence. By THOMAS H. DYER. Portrait. 8vo. 15s
	4984.28	vo. 5s. CORNWALLIS (THE) Papers and	Correspondence during the American War
	5078.75	Private Life, with Selections from his	Correspondence and Diaries. By HORACE TWISS. Third
	5225.53	PAPERS. Being the Public and Private	Correspondence of George Grenville, his Friends and
	5235.67	King of Sweden. With Extracts from his	Correspondence. Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d. HALLAM'S
	5664.54	the Second; or, Extracts from the	Correspondence of the Hon. ALEXANDER STANHOPE, British
	5838.110	his Journals, Letters, and Familiar	Correspondence. Second Edition. Portraits. 4 Vols
	5902.30	vo, 16s. PHIPPS' (HON. EDMUND) Memoir,	Correspondence, Literary and Unpublished Diaries of
	6084.91	Eldon, with Selections from his	Correspondence, Portrait. Third Edition. 2 Vols. Post
	6110.31	mo. 5s. WARD'S (ROBERT PLUMER) Memoir,	Correspondence, Literary and Unpublished Diaries and
	6112.93	passages from his Private and Public	Correspondence. By JAMES P. MUIRHEAD, M.A. Second
	6116.84	Inventions. Illustrated by his	Correspondence with his Friends. Edited by J. P
	6126.108	Works of Art, with a Selection from his	Correspondence. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM. Portrait. 3 Vols
39			corresponding
	208.547	an early age, and being inherited at a	corresponding age — RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin
	327.842	tends to appear in the offspring at a	corresponding age, though sometimes earlier. In many
	331.186	the silkworm are known to appear at the	corresponding caterpillar or cocoon stage. But
	375.198	difference in their beaks, entailing	corresponding differences in their skulls. The
	451.294	the result, I may add, has been, in a	corresponding degree, rapid and important. But it is
	804.638	that age, and by their inheritance at a	corresponding age. If it profit a plant to have its
	822.1426	thus produced being inherited at	corresponding ages or seasons, either by the males
	906.716	not become modified and improved in a	corresponding degree with its competitors, it will
	934.219	others will have to be improved in a	corresponding degree or they will be exterminated
	1090.1116	of qualities being inherited at	corresponding ages, can modify the egg, seed, or
	1233.242	other part to be largely developed in a	corresponding degree. And, conversely, that natural
	1454.208	modified and improved in structure in a	corresponding manner. Therefore, I can see no
	1486.905	be given, habits have changed without a	corresponding change of structure. The webbed feet of
	1807.255	flexures may sometimes be observed,	corresponding in position to the planes of the
	2512.41	a formation in one region often	corresponding with a blank interval in the other,—and
	2512.542	not all be the same in the apparently	corresponding stages in the two regions. On the
	2556.227	produced necessarily endure for	corresponding lengths of time: a very ancient form
	2576.754	not early age, and being inherited at a	corresponding age. This process, whilst it leaves the
	2651.694	lines not far from each other, under	corresponding climates; but from being separated from
	2803.495	the Old World, we see countries closely	corresponding in all their physical conditions, but
	3055.529	an early age, and being inherited at a	corresponding age—RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin
	3269.177	the parent, it tends to reappear at a	corresponding age in the offspring. Certain
	3269.251	Certain variations can only appear at	corresponding ages, for instance, peculiarities in
	3269.546	or later in life, tend to appear at a	corresponding age in the offspring and parent. I am
	3283.678	been inherited by the offspring at a	corresponding not early period. But the case of the
	3283.1027	must have been inherited, not at the	corresponding, but at an earlier age. Now let us
	3285.508	age, and having been inherited at a	corresponding [page] 447 CHAP. XIII. EMBRYOLOGY
	3289.579	late age, and being inherited at a	corresponding late age—the fore-limbs in the embryos
	3289.1347	thus produced will be inherited at a	corresponding mature age. Whereas the young will
	3295.1245	on the principle of inheritance at	corresponding ages, the active young or larvæ might
	3307.353	the earliest, and being inherited at a	corresponding not early period. Embryology rises
	3343.326	action, the principle of inheritance at	corresponding ages will reproduce the organ in its
	3343.681	were to be inherited, not at the	corresponding age, but at an extremely early period
	3359.148	of life, and being inherited at a	corresponding period, we can understand the great
	3359.710	of modifications being inherited at	corresponding ages. On this same principle—and
	3518.757	an early age, and being inherited at a	corresponding not early period of life, we can
	3524.873	and on the principle of inheritance at	corresponding ages have been inherited from a remote
	4079.6	Inheritance, laws of, 12. —, at	corresponding ages, 14, 86. Insects, colour of
	4524.21	laws of, 131. Variations appear at	corresponding ages, 14, 86. —, analogous in distinct
1			correspondingly
	2464.274	area, they will have exterminated in a	correspondingly rapid manner many of the old
1			corroborate
	1883.1011	is otherwise inexplicable,—all tend to	corroborate the theory of natural selection. This
1			corroborates
	2094.667	deserves attention. For it bears on and	corroborates the view which I have taken on the
1			cosines
	4670.33	P.D. 1837.—I. Logarithms of Sines and	Cosines to every Ten Seconds of Time. 8s. II
1			cosmogonists
	1351.733	soon believe with the old and ignorant	cosmogonists, that fossil shells had never lived
1			cotemporaries
	5584.82	of his Works, and a Sketch of his	Cotemporaries. Fcap. 4to. In the Press. [page
1			cotton-planter
	804.837	through natural selection, than in the	cotton-planter increasing and improving by selection
1			cotton-trees
	804.918	selection the down in the pods on his	cotton-trees. Natural selection may modify and adapt
2			cotyledons
	1982.348	in the pollen, in the fruit, and in the	cotyledons, can be crossed. Annual and perennial
	3107.18	CLASSIFICATION. bryonic leaves or	cotyledons, and on the mode of development of the
233			could
	234.560	reflecting on all sorts of facts which	could possibly have any bearing on it. After
	250.475	would be unsatisfactory, until it	could be shown how the innumerable species
	295.780	long-lived, and healthy (of which I	could give numerous instances), yet having
	299.12	than in a state of nature. A long list	could easily be given of "sporting plants
	317.125	of which many remarkable cases	could be given amongst animals and plants
	327.906	sometimes earlier. In many cases this	could [page] 14 VARIATION. CHAP. I. not be
	331.74	peculiarities in the horns of cattle	could appear only in the offspring when
	333.595	most strongly-marked domestic varieties	could not possibly live in a wild state. In
	333.703	what the aboriginal stock was, and so	could not tell whether or not nearly perfect
	337.209	seems to me not improbable, that if we	could succeed in naturalising, or were to
	337.716	conditions of life are changed. If it	could be shown that our domestic varieties
	337.1054	in such case, I grant that we	could deduce nothing from domestic varieties
	337.1201	favour of this view: to assert that we	could not breed our cart and race-horses
	343.1078	races and species, this source of doubt	could not so perpetually recur. It has often
	343.1228	characters of generic value. I think it	could be shown that this statement is hardly
	345.242	parent-species. This point, if it	could be cleared up, would be interesting; if
	345.306	be interesting; if, for instance, it	could be shown that the grey- [page] 17 CHAP
	351.298	our domesticated productions; but how	could a savage possibly know, when he first
	351.822	were taken from a state of nature, and	could be made to breed for an equal number of
	365.886	have originated in Europe; for whence	could they have been derived, as these
	369.473	any desired character; but that a race	could be obtained nearly intermediate between
	369.1096	between two very distinct breeds	could not be got without extreme care and
	371.187	I have kept every breed which I	could purchase or obtain, and have been most
	387.225	species as he might have called them,	could be shown him. Great as the differences
	389.740	any lesser number: how, for instance,	could a pouter be produced by crossing two
	419.251	much difficulty in believing that they	could ever have descended from a common
	419.317	from a common parent, as any naturalist	could in coming to a similar conclusion in
	423.461	a Ribston-pippin or Codlin-apple,	could ever have proceeded from the seeds of
	423.547	same tree. Innumerable other examples	could be given. The explanation, I think, is
	435.352	almost as they please. If I had space I	could quote numerous passages to this effect
	451.410	the principle is a modern discovery. I	could give several references to the full
	461.329	and insensible changes of this kind	could never be recognised unless actual
	469.159	followed, in so far that the breeders	could never have expected or even have wished
	477.1314	who cultivated the best pear they	could procure, never thought what splendid
	477.1506	and preserved the best varieties they	could anywhere find. A large amount of
	532.748	consider unimportant parts; but I	could show by a long catalogue of facts, that
	532.1118	important parts of structure, which he	could collect on good authority, as I have
	532.1670	expected that changes of this nature	could have been effected only [page
	558.86	crossed only with much difficulty. We	could hardly wish for better evidence of the
	653.411	so inordinately great that no country	could support the product. Hence, as more
	661.629	incredible. So it is with plants: cases	could be given of introduced plants which
	665.387	In such cases, and endless instances	could be given, no one supposes that the
	667.293	stock every station in which they	could any how exist, and that the geometrical
	673.1276	this seed were never destroyed, and	could be ensured to germinate in a fitting
	681.1236	wide, dug and cleared, and where there	could be no choking from other plants, I
	701.1097	cases, we may believe, that a plant	could exist only where the conditions of its
	701.1176	its life were so favourable that many	could exist together, and thus save each
	707.908	flourished in the plantations, which	could not be found on the heath. The effect
	707.1365	land had been enclosed, so that cattle	could not enter. But how important an element
	711.161	to several points of view, whence I	could examine hundreds of acres of the
	711.234	the unenclosed heath, and literally I	could not see a single Scotch fir, except the
	735.546	original proportions of a mixed stock	could be kept up for half a dozen generations
	737.1002	of nature; but probably in no one case	could we precisely say why one species has
	772.977	into which new and better adapted forms	could not freely enter, we should then have
	778.655	mere individual differences, so	could Nature, but far more easily, from
	782.5	CHAP. IV. NATURAL SELECTION. them	could anyhow be improved; for in all
	846.303	they can most effectually do this, I	could easily show by many striking instances
	846.1138	the female to the male tree, the pollen	could not thus have been carried. The weather
	852.264	in main part on its nectar for food. I	could give many facts, showing how anxious
	856.661	to its corolla, so that the hive-bee	could visit its flowers. Thus I can
	878.749	there are special contrivances, as I	could show from the writings of C. C
	886.96	flowers, it may be objected that pollen	could seldom be carried from tree to tree
	892.614	of plants, by which an occasional cross	could be effected with terrestrial animals
	968.10	IV. DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER. instances	could be given showing how quickly new breeds
	988.1000	close round any small piece of ground,	could live on it (supposing it not to be in
	1002.451	organisation but little diversified,	could hardly compete with a set more
	1002.776	ruminant, and rodent mammals,	could successfully compete with these well
	1125.1110	fleshy. Several other such cases	could be given. The fact of varieties of one
	1135.10	of our domestic quadrupeds. Instances	could be given of the same variety being
	1161.371	to imagine that eyes, though useless,	could be in any way injurious to animals
	1177.1106	to animals, several authentic cases	could be given of species within historical
	1183.136	animals, now in a state of nature,	could easily be brought to bear widely
	1219.847	explain the rule by the fact that seeds	could not gradually become winged through
	1223.155	fitted for dispersal; and this process	could not possibly go on in fruit which did
	1231.394	and of which many other instances	could be given: namely, that when a cirripede
	1309.431	colour. This view is hypothetical, but	could be supported by some facts; and I can
	1311.888	of the common ancestor of a group, we	could not distinguish these two [page
	1315.105	not feather-footed or turn-crowned, we	could not have told, whether these characters
	1317.219	genus. A considerable catalogue, also,	could be given of forms intermediate between
	1380.97	the structure and habits of a bat,	could have been formed by the modification of
	1380.223	Can we believe that natural selection	could produce, on the one hand, organs of
	1440.404	evidence of their former existence	could be found only amongst fossil remains
	1442.189	for instance, a land carnivorous animal	could have been converted into one with
	1442.253	into one with aquatic habits; for how	could the animal in its transitional state
	1446.174	asked how an insectivorous quadruped	could possibly have been converted into a
	1446.283	have been far more difficult, and I	could have given no answer. Yet I think such
	1472.767	habits innumerable instances	could be given: I have often watched a tyrant
	1486.859	In such cases, and many others	could be given, habits have changed without a
	1494.261	of spherical and chromatic aberration,	could have been formed by natural selection
