Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- H

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
2			h.m.s
	83.40	AUTHOR OF 'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES DURING	H.M.S. BEAGLE'S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD
	234.14	INTRODUCTION. WHEN on board	H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much
54			habit
	126.39	Causes of Variability — Effects of	Habit — Correlation of Growth — Inheritance
	250.1525	effects of external conditions, or of	habit, or of the volition of the plant itself
	311.0	the thickness of fur from climate.	Habit also has a decided influence, as in the
	375.640	has the singular and strictly inherited	habit of flying at a great height in a
	375.1314	down the breast; and it has the	habit of continually expanding slightly the
	425.264	conditions of life, and some little to	habit; but he would be a bold man who would
	491.1068	does the upper part of its œsophagus,—a	habit which is disregarded by all fanciers
	836.641	Now, if any slight innate change of	habit or of structure benefited an individual
	852.350	are to save time; for instance, their	habit of cutting holes and sucking the nectar
	988.1306	with the accompanying differences of	habit and constitution, determine that the
	1153.769	perfectly developed or from indolent	habit, will have had the best chance of
	1167.868	have some evidence of this gradation of	habit; for, as Schiodte remarks, "animals not
	1173.17	have been exposed. Acclimatisation.—	Habit is hereditary with plants, as in the
	1185.82	to any peculiar climate is due to mere	habit, and how much to the natural selection
	1185.249	is a very obscure question. That	habit or custom has some influence I must
	1189.251	the result must, I think, be due to	habit. On the other hand, I can see no reason
	1189.880	owe their constitutional differences to	habit. The case of the Jerusalem artichoke
	1191.43	the whole, I think we may conclude that	habit, [page] 143 CHAP. V. CORRELATION OF
	1353.550	have induced some slight modifications.	Habit in producing constitutional dif- [page
	1466.62	highly perfected for any particular	habit, as the wings of a bird for flight, we
	1657.85	have compared instinct with	habit. This comparison gives, I think, a
	1659.36	page] 209 CHAP. VII. INSTINCT LIKE	HABIT. If we suppose any habitual action to
	1661.165	between what originally was a	habit and an instinct becomes so close as not
	1661.536	of instincts have been acquired by	habit in one generation, and then transmitted
	1663.675	from, and are increased by, use or	habit, and are diminished or lost by disuse
	1663.800	But I believe that the effects of	habit are of quite subordinate importance to
	1689.79	to see the respective parts which	habit and the selection of so-called
	1697.124	from long-continued and compulsory	habit, but this, I think, is not true. No one
	1697.450	a slight tendency to this strange	habit, and that the long-continued selection
	1701.154	stand and hunt best. On the other hand,	habit alone in some cases has sufficed; no
	1701.534	wildness to extreme tameness, simply to	habit and long-continued close confinement
	1703.1000	not cured, they are destroyed; so that	habit, with some degree of selection, has
	1703.1155	young chickens have lost, wholly by	habit, that fear of the dog and cat which no
	1709.114	instincts have been lost partly by	habit, and partly by man selecting and
	1709.335	an accident. In some cases compulsory	habit alone has sufficed to produce such
	1709.428	changes; in other cases compulsory	habit has done nothing, and all has been the
	1709.568	but in most cases, probably,	habit and selection have acted together. We
	1717.1167	old bird profited by this occasional	habit, or if the young were made more
	1717.1627	inheritance the occasional and aberrant	habit of their mother, and in their turn
	1723.15	for her own offspring. The occasional	habit of birds laying their eggs in other
	1729.60	natural selection making an occasional	habit permanent, if of advantage to the
	1761.70	workers than to procreate them-the	habit of collecting pupæ originally for food
	1877.1280	manner profitable, without exercise or	habit having come into play. For no amount of
	1877.1339	play. For no amount of exercise, or	habit, or volition, in the utterly sterile
	1883.316	in any useful direction. In some cases	habit or use and disuse have probably come
	1885.638	males of our distinct Kitty-wrens,—a	habit wholly unlike that of any other known
	1938.423	most widely dissimilar in general	habit, "reproduced itself as perfectly as if
	1982.205	that plants most widely different in	habit and general appearance, and having
	3139.101	kept together from having the common	habit of tumbling; but the short-faced breed
	3139.176	breed has nearly or quite lost this	habit; nevertheless, without any reasoning or
	3484.468	architectural powers of the hive-bee.	Habit no doubt sometimes comes into play in
	3484.678	inherit the effects of long-continued	habit. On the view of all the species of the
	4006.0	correlation of, 143. H.	Habit, effect of, under domestication
	4242.3	Ostrich not capable of flight, 134. —,	habit of laying eggs together
1			habitants
	2787.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION,CHAP. XI.	habitants of the Old and New Worlds lived further
1			habitation
	1131.17	V. LAWS OF VARIATION. into the zone of	habitation of other species, often acquiring in a
1			habitations
	4080.31	Insects, colour of, fitted for	habitations, 84. —, sea-side, colours of
1			habit—correlation
	283.37	Causes of Variability—Effects of	Habit—Correlation of Growth—Inheritance—Character of
132			habits
	160.137	transitional varieties — Transitions in	habits of life — Diversified habits in the
	160.166	in habits of life — Diversified	habits in the same species — Species with
	160.208	in the same species — Species with	habits widely different from those of their
	166.30	Instincts comparable with	habits, but different in their origin
	359.373	communicated to me by Mr. Blyth, on the	habits, voice, and constitution, &c., of the
	389.1356	and this, considering their size,	habits, and remarkable characters, seems very
	389.1597	common rock-pigeon, which has the same	habits with the domestic breeds, has not been
	393.153	of so many species having similar	habits with the rock-pigeon seems to me a very
	395.168	agreeing generally in constitution,	habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of
	413.165	and in India; and that it agrees in	habits and in a great number of points of
	487.193	in their structure or in their	habits to man's wants or fancies. We can, I
	511.828	cats, from their nocturnal rambling	habits, cannot be matched, and, although so
	723.290	H. Newman, who has long attended to the	habits of humble-bees, believes that "more
	735.473	have so exactly the same strength,	habits, and constitution, that the original
	737.93	no means invariably, some similarity in	habits and constitution, and always in
	778.1164	modifications in the structure or	habits of one inhabitant would often give it
	812.319	sex, or in relation to wholly different	habits of life in the two sexes, as is
	824.94	of any animal have the same general	habits of life, but differ in structure
	836.812	young would probably inherit the same	habits or structure, and by the repetition of
	842.1154	placed, in relation to the size and	habits of the particular insects which visited
	964.578	the same structure, constitution, and	habits, generally come into the severest
	978.252	become in structure, constitution, and	habits, by so much will they be better enabled
	982.59	this in the case of animals with simple	habits. Take the case of a carnivorous
	982.663	carnivorous. The more diversified in	habits and structure the descendants of our
	1002.286	plants are diversified for different	habits of life, so will a greater number of
	1048.638	most nearly related to each other in	habits, constitution, and structure. Hence all
	1090.464	in structure, constitution, and	habits, to be advantageous to them, I think it
	1096.104	the more they diverge in structure,	habits, and constitution, of which we see
	1145.72	the early progenitor of the ostrich had	habits like those of a bustard, and that as
	1153.347	numerous, and which groups have	habits of life almost necessitating frequent
	1159.341	is even more subterranean in its	habits than the mole; and I was assured by a
	1159.747	to animals with subterranean	habits, a reduction in their size with the
	1183.1244	all tropical or sub-tropical in their	habits, ought not to be looked at as anomalies
	1219.445	whole group of descendants with diverse	habits, would naturally be thought to be
	1231.1082	rendered superfluous by the parasitic	habits of the Proteolepas, though effected by
	1279.143	fitted to more or less widely-different	habits, in exactly the same manner: and as
	1291.197	fit the males and females to different	habits of life, or the males to struggle with
	1311.539	in accordance with the diverse	habits of the species, and will not be left to
	1374.131	transitional varieties—Transitions in	habits of life—Diversified habits in the same
	1374.158	in habits of life—Diversified	habits in the same species—Species with habits
	1374.198	habits in the same species—Species with	habits widely different from those of their
	1380.80	having, for instance, the structure and	habits of a bat, could have been formed by the
	1380.177	of some animal with wholly different	habits? Can we believe that natural selection
	1436.34	page] 179 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONAL	HABITS. diate varieties will be liable to
	1442.62	of organic beings with peculiar	habits and structure.—It has been asked by the
	1442.237	been converted into one with aquatic	habits; for how could the animal in its
	1442.469	truly aquatic and strictly terrestrial	habits; and as each exists by a struggle for
	1442.565	clear that each is well adapted in its	habits to its place in nature. Look at the
	1448.175	one or two instances of transitional	habits and structures in closely allied
	1448.261	of the same genus; and of diversified	habits, either constant or occasional, in the
	1452.34	ones [page] 181 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONAL	HABITS. become modified, and all analogy
	1468.34	page] 183 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONAL	HABITS. tional grades between structures
	1470.59	structures fitted for very different	habits of life will rarely have been developed
	1472.69	instances of diversified and of changed	habits in the individuals of the same species
	1472.254	of its structure, for its changed	habits, or exclusively for one of its several
	1472.310	for one of its several different	habits. But it is difficult to tell, and
	1472.378	to tell, and immaterial for us, whether	habits generally change first and structure
	1472.495	of structure lead to changed	habits; both probably often change almost
	1472.573	simultaneously. Of cases of changed	habits it will suffice merely to allude to
	1472.738	artificial substances. Of diversified	habits innumerable instances could be given: I
	1476.654	and more aquatic in their structure and	habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a
	1478.55	see individuals of a species following	habits widely different from those both of
	1478.281	rise to new species, having anomalous	habits, and with their structure either
	1482.34	page] 185 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONAL	HABITS. berardi, in its general habits, in
	1484.24	HABITS. berardi, in its general	habits, in its astonishing power of diving
	1484.422	never have suspected its sub-aquatic	habits; yet this anomalous member of the
	1486.142	when he has met with an animal having	habits and structure not at all in agreement
	1486.875	cases, and many others could be given,	habits have changed without a corresponding
	1492.386	being vary ever so little, either in	habits or structure, and thus gain an
	1492.938	diving thrushes, and petrels with the	habits of auks. Organs of extreme perfection
	1546.292	if in members having very different	habits of life, we may attribute its presence
	1568.968	of life and with newly acquired	habits. To give a few instances to illustrate
	1586.1365	now have no direct relation to the	habits of life of each species. Thus, we can
	1590.890	animals having such widely diversified	habits. Therefore we may infer that these
	1618.93	in concluding that the most different	habits of life could not graduate into each
	1620.72	under new conditions of life change its	habits, or have diversified habits, with some
	1620.100	change its habits, or have diversified	habits, with some habits very unlike those of
	1620.118	or have diversified habits, with some	habits very unlike those of its nearest
	1620.396	diving thrushes, and petrels with the	habits of auks. Although the belief that an
	1638.293	and which is quite independent of their	habits of life. On my theory, unity of type is
	1647.30	Instincts comparable with	habits, but different in their origin
	1657.410	may be modified by the will or reason.	Habits easily become associated with other
	1657.453	easily become associated with other	habits, and with certain periods of time and
	1657.640	of resemblance between instincts and	habits could be pointed out. As in repeating a
	1683.218	be given, of occasional and strange	habits in certain species, which might, if
	1691.39	How strongly these domestic instincts,	habits, and dis- [page] 214 INSTINCT. CHAP
	1709.213	successive generations, peculiar mental	habits and actions, which at first appeared
	1717.1030	of our European cuckoo had the	habits of the American cuckoo; but that
	1725.251	in accordance with their parasitic	habits; for they do not possess the pollen
	1733.150	the southern parts of England, and its	habits have been attended to by Mr. F. Smith
	1741.630	aphides. This difference in the usual	habits of the masters and slaves in the two
	1755.170	what a contrast the instinctive	habits of F. sanguinea present with those of
	2046.237	derived from almost any change in the	habits of life. Again, both with plants and
	2060.1118	does not wish to alter their general	habits of life. Nature acts uniformly and
	2657.1075	animals having nearly the same	habits as our hares and rabbits and belonging
	2849.688	modifications in their structure,	habits, and constitutions will have profited
	2928.931	the others to their proper places and	habits, and will consequently have been little
	2972.334	species in every character, in their	habits, gestures, and tones of voice, was
	3057.591	even the same subgroup have different	habits. In our second and fourth chapters, on
	3075.409	of the structure which determined the	habits of life, and the general place of each
	3075.1019	organisation is concerned with special	habits, the more important it becomes for
	3075.1206	which are most remotely related to the	habits and food of an animal, I have always
	3151.284	especially those having very different	habits of life, it assumes high value; for we
	3151.396	in so many forms with such different	habits, only by its inheritance from a common
	3151.644	large group of beings having different	habits, we may feel almost sure, on the theory
	3179.1612	phascolomys having become adapted to	habits like those of a Rodent. The elder De
	3203.84	the same class, independently of their	habits of life, resemble each other in the
	3255.968	adapted to the most diverse and active	habits, or quite inactive, being fed by their
	3285.372	in accordance with their diverse	habits. Then, from the many slight successive
	3295.666	from their following exactly the same	habits of life with their parents; for in this
	3295.903	in accordance with their similar	habits. Some further explanation, however, of
	3295.1070	hand, it profited the young to follow	habits of life in any degree different from
	3295.1667	adult might become fitted for sites or	habits, in which organs of locomotion or of
	3301.746	differ from each other in structure and	habits, if they pass through the same or
	3339.157	that an organ rendered, during changed	habits of life, useless or injurious for one
	3359.636	specially modified in relation to their	habits of life, through the principle of
	3448.563	the whole constitution, structure, and	habits of each creature,—favouring the good
	3456.230	more as they become more diversified in	habits and structure, so as to be enabled to
	3464.406	a petrel should have been created with	habits and structure fitting it for the life
	3520.120	when it has become useless by changed	habits or under changed conditions [page
	3654.11	striped, 163. Ateuchus, 135, Audubon on	habits of frigate-bird, 185. —on variation in
	3743.17	blue eyes, deaf, 12. ——, variation in	habits of, 91. ——curling tail when going to
	4013.10	Azores, 363. Hazel-nuts, 359. Hearne on	habits of bears, 184. Heath, changes in
	4244.7	American, two species of, 349. Otter,	habits of, how acquired, 179. Ouzel, water