	1494.836	that a perfect and complex eye	could be formed by natural [page] 187 CHAP
	1516.6	the Creator are to those of man? If it	could be demonstrated that any complex organ
	1516.66	that any complex organ existed, which	could not possibly have been formed by
	1522.60	cautious in concluding that an organ	could not have been formed by transitional
	1522.143	gradations of some kind. Numerous cases	could be given amongst the lower animals of
	1538.68	cautious in concluding that any organ	could not possibly have been produced by
	1546.937	case of difficulty. Other cases	could be given; for instance in plants, the
	1552.87	conjecture by what transitions an organ	could have arrived at its present state; yet
	1560.567	it seems at first incredible that this	could have been adapted for its present
	1560.979	of insects: so that individuals which	could by any means defend themselves from
	1596.51	living bodies of other insects. If it	could be proved that any part of the
	1596.216	it would annihilate my theory, for such	could not have been produced through natural
	1618.108	that the most different habits of life	could not graduate into each other; that a
	1618.170	each other; that a bat, for instance,	could not have been formed by natural
	1618.248	selection from an animal which at first	could only glide through the air. We have
	1622.56	that an organ so perfect as the eye	could have been formed by natural selection
	1622.542	very cautious in concluding that none	could have existed, for the homologies of
	1628.178	that modifications in its structure	could not have been slowly accumulated by
	1628.696	become of such small importance that it	could not, in its present state, have been
	1655.6	page] 208 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. But I	could show that none of these characters of
	1657.647	between instincts and habits	could be pointed out. As in repeating a well
	1661.760	those of the hive-bee and of many ants,	could not possibly have been thus acquired
	1669.285	instinct has been acquired-for these	could be found only in the lineal ancestors
	1675.277	a hair in the same manner, as well as I	could, as the ants do with their antennæ; but
	1683.176	multitude of facts. Several cases also,	could be given, of occasional and strange
	1689.253	of curious and authentic instances	could be given of the inheritance of all
	1697.219	have thought of teaching, or probably	could have taught, the tumbler-pigeon to
	1717.830	that this is a mistake. Nevertheless, I	could give several instances of various birds
	1717.1858	that the strange instinct of our cuckoo	could be, and has been, [page] 218 INSTINCT
	1731.915	them to work, they did nothing; they	could not even feed themselves, and many
	1731.1339	speculated how so wonderful an instinct	could have been perfected. Formica sanguinea
	1747.693	to ascertain whether F. sanguinea	could distinguish the pupæ of F. fusca, which
	1757.395	proper instincts, and do what work they	could. If their presence proved useful to the
	1781.40	Hence we may safely conclude that if we	could slightly modify the instincts already
	1793.231	were situated, as far as the eye	could judge, exactly along the planes of
	1795.960	of the little rhombic plate, that they	could have effected [page] 230 INSTINCT
	1801.141	for themselves a thin wall of wax, they	could make their cells of the proper shape
	1801.1071	their accuracy; and if I had space, I	could show that they are conformable with my
	1813.247	by the bees-as delicately as a painter	could have done with his brush-by atoms of
	1821.328	present perfect plan of construction,	could have profited the progenitors of the
	1825.676	of the quantity of honey which the bees	could collect. But let us suppose that this
	1825.823	the numbers of a humble-bee which	could exist in a country; and let us further
	1829.121	in architecture, natural selection	could not lead; for the comb of the hive-bee
	1833.54	instincts of very difficult explanation	could be opposed to the theory of natural
	1833.153	in which we cannot see how an instinct	could possibly have originated; cases, in
	1833.316	such trifling importance, that they	could hardly have been acted on by natural
	1843.285	yet absolutely sterile; so that it	could never have transmitted successively
	1845.953	correlated modifications of structure	could have been slowly accumulated by natural
	1851.334	oxen with extraordinarily long horns,	could be slowly formed by carefully watching
	1851.482	the longest horns; and yet no one ox	could ever have propagated its kind. Thus I
	1871.96	by acting on the fertile parents,	could form a species which should regularly
	1877.195	a perfect division of labour	could be effected with them only by the
	1877.637	have anticipated that natural selection	could have been efficient in so high a degree
	1877.1405	utterly sterile members of a community	could possibly have affected the structure or
	1898.278	for species within the same country	could hardly have kept distinct had they been
	1898.583	inasmuch as the sterility of hybrids	could not possibly be of any advantage to
	1898.645	of any advantage to them, and therefore	could not have been acquired by the continued
	1980.436	no means strict. A multitude of cases	could be given of very closely allied species
	1980.1281	of Nicotiana. Very many analogous facts	could be given. No one has been able to
	1986.1205	Several other equally striking cases	could be given. Thuret has observed the same
	1988.29	degree. Several other singular rules	could be given from [page] 259 CHAP. VIII
	2014.429	freely on their own roots, and which	could be grafted with no great difficulty on
	2060.846	he neither wishes to select, nor	could select, slight differences in the
	2066.616	five grains. Manipulation in this case	could not have been injurious, as the plants
	2086.319	between species and varieties,	could find very few and, as it seems to me
	2092.92	long retaining uniformity of character	could be given. The variability, however, in
	2213.792	a line of cliff of any given height, we	could measure the time requisite to have
	2219.82	Wealden district, when upraised,	could hardly have been great, but it would
	2235.1064	formations, we may infer that this	could nowhere be ascertained. The frequent
	2255.137	sea remained stationary, thick deposits	could not have been accumulated in the
	2255.241	the most favourable to life. Still less	could this have happened during the alternate
	2285.192	deposition has consumed. Many instances	could be given of beds only a few feet in
	2285.510	by the thinner formation. Many cases	could be given of the lower beds of a
	2291.638	species, unless at the same time it	could be most closely connected with either
	2301.291	and in the case of fossil species this	could rarely be effected by palæontologists
	2305.514	is called, specifically distinct. This	could be effected only by the future
	2313.566	organic bodies from decay, no remains	could be preserved. In our archipelago, I
	2315.60	I believe that fossiliferous formations	could be formed of sufficient thickness to
	2321.538	record of their modifications	could be preserved in any one formation
	2351.718	difficulty on my theory, unless it	could likewise be shown that the species of
	2424.114	identical with the existing breed,	could be raised from any other species of
	2440.751	unparalleled rate, I asked myself what	could so recently have exterminated the
	2444.919	stocked the whole continent. But we	could not have told what the unfavourable
	2472.1253	be manifest, and the several formations	could be easily correlated. These
	2512.313	several formations in the two regions	could be arranged in the same order, in
	2514.791	respect to the Vertebrata, whole pages	could be filled with striking illustrations
	2518.111	Barrande, and a higher authority	could not be named, asserts that he is every
	2550.330	at the seventh stage; hence they	could hardly fail to be nearly intermediate
	2556.572	pigeon were arranged as well as they	could be in serial affinity, this arrangement
	2574.29	CHAP. X. species of the two countries	could not have foreseen this result. Agassiz
	2584.1304	not well displayed by them. Other cases	could be added, as the relation between the
	2590.992	is at the present time. Analogous facts	could be given in relation to the
	2641.51	instance, small areas in the Old World	could be pointed out hotter than any in the
	2643.639	the same climate. Analogous facts	could be given with respect to the
	2657.1446	type. Innumerable other instances	could be given. If we look to the islands off
	2677.272	in understanding how the same species	could possibly have migrated from some one
	2677.855	of such a nature, that the space	could not be easily passed over by migration
	2683.372	we cannot explain how the same species	could have passed from one point to the other
	2687.234	and has migrated thence as far as it	could. It would be hopelessly tedious to
	2687.425	a moment pretend that any explanation	could be offered of many such cases. But
	2713.469	it was not even known how far seeds	could resist the injurious action of sea
	2717.125	all of these sank in a few days, they	could not be floated across wide spaces of
	2723.1033	of a flora, after having been dried,	could be floated across a space of sea
	2723.1238	as plants with large seeds or fruit	could hardly be transported by any other
	2729.323	them,—so perfectly that not a particle	could be washed away in the longest transport
	2731.93	in the transportation of seeds. I	could give many facts showing how frequently
	2741.101	to great distances; for many facts	could be given showing that soil almost
	2749.498	of time to the action of seawater; nor	could they be long carried in the crops or
	2749.1176	long an immersion in salt-water, they	could not endure our climate. Almost every
	2749.1365	of Ireland and England; but seeds	could be transported by these wanderers only
	2755.184	of lowlands, where the Alpine species	could not possibly exist, is one of the most
	2831.75	alone: some strictly analogous facts	could be given on the distribution of
	2839.1538	were in a suffering state and	could not have presented a firm front against
	2886.674	flow into each other. Instances, also,	could be given of this having occurred during
	2892.381	by sea water, as are the adults. I	could not even understand how some
	2892.1273	that when taken out of the water they	could not be jarred off, though at a somewhat
	2928.13	XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS. marine birds	could arrive at these islands more easily
	2936.29	Many remarkable little facts	could be given with respect to the
	2962.213	form or modified since their arrival,	could have reached their present homes. But
	2968.197	the same species. Numerous instances	could be given of this fact. I will give only
	2978.21	birthplace. Many analogous facts	could be given: indeed it is an almost
	3000.232	of that region whence colonists	could most readily have been derived,—the
	3004.380	and of Europe. Other analogous facts	could be given. And it will, I believe, be
	3085.260	importance. Any number of instances	could be given of the varying importance for
	3089.19	of the Grasses. Numerous instances	could be given of characters derived from
	3113.323	on their arbitrary value. Instances	could be given amongst plants and insects, of
	3139.354	and alike in some other respects. If it	could be proved that the Hottentot had
	3145.48	be asked, what ought we to do, if it	could be proved that one species of kangaroo
	3165.565	valuation has hitherto been arbitrary),	could easily extend the parallelism over a
	3191.277	to give definitions by which each group	could be distinguished from other groups, as
	3191.1054	several members of the several groups	could be distinguished from their more
	3191.1460	the two unite and blend together. We	could not, as I have said, define the several
	3191.1521	said, define the several groups; but we	could pick out types, or forms, representing
	3247.463	is sometimes much obscured; and cases	could be given of the larvæ of two species
	3269.655	that this is invariably the case; and I	could give a good many cases of variations
	3277.744	placed in a row, though most of them	could be distinguished from each other, yet
	3321.634	organ or lung. Other similar instances	could be given. Rudimentary organs in the
	3331.1420	nails sometimes appear on the stumps: I	could as soon believe that these vestiges of
	3378.747	we may consider, either do now exist or	could have existed, each good of its kind
	3382.385	organ or instinct, or any whole being,	could not have arrived at its present state
	3398.28	CHAP. XIV. even to conjecture how this	could have been effected. Yet, as we have
	3412.766	present states; and these many links we	could hardly ever expect to discover, owing
	3412.889	Numerous existing doubtful forms	could be named which are probably varieties
	3448.904	already recapitulated, as fairly as I	could, the opposed difficulties and
1			council
	6176.29	by: Arts and Humanities Research	Council The Charles Darwin Trust CRASSH CARET
1			count
	1914.222	cases, Gärtner is obliged carefully to	count the seeds, in order to show that there
2			counted
	491.932	as seventeen tail-feathers have been	counted. Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did
	711.549	distant from one of the old clumps, I	counted thirty-two little trees; and one of
1			countenances
	1211.461	in the ray-florets in some Compositæ	countenances this idea; but, in the case of the
1			countenancing
	403.197	generations, for we know of no fact	countenancing the belief that the child ever reverts
1			counterbalanced
	2279.693	the supply of sediment must nearly have	counterbalanced the amount of subsidence. But this same
1			counties
	5612.80	Herefordshire and some of the adjoining	Counties. 12mo. 4s. 6d. ——— (LADY THERESA
2			counting
	707.841	but twelve species of plants (not	counting grasses and carices) flourished in the
	2898.1449	my study for six months, pulling up and	counting each plant as it grew; the plants were
5			countless
	792.563	of their lives, would increase in	countless numbers; they are known to suffer