	4282.9	Period, glacial, 365. Petrels,	habits of, 184. Phasianus, fertility of
	4313.3	Pointer dog, origin of, 35. —,	habits of, 213. Poison not affecting certain
	4439.18	classification, 418. St. John, Mr., on	habits of cats, 91. Sting of bee, 202. Stocks
	4497.17	blind, 137. VIOLA. Tumbler pigeons,	habits of, hereditary, 214. ——, young of
	4584.38	Wolves, varieties of, 90. Woodpecker,	habits of, 184. —, green colour of
	5040.63	Fly Fishing. With some Account of the	Habits of Fishes belonging to the genus Salmo
	5966.102	with some Account of the Nature and	Habits of the Red Deer. Third Edition
	5968.100	Account of the Natural History and	Habits of the Salmon. Second Edition. Woodcuts
5			habitual
	970.1209	this alone would never account for so	habitual and large an amount of difference as
	1657.268	of its origin. How unconsciously many	habitual actions are performed, indeed not
	1657.890	forced to go back to recover the	habitual train of thought: so P. Huber found it
	1661.18	INSTINCT LIKE HABIT. If we suppose any	habitual action to become inherited-and I think
	4054.6	blended with instinct, 208. —, on	habitual nature of instincts, 208. —, on slave
15			habitually
	311.584	and goats in countries where they are	habitually milked, in comparison with the state of
	435.218	and to inspect the animals. Breeders	habitually speak of an animal's organisation as
	713.570	flies, numerous as they are, must be	habitually checked by some means, probably by
	842.1624	carried, at first occasionally and then	habitually, by the pollen-devouring insects from
	864.390	two individuals, either occasionally or	habitually, concur for the reproduction of their
	864.1043	animals which certainly do not	habitually pair, and a vast majority of plants are
	882.245	have in fact separated sexes, and must	habitually be crossed. How strange are these facts
	970.693	between species? That this does	habitually happen, we must infer from most of the
	1147.279	In the Onites apelles the tarsi are so	habitually lost, that the insect has been
	1155.119	coleoptera and lepidoptera, must	habitually use their wings to gain their
	1189.698	States, in which certain varieties are	habitually recommended for the northern, and
	1741.397	observation, in Switzerland the slaves	habitually work with their masters in making the
	1747.744	the pupæ of F. fusca, which they	habitually make into slaves, from those of the
	2699.80	cases, namely, with all organisms which	habitually unite for each birth, or which often
	3476.263	and then at certain moles, which are	habitually blind and have their eyes covered with
1			habituated
	1177.577	to a certain extent, naturally	habituated to different temperatures, or becoming
1			hairiness
	449.742	differ in size, colour, shape, and	hairiness, and yet the flowers present very
2			hairless
	317.325	by certain vegetable poisons.	Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth; long-haired
	3842.6	physiological, of labour, 115. Dogs,	hairless, with imperfect teeth, 12. —descended
2			hairs
	639.7	III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. to the	hairs of a quadruped or feathers of a bird
	3321.246	well developed, and is clothed with	hairs as in other compositæ, for the purpose
1			hairy
	325.567	of cases of albinism, prickly skin,	hairy bodies, &c., appearing in several
1			half-a-dozen
	2918.871	Ascension aboriginally possessed under	half-a-dozen flowering [page] 390 GEOGRAPHICAL
2			half-civilized
	393.865	domesticated in ancient times by	half-civilized man, as to be quite prolific under
	395.654	Hence it must be assumed not only that	half-civilized man succeeded in thoroughly
1			half-completed
	1795.400	the opposite sides; for I have noticed	half-completed rhombs at the base of a just-commenced
1			half-monstrous
	784.1199	He often begins his selection by some	half-monstrous form; or at least by some modification
1			half-yearly
	4640.94	Society of England. 8vo. 10s. Published	half-yearly. AMBER-WITCH (THE). The most
1			hallam's
	5237.0	Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d.	HALLAM'S (HENRY) Constitutional History of
1			hallams
	5802.0	s. 6d. ART OF DINING. 1s. 6d.	HALLAMS LITERARY ESSAYS. 2s. MAHONS JOAN OF
1			halting
	2707.1193	the sea, which may have served as	halting places for plants and for many animals
1			halting-place
	2651.390	ocean extends, with not an island as a	halting-place for emigrants; here we have a barrier
3			halting-places
	2651.1025	and we have innumerable islands as	halting-places, until after travelling over a
	2867.115	means of transport, and by the aid, as	halting-places, of existing and now sunken islands
	2962.307	of many islands having existed as	halting-places, of which not a wreck now remains, must
2			hamilton
	1333.24	cream-colour. I am aware that Colonel	Hamilton Smith, who has written on this subject
	4407.12	Slave-making instinct, 219. Smith, Col.	Hamilton, on striped horses, 164. ——, Mr. Fred
1			hamilton's
	5247.0	Edition. 10 Vols. Post 8vo. 6s. each.	HAMILTON'S (JAMES) Wanderings in Northern Africa
1			hammering
	1476.152	and I have many times seen and heard it	hammering the seeds of the yew on a branch, and
5			hammock
	1657.993	which makes a very complicated	hammock; for if he took a caterpillar which had
	1657.1055	a caterpillar which had completed its	hammock up to, say, the sixth stage of
	1657.1126	of construction, and put it into a	hammock completed up only to the third stage
	1657.1308	a caterpillar were taken out of a	hammock made up, for instance, to the third
	1657.1556	and, in order to complete its	hammock, seemed forced to start from the third
1			hampden's
	5251.0	Map. 2 Vols. 4to. 94s. 6d.	HAMPDEN'S (BISHOP) Essay on the Philosophical
1			hampshire
	1737.1543	June and August, both in Surrey and	Hampshire, and has never seen the slaves, though
11			handbook
	5006.39	PETER) London—Past and Present. A	Handbook to the Antiquities, Curiosities
	5141.0	With 45 Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. ———	Handbook of Architecture. Being a Concise and
	5157.17	Fcap. 8vo. 1s. FORD'S (RICHARD)	Handbook for Spain, Andalusia, Ronda, Valencia
	5320.0	Maps. Post 8vo. 12s. [page] 16	HANDBOOK OF LONDON, PAST AND PRESENT
	5366.16	Vols. Post 8vo. 12s. —— (SIR EDMUND)	Handbook of Paintingthe Spanish and French
	5562.20	Fcap. 8vo. 4s. KUGLERS (Dr. FRANZ)	Handbook to the History of Painting (the Italian
	5566.20	vo. Nearly Ready. LABARTES (M. JULES)	Handbook of the Arts of the Middle Ages and
	5582.16	Post 8vo. 5s. LESLIES (C. R.)	Handbook for Young Painters. With Illustra
	5908.4	Woodcuts. 2 vols. Post 8vo. 21s. ———	HANDBOOK FOR SYRIA AND PALESTINE: including an
	6132.3	and Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42s. ——	Handbook for Egypt.Thebes, the Nile, Alexandria
	6136.25	vo. 18s. —— (G. B.) Working Man's	Handbook to South Australia; with Advice to the
1			hand-book
	5272.0	Vols. Post 8vo. 12s. [page] 15	HAND-BOOK OF TRAVEL-TALK; or, Conversations in
1			handful
	729.415	the growth of the trees! Throw up a	handful of feathers, and all must fall to the
4			hands
	766.179	which we have seen is so potent in the	hands of man, apply in nature? I think we
	3289.398	adapted in one descendant to act as	hands, in another as paddles, in another as
	3289.1010	and having thus been converted into	hands, or paddles, or wings. Whatever
	4658.110	and Travellers in General. By Various	Hands. Third Edition, revised. "Woodcuts
1			hansen's
	4720.4	OF CIRCUMPOLAR STARS. 4to. 10s. 17.	HANSEN'S TABLES DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20s
1			hants
	5332.11	SUSSEX. Map. Post 8vo. 10s. —— SURREY,	HANTS, and the Isle of Wight.Maps. Post 8vo
6			happen
	970.704	species? That this does habitually	happen, we must infer from most of the
	1287.317	two instances, the first which	happen to stand on my list; and as the
	1697.893	line; and this is known occasionally to	happen, as I once saw in a pure terrier. When
	1789.483	bees, however, did not suffer this to	happen, and they stopped their excavations in
	1974.368	constitution of the individuals which	happen to have been chosen for the experiment
	2379.1490	formerly deposited; for it might well	happen that strata which had subsided some
6			happened
	1279.35	V. progenitor, for it can rarely have	happened that natural selection will have
	2255.257	to life. Still less could this have	happened during the alternate periods of
	2458.475	the same family. But it must often have	happened that a new species belonging to some
	2892.739	plants adhering to its back; and it has	happened to me, in removing a little duck-weed
	2984.919	views; for it may be asked, how has it	happened in the several islands situated within
	3032.1453	or not, as those which entered	happened to come in more or less direct
3			happens
	1859.1381	gradations of this kind. It often	happens that the larger or the smaller sized
	2948.54	transported foxes, as so frequently now	happens in the arctic regions. Yet it cannot be
	3135.832	fruit, though the most important part,	happens to be nearly identical; no one puts the
1			happen-then
	1661.107	can be shown that this does sometimes	happen-then the resemblance between what originally
1			happy
	755.396	that the vigorous, the healthy, and the	happy survive and multiply. [page
1			harassed
	1560.1243	by the flies, but they are incessantly	harassed and their strength reduced, so that
2			harcourt
	2928.621	there, as I am informed by Mr. E. V.	Harcourt. So that these two islands of Bermuda
	4010.0	Hair and teeth, correlated, 144.	Harcourt, Mr. E. V., on the birds of Madeira
1			harcourt's
	5253.0	with the Facts of Nature. 8vo. 9s. 6d.	HARCOURT'S (EDWARD VERNON) Sketch of Madeira; with
1			harder
	2213.1717	remember that almost all strata contain	harder layers or nodules, which from long
3			hardest
	810.1269	egg, which had the most powerful and	hardest beaks, for all with weak beaks would
	830.528	season of the year when the wolf is	hardest pressed for food. I can under such
	964.750	of its formation, will generally press	hardest on its nearest kindred, and tend to
67			hardly
	295.357	birds, with the rarest exceptions,	hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic
	297.531	and vary very slightly—perhaps	hardly more than in a state of nature. A long
	343.772	admitted, when we find that there are	hardly any domestic races, either amongst
	343.1266	could be shown that this statement is	hardly correct; but naturalists differ most
	365.592	we bear in mind that Britain has now	hardly one peculiar mammal, and France but few
	369.568	different races or speceies, I can	hardly believe. Sir J. Sebright expressly
	369.904	with another for several generations,	hardly two of them will be alike, and then the
	441.353	the principle would be so obvious as	hardly to be worth notice; but its importance
	447.50	is, in fact, also followed; for	hardly any one is so careless as to allow his
	449.920	differ at all in other points; this is	hardly ever, perhaps never, the case. The laws
	487.451	in internal parts or organs. Man can	hardly select, or only with much difficulty
	499.212	like a dialect of a language, can	hardly be said to have had a definite origin
	499.524	neighbourhood. But as yet they will	hardly have a distinct name, and from being
	511.910	much valued by women and children, we	hardly ever see a distinct breed kept up; such
	538.251	an inordinate amount of variation; and	hardly two naturalists can agree which forms
	558.92	only with much difficulty. We could	hardly wish for better evidence of the two
	566.920	now continuous, in which case he can	hardly hope to find the intermediate links
	828.595	breast of the turkey-cock, which can	hardly be either useful or ornamental to this
	878.560	are planted near each other, it is	hardly possible to raise pure seedlings, so
	908.1097	case the effects of intercrossing can	hardly be coun- [page] 103 CHAP. IV. TO
	1002.457	but little diversified, could	hardly compete with a set more perfectly
	1205.751	case of correlation, I think it can	hardly be accidental, that if we pick out the
	1225.890	species in a state of nature it can	hardly be maintained that the law is of
	1225.1083	here give any instances, for I see	hardly any way of distinguishing between the
	1287.430	a very unusual nature, the relation can	hardly be accidental. The same number of
	1384.50	structure, as the eye, of which we	hardly as yet fully understand the inimitable
	1498.54	insuperable by our imagination, can	hardly be considered real. How a nerve comes
	1498.125	a nerve comes to be sensitive to light,	hardly concerns us more than how life itself
	1530.15	for respiration. I can, indeed,	hardly doubt that all vertebrate animals
	1566.743	aid must be slight, for the hare, with	hardly any tail, can double quickly enough
	1586.1410	of life of each species. Thus, we can	hardly believe that the webbed feet of the
	1717.1351	mother's care, encumbered as she can	hardly fail to be by having eggs and young of
	1781.1443	in themselves not very wonderful,—	hardly more wonderful than those which guide a
	1833.322	trifling importance, that they could	hardly have been acted on by natural selection
	1898.284	species within the same country could	hardly have kept distinct had they been
	1948.18	VIII. STERILITY. hybrid animals, I	hardly know of an instance in which two
	2165.289	slowly through natural selection. It is	hardly possible for me even to recall to the
	2219.88	Wealden district, when upraised, could	hardly have been great, but it would somewhat
	2235.935	And if in each separate territory,	hardly any idea can be formed of the length of
	2249.564	it has as yet suffered, but which will	hardly last to a distant geological age, was
	2329.360	and close of each formation, pressed so	hardly on my theory. On the sudden appearance
	2345.1048	great group of species. But my work had	hardly been published, when a skilful
	2351.892	It is almost superfluous to remark that	hardly any fossil-fish are known from south of
	2402.121	the waters. Lyell has shown that it is	hardly possible to resist the evidence on this
	2420.696	the same object, might make a new breed	hardly distinguishable from our present
	2444.535	but what that something is, we can	hardly ever tell. On the supposition of the
	2480.588	the most skilful naturalist would	hardly be able to say whether the existing or
	2550.336	at the seventh stage; hence they could	hardly fail to be nearly intermediate in
	2570.1361	now occurring in New Zealand, and from	hardly a single inhabitant of the southern
	2637.975	almost every temperature. There is	hardly a climate or condition in the Old World
	2651.87	marine faunas are more distinct, with	hardly a fish, shell, or crab in common, than
	2651.1206	and distinct marine faunas. Although	hardly one shell, crab or fish is common to
	2723.1244	plants with large seeds or fruit could	hardly be transported by any other means; and
	2731.17	all germinated. Living birds can	hardly fail to be highly effective agents in
	2743.143	and the nest of a land-bird, I can	hardly doubt that they must occasionally have
	2886.1664	according to Valenciennes, there is	hardly a single group of fishes confined
	2948.252	islands, if close to a continent; and	hardly an island can be named on which our
	3006.422	species have very wide ranges. I can	hardly doubt that this rule is generally true
	3024.320	transport,—a subject which has	hardly ever been properly experimentised on
	3109.308	opposite ends of the series, which have	hardly a character in common; yet the species
	3159.762	of the greyhound and racehorse is	hardly more fanciful than the analogies which
	3233.777	having occurred, that naturalists can	hardly avoid employing language having this
	3251.125	though I am aware that it is	hardly possible to define clearly what is
	3277.998	that of the width of mouth—could	hardly be detected in the [page
	3392.504	sterile, for their constitutions can	hardly fail to have been disturbed from being
	3412.772	states; and these many links we could	hardly ever expect to discover, owing to the
	3512.628	importance to the being, are of	hardly any [page] 479 CHAP. XIV
1			hardness
	2006.776	in their rate of growth, in the	hardness of their wood, in the period of the
1			hardy
	1189.1749	has been published how much more	hardy some seedlings appeared to be than
4			hares
	687.320	the stock of partridges, grouse, and	hares on any large estate depends chiefly on
	836.431	bringing home winged game, another	hares or rabbits, and another hunting on
	1695.335	of shepherd-dogs a tendency to hunt	hares. These domestic instincts, when thus
	2657.1089	having nearly the same habits as our	hares and rabbits and belonging to the same
1			harmless
	3337.1345	reduce the organ, until it was rendered	harmless and rudimentary. Any change in
1			harmonious
	1361.1816	will add to the beautiful and	harmonious diversity of nature. [page] 170 LAWS
1			harmonises
	2116.25	CHAP. VIII. astonishing fact. But it	harmonises perfectly with the view that there is
1			harold
	4926.54	Pocket Edition, Containing Childe	Harold; Dramas, 2 Vols.; Tales and Poems
1			harolds
	4928.10	s. 6d Each volume. —— Childe	Harolds Pilgrimage. A New and beautifully
1			harris
	5860.14	c. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. NICOLAS' (SIR	HARRIS) Historic Peerage of England
1			harrison
	4732.40	MASKELYNE'S ACCOUNT OF THE GOING OF	HARRISON' WATCH. 1767. 4to. 2s. 6d. 21. MAYER'S
1			harrison's
	4722.4	S TABLES DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20s. 17.	HARRISON'S PRINCIPLES OF HIS TIME-KEEPER. PLATES
1			harrow
	6092.41	S (REV. DR.) Sermons preached in	Harrow School. 8vo. 10s. 6d. —— New Sermons
1			harsh
	1478.870	even in its colouring, in the	harsh tone of its voice, and undulatory
1			hart's
	5255.0	with Map and Plates. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d.	HART'S ARMY LIST. (Quarterly and Annually
2			hartung
	2743.797	At my request Sir C. Lyell wrote to M.	Hartung to inquire whether he had observed
	4011.0	E. V., on the birds of Madeira, 391.	Hartung, M., on boulders in the Azores
1			harvested
	731.1073	sweet-peas, they must be each year	harvested separately, and the seed then mixed in
2			hasty
	234.981	give them to show that I have not been	hasty in coming to a decision. My work is
	852.1105	pratense and incarnatum) do not on a	hasty glance appear to differ in length; yet
11			hatched
	381.1281	the nestling birds are clothed when	hatched. The shape and size of the eggs vary
	1205.513	less down on the young birds when first	hatched, with the future colour of their
	1536.122	to retain the eggs until they are	hatched within the sack. These cirripedes have
	1717.441	at a very early period; and the first	hatched young would probably have to be fed by
	1717.615	and has eggs and young successively	hatched, all at the same time. It has been
	1723.403	nest and then in another; and these are	hatched by the males. This instinct may
	1767.1448	cells, in which the young are	hatched, and, in addition, some large cells of
	2892.1171	of the extremely minute and just	hatched shells crawled on the feet, and clung
	2892.1381	would voluntarily drop off. These just	hatched molluscs, though aquatic in their
	3245.295	mother, in the egg of the bird which is	hatched in a nest, and in the spawn of a frog
	3277.199	breeds, within twelve hours after being	hatched; I carefully measured the proportions
1			hatches
	1950.630	the same parents but from different	hatches; and from these two birds he raised no
3			hatching
	810.982	so that fanciers assist in the act of	hatching. Now, if nature had to make the beak of
	1717.326	the case, the process of laying and	hatching might be inconveniently long, more
	2892.1103	many ova of fresh-water shells were	hatching; and I found that numbers of the
3			hatred
	1606.1001	ought to admire the savage instinctive	hatred of the queen-bee, which urges her
	1610.165	and maternal love or maternal	hatred, though the latter fortunately is most
	3470.830	by our fir-trees; at the instinctive	hatred of the queen bee for her own fertile
1			haunted
	3554.300	but they will not be incessantly	haunted by the shadowy doubt whether this or
2			haunting
	914.298	animal can long remain distinct, from	haunting different stations, from breeding at
	1743.286	by about a score of the slave-makers	haunting the same spot, and evidently not in
2			haunts
	2898.1035	to fly to their natural fresh-water	haunts. I do not believe that botanists are
	5526.26	vo. 9s. 6d. JESSE'S (EDWARD) Favorite	Haunts and Rural Studies; or Visits to Spots
253			having
	132.345	related to each other, and in	having restricted ranges
	240.423	who both knew of my work—the latter	having read my sketch of 1844—honoured me by
	244.45	regret that want of space prevents my	having the satisfaction of acknowledging the
	285.572	simply due to our domestic productions	having been raised under conditions of life
	291.550	male and female reproductive elements	having been affected prior to the act of
	295.816	I could give numerous instances), yet	having their reproductive system so seriously
	303.543	to the ovules or pollen, or to both,	having been affected by the treatment of the
	333.0	is clearly due to the male element.	Having alluded to the subject of reversion, I
	351.83	for domestication animals and plants	having an extraordinary inherent tendency to
	369.1223	case on record of a permanent race	having been thus formed. On the Breeds of the
	393.138	extermination of so many species	having similar habits with the rock-pigeon
	399.188	species, C. intermedia of Strickland,	having it bluish); the tail has a terminal
	407.61	namely, the improbability of man	having formerly got seven or eight supposed
	411.164	becoming nowhere feral; these species	having very abnormal characters in certain
	477.871	at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in	having produced such splendid results from
	477.1444	fruit, in some small degree, to their	having naturally chosen and preserved the best
	485.267	individuals of the same species,	having slightly different constitutions or
	499.1448	will be infinitely small of any record	having been preserved of such slow, varying
	511.1271	in main part to selection not	having been brought into play: in cats, from
	511.1632	and more especially from no pleasure	having been felt in the display of distinct
	524.335	related to each other, and in	having restricted ranges. BEFORE applying the
	542.608	can unite two forms together by others	having intermediate characters, he treats the
	544.108	a variety, the opinion of naturalists	having sound judgment and wide experience
	582.667	Hooker permits me to add, that after	having carefully read my manuscript, and
	596.820	more varieties should occur in a group	having many species, than in one having few
	596.853	group having many species, than in one	having few. To test the truth of this
	622.284	species is quite indefinite. In genera	having more than the average number of species
	701.365	feed on them; nor can the birds, though	having a superabundance of food at this one
	707.1280	of a single tree, nothing whatever else	having been done, with the exception that the
	737.405	United States of one species of swallow	having caused the decrease of another species
	770.87	can possibly survive) that individuals	having any advantage, however slight, over
	778.695	could Nature, but far more easily, from	having incomparably longer time at her
	816.535	depend not on general vigour, but on	having special weapons, confined to the male
	822.1242	can be explained on the view of plumage	having been chiefly modified by sexual
	846.809	not a grain of pollen can be detected.	Having found a female tree exactly sixty yards
	846.1380	bees, accidentally dusted with pollen,	having flown from tree to tree in search of
	884.694	from the pollen of a distinct variety	having a prepotent effect over a flower's own
	926.343	being surrounded by barriers, or from	having very peculiar physical conditions, the
	940.868	have endured to the present day, from	having inhabited a confined area, and from
	940.911	inhabited a confined area, and from	having thus been exposed to less severe
	948.398	the immigration of better adapted forms	having been checked. But the action of natural
	964.526	genus or of related genera,—which, from	having nearly the same structure, constitution
	970.232	even strongly-marked ones, though	having somewhat of the character of species—as
	976.113	A fancier is struck by a pigeon	having a slightly shorter beak; another
	976.183	another fancier is struck by a pigeon	having a rather longer beak; and on the
	1038.386	their original stocks, without either	having given off any fresh branches or races
	1040.117	forms, a10, f10, and m10, which, from	having diverged in character during the
	1048.247	necessarily acts by the selected form	having some advantage in the struggle for life
	1054.151	varieties will have become extinct,	having been replaced by eight new species (a
	1060.504	q14, p14, will be nearly related from	having recently branched off from a10; b14 and
	1060.561	off from a10; b14 and f14, from	having diverged at an earlier period from a
	1060.756	related one to the other, but from	having diverged at the first commencement of
	1070.339	be of a curious and circuitous nature.	Having descended from a form which stood
	1080.215	natural selection acts through one form	having some advantage over other forms in the
	1084.1183	few of the more ancient species	having transmitted descendants, and on the
	1108.32	IV. which are known to us only from	having been found in a fossil state. As we
	1108.456	been saved from fatal competition by	having inhabited a protected station. As buds
	1133.429	be due to the warmest-clad individuals	having been favoured and preserved during many
	1147.338	the insect has been described as not	having them. In some other genera they are
	1153.700	which flew least, either from its wings	having been ever so little less perfectly
	1159.550	the cause, as appeared on dissection,	having been inflammation of the nictitating
	1167.167	on the common view of the blind animals	having been separately created for the
	1167.619	we must suppose that American animals,	having ordinary powers of vision, slowly
	1177.1156	of species within historical times	having largely extended their range from
	1185.140	to the natural selection of varieties	having different innate constitutions, and how
	1219.376	and these two modifications,	having been transmitted to a whole group of
	1239.316	and therefore to natural selection	having no power to check deviations in their
	1245.1114	because there is a whole group of bats	having wings; it would apply only if some one
	1275.37	On the ordinary view of each species	having been independently created, why should
	1287.1070	at all the species of the same genus as	having as certainly descended from the same
	1293.874	due to the species of the same group	having descended from a common progenitor
	1293.1136	have not varied,—to natural selection	having more or less completely, according to
	1293.1365	and to variations in the same parts	having been accumulated by natural and sexual
	1297.843	due to the several races of the pigeon	having inherited from a common parent the same
	1297.1435	to the ordinary view of each species	having been independently created, we should
	1305.76	that characters should reappear after	having been lost for many, perhaps for
	1357.804	perhaps arising from such parts not	having been closely specialised to any
	1376.12	of Natural Selection. LONG before	having arrived at this part of my work, a
	1380.40	Secondly, is it possible that an animal	having, for instance, the structure and habits
	1404.192	But in the intermediate region,	having intermediate conditions of life, why do
	1442.390	same group carnivorous animals exist	having every intermediate grade between truly
	1470.722	will always be less, from their	having existed in lesser numbers, than in the
	1478.264	have given rise to new species,	having anomalous habits, and with their
	1486.135	surprise when he has met with an animal	having habits and structure not at all in
	1500.400	and for the chance of some gradations	having been transmitted from the earlier
	1522.997	their swimbladders, this latter organ	having a ductus pneumaticus for its supply
	1530.56	doubt that all vertebrate animals	having true lungs have descended by ordinary
	1546.270	same class, especially if in members	having very different habits of life, we may
	1562.121	to an early progenitor, and, after	having been slowly perfected at a [page
	1566.498	accounted for. A well-developed tail	having been formed in an aquatic animal, it
	1568.572	the external characters of animals	having a will, to give one male an advantage
	1590.859	than they now are to these animals	having such widely diversified habits
	1590.1258	conditions) may be viewed, either as	having been of special use to some ancestral
	1606.39	If we look at the sting of the bee, as	having originally existed in a remote
	1622.797	an air-breathing lung. The same organ	having performed [page] 205 CHAP. VI. SUMMARY
	1626.50	very different functions, and then	having been specialised for one function; and
	1626.121	function; and two very distinct organs	having performed at the same time the same
	1626.182	same time the same function, the one	having been perfected whilst aided by the
	1638.656	and inorganic conditions of life; or by	having adapted them during long-past periods
	1669.625	allowance for the instincts of animals	having been but little observed except in
	1669.1013	be facilitated by the same species	having different instincts at different
	1717.1227	were made more vigorous by advantage	having been taken of the mistaken maternal
	1717.1372	as she can hardly fail to be by	having eggs and young of different ages at the
	1793.171	thin little plates of the vermilion wax	having been left ungnawed, were situated, as
	1803.172	correct; the first commencement	having always been a little hood of wax; but I
	1813.307	his brush-by atoms of the coloured wax	having been taken from the spot on which it
	1831.123	can be explained by natural selection	having taken advantage of numerous, successive
	1831.232	of simpler instincts; natural selection	having by slow degrees, more and more
	1831.707	of the process of natural selection	having been economy of wax; that individual
	1831.807	least honey in the secretion of wax,	having succeeded best, and having transmitted
	1831.834	of wax, having succeeded best, and	having transmitted by inheritance its newly
	1843.0	page] 237 CHAP. VII. NEUTER INSECTS.	having been born with some slight profitable
	1845.775	see no real difficulty in any character	having become correlated with the sterile
	1851.889	a tendency to produce sterile members	having the same modification. And I believe
	1863.255	workers have their ocelli rudimentary.	Having carefully dissected several specimens
	1871.235	of jaw, or all of small size with jaws	having a widely different structure; or lastly
	1871.463	size and structure;—a graduated series	having been first formed, as in the case of
	1871.596	being the most useful to the community,	having been produced in greater and greater
	1877.1286	profitable, without exercise or habit	having come into play. For no amount of
	1924.1785	be accounted for by close interbreeding	having been avoided. Now let us turn to the
	1930.434	s great horticultural skill, and by his	having hothouses at his command. Of his many
	1980.145	This is clearly shown by hybrids never	having been raised between species ranked by
	1982.239	in habit and general appearance, and	having strongly marked differences in every
	1986.1701	very same two species, the one species	having first been used as the father and then
	1992.307	are certain hybrids which instead of	having, as is usual, an intermediate character
	2022.598	as would be the case with a plant	having a pistil too long for the pollen-tubes
	2032.1290	believe, to their reproductive systems	having been specially affected, though in a
	2038.197	different structures and constitutions	having been blended into one. For it is
	2040.680	one case from the conditions of life	having been disturbed, in the other case from
	2040.743	in the other case from the organisation	having been disturbed by two organisations
	2040.786	been disturbed by two organisations	having been compounded into one. It may seem
	2094.187	varieties (very few experiments	having been tried on natural varieties), and
	2112.213	varieties. If we look at species as	having been specially created, and at
	2112.264	specially created, and at varieties as	having been produced by secondary laws, this
	2165.223	amount of organic change, all changes	having been effected very slowly through
	2165.569	the future historian will recognise as	having produced a revolution in natural
	2201.209	of the lapse of time. I remember	having been much struck with the evidence of
	2207.455	pile of rocks on the one or other side	having been smoothly swept away. The
	2227.734	formation, without the underlying bed	having suffered in the interval any wear and
	2239.242	the belief of vast intervals of time	having elapsed between each formation. But we
	2273.191	America than in those of Europe; time	having apparently been required for their
	2277.82	that of the glacial period, instead of	having been really far greater, that is
	2285.558	given of the lower beds of a formation	having been upraised, denuded, submerged, and
	2307.353	intermediate varieties; and this not	having been effected, is probably the gravest
	2339.314	of mammals was always spoken of as	having abruptly come in at the commencement of
	2339.974	fact of not a single bone of a whale	having been discovered in [page
	2345.40	I may give another instance, which from	having passed under my own eyes has much
	2351.1215	a similarly confined range, and after	having been largely developed in some one sea