	982.1810	of grass is annually sowing almost	countless seeds; and thus, as it may be said, is
	1394.109	why do we not find them embedded in	countless numbers in the crust of the earth? It
	3412.430	absolutely as nothing compared with the	countless generations of countless species which
	3412.455	with the countless generations of	countless species which certainly have existed
53			countries
	311.559	of the udders in cows and goats in	countries where they are habitually milked, in
	311.657	with the state of these organs in other	countries, is another instance of the effect of
	351.772	to equally diverse classes and	countries, were taken from a state of nature, and
	365.933	have been derived, as these several	countries do not possess a number of peculiar
	389.1233	stocks must either still exist in the	countries where they were originally domesticated
	413.470	especially those brought from distant	countries, we can make an almost perfect series
	483.279	worth culture. It is not that these	countries, so rich in species, do not by a
	483.537	with that given to the plants in	countries anciently civilised. In regard to the
	485.192	during certain seasons. And in two	countries very differently circumstanced
	485.696	than the varieties kept in civilised	countries. On the view here given of the all
	499.849	a provincial name. In semi-civilised	countries, with little free communication, the
	538.652	few exceptions, polymorphic in other	countries, and likewise, judging from Brachiopod
	560.158	confessed, that it is in the best-known	countries that we find the greatest number of
	566.302	variation in other groups and in other	countries, by which to correct his first
	566.869	to study allied forms brought from	countries not now continuous, in which case he
	598.76	I have arranged the plants of twelve	countries, and the coleopterous insects of two
	782.42	could anyhow be improved; for in all	countries, the natives have been so far conquered
	912.507	will generally be confined to separated	countries; and this I believe to be the case. In
	1098.254	now makes them dominant in their own	countries. Natural selection, as has just been
	1173.311	genus to inhabit very hot and very cold	countries, and as I believe that all the species
	1177.177	plants and animals brought from warmer	countries which here enjoy good health. We have
	1189.444	best adapted to their native	countries. In treatises on many kinds of
	1297.321	The most distinct breeds of pigeons, in	countries most widely apart, present sub
	1331.944	of very different breeds, in various	countries from Britain to Eastern China; and from
	1580.117	our domesticated animals in different	countries,—more especially in the less civilized
	1580.166	more especially in the less civilized	countries where there has been but little
	1580.959	Animals kept by savages in different	countries often have to struggle for their own
	1703.644	have been brought home as puppies from	countries, such as Tierra del Fuego and Australia
	1741.674	of the masters and slaves in the two	countries, probably depends merely on the slaves
	2177.175	by the sedimentary deposits of many	countries! Professor Ramsay has given me the
	2357.94	our ignorance of the geology of other	countries beyond the confines of Europe and the
	2385.1428	alone, relating only to two or three	countries. Of this volume, only here and there a
	2444.367	of species of all classes, in all	countries. If we ask ourselves why this or that
	2452.600	the place of other breeds in other	countries. Thus the appearance of new forms and
	2486.1059	the physical conditions of various	countries, and the nature of their inhabitants
	2492.226	further, and of giving rise in new	countries to new varieties and species. The
	2508.232	the successive stages in the two	countries; but when he compares certain stages in
	2574.19	CHAP. X. species of the two	countries could not have foreseen this result
	2645.711	under the same latitude: for these	countries are almost as much isolated from each
	2663.1208	new places, when they spread into new	countries. In their new homes they will be
	2803.477	continents of the Old World, we see	countries closely corresponding in all their
	2819.719	not exist in the wide intervening hot	countries. So on the Silla of Caraccas the
	2880.297	never would have extended to distant	countries. But the case is exactly the reverse
	2994.703	with astonishing rapidity over new	countries, we are apt to infer that most species
	2994.841	forms which become naturalised in new	countries are not generally closely allied to the
	3578.328	of these species, by migrating into new	countries and coming into competition with
	4303.27	of, 37. —not improved in barbarous	countries, 38. —destroyed by insects, 67. ——, in
	4940.107	Notes made during a Journey to those	Countries. Third Edition. Post 8vo. 6s. CAMPBELL
	5034.84	the Natural History and Geology of the	Countries visited during a Voyage round the World
	5141.113	Styles prevailing in all Ages and	Countries in the World. With a Description of the
	5183.93	and Contrivances available in Wild	Countries. Second Edition. Woodcuts. Post Svo. 6s
	5342.104	Styles prevailing in all Ages and	Countries. By JAMES FERGUSSON. Fourth Thousand
	5908.124	Antiquities, and Inhabitants of these	Countries, the Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the
114			country
	132.158	Species of the larger genera in any	country vary more than the species of the
	291.1211	very close confinement in their native	country! This is generally attributed to
	295.205	even from the tropics, breed in this	country pretty freely under confinement, with
	311.774	can be named which has not in some	country drooping ears; and the view suggested
	393.401	carried back again into their native	country; but not one has ever become wild or
	457.171	superior to anything existing in the	country. But, for our purpose, a kind of
	463.421	with the stock formerly kept in this	country. By comparing the accounts given in old
	485.359	would often succeed better in the one	country than in the other, and thus by a
	505.797	of individuals of a species in any	country requires that the species should be
	505.915	of life, so as to breed freely in that	country. When the individuals of any species
	511.156	formation of new races,—at least, in a	country which is already stocked with other
	511.1030	almost always imported from some other	country, often from islands. Although I do not
	515.909	our domestic productions. When in any	country several domestic breeds have once been
	524.150	Species of the larger genera in any	country vary more than the species of the
	538.585	Genera which are polymorphic in one	country seem to be, with some few exceptions
	542.450	retained their characters in their own	country for a long time; for as long, as far as
	548.1091	can rarely be found within the same	country, but are common in separated areas. How
	560.706	considered as varieties; and in this	country the highest botanical authorities and
	562.412	his attention to one class within one	country, he will soon make up his mind how to
	584.393	further show that, in any limited	country, the species which are most common
	584.537	most widely diffused within their own	country (and this is a different consideration
	588.76	are the most diffused in their own	country, and are the most numerous in
	588.390	with the other inhabitants of the	country, the species which are already dominant
	590.27	If the plants inhabiting a	country and described in any Flora be divided
	590.447	of the same genus inhabiting any	country, shows that there is something in the
	590.533	organic or inorganic conditions of that	country favourable to the genus; and
	596.146	species of the larger genera in each	country would oftener present varieties, than
	622.338	the average number of species in any	country, the species of these genera have more
	653.403	become so inordinately great that no	country could support the product. Hence, as
	673.133	ostrich a score, and yet in the same	country the condor may be the more numerous of
	707.157	have to struggle together in the same	country. I will give only a single instance
	749.71	a plant or animal is placed in a new	country amongst new competitors, though the
	749.402	what we should have done in its native	country; for we should have to give it some
	772.90	selection by taking the case of a	country undergoing some physical change, for
	772.391	manner in which the inhabitants of each	country are bound together, that any change in
	772.594	affect many of the others. If the	country were open on its borders, new forms
	772.898	But in the case of an island, or of a	country partly surrounded by barriers, into
	778.1052	For as all the inhabitants of each	country are struggling together with nicely
	778.1337	further increase the advantage. No	country can be named in which all the native
	784.652	natives of many climates in the same	country; he seldom exercises each selected
	830.405	instance, had from any change in the	country increased in numbers, or that other
	856.521	humble-bees were to become rare in any	country, it might be a great advantage to the
	890.676	plants, I find to be the case in this	country; and at my request Dr. Hooker tabulated
	922.785	places in the natural economy of the	country are left open for the old inhabitants
	948.206	by some of the inhabitants of the	country undergoing modification of some kind
	982.158	the number that can be supported in any	country has long ago arrived at its full
	982.295	act, it can succeed in increasing (the	country not undergoing any change in its
	994.286	created and adapted for their own	country. It might, also, perhaps have been
	996.111	successfully with the indigenes of any	country, and have there become naturalised, we
	1006.147	the species of a genus large in its own	country; these species are supposed to resemble
	1018.406	belonging to a genus large in its own	country. The little fan of diverging dotted
	1024.368	of the other inhabitants of the same	country; they will likewise partake of those
	1024.521	belonged, a large genus in its own	country. And these circumstances we know to be
	1048.183	part. As in each fully stocked	country natural selection necessarily acts by
	1052.55	of a species get into some distinct	country, or become quickly adapted to some
	1056.815	places in the natural economy of their	country. It seems, therefore, to me extremely
	1080.26	genus. We have seen that in each	country it is the species of the larger genera
	1171.106	allied to those of the surrounding	country. It would be most difficult to give any
	1177.792	on the Himalaya, were found in this	country to possess different constitutional
	1251.25	genera. As birds within the same	country vary in a remarkably small degree, I
	1392.177	new form will tend in a fully-stocked	country to take the place of, and finally to
	1412.802	the range of the inhabitants of any	country by no means exclusively depends on
	1424.531	accounts for the common species in each	country, as shown in the second chapter
	1430.14	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. polity of the	country can be better filled by some
	1450.608	use to each kind of squirrel in its own	country, by enabling it to escape birds or
	1472.1059	like a kingfisher at a fish. In our own	country the larger titmouse (Parus major) may
	1476.519	did not already exist in the	country, I can see no difficulty in a race of
	1492.468	over some other inhabitant of the	country, it will seize on the place of that
	1580.432	from lowland breeds; and a mountainous	country would probably affect the hind limbs
	1600.136	than, the other inhabitants of the same	country with which it has to struggle for
	1630.327	Natural selection in each well-stocked	country, must act chiefly through the
	1630.531	only according to the standard of that	country. Hence the inhabitants of one country
	1630.569	country. Hence the inhabitants of one	country, generally the smaller one, will often
	1630.699	of another and generally larger	country. For in [page] 206 DIFFICULTIES ON
	1634.11	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. the larger	country there will have existed more
	1681.210	on the nature and temperature of the	country inhabited, but often from causes wholly
	1755.1201	and larvæ. So that the masters in this	country receive much less service from their
	1825.840	of a humble-bee which could exist in a	country; and let us further suppose that the
	1898.270	probable, for species within the same	country could hardly have kept distinct had
	1950.449	genera, have often bred in this	country with either pure parent, and in one
	1950.977	geese are kept in various parts of the	country; and as they are kept for profit, where
	2026.895	after birth: when born and living in a	country where their two parents can live, they
	2235.486	what wide gaps there are in that	country between the superimposed formations; so
	2235.789	which were blank and barren in his own	country, great piles of sediment, charged with
	2281.85	the whole pile of formations in any	country, has generally been intermittent in its
	2299.460	discovering in a formation in any one	country all the early stages of transition
	2412.123	causing all the inhabitants of a	country to change abruptly, or simultaneously
	2412.737	changing physical conditions of the	country, and more especially on the nature of
	2412.1624	When many of the inhabitants of a	country have become modified and improved, we
	2440.669	America, has run wild over the whole	country and has increased in numbers at an
	2466.717	another can be naturalised in a given	country; then, and not till then, we may justly
	2488.331	over the other forms in their own	country, would naturally oftenest give rise to
	2669.498	body into a new and afterwards isolated	country, they will be little liable to
	2717.1647	that the seeds of 14/100 plants of any	country might be floated by sea-currents during
	2721.72	seeds of 14/100 plants belonging to one	country might be floated across 924 miles of
	2721.132	across 924 miles of sea to another	country; and when stranded, if blown to a
	2773.220	Siberia to the arctic regions of that	country. These views, grounded as they are on