	2402.511	and only one or two are new forms,	having here appeared for the first time
	2412.1140	and coleopterous insects of Madeira	having come to differ considerably from their
	2418.234	depends on great masses of sediment	having been deposited on areas whilst
	2434.307	of all the inhabitants of the earth	having been swept away at successive periods
	2438.133	periods; some groups, as we have seen,	having endured from the earliest known dawn of
	2438.210	dawn of life to the present day; some	having disappeared before the close of the
	2452.144	species, is produced and maintained by	having some advantage over those with which it
	2480.47	marine forms of life are spoken of as	having changed simultaneously throughout the
	2488.669	homes, and are most widely diffused,	having produced the greatest number of new
	2500.188	well with the principle of new species	having been formed by dominant species
	2500.342	dominant owing to inheritance, and to	having already had some advantage over their
	2506.267	of the world; but we are far from	having any right to conclude that this has
	2522.433	as the Lepidosiren, is discovered	having affinities directed towards very
	2562.60	conditions of the ancient areas	having remained nearly the same. Let it be
	2570.105	for each new species is formed by	having had some advantage in the struggle for
	2570.1415	inhabitant of the southern hemisphere	having become wild in any part of Europe, we
	2578.511	it would be vain to look for animals	having the common embryological character of
	2596.702	species; so that if six genera, each	having eight species, be found in one
	2596.1323	old species and the other whole genera	having become utterly extinct. In failing
	2626.408	by ordinary generation: old forms	having been supplanted by new and improved
	2637.1203	organisms confined to any small spot,	having conditions peculiar in only a slight
	2657.1052	we see the agouti and bizcacha, animals	having nearly the same habits as our hares and
	2663.528	of life from one region into another	having been effected with more or less ease
	2677.1270	in such cases as Great Britain	having been formerly united to Europe, and
	2683.89	that the view of each species	having been produced in one area alone, and
	2683.133	been produced in one area alone, and	having subsequently migrated from that area as
	2687.1090	explained on the view of each species	having migrated from a single birthplace; then
	2723.1014	about 10/100 plants of a flora, after	having been dried, could be floated across a
	2735.899	hemp, clover, and beet germinated after	having been from twelve to twenty-one hours in
	2735.1020	prey; and two seeds of beet grew after	having been thus retained for two days and
	2755.338	the apparent possibility of their	having migrated from one to the other. It is
	2767.598	isolated on distant mountain-summits (	having been exterminated on all lesser heights
	2819.74	at least of broad longitudinal belts,	having been simultaneously colder from pole to
	2851.490	in the north, and to the northern forms	having existed in their own homes in greater
	2851.548	their own homes in greater numbers, and	having consequently been advanced through
	2882.133	in most cases be explained by their	having become fitted, in a manner highly
	2886.611	recent period in the level of the land,	having caused rivers to flow into each other
	2886.697	Instances, also, could be given of this	having occurred during floods, without any
	2904.164	they reject many other kinds after	having swallowed them; even small fish swallow
	2910.1005	forget the probability of many species	having formerly ranged as continuously as
	2910.1111	ever can range, over immense areas, and	having subsequently become extinct in
	2924.616	in a new and isolated district, and	having to compete with new associates, will be
	2924.1016	species which do not become modified	having immigrated with facility and in a body
	2936.568	seeds, would form an endemic species,	having as useless an appendage as any
	2936.1156	tree, when established on an island and	having to compete with herbaceous plants alone
	2960.362	orders of plants,—herbaceous forms	having been developed into trees, &c.,—seem to
	2960.476	view of occasional means of transport	having been largely efficient in the long
	2960.580	the view of all our oceanic islands	having been formerly connected by continuous
	2962.289	But the probability of many islands	having existed as halting-places, of which not
	2966.796	that land-shells, when hybernating and	having a membranous diaphragm over the mouth
	2984.988	situated within sight of each other,	having the same geological nature, the same
	2988.113	expected on the view of the islands	having been stocked by occasional means of
	2988.201	a seed, for instance, of one plant	having been brought to one island, and that of
	2998.587	of the Galapagos Archipelago, not	having universally spread from island to
	3000.284	have been derived,—the colonists	having been subsequently modified and better
	3010.1020	the view of all the species of a genus	having descended from a single parent, though
	3032.1079	importance, we can see why two areas	having nearly the same physical conditions
	3044.32	XII. fairly be attributed to our not	having as yet discovered in an intermediate
	3044.494	means of transport, and by the species	having become extinct in the intermediate
	3044.1492	or to those which have changed after	having migrated into distant quarters, in both
	3081.531	this constancy depends on such organs	having generally been subjected to less change
	3081.1473	the genera of the Connaraceæ "differ in	having one or more ovaria, in the existence or
	3139.30	XIII. in the important character of	having a longer beak, yet all are kept
	3139.83	beak, yet all are kept together from	having the common habit of tumbling; but the
	3151.262	and different species, especially those	having very different habits of life, it
	3151.627	throughout a large group of beings	having different habits, we may feel almost
	3173.92	to show, on the principle of each group	having generally diverged much in character
	3173.358	A few old and intermediate parent-forms	having occasionally transmitted to the present
	3173.687	we have some evidence of aberrant forms	having suffered severely from extinction, for
	3179.1201	to all or nearly all Marsupials, from	having partially retained the character of
	3179.1587	analogical, owing to the phascolomys	having become adapted to habits like those of
	3197.457	of both sexes and of all ages, although	having few characters in common, under one
	3233.333	vertebræ, both jaws and legs, &c.,—as	having been metamorphosed, not one from the
	3233.739	of a modification of this nature	having occurred, that naturalists can hardly
	3233.809	can hardly avoid employing language	having this plain signification. On my view
	3239.384	mentioned by Agassiz, namely, that	having forgotten to ticket the embryo of some
	3251.1608	developed either into hermaphrodites	having the ordinary structure, or into what I
	3261.100	for itself;—of the embryo apparently	having sometimes a higher organisation than
	3263.886	to the male and female sexual elements	having been affected by the conditions to
	3267.122	a bird which obtained its food best by	having a long beak, whether or not it assumed
	3275.660	by selection under domestication; but	having had careful measurements made of the
	3285.437	slight successive steps of variation	having supervened at a rather late age, and
	3285.481	supervened at a rather late age, and	having been inherited at a corresponding
	3289.906	mature animal; the limbs in the latter	having undergone much modification at a rather
	3289.978	at a rather late period of life, and	having thus been converted into hands, or
	3295.538	carried on for many generations,	having to provide for their own wants at a
	3301.1881	in a long course of modification	having super- [page] 450 RUDIMENTARY ORGANS
	3305.48	a very early age, or by the variations	having been inherited at an earlier period
	3315.542	instances are on record of these organs	having become well developed in full-grown
	3315.596	well developed in full-grown males, and	having secreted milk. So again there are
	3392.337	degree sterile from their constitutions	having been disturbed by slightly different
	3440.13	will turn the balance. With animals	having separated sexes there will in most
	3440.302	But success will often depend on	having special weapons or means of defence, or
	3454.818	relations on the view of each species	having been independently created, but are
	3478.37	On the ordinary view of each species	having been independently created, why should
	3484.734	of all the species of the same genus	having descended from a common parent, and
	3484.777	descended from a common parent, and	having inherited much in common, we can
	3488.167	species. On the view of instincts	having been slowly acquired through natural
	3518.1014	of an air-breathing mammal or bird	having branchial slits and arteries running in
	3524.517	the upper jaw, from an early progenitor	having well-developed teeth; and we may
	3524.685	by disuse or by the tongue and palate	having been fitted by natural selection to
	3524.1011	organic being and each separate organ	having been specially created, how utterly
	3574.322	formation will be recognised as	having depended on an unusual concurrence of
	3574.439	between the successive stages as	having been of vast duration. But we shall be
	3592.467	view of life, with its several powers,	having been originally breathed into a few
8			hawks
	713.702	whose numbers are probably regulated by	hawks or beasts of prey) were to increase in
	792.639	suffer largely from birds of prey; and	hawks are guided by eyesight to their prey
	2735.304	blown to the distance of 500 miles, and	hawks are known to look out for tired birds
	2735.531	pigeons from France to England, as the	hawks on the English coast destroyed so many
	2735.599	so many on their arrival. Some	hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and
	3721.6	Mr., on house-tumblers, 214. —, on	hawks killing pigeons, 362. Brewer, Dr., on
	3739.26	of, 110, 375. Carrier-pigeons killed by	hawks, 362. Cassini on flowers of compositæ
	4298.23	tumbling, 214. —, carriers, killed by	hawks, 362. —, young of, 445. Pistil
1			hay's
	5257.0	LIST. (Quarterly and Annually.) 8vo.	HAY'S (J. H. DRUMMOND) Western Barbary, its
1			haygarth
	5490.33	BUSH LIFE IN AUSTRALIA. By H. W.	HAYGARTH. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF HENRY STEFFENS
2			hazard
	2418.629	an occasional scene, taken almost at	hazard, in a slowly changing drama. We can
	3574.215	but as a poor collection made at	hazard and at rare intervals. The accumulation
2			hazel-nuts
	2717.834	floated much longer; for instance, ripe	hazel-nuts sank immediately, but when dried, they
	4012.0	M., on boulders in the Azores, 363.	Hazel-nuts, 359. Hearne on habits of bears
2			head's
	5346.0	With 200 Illustrations. 8vo. 18s.	HEAD'S (SIR FRANCIS) Rough Notes of some Rapid
	5806.0	ESSAYS. 2s. MAHONS JOAN OF ARC. 1s.	HEAD'S EMIGRANT. 2s. 6d. NIMROD ON THE ROAD
1			head—indeed
	3263.208	But we have little evidence on this	head—indeed the evidence rather points the other
6			heads
	1211.610	informs me, in species with the densest	heads that the inner and outer flowers most
	1378.69	may be classed under the following	heads:— Firstly, why, if species have
	1390.14	fertility is unimpaired? The two first	heads shall be here discussed-Instinct and
	1853.699	a wonderful sort of shield on their	heads, the use of which is quite unknown: in
	1869.130	suppose that the larger workmen had	heads four instead of three times as big as
	3309.621	when grown up have not a tooth in their	heads; and the presence of teeth, which never
4			health
	236.105	more years to complete it, and as my	health is far from strong, I have been urged
	1177.209	warmer countries which here enjoy good	health. We have reason to believe that species
	2032.199	the sterility is independent of general	health, and is often accompanied by excess of
	2034.219	independently of the general state of	health, is affected by sterility in a very
4			healthy
	295.760	perfectly tamed, long-lived, and	healthy (of which I could give numerous
	755.379	prompt, and that the vigorous, the	healthy, and the happy survive and multiply
	1936.621	in these experiments appeared perfectly	healthy, and although both the ovules and
	2026.731	hybrids, when once born, are generally	healthy and long-lived, as we see in the case
3			heard
	325.525	to inheritance. Every one must have	heard of cases of albinism, prickly skin
	725.611	how false a view is this! Every one has	heard that when an American forest is cut
	1476.143	head; and I have many times seen and	heard it hammering the seeds of the yew on a
2			hearne
	1476.280	America the black bear was seen by	Hearne swimming for hours with widely open
	4013.0	in the Azores, 363. Hazel-nuts, 359.	Hearne on habits of bears, 184. Heath, changes
1			hears
	2657.516	clearly related, replace each other. He	hears from closely allied, yet distinct kinds
1			heart
	1747.1220	yellow ants had crawled away, they took	heart and carried off the pupæ. One evening
5			heartsease
	449.607	flowers; how unlike the flowers of the	heartsease are, and how alike the leaves; how much
	477.239	we now see in the varieties of the	heartsease, rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other
	477.409	would ever expect to get a first-rate	heartsease or dahlia from the seed of a wild plant
	719.577	to the fertilisation of the	heartsease (Viola tricolor), for other bees do not
	723.37	extinct or very rare in England, the	heartsease and red clover would become very rare
1			hearty
	2904.1034	flying to another pond and getting a	hearty meal of fish, would probably reject
1			heated
	2383.15	OF THE CHAP. IX. must have been	heated under great pressure, have always
14			heath
	707.376	there was a large and extremely barren	heath, which had never been touched by the
	707.624	vegetation of the planted part of the	heath was most remarkable, more than is
	707.934	which could not be found on the	heath. The effect on the insects must have
	707.1095	which were not to be seen on the	heath; and the heath was frequented by two or
	707.1110	not to be seen on the heath; and the	heath was frequented by two or three distinct
	711.211	hundreds of acres of the unenclosed	heath, and literally I could not see a single
	711.348	closely between the stems of the	heath, I found a multitude of seedlings and
	711.708	raise its head above the stems of the	heath, and had failed. No wonder that, as
	711.851	vigorously growing young firs. Yet the	heath was so extremely barren and so
	1749.303	forty yards, to a very thick clump of	heath, whence I saw the last individual of F
	1749.443	to find the desolated nest in the thick	heath. The nest, however, must have been
	1753.75	in its mouth on the top of a spray of	heath over its ravaged home. Such are the
	4014.0	Hearne on habits of bears, 184.	Heath, changes in vegetation, 72, Heer, O
	4429.15	in structure, 180. Staffordshire,	heath, changes in, 72. Stag-beetles, fighting
1			heather
	792.331	in winter, the red-grouse the colour of	heather, and the black-grouse that of peaty
1			heath-plants
	707.773	only the proportional numbers of the	heath-plants were wholly changed, but twelve species
1			heaths
	707.1489	in Surrey. Here there are extensive	heaths, with a few clumps of old Scotch firs
1			heavily
	3420.243	I have felt these difficulties far too	heavily during many years to [page
4			heavy
	675.281	at some period of its life; that	heavy destruction inevitably falls either on
	1337.136	apply it to breeds so distinct as the	heavy Belgian cart-horse, Welch ponies, cobs
	1448.43	as on other occasions, I lie under a	heavy disadvantage, for out of the many
	3275.751	of a three-days old colt of a race and	heavy cart-horse, I find that the colts have
2			heber
	5259.0	and savage Animals. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d.	HEBER (BISHOP) Parish Sermons; on the Lessons
	5418.29	BORROW. JOURNALS IN INDIA. By BISHOP	HEBER. TRAVELS IN THE HOLY LAND. By CAPTAINS
3			hebrides
	4836.65	Dr. Johnson. Including the Tour to the	Hebrides. Edited by Mr. CROKER. Third Edition
	5020.55	of Johnson. Including the Tour to the	Hebrides. Third Edition. Portraits. Royal 8vo
	5532.73	Boswell. Including the Tour to the	Hebrides, with Notes by SIR W. SCOTT. Edited by
2			heels
	375.728	and tumbling in the air head over	heels. The runt is a bird of great size, with
	1697.709	inches high without going head over	heels. It may be doubted whether any one
14			height
	375.667	inherited habit of flying at a great	height in a compact flock, and tumbling in the
	1412.364	ought to cause surprise, as climate and	height or depth graduate away insensibly. But
	2205.95	cliffs of one or two thousand feet in	height; for the gentle slope of the lava
	2205.431	or thrown down on the other, to the	height or depth of thousands of feet; for