	2843.887	degrees of latitude from their native	country and covered the land at the foot of the
	2880.179	not have ranged widely within the same	country, and as the sea is apparently a still
	2892.476	have rapidly spread throughout the same	country. But two facts, which I have observed
	2910.538	intruder from the waters of a foreign	country, would have a better chance of seizing
	2984.1298	the physical conditions of a	country as the most important for its
	3470.76	it adapts the inhabitants of each	country only in relation to the degree of
	3470.213	surprise at the inhabitants of any one	country, although on the ordinary view supposed
	3470.313	specially created and adapted for that	country, being beaten and supplanted by the
	3496.1161	is intelligible, for within a confined	country, the recent and the extinct will
	4824.32	s. ——— Plain Sermons Preached to a	Country Congregation. Second Edition. 2 Vols
	4892.162	History and Native Tribes of the	Country. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9s. BUNYAN (JOHN
	5114.88	during a Ten Years Residence in that	Country. Fifth Thousand. Woodcuts. Post 8vo
	5514.125	round the Dead Sea, and through the	Country east of the Jordan. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d
	5528.29	vo. 12s. —— Scenes and Occupations of	Country Life. With Recollections of Natural
	5860.186	of Peerage which has existed in this	Country since the Conquest. Being a New Edition
	5896.119	Scenery, and Ancient Inhabitants of the	Country. Second Edition, with 36 Plates. 8vo
	6100.159	Miniatures, &c. &c., in this	Country. Obtained from Personal Inspection
1			county
	2918.578	difference in number. Even the uniform	county of Cambridge has 847 plants, and the
1			couple
	673.73	it be ever so large. The condor lays a	couple of eggs and the ostrich a score, and
3			courage
	816.751	to breed might surely give indomitable	courage, length to the spur, and strength to
	1695.205	has affected for many generations the	courage and obstinacy of greyhounds; and a
	1747.632	their big neighbours with surprising	courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether
2			courageous
	1731.402	females, though most energetic and	courageous in capturing slaves, do no other work
	1747.319	Although so small a species, it is very	courageous, and I have seen it ferociously attack
63			course
	331.645	of embryology. These remarks are of	course confined to the first appearance of the
	469.59	illustration of the effects of a	course of selection, which may be considered
	532.1181	as I have collected, during a	course of years. It should be remembered that
	687.39	The amount of food for each species of	course gives the extreme limit to which each
	729.631	animals which have determined, in the	course of centuries, the proportional numbers
	766.957	of life, should sometimes occur in the	course of thousands of generations? If such do
	772.38	We shall best understand the probable	course of natural selection by taking the case
	776.101	every slight modification, which in the	course of ages chanced to arise, and which in
	864.144	plants with separated sexes, it is of	course obvious that two individuals must
	934.962	production of new species, yet that the	course of modification will generally have
	954.336	life, which may be effected in the long	course of time by nature's power of selection
	964.92	follows, that as new species in the	course of time are formed through natural
	976.660	would be very slight; in the	course of time, from the continued selection
	986.38	sequently, I cannot doubt that in the	course of many thousands of generations, the
	1086.38	Summary of Chapter—If during the long	course of ages and under varying conditions of
	1119.203	nature—had been due to chance. This, of	course, is a wholly incorrect expression, but
	1267.0	page] 154 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	course of time cease; and that the most
	1530.662	the sides of the neck and the loop-like	course of the arteries still marking in the
	1616.73	consequently the two latter, during the	course of further modification, from existing
	1825.467	of success in any family of bees. Of	course the success of any species of bee may
	1831.456	planes of intersection. The bees, of	course, no more knowing that they swept their
	1906.21	from them. Pure species have of	course their organs of reproduction in a
	1986.1637	from reciprocal crosses, though of	course compounded of the very same two species
	2060.313	eminent naturalists believe that a long	course of domestication tends to eliminate
	2143.1007	beaten out and exterminated during the	course of further modification and improvement
	2213.861	to have denuded the Weald. This, of	course, cannot be done; but we may, in order
	2494.114	species, and then their triumphant	course, or even their existence, would cease
	2494.1106	other might be victorious. But in the	course of time, the [page] 327 CHAP. X
	2522.262	which have undergone much change in the	course of geological ages; and it would be
	2536.787	but only by a long and circuitous	course through many widely different forms. If
	2570.1156	set free in New Zealand, that in the	course of time a multitude of British forms
	2576.858	unaltered, continually adds, in the	course of successive generations, more and
	2622.145	only by a long and circuitous	course through many extinct and very different
	2693.434	would probably receive from it in the	course of time a few colonists, and their
	2707.1531	a single birthplace, and when in the	course of time we know something definite
	2731.567	digestive organs of a turkey. In the	course of two months, I picked up in my garden
	2749.967	them to be. The currents, from their	course, would never bring seeds from North
	2839.1775	the equator. The invasion would, of	course, have been greatly favoured by high
	2916.263	birthplace, notwithstanding that in the	course of time they have come to inhabit
	2960.518	been largely efficient in the long	course of time, than with the view of all our
	3032.69	in admitting that in the long	course of time the individuals of the same
	3103.142	the adult, for our classifications of	course include all ages of each species. But
	3145.122	kangaroo had been produced, by a long	course of modification, from a bear? Ought we
	3145.273	other species? The supposition is of	course preposterous; and I might answer by the
	3229.43	selection, during a long-continued	course of modification, should have seized on
	3233.529	are far from meaning that during a long	course of descent, primordial organs of any
	3237.239	really been metamorphosed during a long	course of descent from true legs, or from some
	3245.114	the vertebrata the peculiar loop-like	course of the arteries near the branchial
	3251.18	XIII. EMBRYOLOGY. The embryo in the	course of development generally rises in
	3289.338	parent-species, may become, by a long	course of modification, adapted in one
	3295.482	firstly, from the young, during a	course of modification carried on for many
	3301.1858	by the successive variations in a long	course of modification having super- [page
	3321.74	Compositæ, the male florets, which of	course cannot be fecundated, have a pistil
	3331.727	the sun, satellites follow the same	course round the planets, for the sake of
	3365.120	and have all been modified in the	course of descent, that I should without
	3394.374	they are now found, they must in the	course of successive generations have passed
	3456.489	species. Hence during a long-continued	course of modification, the slight differences
	3498.86	that there has been during the long	course of ages much migration from one part of
	3502.1301	and in different proportions, the	course of modification in the two areas will
	3530.135	that the amount of variation in the	course of long ages is a limited quantity; no
	3534.241	of facts all viewed, during a long	course of years, from a point of view directly
	5870.76	Mammals. Including the substance of the	course of Lectures on Osteology and
	5914.61	OF LIFE. Exhortations to a Virtuous	Course and Dissuasions from a Vicious Career
1			courses
	3331.677	because planets revolve in elliptic	courses round the sun, satellites follow the
5			court
	417.327	than 20,000 pigeons were taken with the	court. "The monarchs of Iran and Turan sent
	4792.45	S Memoirs of his Embassy to the	Court of England in 1626. Translated with
	5080.108	Embassy from Frederick the Great to the	Court of Krim Gerai. Translated from the
	5436.29	BARROW. FATHER RIPA'S MEMOIRS OF THE	COURT OF CHINA A RESIDENCE IN THE WEST
	5938.64	during Thirteen Years' Residence at the	Court of Peking, in the Service of the
1			courthope
	5860.334	to the Present Time. By WILLIAM	COURTHOPE, Somerset Herald. 8vo. 30s. [page
1			courtly
	417.417	very rare birds;" and, continues the	courtly historian, "His Majesty by crossing the
2			courts
	5378.58	on the Law and Practice of Naval	Courts Martial. 8vo. 10s. 6d. HILLARD'S (G. S
	5608.48	THE) PAPERS; or, Some Account of the	Courts of London and Vienna at the end of the
1			cousins
	3123.42	they may metaphorically be called	cousins to the same millionth degree; yet they
5			cover
	18.7	DARWIN. LONDON JOHN MURRAY [front	cover] [inside front cover] [page break
	20.14	MURRAY [front cover] [inside front	cover] [page break] [page break] [page i
	2855.36	that very many European productions	cover the ground in La Plata, and in a lesser
	6160.13	page break] [page break] [inside back	cover] [back cover] This document has been
	6162.6	page break] [inside back cover] [back	cover] This document has been accessed
14			covered
	659.145	not destroyed, the earth would soon be	covered by the progeny of a single pair. Even
	886.31	In the case of a gigantic tree	covered with innumerable flowers, it may be
	1159.101	in size, and in some cases are quite	covered up by skin and fur. This state of the
	2213.48	the great dome of rocks which must have	covered up the Weald within so limited a period
	2227.630	on record of a formation conformably	covered, after an enormous interval of time, by
	2761.729	perish. The mountains would become	covered with snow and ice, and their former
	2765.129	of the United States would likewise be	covered by arctic plants and animals, and these
	2843.899	latitude from their native country and	covered the land at the foot of the Pyrenees
	2863.1294	period, when the antarctic lands, now	covered with ice, supported a highly peculiar
	2892.644	a duck suddenly emerges from a pond	covered with duck-weed, I have twice seen these
	2898.1395	weighed only 6 3/4 ounces; I kept it	covered up in my study for six months, pulling
	3089.694	If the Ornithorhynchus had been	covered with feathers instead of hair, this
	3151.164	s wing is folded, whether the skin be	covered by hair or feathers-if it prevail
	3476.300	habitually blind and have their eyes	covered with skin; or when we look at the blind
3			covering
	1809.340	able practically to show this fact, by	covering the edges of the hexagonal walls [page
	2761.921	have a uniform arctic fauna and flora,	covering the central parts of Europe, as far
	3089.612	in grasses-the nature of the dermal	covering, as hair or feathers, in the Vertebrata
1			coverings
	1205.860	which are most abnormal in their dermal	coverings, viz. Cetacea (whales) and Edentata
1			covers
	1108.762	branches the crust of the earth, and	covers the surface with its ever branching and
6			cowslip
	554.354	the well-known one of the primrose and	cowslip, or Primula veris and elatior. These
	1914.1335	repeatedly crossed the primrose and	cowslip, which we have such good reason to
	2054.661	and red pimpernel, the primrose and	cowslip, which are considered by many of our
	3141.916	from it. He who believes that the	cowslip is descended from the primrose, or
	3558.881	names, as with the primrose and	cowslip; and in this case scientific and common
	3797.0	productions, 11. —of growth, 143, 198.	Cowslip, 49. Creation, single centres of
1			coypu
	2657.1368	find the beaver or musk-rat, but the	coypu and capybara, rodents of the American
1			crabbes
	4986.0	Second Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 63s.	CRABBES (REV. GEORGE) Life, Letters, and
2			crabs
	1161.157	of Kentucky, are blind. In some of the	crabs the foot-stalk for the eye remains
	3233.91	of metamorphosed vertebræ: the jaws of	crabs as metamorphosed legs; the stamens and
1			cracked
	2205.489	thousands of feet; for since the crust	cracked, the surface of the land has been so
1			cracks
	2205.333	plainly told by faults,—those great	cracks along which the strata have been
1			craft
	830.266	on various animals, securing some by	craft, some by strength, and some by
1			craiks
	4992.0	One Volume. Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d.	CRAIKS (G. L.) Pursuit of Knowledge under
2			crassh
	6170.80	Online - University of Cambridge -	CRASSH 17 Mill Lane - Cambridge - CB2 1RX
	6179.0	Council The Charles Darwin Trust	CRASSH CARET File last updated 28 January
1			craven
	2207.4	is externally visible. The	Craven fault, for instance, extends for
1			crawford
	5622.69	Lindsays; or, a Memoir of the Houses of	Crawford and Balcarres. With Extracts from
1			crawfurd
	5624.42	Report of the Claim of James, Earl of	Crawfurd and Balcarres, to the Original Dukedom
3			crawl
	1689.1389	like a statue, and then slowly	crawl forward with a peculiar gait; and
	1807.1210	coping of wax, the bees can cluster and	crawl over the comb without injuring the
	2966.648	the just-hatched young occasionally	crawl on and adhere to the feet of birds
3			crawled
	1747.1196	after all the little yellow ants had	crawled away, they took heart and carried off
	2892.1186	minute and just hatched shells	crawled on the feet, and clung to them so
	2966.1376	days in sea-water, and it recovered and	crawled away: but more experiments are wanted
1			crawling
	3588.178	insects flitting about, and with worms	crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect
1			cream-colour
	1331.1245	brown and black to a close approach to	cream-colour. I am aware that Colonel Hamilton
51			created
	250.322	each species had not been independently	created, but had descended, like varieties
	622.937	if each species has been independently	created. We have, also, seen that it is the
	994.252	are commonly looked at as specially	created and adapted for their own country. It
	1102.190	each species has been independently	created, I can see no explanation of this great
	1131.764	say that this shell, for instance, was	created with bright colours for a warm sea; but
	1167.190	blind animals having been separately	created for the American and European caverns
	1257.207	each species has been independently	created, with all its parts as we now see them
	1275.63	each species having been independently	created, why should that part of the structure
	1297.1461	each species having been independently	created, we should have to attribute this
	1317.426	forms be considered as independently	created species, that the one in varying has
	1351.59	each equine species was independently	created, will, I presume, assert that each
	1351.119	assert that each species has been	created with a tendency to vary, both under
	1351.308	of the genus; and that each has been	created with a strong tendency, when crossed
	1351.796	shells had never lived, but had been	created in stone so as to mock the shells now
	1486.41	who believes that each being has been	created as we now see it, must occasionally
	1552.791	each supposed to have been separately	created for its proper place in nature, be so
	1586.259	that very many structures have been	created for beauty in the eyes of man, or for
	1889.159	not as specially endowed or	created instincts, but as small consequences of
	2112.235	at species as having been specially	created, and at varieties as having been
	2335.328	such species will appear as if suddenly	created. I may here recall a remark formerly
	2677.119	namely, whether species have been	created at one or more points of the earth's
	2695.304	from many individuals simultaneously	created. With those organic beings which never
	2755.895	species must have been independently	created at several distinct points; and we
	2803.268	We cannot say that they have been	created alike, in correspondence with the
	2922.437	plants and animals have not been	created on oceanic islands; for man has
	2942.1097	of creation, they should not have been	created there, it would be very difficult to
	2972.225	distinct species, supposed to have been	created here; yet the close affinity of most of
	2972.793	species which are supposed to have been	created in the Galapagos Archipelago, and
	2972.892	so plain a stamp of affinity to those	created in America? There is nothing in the
	3223.410	Why should similar bones have been	created in the formation of the wing and leg of
	3331.443	organs are generally said to have been	created "for the sake of symmetry," or in order
	3416.106	they will appear as if suddenly	created there, and will be simply classed as
	3454.844	each species having been independently	created, but are intelligible if all species
	3462.514	if each species has been independently	created, no man can explain. Many other facts
	3464.146	form of woodpecker, should have been	created to prey on insects on the ground; that
	3464.252	never or rarely swim, should have been	created with webbed feet; that a thrush should
	3464.309	feet; that a thrush should have been	created to dive and feed on sub-aquatic insects
	3464.393	and that a petrel should have been	created with habits and structure fitting it
	3470.284	view supposed to have been specially	created and adapted for that country, being
	3478.63	each species having been independently	created, why should the specific characters, or
	3478.397	other species, supposed to have been	created independently, have differently
	3490.420	if species have been independently	created, and varieties have been produced by
	3524.1033	separate organ having been specially	created, how utterly inexplicable it is that
	3540.202	real, that is, have been independently	created. This seems to me a strange conclusion
	3540.745	or even conjecture, which are the	created forms of life, and which are those
	3544.448	numerous kinds of animals and plants	created as eggs or seed, or as full grown? and
	3544.529	and in the case of mammals, were they	created bearing the false marks of nourishment
	3578.1078	extinct and living descendants, was	created. In the distant future I see open
	3582.114	each species has been independently	created. To my mind it accords better with what
	4078.32	many, whether simultaneously	created, 356. Inheritance, laws of, 12. —, at
	5624.103	to the Original Dukedom of Montrose,	created in 1488. Folio. 15s. LITTLE ARTHUR'S
1			created—is
	272.1000	each species has been independently	created—is erroneous. I am fully convinced that
48			creation
	192.177	of the same continent — Centres of	creation — Means of dispersal, by changes of
	252.31	itself. The author of the 'Vestiges of	Creation' would, I presume, say that, after a
	526.604	unknown element of a distinct act of	creation. The term "variety" is almost equally
	596.739	at each species as a special act of	creation, there is no apparent reason why more
	858.856	banish the belief of the continued	creation of new organic [page] 96 ON THE
	1131.686	fleshy leaves. He who believes in the	creation of each species, will have to say that
	1171.308	the ordinary view of their independent	creation. That several of the inhabitants of the
	1297.1708	separate yet closely related acts of	creation. With pigeons, however, we have
	1488.52	in separate and innumerable acts of	creation will say, that in these cases it has
	1552.660	in innovation. Why, on the theory of	Creation, should this be so? Why should all the
	1612.279	on the theory of independent acts of	creation are utterly obscure. We have seen that
	2418.573	does not mark a new and complete act of	creation, but only an occasional scene, taken
	2665.39	page] 351 CHAP. XI. SINGLE CENTRES OF	CREATION. and even families are confined to the
	2679.39	page] 353 CHAP. XI. SINGLE CENTRES OF	CREATION. nearly the same, so that a multitude
	2691.39	page] 355 CHAP. XI. SINGLE CENTRES OF	CREATION. has probably received at some former
	2693.711	on the theory of independent	creation. This view of the relation of species
	2695.56	on "single and multiple centres of	creation" do not directly bear on another allied
	2701.152	on the theory of "single centres of	creation," I must say a few words on the means
	2803.224	are inexplicable on the theory of	creation. We cannot say that they have been
	2916.898	of the two theories of independent	creation and of descent with modification. The
	2922.304	He who admits the doctrine of the	creation of each separate species, will have to
	2942.1061	island. But why, on the theory of	creation, they should not have been created
	2948.409	cannot be said, on the ordinary view of	creation, that there has not been time for the
	2948.456	that there has not been time for the	creation of mammals; many volcanic islands are
	2958.494	on the view of independent acts of	creation. All the foregoing remarks on the
	2972.1717	on the ordinary view of independent	creation; whereas on the view here maintained
	3018.680	on the ordinary view of the independent	creation of each species, but are explicable on
	3024.793	the designation of single centres of	creation, by some general considerations, more
	3075.167	either gives some unknown plan of	creation, or is simply a scheme for enunciating
	3117.541	seeking, and not some unknown plan of	creation, or the enunciation of general
	3201.216	and do not look to some unknown plan of	creation, we may hope to make sure but slow
	3209.323	On the ordinary view of the independent	creation of each being, we can only say that so
	3223.57	are these facts on the ordinary view of	creation! Why should the brain be enclosed in a
	3349.87	do on the ordinary doctrine of	creation, might even have been anticipated, and
	3450.263	have been produced by special acts of	creation, and varieties which are acknowledged
	3460.719	utterly inexplicable on the theory of	creation. As natural selection acts solely by
	3476.685	How inexplicable on the theory of	creation is the occasional appearance of stripes
	3482.207	It is inexplicable on the theory of	creation why a part developed in a very unusual
	3508.165	on the theory of independent acts of	creation. The existence of closely allied or
	3510.1023	receive no explanation on the theory of	creation. The fact, as we have seen, that all
	3530.435	is a special endowment and sign of	creation. The belief that species were immutable
	3538.61	under such expressions as the "plan of	creation," "unity of design," &c., and to think
	3544.98	no more startled at a miraculous act of	creation than at an ordinary birth. But do they
	3544.340	believe that at each supposed act of	creation one individual or many were produced
	3566.585	give what may be called the plan of	creation. The rules for classifying will no
	3574.906	causes, and not by miraculous acts of	creation and by catastrophes; and as the most
	3750.11	inhabitants of, blind, 137. Centres of	creation, 352. Cephalopodæ, development of
	3798.0	of growth, 143, 198. Cowslip, 49.	Creation, single centres of, 352. Crinum
1			creation—means
	2635.171	of the same continent—Centres of	creation—Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and
2			creations
	3540.356	they themselves thought were special	creations, and which are still thus looked at by
	3582.444	When I view all beings not as special	creations, but as the lineal descendants of some
1			creative
	2948.1181	Why, it may be asked, has the supposed	creative force produced bats and no other
7			creator
	1492.0	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI.	Creator to cause a being of one type to take
	1510.344	Have we any right to assume that the	Creator works by intellectual powers like those
	1514.1126	to one of glass, as the works of the	Creator are to those of man? If it could be
	3069.834	believe that it reveals the plan of the	Creator; but unless it be specified whether
	3069.943	what else is meant by the plan of the	Creator, it seems to me that nothing is thus
	3209.405	so it is;—that it has so pleased the	Creator to construct each animal and plant
	3582.209	of the laws impressed on matter by the	Creator, that the production and extinction of
6			creature
	1476.700	with larger and larger mouths, till a	creature was produced as monstrous as a whale
	1590.1148	detail of structure in every living	creature (making some little allowance for the
	3089.896	the degree of affinity of this strange	creature to [page] 417 CHAP. XIII
	3448.578	structure, and habits of each	creature,—favouring the good and rejecting the
	3524.139	selection will generally act on each	creature, when it has come to maturity and has
	3578.1002	ages which have elapsed since the first	creature, the progenitor of innumerable extinct
1			creature's
	2060.1255	in any way which may be for each	creature's own good; and thus she may, either
1			creatures
	2365.328	of time, the world swarmed with living	creatures. To the question why we do not find
1			credibility
	5251.79	Evidence of Christianity, or the	Credibility obtained to a Scripture Kevelation from
1			credible
	723.685	destroy the mice." Hence it is quite	credible that the presence of a feline animal in
2			creed
	4850.30	s. 6d. ——— More Worlds than One. The	Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the
	5550.41	BISHOP) Exposition of the Apostles	Creed. Extracted from his "Practice of Divine
1			creeper
	1476.38	seen climbing branches, almost like a	creeper; it often, like a shrike, kills small
1			crept
	242.238	my accuracy. No doubt errors will have	crept in, though I hope I have always been
1			cretacean
	3763.12	of, 216. Chthamalinæ, 288. Chthamalus,	cretacean species of, 304. Circumstances
1			crevices
	2998.88	land-shells, some of which live in	crevices of stone; and although large quantities
3			crimea
	5070.107	Turks to the Close of the War in the	Crimea. 4 Vols. 8vo. In Preparation. EASTLAKE
	5080.36	s. ELIOTS (HON. W. G. C.) Khans of the	Crimea. Being a Narrative of an Embassy from
	5606.54	or, The Realities of the War in the	Crimea. By a STAFF OFFICER. Popular Edition
2			crimes
	5148.30	vo. 21s. FEUERBACH'S Remarkable German	Crimes and Trials. Translated from the German
	5219.18	Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Remarkable German	Crimes and Trials. From the German of Fuerbach
3			crinum
	1930.588	namely, that "every ovule in a pod of	Crinum capense fertilised by C. revolutum
	1932.17	two distinct species. This case of the	Crinum leads me to refer to a most singular
	3798.34	Creation, single centres of, 352.	Crinum, 250. Crosses, reciprocal
2			criterion
	604.154	have seen that there is no infallible	criterion by which to distinguish species and
	604.561	of difference is one very important	criterion in settling whether two forms [page
1			criterions
	2066.163	fertility and sterility as safe	criterions of specific distinction. Gärtner kept
3			critical
	4998.68	Sir David Wilkie. With his Journals and	Critical Remarks on Works of Art. Portrait
	5670.18	Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. ———Historical and	Critical Essays. Post 8vo. 6s. ——— Story of
	6126.48	SIR DAVID) Life, Journals, Tours, and	Critical Remarks on Works of Art, with a
1			criticisms
	6074.55	History of Spanish Literature. With	Criticisms on particular Works, and Biographical
2			crocodile
	2408.284	of a similar fact, in an existing	crocodile associated with many strange and lost
	3898.13	of plants in India, 65. —, on fossil	crocodile, 313. —, on elephants and mastodons
4			croker
	4836.89	the Tour to the Hebrides. Edited by Mr.	CROKER. Third Edition. Portraits. Royal 8vo
	5376.136	Caroline. Edited, with Notes by MR.	CROKER. Second Edition. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo
	5532.134	by SIR W. SCOTT. Edited by the late MR.	CROKER. Third Edition. Portraits. Royal 8vo
	5812.0	WILKINSON'S ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. 12s.	CROKER ON THE GUILLOTINE. 1s. HOLLWAX'S
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	5016.0	s. 6d. (Murrays British Classics.)	CROKERS (J. W.) Progressive Geography for
4			cromwell