	2213.781	wears away a line of cliff of any given	height, we could measure the time requisite to
	2213.1002	sea would eat into cliffs 500 feet in	height at the rate of one inch in a century
	2213.1165	we were to assume a cliff one yard in	height to be eaten back along a whole line of
	2213.1887	I conclude that for a cliff 500 feet in	height, a denudation [page] 287 CHAP. IX
	2811.503	mound of detritus, about 800 feet in	height, crossing a valley of the Andes; and
	2843.1097	same with that now felt there at the	height of six or seven thousand feet. During
	2869.921	from the arctic lowlands to a great	height under the equator. The various beings
	2972.1006	nature of the islands, in their	height or climate, or in the proportions in
	2972.1351	nature of the soil, in climate,	height, and size of the islands, between the
	2984.1032	the same geological nature, the same	height, climate, &c., that many of the
5			heights
	554.619	they ascend mountains to different	heights; they have different geographical
	1177.748	Hooker from trees growing at different	heights on the Himalaya, were found in this
	2767.637	having been exterminated on all lesser	heights) and in the arctic regions of both
	2823.512	of the peninsula of India, on the	heights of Ceylon, and on the volcanic cones of
	2823.1079	hear from Dr. Hooker, extend along the	heights of the peninsula of Malacca, and are
1			heiress
	5372.0	Enlarged. Fcap. Svo. 4s. [page] 17	HEIRESS (THE) in Her Minority; or, The Progress
5			helena
	2922.137	island which can be named. In St.	Helena there is reason to believe that the
	4437.4	of certain varieties, 269. St.	Helena, productions of, 389. St. Hilaire, Aug
	5171.30	vo. 12s. —— History of Napoleon at St.	Helena. From the Letters and Journals of SIR
	5642.81	during the Captivity of Napoleon at St.	Helena. By WILLIAM FORSYTH. Portrait. 3 ols
	6098.77	at the Cape of Good Hope, and St.	Helena. By Author of "PADDIANA." Post 8vo. 9s
2			helix
	2966.1084	seven days: one of these shells was the	Helix pomatia, and after it had again
	4016.0	Heer, O., on plants of Madeira, 107.	Helix pomatia, 397. Helosciadium
1			hellenica
	5594.12	Map. 8vo. 6s.6d. ——Numismata	Hellenica. A Catalogue of Greek Coins. With Map
2			helosciadium
	2717.1097	germinated: the ripe seeds of	Helosciadium sank in two days, when dried they
	4017.0	of Madeira, 107. Helix pomatia, 397.	Helosciadium, 359. Hemionus, striped, 163. Herbert
1			helpless
	1731.703	their masters in their jaws. So utterly	helpless are the masters, that when Huber shut
1			helps
	635.744	as the foundation for the work,	helps us but little in understanding how
8			hemionus
	1323.891	seen with a double shoulder-stripe. The	hemionus has no shoulder-stripe; but traces of
	1339.1037	of a second case) from the ass and the	hemionus; and this hybrid, though the ass seldom
	1339.1118	seldom has stripes on its legs and the	hemionus has none and has not even a shoulder
	1339.1580	stripes on this hybrid from the ass and	hemionus, [page] 166 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V
	1349.298	or more wild stocks, of the ass, the	hemionus, quagga, and zebra. He who believes
	3712.14	of Indian cattle, 18. —, on striped	Hemionus, 163. —, on crossed geese, 253. Boar
	4018.0	Helix pomatia, 397. Helosciadium, 359.	Hemionus, striped, 163. Herbert, W., on struggle
	4321.24	fir-trees, 203, Poole, Col., on striped	hemionus, 163. Potamogeton, 387. Prestwich, Mr
15			hemisphere
	2480.717	most closely those of the southern	hemisphere. So, again, several highly competent
	2570.1404	a single inhabitant of the southern	hemisphere having become wild in any part of
	2643.16	living productions! In the southern	hemisphere, if we compare large tracts of land in
	2651.1071	places, until after travelling over a	hemisphere we come to the shores of Africa; and
	2801.740	by a continent and by nearly a	hemisphere of equatorial ocean. These cases of
	2833.102	in the southern parts of the southern	hemisphere, and on the mountain-ranges of the
	2833.492	of the earth and in the southern	hemisphere are of doubtful value, being ranked by
	2849.165	temperate latitudes of the opposite	hemisphere. Although we have reason to believe
	2849.519	mountains, and in the southern	hemisphere. These being surrounded by strangers
	2863.660	other distant points of the southern	hemisphere, is, on my theory of descent with
	2863.1174	in the southern, as in the northern	hemisphere, to a former and warmer period, before
	2867.51	to various points of the southern	hemisphere by occasional means of transport, and
	3922.13	in fresh water, 321. —of southern	hemisphere, 376. Flight, powers of, how acquired
	4355.29	on fishes of the southern	hemisphere, 376. Robinia, grafts of, 262. [page
	4774.71	OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE SOUTHERN	HEMISPHERE. 1764—1771. 1788. 4to.10s. 6d. BABBAGE
4			hemispheres
	2681.230	points of the northern and southern	hemispheres? The answer, as I believe, is, that
	2767.680	and in the arctic regions of both	hemispheres. Thus we can understand the identity
	2825.610	lowlands of the northern and southern	hemispheres, are sometimes [page] 376 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2849.859	brethren of the northern or southern	hemispheres, now exist in their new homes as well
99			hence
	317.596	and those with long beaks large feet.	Hence, if man goes on selecting, and thus
	333.226	character to their aboriginal stocks.	Hence it has been argued that no deductions
	389.1165	the characters of the domestic breeds.	Hence the supposed aboriginal stocks must
	393.86	or on the shores of the Mediterranean.	Hence the supposed extermination of so many
	395.615	feathers like those of the fantail.	Hence it must be assumed not only that half
	493.690	not given rise to any marked varieties;	hence the Thoulouse and the common breed
	505.311	number of individuals being kept; and	hence this comes to be of the highest
	544.0	of doubt and conjecture is opened.	Hence, in determining whether a form should
	570.0	with the idea of an actual passage.	Hence I look at individual differences
	574.631	in certain definite directions.	Hence I believe a well-marked variety may be
	584.739	have been recorded in botanical works.	Hence it is the most flourishing, or, as they
	596.578	have been favourable for variation; and	hence we might expect that the circumstances
	604.508	one or both to the rank of species.	Hence the amount of difference is one very
	653.438	no country could support the product.	Hence, as more individuals are produced than
	667.122	very few which do not annually pair.	Hence we may confidently assert, that all
	693.1199	of competitors, decreases northwards;	hence in going northward, or in ascending a
	713.623	by some means, probably by birds.	Hence, if certain insectivorous birds (whose
	719.923	as other bees cannot reach the nectar.	Hence I have very little doubt, that if the
	723.667	number of cats that destroy the mice."	Hence it is quite credible that the presence
	749.0	for the warmest or dampest spots.	Hence, also, we can see that when a plant or
	796.110	being the most liable to destruction.	Hence I can see no reason to doubt that
	846.1728	the "physiological division of labour;"	hence we may believe that it would be
	856.465	the pollen on to the stigmatic surface.	Hence, again, if humble-bees were to become
	912.401	do not breed at a very quick rate.	Hence in animals of this nature, for instance
	928.376	been produced there, and nowhere else.	Hence an oceanic island at first sight seems
	934.441	come into competition with many others.	Hence more new places will be formed, and the
	940.10	IV. TO NATURAL SELECTION. mination.	Hence, perhaps, it comes that the flora of
	962.334	varieties, or incipient species.	Hence, rare species will be less quickly
	982.1343	been sown on equal spaces of ground.	Hence, if any one species of grass were to go
	1046.412	places in the polity of nature:	hence in the diagram I have chosen the
	1048.675	in habits, constitution, and structure.	Hence all the intermediate forms between the
	1056.1061	most nearly related to their parents.	Hence very few of the original species will
	1062.592	extinct, and have left no descendants.	Hence the six new species descended from (I
	1080.467	ancestor some advantage in common.	Hence, the struggle for the production of new
	1183.773	on many islands in the torrid zones.	Hence I am inclined to look at adaptation to
	1217.666	of the order on analogous differences.	Hence we see that modifications of structure
	1267.120	constant, I can see no reason to doubt.	Hence when an organ, however abnormal it may
	1315.599	breeds of diverse colours are crossed.	Hence, though under nature it must generally
	1357.1225	disregarded by natural selection, and	hence probably are variable. Specific
	1392.409	will, as we have seen, go hand in hand.	Hence, if we look at each species as
	1400.1084	between its past and present states.	Hence we ought not to expect at the [page
	1408.225	the confines, and finally disappearing.	Hence the neutral territory between two
	1424.286	forms which exist in lesser numbers.	Hence, the more common forms, in the race for
	1470.590	other animals in the battle for life.	Hence the chance of discovering species with
	1492.572	different it may be from its own place.	Hence it will cause him no surprise that
	1528.273	lungs of the higher vertebrate animals:	hence there seems to me to be no great
	1590.1100	reversion, correlation of growth, &c.	Hence every detail of structure in every
	1620.169	unlike those of its nearest congeners.	Hence we can understand, bearing in mind that
	1630.540	to the standard of that country.	Hence the inhabitants of one country
	1638.916	to the several laws of growth.	Hence, in fact, the law of the Conditions of
	1669.112	slight, yet profitable, variations.	Hence, as in the case of corporeal structures
	1709.0	lost by disuse the power of flight.	Hence, we may conclude, that domestic
	1737.330	an instinct as that of making slaves.	Hence I will give the observations which I
	1737.1061	them away to a place of safety.	Hence, it is clear, that the slaves feel
	1737.1660	August, either leave or enter the nest.	Hence he considers them as strictly household
	1771.30	VII. which thus tend to intersect.	Hence each cell consists of an outer
	1781.0	made of the cells of the hive-bee.	Hence we may safely conclude that if we could
	1825.349	a large number of bees being supported.	Hence the saving of wax by largely saving
	1825.1247	cells, would save some little wax.	Hence it would continually be more and more
	1845.723	the bulls or cows of these same breeds.	Hence I can see no real difficulty in any
	1924.468	prevented during the flowering season:	hence hybrids will generally be fertilised
	2038.627	the same compounded organisation, and	hence we need not be surprised that their
	2048.0	weakness and sterility in the progeny.	Hence it seems that, on the one hand, slight
	2078.687	when crossed with N. glutinosa.	Hence the reproductive system of this one
	2155.473	more than they differ from each other.	Hence in all such cases, we should be unable
	2213.1810	form a breakwater at the base.	Hence, under ordinary circumstances, I
	2279.247	time for the slow process of variation;	hence the deposit will generally have to be a
	2285.1233	less than sixty-eight different levels.	Hence, when the same species occur at the
	2307.480	which may be urged against my views.	Hence it will be worth while to sum up the
	2349.9	CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. stratum.	Hence we now positively know that sessile
	2375.223	any palæozoic or secondary formation.	Hence we may perhaps infer, that during the
	2412.860	varying species comes into competition.	Hence it is by no means surprising that one
	2416.35	will be liable to be exterminated.	Hence we can see why all the species in the
	2458.0	page] 321 CHAP. X. EXTINCTION.	Hence the improved and modified descendants
	2528.1199	differ from its ancient progenitor.	Hence we can understand the rule that the
	2550.319	more modified at the seventh stage;	hence they could hardly fail to be nearly
	2616.327	in the struggle for existence.	Hence, after long intervals of time, the
	2683.0	in two or more distinct areas!	Hence it seems to me, as it has to many other
	2717.593	in the stream be washed into the sea.	Hence I was led to dry stems and branches of
	2743.992	which do not occur in the archipelago.	Hence we may safely infer that icebergs
	2767.393	were pursuing their northern journey.	Hence, when the warmth had fully returned
	2787.510	was warmer than at the present day.	Hence we may suppose that the organisms now
	2795.816	on the arctic lands of the two Worlds.	Hence it has come, that when we compare the
	2825.463	to the plants of that large island.	Hence we see that throughout the world, the
	2839.1430	a much warmer climate than their own.	Hence, it seems to me possible, bearing in
	2936.931	the cause may be, confined ranges.	Hence trees would be little likely to reach
	2948.1760	continents and on far distant islands.	Hence we have only to suppose that such
	2988.281	of another plant to another island.	Hence when in former times an immigrant
	3095.242	is very evident in natural history.	Hence, as has often been remarked, a species
	3095.467	in no doubt where it should be ranked.	Hence, also, it has been found, that a
	3203.1121	or of the thigh and leg, transposed.	Hence the same names can be given to the
	3267.240	as long as it was fed by its parents.	Hence, I conclude, that it is quite possible
	3275.21	XIII. EMBRYOLOGY. the same wild stock;	hence I was curious to see how far their
	3329.239	said to be in any degree rudimentary.	Hence, also, a rudimentary organ in the adult
	3456.459	divergent offspring of any one species.	Hence during a long-continued course of
	3462.186	act only by very short and slow steps.	Hence the canon of "Natura non facit saltum
	3524.312	acting on an organ during early life;	hence the organ will not be much reduced or
	3558.493	species were formerly thus connected.	Hence, without quite rejecting the
	3586.1013	has desolated the whole world.	Hence we may look with some confidence to a
8			henry
	4978.4	Edition. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. ———(	HENRY NELSON) Introductions to the Study of
	5237.10	Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d. HALLAM'S (	HENRY) Constitutional History of England
	5237.74	of England, from the Accession of	Henry the Seventh to the Death of George the
	5374.103	By Rev Or. RAWLINSON, assisted by SIR	HENRY RAWLINSON, and SIR J. G- WILKINSON
	5492.21	H. W. HAYGARTH. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF	HENRY STEFFENS. SHORT LIVES OF THE POETS. By
	5926.106	with Notes and Essays. Assisted by SIR	HENRY RAWLINSON and SIR J. G WILKINSON. Maps
	6064.10	Fourth Edition. 8vo. 14s. TAYLOR'S (	HENRY) Notes from Life. Fcap 8vo. 2s. —— (J
	6076.114	the Causes of that Event. Translated by	HENRY REEVE, ESQ. 8vo. 14S. TREMENHEERE'S (H
1			herald
	5860.354	Time. By WILLIAM COURTHOPE, Somerset	Herald. 8vo. 30s. [page] 26 NIMROD On the
1			herat
	5143.60	Journeys in Persia, Affghanistan,	Herat, Turkistan, and Beloochistan, with
6			herbaceous
	2006.990	plants, one being woody and the other	herbaceous, one being evergreen and the other
	2936.808	to orders which elsewhere include only	herbaceous species; now trees, as Alph. de
	2936.1007	reach distant oceanic islands; and an	herbaceous plant, though it would have no chance
	2936.1179	on an island and having to compete with	herbaceous plants alone, might readily gain an
	2936.1366	often tend to add to the stature of	herbaceous plants when growing on an island, to
	2960.345	of certain orders of plants,—	herbaceous forms having been developed into trees
1			herbage
	982.1171	of plants and a greater weight of dry	herbage can thus be raised. The same has been
6			herbert
	645.386	with more spirit and ability than W.	Herbert, Dean of Manchester, evidently the
	1930.8	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. Rev. W.	Herbert. He is as emphatic in his conclusion
	1932.791	four flowers; three were fertilised by	Herbert with their own pollen, and the fourth
	1936.214	In a letter to me, in 1839, Mr.	Herbert told me that he had then tried the
	1938.304	hybrids seed freely. For instance,	Herbert asserts that a hybrid from Calceolaria
	4019.0	Hemionus, striped, 163.	Herbert, W., on struggle for existence
1			herbert's
	1930.386	I think, be in part accounted for by	Herbert's great horticultural skill, and by his
1			herculaneum
	5296.31	vo. 9s. —— SOUTH ITALYNaples, Pompeii,	Herculaneum, Vesuvius, &c. Map. Post8vo. 10s
27			hereafter
	242.540	sensible than I do of the necessity of	hereafter publishing in detail all the facts
	250.827	In one very limited sense, as we shall	hereafter see, this may be true; but it is
	313.91	of which can be dimly seen, and will be	hereafter briefly mentioned. I will here only