	4894.25	Post 8vo. 9s. BUNYAN (JOHN) and Oliver	Cromwell. Select Biographies. By ROBERT SOUTHEY
	5028.0	on the Guillotine. Fcap. 8vo. 1s.	CROMWELL (OLIVER) and John Bunyan. By ROBERT
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5			crops
	2729.706	and seeds of many kinds in the	crops of floating birds long retain their
	2731.787	following fact is more important: the	crops of birds do not secrete gastric juice
	2735.380	birds, and the contents of their torn	crops might thus readily get scattered. Mr
	2749.532	nor could they be long carried in the	crops or intestines of birds. These means
	4381.4	power of resisting salt-water, 358. —in	crops and intestines of birds, 361. ——eaten
52			cross
	109.12	AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING	CROSS. [page v] CONTENTS
	369.683	failed. The offspring from the first	cross between two pure breeds is tolerably
	403.447	to any character derived from such	cross will naturally become less and less, as
	403.591	blood; but when there has been no	cross with a distinct breed, and there is a
	441.124	closely allied sub-breeds. And when a	cross has been made, the closest selection is
	455.541	attended to. Savages now sometimes	cross their dogs with wild canine animals, to
	836.1260	slowly be formed. These varieties would	cross and blend where they met; but to this
	842.1697	insects from flower to flower, and a	cross thus effected, although nine-tenths of
	866.163	that with animals and plants a	cross between different varieties, or between
	870.221	an eternity of generations; but that a	cross with another individual is occasionally
	872.376	to the weather! but if an occasional	cross be indispensable, the fullest freedom
	878.630	seedlings, so largely do they naturally	cross. In many other cases, far from there
	882.575	explained on the view of an occasional	cross with a distinct individual being
	892.355	plants, on the view of an occasional	cross being indispensable, by considering the
	892.608	case of plants, by which an occasional	cross could be effected with terrestrial
	892.841	an obvious means for an occasional	cross. And, as in the case of flowers, I have
	896.586	hermaphrodites, do sometimes	cross. It must have struck most naturalists
	900.458	conclude that in many organic beings, a	cross between two individuals is an obvious
	912.586	case. In hermaphrodite organisms which	cross only occasionally, and likewise in
	1695.145	are crossed. Thus it is known that a	cross with a bull-dog has affected for many
	1695.248	and obstinacy of greyhounds; and a	cross with a greyhound has given to a whole
	1920.145	hybrids, carefully guarding them from a	cross with either pure parent, for six or
	1924.87	on the other hand, that an occasional	cross with a distinct individual or variety
	1924.1223	which is to be fertilised; so that a	cross between two flowers, though probably on
	1924.1486	would have insured in each generation a	cross with the pollen from a distinct flower
	1930.811	commonly perfect, fertility in a first	cross between two distinct species. This
	1942.475	hybrid variety are allowed to freely	cross with each other, and the injurious
	1972.53	two species which are very difficult to	cross, and which rarely produce any offspring
	1972.189	the difficulty of making a first	cross, and the sterility of the hybrids thus
	1986.16	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. By a reciprocal	cross between two species, I mean the case
	1986.416	that the capacity in any two species to	cross is often completely independent of
	1994.492	always the same in degree in the first	cross and in the hybrids produced from this
	1994.536	and in the hybrids produced from this	cross. That the fertility of hybrids is not
	1994.711	that the facility of making a first	cross between any two species is not always
	2000.474	same species? Why should some species	cross with facility, and yet produce very
	2000.551	very sterile hybrids; and other species	cross with extreme difficulty, and yet
	2000.700	in the result of a reciprocal	cross between the same two species? Why, it
	2046.325	there is abundant evidence, that a	cross between very distinct individuals of
	2054.239	from each other in external appearance,	cross with perfect facility, and yield
	2056.304	indigenous domestic dogs do not readily	cross with European dogs, the explanation
	2094.497	variability in hybrids from the first	cross or in the first generation, in contrast
	2102.605	plants produced from a reciprocal	cross, generally resemble each other closely
	2102.696	it is with mongrels from a reciprocal	cross. Both hybrids and mongrels can be
	2118.784	not always equal in degree in a first	cross and in the hybrid produced from this
	2118.827	and in the hybrid produced from this	cross. In the same manner as in grafting
	2126.1072	that the facility of effecting a first	cross, the fertility of the hybrids produced
	2741.237	the millions of quails which annually	cross the Mediterranean; and can we doubt
	3504.218	see why those animals which cannot	cross wide spaces of ocean, as frogs and
	3698.10	Birds acquiring fear, 212. —annually	cross the Atlantic, 364. ——, colour of, on
	4607.12	AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING	CROSS. [page 1 (MR. MURRAY'S GENERAL LIST OF
	5478.12	AMAZON. By W. H. EDWARDS. THE WAYSIDE	CROSS. By CAPT. MILMAN. MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF
	5740.26	vo. 1s. ——— (CAPT. E. A.) Wayside	Cross; or, the Raid of Gomez. A Tale of the
3			cross-bred
	1950.775	from one nest. In India, however, these	cross-bred geese must be far more fertile; for I
	2110.313	to the cases which I have collected of	cross-bred animals closely resembling one parent
	3263.1291	parent. Or again, as when the horns of	cross-bred cattle have been affected by the shape
98			crossed
	172.454	crossing — Fertility of varieties when	crossed and of their mongrel offspring not
	331.823	in nearly the same manner as in the	crossed offspring from a short-horned cow by a
	343.475	the perfect fertility of varieties when	crossed,—a subject hereafter to be discussed
	369.854	enough; but when these mongrels are	crossed one with another for several
	399.803	belonging to two distinct breeds are	crossed, neither of which is blue or has any of
	399.967	these characters; for instance, I	crossed some uniformly white fantails with some
	399.1101	brown and black birds; these I again	crossed together, and one grandchild of the
	403.102	within a score of generations, been	crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say within a
	403.342	generations. In a breed which has been	crossed only once with some distinct breed, the
	411.418	breeds, both when kept pure and when	crossed; the mongrel offspring being perfectly
	558.48	careful observer Gärtner, they can be	crossed only with much difficulty. We could
	842.541	of the same species would thus get	crossed; and the act of crossing, we have good
	842.1002	by insects, and would be oftenest	crossed; and so in the long-run would gain the
	882.259	separated sexes, and must habitually be	crossed. How strange are these facts! How
	884.905	same species. When distinct species are	crossed the case is directly the reverse, for a
	1303.449	are eminently liable to appear in the	crossed offspring of two distinct and
	1305.166	generations. But when a breed has been	crossed only once by some other breed, the
	1305.650	blood. In a breed which has not been	crossed, but in which both parents have lost
	1315.590	distinct breeds of diverse colours are	crossed. Hence, though under nature it must
	1345.1017	truest breeds of various colours are	crossed, we see a strong tendency for the blue
	1351.345	created with a strong tendency, when	crossed with species inhabiting distant
	1388.47	how can we account for species, when	crossed, being sterile and producing sterile
	1388.131	offspring, whereas, when varieties are	crossed, their fertility is unimpaired? The
	1695.112	shown when different breeds of dogs are	crossed. Thus it is known that a cross with a
	1896.442	crossing—Fertility of varieties when	crossed and of their mongrel offspring not
	1904.19	CHAP. VIII. species when first	crossed, and the sterility of the hybrids
	1910.41	for the sterility of species when	crossed and of their hybrid offspring. It is
	1914.371	of seeds produced by two species when	crossed and by their hybrid offspring, with the
	1914.1310	Gärtner during several years repeatedly	crossed the primrose and cowslip, which we have
	1918.75	the sterility of various species when	crossed is so different in degree and graduates
	1936.982	or greater fertility of species when	crossed, in comparison with the same species
	1938.242	Petunia, Rhododendron, &c., have been	crossed, yet many of these hybrids seed freely
	1944.326	the scale of nature can be more easily	crossed than in the case of plants; but the
	1944.709	for instance, the canary-bird has been	crossed with nine other finches, but as not one
	1948.255	brothers and sisters have usually been	crossed in each successive generation, in
	1950.930	Hutton, that whole flocks of these	crossed geese are kept in various parts of the
	1956.1227	of distinct species of animals when	crossed; or we must look at sterility, not as
	1972.543	hand, there are species which can be	crossed very rarely, or with extreme difficulty
	1974.263	the same when the same two species are	crossed under the same circumstances, but
	1980.723	very many species can most readily be	crossed; and another genus, as Silene, in which
	1980.1016	of Nicotiana have been more largely	crossed than the species of almost any other
	1982.367	fruit, and in the cotyledons, can be	crossed. Annual and perennial plants, deciduous
	1982.531	different climates, can often be	crossed with ease. [page] 258 HYBRIDISM. CHAP
	1986.106	of a stallion-horse being first	crossed with a female-ass, and then a male-ass
	1986.227	then be said to have been reciprocally	crossed. There is often the widest possible
	2000.254	in degree, when various species are	crossed, all of which we must suppose it would
	2002.259	systems, of the species which are	crossed. The differences being of so peculiar
	2050.28	of life. Fertility of Varieties when	crossed, and of their Mongrel offspring.—It may
	2054.784	by Gärtner not to be quite fertile when	crossed, and he consequently ranks them as
	2060.184	or lesser degree of sterility when	crossed; and we may apply the same rule to
	2066.417	separated sexes, they never naturally	crossed. He then fertilised thirteen flowers of
	2068.22	distinct. Girou de Buzareingues	crossed three varieties of gourd, which like
	2074.46	and white varieties of one species are	crossed with yellow and white varieties of a
	2078.168	common tobacco is more fertile, when	crossed with a widely distinct species, than
	2078.520	used either as father or mother, and	crossed with the Nicotiana glutinosa, always
	2078.660	from the four other varieties when	crossed with N. glutinosa. Hence the
	2084.503	systems of the forms which are	crossed. Hybrids and Mongrels compared
	2086.139	the offspring of species when	crossed and of varieties when crossed may be
	2086.169	when crossed and of varieties when	crossed may be compared in several other
	2100.0	are [page] 274 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII.	crossed with a third species, the hybrids are
	2100.138	distinct varieties of one species are	crossed with another species, the hybrids do
	2102.337	the same laws. When two species are	crossed, one has sometimes a prepotent power of
	2104.313	in the other, both when one species is	crossed with another, and when one variety is
	2104.359	with another, and when one variety is	crossed with another variety. For instance, I
	2112.145	close similarity in the offspring of	crossed species, and of crossed varieties. If
	2112.169	offspring of crossed species, and of	crossed varieties. If we look at species as
	2126.1003	some kind between the species which are	crossed. Nor is it surprising that the facility
	2839.1731	native ranks and have reached or even	crossed the equator. The invasion would, of
	2843.714	some temperate productions entered and	crossed even the lowlands of the tropics at the
	2845.237	intertropical regions, and some even	crossed the equator. As the warmth returned
	2849.50	the forms, chiefly northern, which had	crossed the equator, would travel still further
	2869.552	north and from the south, and to have	crossed at the equator; but to have flowed with
	3384.69	sterility of species when first	crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast
	3384.169	universal fertility of varieties when	crossed, I must refer the reader to the
	3384.643	result, when the same two species are	crossed reciprocally; that is, when one species
	3392.885	forms or varieties acquire from being	crossed increased vigour and fertility. So that
	3490.85	varieties, we can at once see why their	crossed offspring should follow the same
	3490.292	and in other such points,—as do the	crossed offspring of acknowledged varieties. On
	3713.6	on striped Hemionus, 163. —, on	crossed geese, 253. Boar, shoulder-pad of
	3734.23	CLIMATE. C. Cabbage, varieties of,	crossed, 99. Calceolaria, 251. Canary-birds
	3912.4	slight changes in conditions, 267. —of	crossed varieties, 267. Fir-trees destroyed by
	3951.6	page] 495 INDEX. FUCI. Fuci,	crossed, 258. Fur, thicker in cold climates
	3963.4	on reciprocal crosses, 258. —on	crossed maize and verbascum, 270. —on
	3964.67	mongrels, 272. Geese, fertility when	crossed, 253. —, upland, 185. Genealogy
	3984.8	of genera of birds, 404. Gourds,	crossed, 270. Grafts, capacity of, 261. Grasses
	4027.52	sexes of, 93. Hollyhock, varieties of,	crossed, 271. Hooker, Dr., on trees of New
	4059.20	characters, 150. Hutton, Captain, on	crossed geese, 253. Huxley, Prof., on structure
	4109.5	on reciprocal crosses, 258. ——on	crossed varieties of nicotiana, 271. —on
	4165.35	Magpie tame in Norway, 212. Maize,	crossed, 270. Malay Archipelago compared with
	4224.11	of, 389. —, flora of, 399. Nicotiana,	crossed varieties of, 271. ——, certain species
	4374.21	to seeds, 358. Sebright, Sir J., on	crossed animals, 20. ——, on selection of
	4425.10	Spiders, development of, 442. Spitz-dog	crossed with fox, 268. Sports in plants
	4473.15	nest of, 243. Thuret, M., on	crossed fuci, 258. Thwaites, Mr., on
	4481.9	Toads on islands, 393. Tobacco,	crossed varieties of, 271. Tomes, Mr., on the
	4530.8	transitional, rarity of, 172. —, when	crossed, fertile, 267. ——, when crossed
	4531.9	when crossed, fertile, 267. ——, when	crossed, sterile, 269. ——, classification of
	4533.17	sterility of, 251. —, varieties of,	crossed, 270. Verneuil, M. de, on the
	4576.5	rudimentary, in insects, 451. Wolf	crossed with dog, 214. —of Falkland Isles
61			crosses
	172.47	between the sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids — Sterility various in
	172.324	Causes of the sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids — Parallelism between
	369.347	a race may be modified by occasional	crosses, if aided by the careful selection of
	461.1100	is believed, been chiefly effected by	crosses with the fox-hound; but what concerns
	511.67	separate sexes, facility in preventing	crosses is an important element of success in
	1189.1463	with care to prevent accidental	crosses, and then again get seed from these
	1337.0	page] 165 CHAP. V. LAWS OF VARIATION.	crosses with the dun stock. But I am not at all
	1896.47	between the sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids—Sterility various in
	1896.316	Causes of the sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids—Parallelism between the
	1938.612	of fertility of some of the complex	crosses of Rhododendrons, and I am assured that
	1944.851	have no right to expect that the first	crosses between them and the canary, or that
	1958.155	some degree of sterility, both in first	crosses and in hybrids, is an extremely general
	1960.38	Laws governing the Sterility of first	Crosses and of Hybrids.—We will now consider a
	1964.57	rules governing the sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids. Our chief object will
	1966.74	the degree of fertility, both of first	crosses and of hybrids, graduates from zero to
	1974.29	occur. The fertility, both of first	crosses and of hybrids, is more easily affected
	1976.267	species. Now the fertility of first	crosses [page] 257 CHAP. VIII. LAWS OF
	1986.319	in the facility of making reciprocal	crosses. Such cases are highly important, for
	1986.773	difference in the result of reciprocal	crosses between the same two species was long
	1986.1366	of facility in making reciprocal	crosses is extremely common in a lesser degree
	1986.1618	that hybrids raised from reciprocal	crosses, though of course compounded of the
	1994.77	which govern the fertility of first	crosses and of hybrids, we see that when forms
	1998.91	is clearly proved by reciprocal	crosses between the same two species, for
	1998.384	moreover, produced from reciprocal	crosses often differ in fertility. Now do
	2002.116	that the sterility both of first	crosses and of hybrids is simply incidental or
	2006.20	WITH GRAFTING. that, in reciprocal	crosses between two species the male sexual
	2012.260	grafted together. As in reciprocal	crosses, the facility of effecting an union is
	2020.295	laws governing the facility of first	crosses, are incidental on unknown differences
	2022.33	Causes of the Sterility of first	Crosses and of Hybrids.—We may now look a
	2022.138	causes of the sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids. These two cases are
	2022.365	they are imperfect. Even in first	crosses, the greater or lesser difficulty in
	2026.625	frequent cause of sterility in first	crosses. I was at first very unwilling to
	2040.217	of hybrids produced from reciprocal	crosses; or the increased sterility in those
	2048.142	and on the other hand, that slight	crosses, that is crosses between the males and
	2048.159	hand, that slight crosses, that is	crosses between the males and females of the
	2048.453	some degree sterile; and that greater	crosses, that is crosses between males and
	2048.470	and that greater crosses, that is	crosses between males and females which have
	2074.138	species, more seed is produced by the	crosses between the same coloured flowers, than
	2078.380	severest trial, namely, by reciprocal	crosses, and he found their mongrel offspring
	2084.316	but not invariable, sterility of first	crosses and of hybrids, namely, that it is not
	2102.784	to either pure parent-form, by repeated	crosses in successive generations with either
	2118.26	varieties. Summary of Chapter.—First	crosses between forms sufficiently distinct to
	2118.702	widely different, in reciprocal	crosses between the same two species. It is not
	2122.23	in our forests. The sterility of first	crosses between pure species, which have their
	2128.6	resemblance between all species. First	crosses between forms known to be varieties, or
	3392.69	very different case from that of first	crosses, for their reproductive organs are more
	3392.165	functionally impotent; whereas in first	crosses the organs on both sides are in a
	3392.1002	changes in the conditions of life and	crosses between greatly modified forms, lessen
	3392.1128	changes in the conditions of life and	crosses between less modified forms, increase
	3490.247	absorbed into each other by successive	crosses, and in other such points,—as do the
	3799.0	single centres of, 352. Crinum, 250.	Crosses, reciprocal, 258. Crossing of domestic
	3836.23	system, 334. Dianthus, fertility of	crosses, 256. Dirt on feet of birds
	3847.7	of breeds together, 254. —, —of	crosses, 268, —, proportions of, when young
	3962.15	of hybrids, 247, 255. —on reciprocal	crosses, 258. —on crossed maize and verbascum
	4023.35	Hewitt, Mr., on sterility of first	crosses, 264. Himalaya, glaciers of
	4108.15	of hybrids, 247. —on reciprocal	crosses, 258. ——on crossed varieties of
	4129.22	fulgens, 73, 98, Lobelia, sterility of	crosses, 250. Loess of the Rhine, 384. Lowness
	4176.22	of rays, 193. Matthiola, reciprocal	crosses of, 258. Means of dispersal
	4183.11	on the cells of bees, 226. Mirabilis,	crosses of, 258. Missel-thrush, 76. Misseltoe
	4349.45	general, 459. Reciprocity of	crosses, 258. Record, geological, imperfect
	4405.21	STRIPES. Silene, fertility of	crosses, 257. Silliman, Prof., on blind rat
45			crossing
	172.415	of changed conditions of life and	crossing — Fertility of varieties when crossed
	365.1517	races of dogs have been produced by the	crossing of a few aboriginal species; but by
	365.1562	of a few aboriginal species; but by	crossing we can get only forms in some degree
	369.244	possibility of making distinct races by	crossing has been greatly exaggerated. There can
	389.690	make the present domestic breeds by the	crossing of any lesser number: how, for instance
	389.770	instance, could a pouter be produced by	crossing two breeds unless one of the parent
	417.452	the courtly historian, "His Majesty by	crossing the breeds, which method was never
	437.237	is by no means generally due to	crossing different breeds; [page] 32 SELECTION
	477.129	races have become blended together by	crossing, may plainly be recognised in the
	509.0	SUMMARY ON VARIATION. CHAP. I.	crossing with distinct species) those many
	515.1119	sub-breeds; but the importance of the	crossing of varieties has, I believe, been
	515.1348	buds, &c., the importance of the	crossing both of distinct species and of
	842.565	would thus get crossed; and the act of	crossing, we have good reason to believe (as
	908.416	notwithstanding a large amount of	crossing with inferior animals. Thus it will be
	1303.694	beyond the influence of the mere act of	crossing on the laws of inheritance. No doubt
	1339.34	Now let us turn to the effects of	crossing the several species of the horse-genus
	1695.388	domestic instincts, when thus tested by	crossing, resemble natural instincts, which in a
	1898.335	kept distinct had they been capable of	crossing freely. The importance of the fact that
	1964.233	this quality, in order to prevent their	crossing and blending together in utter
	1980.383	systematic affinity and the facility of	crossing is by no means strict. A multitude of
	1982.142	is sufficient to prevent two species	crossing. It can be shown that plants most
	1986.613	clearly show that the capacity for	crossing is connected with constitutional
	1992.63	some species have a remarkable power of	crossing with other species; other species of
	2012.115	individuals of the same two species in	crossing; so Sagaret believes this to be the
	2020.3	CHAP. VIII. CAUSES OF STERILITY. of	crossing distinct species. And as we must look
	2020.705	lesser difficulty of either grafting or	crossing together various species has been a
	2020.793	endowment; although in the case of	crossing, the difficulty is as important for the
	2034.131	hybrids are produced by the unnatural	crossing of two species, the reproductive system
	2046.584	chapter, that a certain amount of	crossing is indispensable even with
	2094.428	to that arising from the mere act of	crossing. The slight degree of variability in
	2120.182	in their vegetative systems, so in	crossing, the greater or less facility of one
	2120.451	degrees of sterility to prevent them	crossing and blending in nature, than to think
	2126.496	of another kind;—namely, that the	crossing of forms only slightly different is
	2432.131	a vertical line of varying thickness,	crossing the successive geological formations in
	2811.511	of detritus, about 800 feet in height,	crossing a valley of the Andes; and this I now
	3010.641	which apparently has the capacity of	crossing barriers and ranging widely, as in the
	3010.839	widely implies not only the power of	crossing barriers, but the more important power
	3315.1034	a pistil; and Kölreuter found that by	crossing such male plants with an hermaphrodite
	3766.22	selection, 101. Cirripedes capable of	crossing, 101. —, carapace aborted
	3800.0	Crinum, 250. Crosses, reciprocal, 258.	Crossing of domestic animals, importance in
	3924.38	Flowers, structure of, in relation to	crossing, 97. —of composite and umbelliferæ
	4021.15	of hybrids, 249. Hermaphrodites	crossing, 96. Heron eating seed, 387. Heron, Sir
	4110.4	varieties of nicotiana, 271. —on	crossing male and hermaphrodite flowers, 451. L
	4427.20	in plants, 9. Sprengel, C. C., on	crossing, 98. ——, on ray-florets, 145. Squirrels
	5706.69	from the Pacific to the Atlantic,	crossing the Andes in the Northern Provinces of
1			crossing—fertility
	1896.405	of changed conditions of life and	crossing—Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their
2			crowd
	1376.54	arrived at this part of my work, a	crowd of difficulties will have occurred to
	1763.748	though this is perfectly effected by a	crowd of bees working in a dark hive. Grant
3			crowded
	699.434	facility of diffusion amongst the	crowded animals, been disproportionably
	960.192	Hope, where more species of plants are	crowded together than in any other quarter of
	2839.699	species as we see at the present day	crowded together at the Cape of Good Hope, and
1			crowes
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3			crowned
	1807.1042	steadily growing upward; but always	crowned by a gigantic coping. From all the
	1807.1150	and those completed, being thus	crowned by a strong coping of wax, the bees can
	3321.165	in a rudimentary state, for it is not	crowned with a stigma; but the style remains
2			crude
	996.172	become naturalised, we can gain some	crude idea in what manner some of the natives
	2213.919	done; but we may, in order to form some	crude notion on the subject, assume that the
1			cruise
	5116.36	d. ERSKINES (CAPT., R.N.) Journal of a	Cruise among the Islands of the Western
7			crust
	1072.229	of the successive strata of the earth's	crust including extinct remains. We shall
	1108.738	with its dead and broken branches the	crust of the earth, and covers the surface
	1394.134	embedded in countless numbers in the	crust of the earth? It will be much more
	1398.591	blanks in our geological history. The	crust of the earth is a vast museum; but the
	2177.64	of the degradation which the earth's	crust has elsewhere suffered. And what an
	2205.483	of thousands of feet; for since the	crust cracked, the surface of the land has
	3574.90	extreme imperfection of the record. The	crust of the earth with its embedded remains
4			crustacea
	1464.65	of such water-breathing classes as the	Crustacea and Mollusca are adapted to live on the
	2831.348	should have a closer resemblance in its	crustacea to Great Britain, its antipode, than to
	3187.668	some other classes, as in that of the	Crustacea, for here the most wonderfully diverse
	3803.0	unfavourable to selection, 102.	Crustacea of New Zealand, 376. Crustacean, blind
4			crustacean
	2359.566	trilobites have descended from some one	crustacean, which must have lived long before the
	3223.534	different purposes? Why should one	crustacean, which has an extremely complex mouth
	3247.874	a barnacle was, as it certainly is, a	crustacean; but a glance at the larva shows this
	3803.31	Crustacea of New Zealand, 376.	Crustacean, blind, 137. Cryptocerus, 238. Ctenomys
17			crustaceans
	1502.323	high stage of perfection. In certain	crustaceans, for instance, there is a double cornea
	1502.474	is a lens-shaped swelling. In other	crustaceans the transparent cones which are coated
	1506.238	diversity in the eyes of living	crustaceans, and bearing in mind how small the
	2408.519	the other Silurian Molluscs and all the	Crustaceans have changed greatly. The productions
	2570.783	way of testing this sort of progress.	Crustaceans, for instance, not the highest in their
	2801.550	striking case of many closely allied	crustaceans (as described in Dana's admirable work
	3109.174	common to all birds; but in the case of	crustaceans, such definition has hitherto been
	3109.249	been found impossible. There are	crustaceans at the opposite ends of the series
	3207.185	construction of the mouths and limbs of	crustaceans. So it is with the flowers of plants
	3215.699	and in the mouths of certain suctorial	crustaceans, the general pattern seems to have been
	3217.581	wonderfully complex jaws and legs in	crustaceans. It is familiar to almost every one
	3217.995	and we can actually see in embryonic	crustaceans and in many other animals, and in