	337.1568	occur; but natural selection, as will	hereafter be explained, will determine how far
	343.494	of varieties when crossed,—a subject	hereafter to be discussed), domestic races of the
	485.440	process of "natural selection," as will	hereafter be more fully explained, two sub-breeds
	538.1117	definite by natural selection, as	hereafter will be explained. [page] 47 CHAP. II
	574.539	selection in accumulating (as will	hereafter be more fully explained) differences of
	576.610	as independent species. But we shall	hereafter have to return to this subject. From
	582.1014	of character," and other questions,	hereafter to be discussed. Alph. De Candolle and
	584.253	into competition (which, as we shall	hereafter see, is a far more important
	624.152	vary most; and varieties, as we shall	hereafter see, tend to become converted into new
	624.431	and dominant descendants. But by steps	hereafter to be explained, the larger genera also
	641.1481	But Natural Selection, as we shall	hereafter see, is a power incessantly ready for
	719.165	by a web of complex relations. I shall	hereafter have occasion to show that the exotic
	842.615	we have good reason to believe (as will	hereafter be more fully alluded to), would
	2373.145	here entertained. To show that it may	hereafter receive some explanation, I will give
	2480.1086	on the shores of North America would	hereafter be liable to be classed with somewhat
	2576.375	proved. Yet I fully expect to see it	hereafter confirmed, at least in regard to
	2624.322	the whole has progressed. If it should	hereafter be proved that ancient animals resemble
	2693.643	nature are common, and are, as we shall	hereafter more fully see, inexplicable on the
	2711.341	certain degree of relation (as we shall	hereafter see) between the distribution of
	3153.921	less in our classification. We shall	hereafter, I think, clearly see why embryological
	3301.1644	confess that I only hope to see the law	hereafter proved true. It can be proved true in
	3558.225	both forms to the rank of species.	Hereafter we shall be compelled to acknowledge
	3558.809	acknowledged to be merely varieties may	hereafter be thought worthy of specific names, as
	3578.892	quite incomprehensible by us, will	hereafter be recognised as a mere fragment of
1			hereditarily
	812.99	domestication in one sex and become	hereditarily attached to that sex, the same fact
8			hereditary
	260.152	shall thus see that a large amount of	hereditary modification is at least possible, and
	331.233	caterpillar or cocoon stage. But	hereditary diseases and some other facts make me
	339.20	be preserved. When we look to the	hereditary varieties or races of our domestic
	766.436	under nature, vary; and how strong the	hereditary tendency is. Under domestication, it
	1024.45	tendency to variability is in itself	hereditary, consequently they will tend to vary
	1173.26	exposed. Acclimatisation.—Habit is	hereditary with plants, as in the period of
	3263.1124	may appear late in life; as when an	hereditary disease, which appears in old age alone
	4497.28	VIOLA. Tumbler pigeons, habits of,	hereditary, 214. ——, young of, 446, Turkey-cock
1			hereford
	423.45	as I have asked, a celebrated raiser of	Hereford cattle, whether his cattle might not
1			herefordshire
	5612.40	Glossary of Provincial Words used in	Herefordshire and some of the adjoining Counties
3			hermann
	5452.18	By GEORGE BORROW. THE MARQUESAS. By	HERMANN MELVILLE. LIVONIAN TALES. By a LADY
	5472.33	ADVENTURES IN THE SOUTH SEAS. By	HERMANN MELVILLE. STORY OF BATTLE OF WATERLOO
	5712.11	Mind. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d. MELVILLES (	HERMANN) Typee and Omoo; or, Adventures amongst
7			hermaphrodite
	864.998	concerns us. But still there are many	hermaphrodite animals which certainly do not
	896.122	Huxley, to discover a single case of an	hermaphrodite animal with the organs of reproduction
	912.556	and this I believe to be the case. In	hermaphrodite organisms which cross only occasionally
	1249.352	is clearly shown in the case of	hermaphrodite cirripedes; and I may here add, that I
	2695.215	descended from a single pair, or single	hermaphrodite, or whether, as some authors suppose
	3315.1068	by crossing such male plants with an	hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of the pistil in
	4110.22	nicotiana, 271. —on crossing male and	hermaphrodite flowers, 451. L. Lamarck on adaptive
16			hermaphrodites
	864.233	for each birth; but in the case of	hermaphrodites this is far from obvious. Nevertheless
	864.335	inclined to believe that with all	hermaphrodites two individuals, either occasionally or
	864.819	much diminished the number of supposed	hermaphrodites, and of real hermaphrodites a large
	864.847	of supposed hermaphrodites, and of real	hermaphrodites a large number pair; that is, two
	864.1094	pair, and a vast majority of plants are	hermaphrodites. What reason, it may be asked, is there
	892.70	to animals: on the land there are some	hermaphrodites, as land-mollusca and earth-worms; but
	892.753	there are many self-fertilising	hermaphrodites; but here currents in the water offer
	896.557	though both are self-fertilising	hermaphrodites, do sometimes cross. It must have
	898.268	yet are not rarely, some of them	hermaphrodites, and some of them unisexual. But if, in
	898.333	of them unisexual. But if, in fact, all	hermaphrodites do occasionally intercross with other
	898.422	individuals, the difference between	hermaphrodites and unisexual species, as far as
	2046.620	of crossing is indispensable even with	hermaphrodites; and that close interbreeding continued
	3141.353	predicated in common of the males and	hermaphrodites of certain cirripedes, when adult, and
	3251.1593	the larvæ become developed either into	hermaphrodites having the ordinary structure, or into
	4021.0	on sterility of hybrids, 249.	Hermaphrodites crossing, 96. Heron eating seed
	4060.31	Huxley, Prof., on structure of	hermaphrodites, 101. —, on embryological succession
2			herodotus
	5374.0	BERTHA'S JOURNAL." 2 Vols. 12mo. 18s.	HERODOTUS. A New English Version. Edited with
	5926.26	vo. 24s. RAWLINSON'S (REV. GEORGE)	Herodotus. A New English Version. Edited with
6			heron
	822.499	preferences and dislikes: thus Sir R.	Heron has described how one pied peacock was
	2892.1539	and in this length of time a duck or	heron might fly at least six or seven hundred
	2904.991	yet analogy makes me believe that a	heron flying to another pond and getting a
	3656.4	on variation in birds'-nests, 212, —on	heron eating seeds, 387. Australia, animals
	4021.29	Hermaphrodites crossing, 96.	Heron eating seed, 387. Heron, Sir R., on
	4022.0	crossing, 96. Heron eating seed, 387.	Heron, Sir R., on peacocks, 89. Heusinger on
1			heron's
	2904.905	Dr. Hooker, the Nelumbium luteum) in a	heron's stomach; although I do not know the
1			herons
	2904.280	the yellow water-lily and Potamogeton.	Herons and other birds, century after century
1			herself
	1610.57	daughters as soon as born, or to perish	herself in the combat; for undoubtedly this is
1			hertzegovina
	6130.56	Montenegro; with a Journey to Mostar in	Hertzegovina, and Remarks on the Slavonic Nations
1			herveys
	5022.8	Portraits. Royal 8vo. 15s. —— LORD	HERVEYS Memoirs of the Reign of George the
1			heryey's
	5376.0	and Woodcuts. 4 Vols. 8vo. 18s. each.	HERYEY'S (LORD) Memoirs of the Reign of George
1			hesitate
	1508.171	by the theory of descent, ought not to	hesitate to go further, and to admit that a
2			hesitation
	1508.500	keenly to be surprised at any degree of	hesitation in extending the principle of natural
	3365.161	of descent, that I should without	hesitation adopt this view, even if it were
2			heusinger
	317.196	and plants. From the facts collected by	Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs
	4022.32	Heron, Sir R., on peacocks, 89.	Heusinger on white animals not poisoned by
2			hewitt
	2026.471	observations communicated to me by Mr.	Hewitt, who has had great experience in
	4023.0	not poisoned by certain plants, 12.	Hewitt, Mr., on sterility of first crosses
4			hexagon
	1781.1210	in the same layer, she can prolong the	hexagon to any length requisite to hold the
	1815.306	the foundations of one wall of a new	hexagon, in its strictly proper place
	1819.945	intersection, and so make an isolated	hexagon: but I am not aware that any such case
	1819.1055	would any good be derived from a single	hexagon being built, as in its construction
11			hexagonal
	1767.696	each cell, as is well known, is an	hexagonal prism, with the basal edges of its six
	1779.59	there will result a double layer of	hexagonal prisms united together by pyramidal
	1779.171	and the rhombs and the sides of the	hexagonal prisms will have every angle
	1781.1096	but this is no difficulty, that after	hexagonal prisms have been formed by the
	1787.1043	between the basins, so that each	hexagonal prism was built upon the festooned edge
	1801.894	edges of the rhombic plates, until the	hexagonal walls are commenced. Some of these
	1807.1260	the comb without injuring the delicate	hexagonal walls, which are only about one four
	1809.366	this fact, by covering the edges of the	hexagonal walls [page] 232 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII
	1819.196	of wasp-combs are sometimes strictly	hexagonal; but I have not space here to enter on
	1819.365	as in the case of a queen-wasp) making	hexagonal cells, if she work alternately on the
	1831.604	know what are the several angles of the	hexagonal prisms and of the basal rhombic plates
1			hickman's
	5378.0	Edition. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 21s.	HICKMAN'S (WM.) Treatise on the Law and Practice
6			hidden
	741.175	in the most essential yet often	hidden manner, to that of all other organic
	3069.1446	of organic beings,—is the bond,	hidden as it is by various degrees of modifi
	3117.449	that community of descent is the	hidden bond which naturalists have been
	3153.305	be ever so unimportant, betrays the	hidden bond of community of descent. Let two
	3197.654	believe this element of descent is the	hidden bond of connexion which naturalists
	3301.260	Descent being on my view the	hidden bond of connexion which naturalists
1			hides
	2855.243	in any part of Europe, though	hides, wool, and other objects likely to
1			hieracium
	538.372	We may instance Rubus, Rosa, and	Hieracium amongst plants, several genera of
37			higher
	574.166	one stage of difference to another and	higher stage may be, in some cases, due merely
	594.48	much more widely diffused than plants	higher in the scale; and here again there is
	788.471	should plainly bear the stamp of far	higher workmanship? It may be said that
	1237.774	are more variable than those which are	higher. I presume that lowness in this case
	1357.1118	organisation more specialised, and are	higher in the scale. Rudimentary organs, from
	1361.828	often still be variable in a much	higher degree than other parts; for variation
	1528.246	and structure with the lungs of the	higher vertebrate animals: hence there seems
	1530.554	by which the glottis is closed. In the	higher Vertebrata the branchiæ have wholly
	1574.1723	advantage of in the parturition of the	higher animals. We are profoundly ignorant of
	1634.193	of perfection will have been rendered	higher. Natural selection will not necessarily
	1638.978	of the Conditions of Existence is the	higher law; as it includes, through the
	2412.1491	by the more complex relations of the	higher beings to their organic and inorganic
	2488.461	latter must be victorious in a still	higher degree in order to be preserved and to
	2518.94	to the Invertebrata, Barrande, and a	higher authority could not be named, asserts
	2570.41	recent forms must, on my theory, be	higher than the more ancient; for each new
	2570.1733	of Great Britain may be said to be	higher than those of New Zealand. Yet the most
	2624.138	the race for life, and are, in so far,	higher in the scale of nature; and this may
	2731.360	hour; and some authors have given a far	higher estimate. I have never seen an instance
	2767.289	and thawed ground, always ascending	higher and higher, as the warmth increased
	2767.300	ground, always ascending higher and	higher, as the warmth increased, whilst their
	2845.331	forms would naturally ascend the	higher mountains, being exterminated on the
	2851.629	natural selection and competition to a	higher stage of perfection or dominating power
	2869.735	in horizontal lines, though rising	higher on the shores where the tide rises
	3016.269	change at a slower rate than the	higher forms; and consequently the lower forms
	3044.1186	class generally change less than the	higher; but there are in both cases marked
	3147.417	species under genera, and genera under	higher groups, though in these cases the
	3171.95	natural system. As showing how few the	higher groups are in number, and how widely
	3185.206	all the members of the same family or	higher group are connected together. For the
	3251.199	what is meant by the organisation being	higher or lower. But no one probably will
	3251.271	will dispute that the butterfly is	higher than the caterpillar. In some cases
	3261.119	embryo apparently having sometimes a	higher organisation than the mature animal
	3394.216	the species of the same genus, or even	higher group, must have descended from common
	3496.781	at as being, in some vague sense,	higher than ancient and extinct forms; and
	3496.843	extinct forms; and they are in so far	higher as the later and more improved forms
	3558.670	to weigh more carefully and to value	higher the actual amount of difference between
	3592.368	namely, the production of the	higher animals, directly follows. There is
	5990.33	Classical Dictionary for the	Higher Forms in Schools. Compiled from the
25			highest
	258.25	unexplained. It is, therefore, of the	highest importance to gain a clear insight into
	272.406	is rare? Yet these relations are of the	highest importance, for they determine the
	331.567	I believe this rule to be of the	highest importance in explaining the laws of
	395.950	seem to me improbable in the	highest degree. [page] 25 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC
	505.341	kept; and hence this comes to be of the	highest importance to success. On this
	515.172	reproductive system, are so far of the	highest importance as causing variability. I do
	560.718	as varieties; and in this country the	highest botanical authorities and practical men
	741.19	FOR EXISTENCE. A corollary of the	highest importance may be deduced from the
	896.43	after consultation with one of the	highest authorities, namely, Professor Huxley
	1287.789	of the wings is a character of the	highest importance, because common to large
	1494.345	seems, I freely confess, absurd in the	highest possible degree. Yet reason tells me
	1510.152	by the long-continued efforts of the	highest human intellects; and we naturally
	1574.671	this contrivance, no doubt, is of the	highest service to the plant; but as we see
	1883.90	will dispute that instincts are of the	highest importance to each animal. Therefore I
	2305.672	success seems to me improbable in the	highest degree. Geological research, though it
	2498.22	THE WORLD. forms dominant in the	highest degree, wherever produced, would tend
	2570.818	Crustaceans, for instance, not the	highest in their own class, may have beaten the
	2570.866	in their own class, may have beaten the	highest molluscs. From the extraordinary manner
	2819.595	to European genera occur. On the	highest mountains of Brazil, some few European
	2831.221	an example, I may quote a remark by the	highest authority, Prof. Dana, that "it is
	2869.777	on the shores where the tide rises	highest, so have the living waters left their
	3032.1034	of organism to organism are of the	highest importance, we can see why two areas
	3081.1129	author. It will suffice to quote the	highest authority, Robert Brown, who in
	3087.497	that the rudimentary florets are of the	highest importance in the classification of the
	3582.15	of man and his history. Authors of the	highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied
1			highland
	5462.0	LETTERS FROM MADRAS. By a LADY.	HIGHLAND SPORTS. By CHARLES ST. JOHN. JOURNEYS
1			highlands
	6044.60	Wild Sports and Natural History of the	Highlands. Post 8vo. 6s. —— (BAYLE) Adventures
55			highly
	152.325	developed in an unusual manner are	highly variable: specific characters more
	266.635	can be changed and perfected into a	highly developed being or elaborately
	359.173	and other considerations, I think it	highly probable that our domestic dogs have
	381.225	the ramus of the lower jaw, varies in a	highly remarkable manner. The number of the
	381.457	of the apertures in the sternum are	highly variable; so is the degree of
	395.277	the wild rock-pigeon, yet are certainly	highly abnormal in other parts of their
	399.1550	we must make one of the two following	highly improbable suppositions. Either
	435.402	numerous passages to this effect from	highly competent authorities. Youatt, who was
	461.796	since the time of that monarch. Some	highly competent authorities are convinced
	505.1193	that the animal or plant should be so	highly useful to man, or so much valued by him
	532.444	mould. These individual differences are	highly important for us, as they afford
	548.712	and he has entirely omitted several	highly polymorphic genera. Under genera
	548.954	unite for each birth, and which are	highly locomotive, doubtful forms, ranked by
	560.315	animal or plant in a state of nature be	highly useful to man, or from any cause
	699.25	CHAP. III. When a species, owing to	highly favourable circumstances, increases
	719.757	if not indispensable, are at least	highly beneficial to the fertilisation of our
	846.138	attractive flowers, had been rendered	highly attractive to insects, they would
	846.1511	soon as the plant had been rendered so	highly attractive to insects that pollen was
	928.434	at first sight seems to have been	highly favourable for the production of new
	934.896	probably have been in some respects	highly favourable for the production of new
	994.952	that these naturalised plants are of a	highly diversified nature. They differ
	1034.411	offspring from the later and more	highly improved branches in the lines of
	1084.26	CHAP. IV. group, the later and more	highly perfected sub-groups, from branching
	1117.311	developed in an unusual manner are	highly variable: specific characters more
	1213.218	to attract insects, whose agency is	highly advantageous in the fertilisation of
	1239.95	and I believe with truth, are apt to be	highly variable. We shall have to recur to the
	1245.134	part in allied species, tends to be	highly variable.—Several years ago I was much
	1285.230	sexual characters, as they are	highly variable, sexual selection will have
	1287.1328	variations of this part would it is	highly probable, be taken advantage of by
	1361.207	Secondary sexual characters are	highly variable, and such characters differ
	1466.26	other fish? When we see any structure	highly perfected for any particular habit, as
	1522.1062	for its supply, and being divided by	highly vascular partitions. In these cases
	1524.93	one, because it shows us clearly the	highly important fact that an organ originally
	1630.156	produce parts, organs, and excretions	highly useful or even indispensable, or highly
	1630.196	highly useful or even indispensable, or	highly injurious to another species, but in
	1950.1084	species exists, they must certainly be	highly fertile. A doctrine which originated
	1986.343	reciprocal crosses. Such cases are	highly important, for they prove that the
	2094.1297	affected, and their descendants are	highly variable. But to return to our
	2221.44	made these few remarks because it is	highly important for us to gain some notion
	2299.104	that can propagate rapidly and are not	highly locomotive, there is reason to suspect
	2351.615	formation, the fact would certainly be	highly remarkable; but I cannot see that it
	2367.308	the dawn of life on this planet. Other	highly competent judges, as Lyell and the late
	2412.1381	of change in terrestrial and in more	highly organised productions compared with
	2480.748	southern hemisphere. So, again, several	highly competent observers believe that the
	2494.491	many already existing forms, would be	highly favourable, as would be the power of
	2566.107	whether recent forms are more	highly developed than ancient. I will not here
	2703.462	level in the land must also have been	highly influential: a narrow isthmus now
	2731.35	Living birds can hardly fail to be	highly effective agents in the transportation
	2863.1324	now covered with ice, supported a	highly peculiar and isolated flora. I suspect
	2882.167	their having become fitted, in a manner	highly useful to them, for short and frequent
	2966.560	must be, on my view, some unknown, but	highly efficient means for their transportal
	3087.324	rudimentary bones of the leg, are	highly serviceable in exhibiting the close
	3089.173	but which are universally admitted as	highly serviceable in the definition of whole
	3101.871	nearly uniform, they are considered as	highly serviceable in classification; but in
	3251.1464	may be considered as either more	highly or more lowly organised than they were
2			highly-competent
	552.780	admitted that many forms, considered by	highly-competent judges as varieties, have so perfectly
	552.891	species that they are ranked by other	highly-competent judges as good and true species. But to
1			highly-important
	1231.709	other cirripedes consists of the three	highly-important anterior segments of the head
7			hilaire
	1205.92	quite obscure. M. Is. Geoffroy St.	Hilaire has forcibly remarked, that certain
	1237.55	a rule, as remarked by Is. Geoffroy St.	Hilaire, both in varieties and in species, that
	1273.830	at least Is. Geoffroy St.	Hilaire seems to entertain no doubt, that the
	3101.507	by that excellent botanist, Aug. St.	Hilaire. If certain characters are always found
	3203.799	same relative positions? Geoffroy St.	Hilaire has insisted strongly on the high
	3967.13	in classification, 425. Geoffrey St.	Hilaire on balancement, 147. ———on homologous
	4438.4	St. Helena, productions of, 389. St.	Hilaire, Aug., on classification, 418. St. John
2			hilaire's
	291.224	the instant of conception. Geoffroy St.	Hilaire's experiments show that unnatural
	313.417	are given in Isidore Geoffroy St.	Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders
1			hillard's
	5380.0	of Naval Courts Martial. 8vo. 10s. 6d.	HILLARD'S (G. S.) Six Months in Italy. 2 Vols
1			hill-tops
	707.1549	of old Scotch firs on the distant	hill-tops: within the last ten years large spaces
1			hill-variety
	1424.1485	of the supplanted, intermediate	hill-variety. To sum up, I believe that species
2			hilly
	1424.829	a second to a comparatively narrow,	hilly tract; and a third to wide plains at
	1424.1186	holders on the intermediate narrow,	hilly tract; and consequently the improved
9			himalaya
	665.281	Dr. Falconer, from Cape Comorin to the	Himalaya, which have been imported from America
	1177.763	growing at different heights on the	Himalaya, were found in this country to possess
	2809.295	was similarly affected. Along the	Himalaya, at points 900 miles apart, glaciers
	2823.432	intertropical parts of Africa. On the	Himalaya, and on the isolated mountain-ranges of
	2843.313	The mountain-ranges north-west of the	Himalaya, and the long line of the Cordillera
	2843.1348	strange luxuriance at the base of the	Himalaya, as graphically described by Hooker
	4024.0	on sterility of first crosses, 264.	Himalaya, glaciers of, 373. —, plants of
	4036.19	of umbelliferæ, 145. ——, on glaciers of	Himalaya, 373. ——, on algæ of New Zealand
	4038.37	on vegetation at the base of the	Himalaya, 378. —, on plants of Tierra del Fuego
2			himalayan
	4034.35	Hooker, Dr., on acclimatisation of	Himalayan trees, 140. ——, on flowers of
	5396.21	Fcap. Svo. 1s. HOOKER'S (Dr. J. D.)	Himalayan Journals; or, Notes of an Oriental
1			himalayas
	5396.109	in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal	Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains, &c. Second
7			himself
	429.1679	this sense he may be said to make for	himself useful breeds. The great power of this
	435.556	any other individual, and who was	himself a very good judge of an animal, speaks
	1183.1021	the most different climates by man	himself and by his domestic animals, and such
	1942.597	prevented. Any one may readily convince	himself of the efficiency of insect-agency by
	2165.1016	A man must for years examine for	himself great piles of superimposed strata, and
	2345.1206	sessile cirripede, which he had	himself extracted from the chalk of Belgium
	3448.319	select variations most useful to	himself, should nature fail in selecting
1			hind-legs
	1456.1063	the shoulder to the tail, including the	hind-legs, we perhaps see traces of an apparatus
1			hindoo
	5100.53	HON. MOUNTSTUART) History of India—the	Hindoo and Mahomedan Periods. Fourth Edition
1			hindostan
	5249.11	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s. ——(WALTER)	Hindostan, Geographically, Statistically, and
2			hinny
	2104.530	horse, so that both the mule and the	hinny more resemble the ass than the horse
	2108.112	mare, is more like an ass, than is the	hinny, which is the offspring of the female
7			hints
	5082.49	On the Education of Character, with	Hints on Moral Training. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d
	5183.38	GALTON'S (FRANCIS) Art of Travel; or,	Hints on the Shifts and Contrivances
	5708.11	River Maranon. 8vo. 12s. MAXIMS AND	HINTS for an Angler, and the Miseries of
	5832.7	s. REJECTED ADDRESSES. 1s. PKNN'S	HINTS OW ANGLING. 1s. MUSIC AND DRESS. Two
	5884.28	s. each. PENN'S (RICHARD) Maxims and	Hints for an Angler, and the Miseries of
	5884.108	Fishing. To which is added, Maxims and	Hints for a Chess-player. New Edition
	6022.41	S (JOHN F.) Household Surgery; or,	Hints on Emergencies. Seventeenth Thousand
5			hippeastrum
	1932.183	and with all the species of the genus	Hippeastrum, which can be far more easily
	1932.723	fertilised! For instance, a bulb of	Hippeastrum aulicum produced four flowers; three
	1936.452	by other observers in the case of	Hippeastrum with its sub-genera, and in the case of
	2014.729	fact of the extraordinary case of	Hippeastrum, Lobelia, &c., which seeded much more
	4026.0	glaciers of, 373. —, plants of, 375.	Hippeastrum, 250. Holly-trees, sexes of
1			hippobosca
	673.344	hundreds of eggs, and another, like the	hippobosca, a single one; but this difference does
2			historian
	417.425	rare birds;" and, continues the courtly	historian, "His Majesty by crossing the breeds
	2165.541	Principles of Geology, which the future	historian will recognise as having produced a
2			historic
	5860.22	vo. 10s. 6d. NICOLAS' (SIR HARRIS)	Historic Peerage of England. Exhibiting, under
	5916.47	S (JAS.) Essays on Indian Antiquities,	Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, with
20			historical
	1177.1139	cases could be given of species within	historical times having largely extended their
	2149.1044	so much modified, that if we had no	historical or indirect evidence regarding their
	2233.277	remains, a single glance at the	historical table published in the Supplement to
	4638.39	ÆSOP'S FABLES. A New Translation. With	Historical Preface. By Eev, THOMAS JAMES, M.A
	5006.165	Places connected with interesting and	historical associations. Second Edition. Post 8vo
	5026.3	the Quarterly Review. 8vo. 15s. ——	Historical Essay on the Guillotine. Fcap. 8vo. 1s
	5161.17	Spain. Post 8vo. 6s. FORSTER'S (JOHN)	Historical & Biographical Essays. Contents: I. The
	5169.52	Hortensius, or the Advocate: an	Historical Essay on the Office and Duties of an
	5245.3	from the last work. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. ——	Historical Works. Containing the History of
	5496.0	OF THE POETS. By THOMAS CAMPBELL.	HISTORICAL ESSAYS. By LORD MAHON. LONDON & NORTH
	5516.61	Fables of Æsop. A New Translation, with	Historical Preface. With 100 Woodcuts by TENKIEL
	5634.43	J. 6.) Ancient Spanish Ballads.	Historical and Romantic, Translated, with Notes
	5670.3	Second Edition. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. ———	Historical and Critical Essays. Post 8vo. 6s
	5848.61	History of the British Poor: Being an	Historical Account of the English, Scotch, and
	5858.17	Poor. 8vo. 12s. ——— (Rev. H. G.)	Historical and Descriptive Account of the Forest
	5918.35	d. PROGRESS OF RUSSIA IN THE EAST. An	Historical Summary, continued to the Present Time
	5928.4	Woodcuts, 4 Vols. 8vo. 18s. each. ———	Historical Evidences of Revealed Religion. Being
	6040.3	and revised Edition. 8vo. 18s. ——	Historical Memorials of Canterbury. The Landing of
	6068.145	British, and American Missions. With an	Historical Sketch of the Brahmanical and Buddhist
	6142.39	Greece: Pictorial, Descriptive, and	Historical, with a History of Greek Art, by G
2			historically
	968.183	and inferior kinds. In Yorkshire, it is	historically known that the ancient black cattle
	5249.57	Geographically, Statistically, and	Historically. Map. 2 Vols. 4to. 94s. 6d. HAMPDEN'S
122			history
	240.8	the [page] 2 INTRODUCTION. natural	history of the Malay archipelago, has arrived
	272.692	the many past geological epochs in its	history. Although much remains obscure, and
	405.460	strong tendency to sterility: from the	history of the dog I think there is some
	429.1489	we know that this has not been their	history. The key is man's power of accumulative
	455.29	CHAP. I. barbarous periods of English	history choice animals were often imported, and
	499.116	we know nothing about the origin or	history of any of our domestic breeds. But, in
	499.596	from being only slightly valued, their	history will be disregarded. When further
	570.227	worth recording in works on natural	history. And I look at varieties which are in
	810.444	effect may be found in works of natural	history, I cannot find one case which will bear
	934.1314	play an important part in the changing	history of the organic world. We can, perhaps
	1092.348	extinction has acted in the world's	history, geology plainly declares. Natural
	1273.247	repeatedly noticed in works on natural	history, that when an author has remarked with
	1398.578	there will be blanks in our geological	history. The crust of the earth is a vast
	1552.414	shown by that old canon in natural	history of "Natura non facit saltum." We meet
	1596.330	may be found in works on natural	history to this effect, I cannot find even one
	1636.107	meaning of that old canon in natural	history, "Natura non facit saltum." This canon
	1883.818	of others;—that the canon in natural	history, of "natura non facit saltum" is
	2311.153	would they represent the natural	history of the world! But we have every reason
	2385.1274	at the natural geological record, as a	history of the world imperfectly kept, and
	2385.1356	written in a changing dialect; of this	history we possess the last volume alone
	2389.123	slowly-changing language, in which the	history is supposed to be written, being more
	2444.741	slow-breeding elephant, and from the	history of the naturalisation of the domestic
	2546.85	of any great period in the earth's	history will be inter- [page] 334 GEOLOGICAL
	2624.57	each successive period in the world's	history have beaten their predecessors in the
	2954.1001	have much light thrown on the natural	history of this archipelago by the admirable
	3067.263	class. Thus, the grand fact in natural	history of the subordination of group under
	3095.233	characters is very evident in natural	history. Hence, as has often been remarked, a
	3203.448	most interesting department of natural	history, and may be said to be its very soul
	3307.108	second in importance to none in natural	history, are explained on the principle of
	3331.384	and useless. In works on natural	history rudimentary organs are generally said
	3410.101	utterly unknown epochs in the world's	history. I can answer these questions and
	3492.433	has played so conspicuous a part in the	history of the organic world, almost inevitably
	3530.534	was almost unavoidable as long as the	history of the world was thought to be of short
	3544.204	at innumerable periods in the earth's	history certain elemental atoms have been
	3554.193	be a considerable revolution in natural	history. Systematists will be able to pursue
	3560.50	and more general departments of natural	history will rise greatly in interest. The
	3560.500	of nature as one which has had a	history; when we contemplate every complex
	3564.375	experience, will the study of natural	history become! A grand and almost untrodden
	3578.532	During early periods of the earth's	history, when the forms of life were probably
	3578.793	slow in an extreme degree. The whole	history of the world, as at present known
	3580.253	be thrown on the origin of man and his	history. Authors of the highest eminence seem
	4211.33	N. Nails, rudimentary, 453. Natural	history, future progress of, 484. —selection
	4646.18	Vols. 8vo. 42s. ARTHUR'S (LITTLE)	History of England. By LADY CALLCOTT
	4652.27	vo. 10s. ——— Translation of Ranke's	History of the Popes of Rome. Third Edition
	4812.17	mo. 7s. 6d. BIRCH'S (SAMUEL)	History of Ancient Pottery and Porcelain
	4818.4	Sixth Edition. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ———	History of the Church in the First Three
	4852.21	Post 8vo. 6s. ——— Stereoscope: its	History, Theory, Construction, and Application
	4854.22	mo. 5s. 6d. ——— Kaleidoscope: its	History, Theory, and Construction, with its
	4878.6	OF DRYDEN. Edited, with Notes. HUMES	HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Edited, with Notes. LIFE
	4892.129	the Interior, and Notes on the Natural	History and Native Tribes of the Country
	4902.115	Patrick Fraser Tytler, author of "The	History of Scotland." Post 8vo. 9s. BURNS
	4936.34	s. CALLCOTT'S (LADY) Little Arthur's	History of England. 18th Edition. With
	5004.18	mo. 2s. 6d. ——— (CAPT. J. D.)	History of the Sikhs. From the Origin of the