	3251.430	the larva, as with certain parasitic	crustaceans. To refer once again to cirripedes: the
	3301.1262	as belonging to the great class of	crustaceans. As the embryonic state of each species
	3816.19	cave-animals, 139. —, on relations of	crustaceans of Japan, 372. —, on crustaceans of New
	3817.6	of crustaceans of Japan, 372. —, on	crustaceans of New Zealand, 376. DUCK. De
	4220.3	of, 339. —, glacial action in, 373, —,	crustaceans of, 376. ——, algæ of, 376. —, number of
2			cryptocerus
	1853.613	instincts extraordinarily different: in	Cryptocerus, the workers of one caste alone carry a
	3804.0	Zealand, 376. Crustacean, blind, 137.	Cryptocerus, 238. Ctenomys, blind, 137. Cuckoo
2			ctenomys
	1159.298	a burrowing rodent, the tuco-tuco, or	Ctenomys, is even more subterranean in its
	3805.0	blind, 137. Cryptocerus, 238.	Ctenomys, blind, 137. Cuckoo, instinct of
17			cuckoo
	166.192	their origin — Natural instincts of the	cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees — Slave
	1647.182	their origin—Natural instincts of the	cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees—Slave
	1651.227	it is said that instinct impels the	cuckoo to migrate and to lay her eggs in other
	1711.264	namely, the instinct which leads the	cuckoo to lay her eggs in other birds' nests
	1715.29	is, that [page] 217 CHAP. VII. OF THE	CUCKOO. she lays her eggs, not daily, but at
	1717.521	fed by the male alone. But the American	cuckoo is in this predicament; for she makes
	1717.685	It has been asserted that the American	cuckoo occasionally lays her eggs in other
	1717.1015	the ancient progenitor of our European	cuckoo had the habits of the American cuckoo
	1717.1053	cuckoo had the habits of the American	cuckoo; but that occasionally she laid an egg
	1717.1851	that the strange instinct of our	cuckoo could be, and has been, [page
	1721.91	to some other observers, the European	cuckoo has not utterly lost all maternal love
	1723.551	of eggs; but, as in the case of the	cuckoo, at intervals of two or three days
	1725.134	is more remarkable than that of the	cuckoo; for these bees have not only their
	1725.862	case, as with the supposed case of the	cuckoo, I can [page] 219 CHAP. VII. SLAVE
	1889.0	young [page] 244 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII.	cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers,—ants
	3722.25	pigeons, 362. Brewer, Dr., on American	cuckoo, 217. Britain, mammals of, 395. Bronn
	3806.0	Cryptocerus, 238. Ctenomys, blind, 137.	Cuckoo, instinct of, 216. Currants, grafts of
1			cuckoo's
	1713.75	more immediate and final cause of the	cuckoo's instinct is, that [page] 217 CHAP. VII
2			culinary
	429.1112	we compare the host of agricultural,	culinary, orchard, and flower-garden races of
	804.209	the seeds of the many varieties of our	culinary and agricultural plants; in the
1			cultivate
	337.251	succeed in naturalising, or were to	cultivate, during many generations, the several
15			cultivated
	258.233	study of domesticated animals and of	cultivated plants would offer the best chance of
	285.80	variety or sub-variety of our older	cultivated plants and animals, one of the first
	285.367	the plants and animals which have been	cultivated, and which have varied during all ages
	289.94	variable under cultivation. Our oldest	cultivated plants, such as wheat, still often
	291.1285	to vitiated instincts; but how many	cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and
	319.206	treatises published on some of our old	cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth, potato
	429.660	breeds of sheep fitted either for	cultivated land or mountain pasture, with the wool
	477.658	from a garden-stock. The pear, though	cultivated in classical times, appears, from Pliny
	477.1284	gardeners of the classical period, who	cultivated the best pear they could procure, never
	479.32	find. A large amount of change in our	cultivated plants, thus slowly and unconsciously
	479.279	of the plants which have been longest	cultivated in our flower and kitchen gardens. If
	505.1628	had always varied since it was	cultivated, but the slight varieties had been
	1189.485	In treatises on many kinds of	cultivated plants, certain varieties are said to
	2088.227	from species which have long been	cultivated are often variable in the first
	2094.1090	from species (excluding those long	cultivated) which have not had their reproductive
2			cultivating
	477.1094	It has consisted in always	cultivating the best known variety, sowing its
	796.1116	differences make a great difference in	cultivating the several varieties, assuredly, in a
6			cultivation
	289.70	being ceasing to be variable under	cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as
	291.708	remarkable effect which confinement or	cultivation has on the functions of the
	297.487	and plants withstand domestication or	cultivation, and vary very slightly—perhaps hardly
	303.141	under nature, but far from rare under	cultivation; and in this case we see that the
	1119.639	monstrosities, under domestication or	cultivation, than under nature, leads me to believe
	1297.1189	botanists rank as varieties produced by	cultivation from a common parent: if this be not so
1			cultivator
	515.1419	and of varieties is immense; for the	cultivator here quite disregards the extreme
1			cultivators
	419.549	of the various domestic animals and the	cultivators of plants, with whom I have ever
4			culture
	483.249	has afforded us a single plant worth	culture. It is not that these countries, so
	850.52	or on another plant. In plants under	culture and placed under new conditions of life
	2032.974	or any plant seed freely under	culture; nor can he tell, till he tries
	5173.110	with full Descriptions of the	Culture of the Tea Plant. Third Edition
5			cunningham
	4864.34	GOLDSMITHS WORKS. Edited by PETER	CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. Vignettes. 4 Vols. 30s
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	6126.133	from his Correspondence. By ALLAN	CUNNINGHAM. Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. WILKINSON
2			cunninghams
	4998.0	Edition, Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d.	CUNNINGHAMS (ALLAN) Life of Sir David Wilkie. With
	5002.0	Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. [page] 9	CUNNINGHAMS (ALLAN) Poems and Songs. Now first
1			curculio
	796.824	fruits suffer far more from a beetle, a	curculio, than those with down; that purple
1			cured
	1703.965	attack, and are then beaten; and if not	cured, they are destroyed; so that habit
1			cureton
	5032.0	and Works. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s.	CURETON (REV. W.) Remains of a very Ancient
1			curiosities
	5006.68	Present. A Handbook to the Antiquities,	Curiosities, Churches, Works of Art, Public
1			curiosity
	2661.250	The naturalist must feel little	curiosity, who is not led to inquire what this
25			curious
	295.5	CHAP. I. UNDER DOMESTICATION. this	curious subject; but to show how singular the
	313.355	between quite distinct parts are very	curious; and many instances are given in
	713.188	Perhaps Paraguay offers the most	curious instance of this; for here neither
	872.840	in all, such flowers, there is a very	curious adaptation between the structure of the
	964.944	of improved forms by man. Many	curious [page] 111 CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF
	1070.308	other fourteen new species will be of a	curious and circuitous nature. Having descended
	1323.26	remarkable. I will, however, give one	curious and complex case, not indeed as
	1546.986	given; for instance in plants, the very	curious contrivance of a mass of pollen-grains
	1689.221	of our domestic animals. A number of	curious and authentic instances could be given
	1747.651	with surprising courage. Now I was	curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea could
	1807.486	The manner in which the bees build is	curious; they always make the first rough wall
	1813.723	between these spheres. It was really	curious to note in cases of difficulty, as when
	1966.169	fertility. It is surprising in how many	curious ways this gradation can be shown to
	2020.57	species. And as we must look at the	curious and complex laws governing the facility
	2094.610	in the succeeding generations, is a	curious fact and deserves attention. For it
	2118.603	affinity, but is governed by several	curious and complex laws. It is generally
	2508.340	in France, although he finds in both a	curious accordance in the numbers of the
	3024.261	we are with respect to the many and	curious means of occasional transport,—a
	3203.511	to be its very soul. What can be more	curious than that the hand of a man, formed for
	3203.1370	spiral proboscis of a sphinx-moth, the	curious folded one of a bee or bug, and the
	3217.29	obscured. There is another and equally	curious branch of the present subject; namely
	3275.33	the same wild stock; hence I was	curious to see how far their puppies differed
	3309.513	of rudimentary organs are extremely	curious; for instance, the presence of teeth in
	3382.570	natural selection; and one of the most	curious of these is the existence of two or
	3540.1004	will come when this will be given as a	curious illustration of [page] 483 CHAP. XIV
3			curiously
	878.365	to be the case with the barberry; and	curiously in this very genus, which seems to have
	1695.33	VII. positions are inherited, and how	curiously they become mingled, is well shown when
	1695.456	which in a like manner become	curiously blended together, and for a long period
1			curling
	3744.2	variation in habits of, 91. ——	curling tail when going to spring, 201. Cattle
1			curls
	1596.706	almost as soon believe that the cat	curls the end of its tail when preparing to
2			currant
	2012.428	for instance, cannot be grafted on the	currant, whereas the currant will take, though
	2012.449	be grafted on the currant, whereas the	currant will take, though with difficulty, on
1			currants
	3807.0	blind, 137. Cuckoo, instinct of, 216.	Currants, grafts of, 262. Currents of sea, rate
12			currents
	892.778	fertilising hermaphrodites; but here	currents in the water offer an obvious means for
	2199.787	fine sediment is transported by the	currents of the sea, the process of accumulation
	2281.357	much interrupted, as a change in the	currents of the sea and a supply of sediment of
	2486.418	be owing to mere changes in marine	currents or other causes more or less local and
	2486.662	quite futile to look to changes of	currents, climate, or other physical conditions
	2717.1820	average rate of the several Atlantic	currents is 33 miles per diem (some currents
	2717.1856	currents is 33 miles per diem (some	currents running at the rate of 60 miles [page
	2749.196	but this is not strictly correct: the	currents of the sea are not accidental, nor is
	2749.946	distinct as we now see them to be. The	currents, from their course, would never bring
	2978.562	on icebergs, drifted by the prevailing	currents, this anomaly disappears. New Zealand
	2990.456	period been continuously united. The	currents of the sea are rapid and sweep across
	3808.0	of, 216. Currants, grafts of, 262.	Currents of sea, rate of, 359. Cuvier on
2			curvature
	381.107	of the face in length and breadth and	curvature differs enormously. The shape, as well
	852.628	size and form of the body, or in the	curvature and length of the proboscis, &c., far
1			curzons
	4994.0	New Edition. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12s.	CURZONS (HON. ROBERT) Visits to the Monasteries
1			custom
	1185.258	a very obscure question. That habit or	custom has some influence I must believe, both
6			customs
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	6128.74	of the Private Life, Manners, and	Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. New Edition
1			cut-away
	1807.905	middle; the masons always piling up the	cut-away cement, and adding fresh cement, on the
2			cutting
	852.359	save time; for instance, their habit of	cutting holes and sucking the nectar at the
	1807.765	ridge of cement, and then to begin	cutting it away equally on both sides near the
1			cuttings
	515.1305	which are temporarily propagated by	cuttings, buds, &c., the importance of the
2			cuttle-fish
	3255.687	thus Owen has remarked in regard to	cuttle-fish, "there is no metamorphosis; the
	3295.127	whole groups of animals, as with	cuttle-fish and spiders, and with a few members of
7			cuvier
	1638.454	so often insisted on by the illustrious	Cuvier, is fully embraced by the principle of
	1657.10	low in the scale of nature. Frederick	Cuvier and several of the older metaphysicians
	2339.608	the commencement of this great series.	Cuvier used to urge that no monkey occurred in
	2385.521	most eminent palæontologists, namely	Cuvier, Owen, Agassiz, Barrande, Falconer, E
	2514.933	fall in between existing groups.	Cuvier ranked the Ruminants and Pachyderms, as
	3247.807	instance of this: even the illustrious	Cuvier did not perceive that a barnacle was
	3809.0	of, 262. Currents of sea, rate of, 359.	Cuvier on conditions of existence, 206. ——on
2			cycles
	1102.129	points, and so on in almost endless	cycles. On the view that each species has been
	2869.229	has recently felt one of his great	cycles of change; and that on this view
1			cycling
	3592.567	and that, whilst this planet has gone	cycling on according to the fixed law of
1			cygnoides
	1950.331	from the common and Chinese geese (A.	cygnoides), species which are so different that
1			cylinder
	1819.1143	materials would be required than for a	cylinder. As natural selection acts only by the
2			cylinders
	1781.1314	same way as the rude humble-bee adds	cylinders of wax to the circular mouths of her
	1819.590	cells just begun, sweeping spheres or	cylinders, and building up intermediate planes
3			cylindrical
	1767.1406	it forms a nearly regular waxen comb of	cylindrical cells, in which the young are hatched
	1781.431	extent, and seeing what perfectly	cylindrical burrows in wood many insects can make
	1781.619	level layers, as she already does her	cylindrical cells; and we must further suppose, and
1			cyrene
	5247.60	in Northern Africa, Benghazi,	Cyrene, the Oasis of Siwah, &c. Second Edition