	5018.43	Stories for Children, Selected from the	History of England. Fifteenth Edition. Woodcuts
	5034.57	Journal of Researches into the Natural	History and Geology of the Countries visited
	5058.19	Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. DRINKWATERS (JOHN)	History of the Siege of Gibraltar
	5070.3	Sources. Portrait. 8vo. 15s. ——	History of Modern Europe. From the taking of
	5084.131	to the Capital, with notices of Natural	History, and Present Civilisation of the People
	5098.13	Poems. Crown 4to. 24s. —— Essays on	History, Biography, Geography, and Engineering
	5100.32	s. ELPHINSTONES (HON. MOUNTSTUART)	History of India—the Hindoo and Mahomedan
	5104.9	Vols. 8vo. In Preparation. ENGLAND (	HISTORY OF) from the Peace of Utrecht to the
	5132.18	s. 6d. [page] 12 FANCOURT'S (COL.)	History of Yucatan, from its Discovery to the
	5146.0	Second Edition. Map. 8vo. 21s. ———	History of the Afghans. Map. 8vo. 21s
	5171.3	of an Advocate. Post 8vo. 12s. ——	History of Napoleon at St. Helena. From the
	5177.8	Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. FRANCE (	HISTORY OF). From the Conquest by the Gauls to
	5187.9	Society of London. Svo. GERMANY (	HISTORY OF). From the Invasion by Marius, to
	5192.32	s. —— The Student's Gibbon; Being the	History of the Decline and Fall, Abridged
	5229.66	Mythology, and Ancient Traditional	History of the New Zealand Race. "Woodcuts
	5231.17	Post 8vo. 10s.6d. GROTE'S (GEORGE)	History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to
	5235.15	Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. GUSTAVUS VASA (	History of), King of Sweden. With Extracts from
	5237.32	s. 6d. HALLAM'S (HENRY) Constitutional	History of England, from the Accession of Henry
	5239.3	Seventh Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 30s. ——	History of Europe during the Middle Ages. Tenth
	5241.31	s. ——Introduction to the Literary	History of Europe, during the 16th, 17th, and
	5245.36	s. —— Historical Works. Containing the	History of England, — The Middle Ages of Europe
	5245.103	Ages of Europe, —and the Literary	History of Europe. Complete Edition. 10 Vols
	5382.0	in Italy. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 16s.	HISTORY OP ENGLAND AND FRANCE UNDER THE HOUSE
	5446.0	OF A NATURALIST. By CHARLES DARWIN.	HISTORY OF THE FALL OF THE JESUITS. LIFE OF
	5510.24	page] 19 HUME (THE STUDENT'S). A	History of England, from the Invasion of Julius
	5510.95	of Julius Cæsar. Based on HUME'S	History, and continued to 1858. Woodcuts. Post
	5528.73	Life. With Recollections of Natural	History. Third Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 6s
	5530.24	Fcap. 8vo. 6s. —— Gleanings in Natural	History. With Anecdotes of the Sagacity and
	5562.36	s. KUGLERS (Dr. FRANZ) Handbook to the	History of Painting (the Italian Schools
	5618.16	Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. LIDDELLS (DEAN)	History of Rome. From the Earliest Times to the
	5618.102	Establishment of the Empire. With the	History of Literature and Art. Library Edition
	5620.11	Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s. ——— SCHOOL	HISTORY OF ROME. Abridged from the Larger Work
	5626.16	in 1488. Folio. 15s. LITTLE ARTHUR'S	HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By LADY CALLCOTT
	5654.14	Vols. Post 8vo. 24s. MAHONS (LORD)	History of England, from the Peace of Utrecht
	5660.4	in Scotland. Post 8vo. 3s. ———	History of British India from its Origin till
	5662.3	Peace of 1783. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. ———	History of the War of the Succession in Spain
	5688.16	of the Admiralty.) MARKHAMS (MRS.)	History of England. From the First Invasion by
	5690.3	th Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo. 6s. ———	History of France. From the Conquest by the
	5692.3	th Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo. 6s. ———	History of Germany. From the Invasion by Marius
	5694.10	Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo. 6s. ———School	History of Greece. From the Earliest Times of
	5694.85	Times of the Roman Conquest. With the	History of Literature and Art. By Dr. W M
	5696.11	d. (Questions. 12mo. 2s.) ——— School	History of Rome, from the Earliest Times to the
	5696.97	Establishment of the Empire. With the	History of Literature and Art. By DEAN LIDDELL
	5700.18	Fcap. 8vo. 2s. MARRYATS (JOSEPH)	History of Modern and Mediæval Pottery and
	5728.15	s.—3. FROGS, 15s. MILMANS (DEAN)	History of Christianity, from the Birth of
	5730.3	the Roman Empire. 3 Vols. 8vo. 36s. ———	History of Latin Christianity; including that
	5766.19	Vols. Royal 4to. ——— Siluria; or, a	History of the Oldest Rocks containing Organic
	5824.9	S SPANISH BALLADS. 2s. 6d. LUCAS ON	HISTORY. 6d. BEAUTIES OF BYRON. 3s. TAYLOR'S
	5848.23	to. 30s. NICHOLLS' (SIR GEORGE)	History of the British Poor: Being an
	5852.0	vo. The work may be had separately:—	History of the English Poor. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s
	5908.77	including an Account of the Geography,	History, Antiquities, and Inhabitants of these
	5916.123	with Tables, illustrative of Indian	History, Chronology, Modern Coinages, Weights
	5924.47	LEOPOLD) Political and Ecclesiastical	History of the Popes of Rome, during the
	5940.25	vo. 2s. 6d. ROBERTSON'S (REV. J. C.)	History of the Christian Church, From the
	5968.88	with a short Account of the Natural	History and Habits of the Salmon. Second
	6002.74	Biography, Geography, and Natural	History. Woodcuts. Vol. 1. 8vo. [In the Press
	6004.13	vo. [In the Press. ——— Gibbon's	History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
	6006.32	Student's Gibbon; being the	History of the Decline and Fall, Abridged
	6008.4	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ———	History of Greece; from the Earliest Times to
	6008.79	Times to the Roman Conquest. With the	History of Literature and Art. Sixteenth
	6010.22	mo. 2s.) ——— Student's Hume. A	History of England from the Invasion of Julius
	6012.4	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ———	History of Rome; from the Earliest Times to the
	6012.90	Establishment of the Empire. With the	History of Literature and Art. By H. G. LIDDELL
	6012.212	vo. 7. 6d. [Uniform with SMITH'S "	HISTORY OF GREECE."] ——— (WM. JAS.) Grenville
	6042.45	and Palestine, in Connexion with their	History. Fifth Edition. Map. 8vo. 16s. ST
	6044.45	S (CHARLES) Wild Sports and Natural	History of the Highlands. Post 8vo. 6s
	6074.19	vo. 2s. [page] 31 TICKNOR'S (GEORGE)	History of Spanish Literature. With Criticisms
	6142.58	Descriptive, and Historical, with a	History of Greek Art, by G. SCHARF, F.S.A. New
	6150.53	Painting Characterised; a Sketch of the	History of Painting, showing its gradual and
2			history—concluding
	215.316	of its adoption on the study of Natural	history—Concluding remarks
	3374.308	of its adoption on the study of Natural	history—Concluding remarks. AS this whole volume is one
7			hitherto
	1072.41	the diagram, each horizontal line has	hitherto been supposed to represent a thousand
	1119.7	long lost characters—Summary. I HAVE	hitherto sometimes spoken as if the variations
	2054.478	in hopeless difficulties; for if two	hitherto reputed varieties be found in any
	2227.1491	whereas not one other species has	hitherto been found in any tertiary formation
	3109.207	of crustaceans, such definition has	hitherto been found impossible. There are
	3165.539	shows that this valuation has	hitherto been arbitrary), could easily extend
	5032.85	of the Four Gospels in Syriac,	hitherto unknown in Europe. Discovered, Edited
28			hive-bee
	166.250	parasitic bees — Slave-making ants —	Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct
	852.1154	appear to differ in length; yet the	hive-bee can easily suck the nectar out of the
	856.145	supply of precious nectar to the	hive-bee. Thus it might be a great advantage to
	856.197	it might be a great advantage to the	hive-bee to have a slightly longer or
	856.652	tube to its corolla, so that the	hive-bee could visit its flowers. Thus I can
	1649.214	so wonderful an instinct as that of the	hive-bee making its cells will probably have
	1661.733	we are acquainted, namely, those of the	hive-bee and of many ants, could not possibly
	1711.386	ants; and the comb-making power of the	hive-bee: these two latter instincts have
	1763.28	rufescens. Cell-making instinct of the	Hive-Bee.—I will not here enter on minute
	1765.35	page] 225 CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE	HIVE-BEE. I was led to investigate this subject
	1767.625	of the series we have the cells of the	hive-bee, placed in a double layer: each cell
	1767.1087	extreme perfection of the cells of the	hive-bee and the simplicity of those of the
	1771.534	pyramidal basis of the cell of the	hive-bee. As in the cells of the hive-bee, so
	1771.567	of the hive-bee. As in the cells of the	hive-bee, so here, the three plane surfaces in
	1773.292	have been as perfect as the comb of the	hive-bee. Accordingly I wrote to Professor
	1777.35	in [page] 227 CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE	HIVE-BEE. both layers be formed, there will
	1779.299	have been made of the cells of the	hive-bee. Hence we may safely conclude that if
	1781.219	as wonderfully perfect as that of the	hive-bee. We must suppose the Melipona to make
	1781.1532	to make its nest,—I believe that the	hive-bee [page] 228 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. has
	1791.35	due [page] 229 CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE	HIVE-BEE. time; so that the basins, as soon as
	1805.35	page] 231 CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE	HIVE-BEE. position-that is, along the plane of
	1817.35	page] 233 CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE	HIVE-BEE. menced cells, is important, as it
	1821.371	have profited the progenitors of the	hive-bee? I think the answer is not difficult
	1829.44	make a comb as perfect as that of the	hive-bee. Beyond this stage of perfection in
	1829.157	could not lead; for the comb of the	hive-bee, as far as we can see, is absolutely
	1831.75	of all known instincts, that of the	hive-bee, can be explained by natural selection
	1839.1088	have been far better exemplified by the	hive-bee. If a working ant or other neuter
	3484.458	admirable architectural powers of the	hive-bee. Habit no doubt sometimes comes into
1			hocks
	1323.1309	very distinct zebra-like bars on the	hocks. With respect to the horse, I have
2			holders
	1424.1057	will be strongly in favour of the great	holders on the mountains or on the plains
	1424.1150	breeds more quickly than the small	holders on the intermediate narrow, hilly tract
1			holding
	1767.1503	addition, some large cells of wax for	holding honey. These latter cells are nearly
7			holds
	602.1268	many are still forming; and this	holds good. There are other relations
	1225.243	on the other side." I think this	holds true to a certain extent with our
	1249.545	that the rule almost invariably	holds good with cirripedes. I shall, in my
	1418.386	as far as I can make out, this rule	holds good with varieties in a state of
	2584.1171	Woodward has shown that the same law	holds good with sea-shells, but from the wide
	2954.1221	as I have gone, the relation generally	holds good. We see Britain separated by a
	3103.642	been admitted as true. The same fact	holds good with flowering plants, of which
1			holes
	852.367	for instance, their habit of cutting	holes and sucking the nectar at the bases of
1			holland's
	5384.0	Reformation, Second Edition. 8vo. 15s.	HOLLAND'S (REV. W. B.) Psalms and Hymns, selected
1			hollows
	1801.313	by endeavouring to make equal spherical	hollows, but never allowing the spheres to
1			hollwax's
	5814.0	s. CROKER ON THE GUILLOTINE. 1s.	HOLLWAX'S NORWAY. 2s. MAUREL'S WELLINGTON. 1s
1			hollway's
	5386.0	Church. Third Edition. 24mo. 1,s. 3d.	HOLLWAY'S (J. G.) Month in Norway. Fcap. 8vo. 2s
2			hollyhock
	2076.60	I have made on certain varieties of	hollyhock, I am inclined to suspect that they
	4027.27	Holly-trees, sexes of, 93.	Hollyhock, varieties of, crossed, 271. Hooker, Dr
3			holly-trees
	846.512	presently to be alluded to. Some	holly-trees bear only male flowers, which have four
	846.649	pollen, and a rudimentary pistil; other	holly-trees bear only female flowers; these have a
	4027.0	plants of, 375. Hippeastrum, 250.	Holly-trees, sexes of, 93. Hollyhock, varieties of
1			homepage
	6166.10	been accessed 286836 times Return to	homepage Terms of Use. These materials may be
20			homes
	552.438	Britain. A wide distance between the	homes of two doubtful forms leads many
	665.958	of naturalised productions in their new	homes. In a state of nature almost every
	994.455	to certain stations in their new	homes. But the case is very different; and
	1177.1470	become acclimatised to their new	homes. As I believe that our domestic
	2323.496	varieties returned to their ancient	homes, as they would differ from their former
	2488.632	is, which are commonest in their own	homes, and are most widely diffused, having
	2663.1124	in their own widely-extended	homes will have the best chance of seizing on
	2663.1232	spread into new countries. In their new	homes they will be exposed to new conditions
	2775.376	have retreated to their present	homes; but I have met with no satisfactory
	2849.0	CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL PERIOD.	homes; but the forms, chiefly northern, which
	2849.109	would travel still further from their	homes into the more temperate latitudes of
	2849.895	hemispheres, now exist in their new	homes as well-marked varieties or as distinct
	2851.518	forms having existed in their own	homes in greater numbers, and having
	2861.370	as another species within their own	homes. I have said that many difficulties
	2928.768	have struggled together in their former	homes, and have become mutually adapted to
	2928.853	other; and when settled in their new	homes, each kind will have been kept by the
	2952.44	through natural selection in their new	homes in relation to their new position, and
	2962.246	could have reached their present	homes. But the probability of many islands
	3000.349	modified and better fitted to their new	homes,—is of the widest application
	3018.885	of the colonists to their new	homes. Summary of last and present Chapters
1			hominem
	3145.334	and I might answer by the argumentum ad	hominem, and ask what should be done if a
3			homologies
	1622.570	that none could have existed, for the	homologies of many organs and their intermediate
	3231.157	species, we can indicate but few serial	homologies; that is, we are seldom enabled to say
	3323.738	may sometimes be seen. In tracing the	homologies of the same part in different members
1			homologise
	3231.46	great class of molluscs, though we can	homologise the parts of one species with those of
28			homologous
	1197.656	The several parts of the body which are	homologous, and which, at an early embryonic
	1197.955	for the lower jaw is believed to be	homologous with the limbs. These tendencies, I do
	1199.0	permanent by natural selection.	Homologous parts, as has been remarked by some
	1199.157	is more common than the union of	homologous parts in normal structures, as the
	1249.1027	amount of diversification: the	homologous valves in the different species being
	1357.132	have been more potent in their effects.	Homologous parts tend to vary in the same way, and
	1357.183	parts tend to vary in the same way, and	homologous parts tend to cohere. Modifications in
	1528.164	admit that the swimbladder is	homologous, or "ideally similar," in position and
	1530.1002	and dorsal scales of Annelids are	homologous with the wings and wing-covers of
	1536.555	frena in the one family are strictly	homologous with the branchiæ of the other family
	1580.569	of the pelvis; and then by the law of	homologous variation, the front limbs and even the
	3203.317	the different species of the class are	homologous. The whole subject is included under
	3203.877	importance of relative connexion in	homologous organs: the parts may change to almost
	3203.1162	the same names can be given to the	homologous bones in widely different animals. We
	3211.1073	perceive the plain signification of the	homologous construction of the limbs throughout
	3217.265	believe that the bones of the skull are	homologous with—that is correspond in number and
	3217.495	and articulate classes are plainly	homologous. We see the same law in comparing the
	3231.233	to say that one part or organ is	homologous with another in the same individual
	3357.53	to the same pattern displayed in the	homologous organs, to whatever purpose applied, of
	3357.148	different species of a class; or to the	homologous parts constructed on the same pattern
	3359.282	in an individual embryo of the	homologous parts, which when matured will become
	3359.450	in different species of a class of the	homologous parts or organs, though fitted in the
	3524.1339	to reveal, by rudimentary organs and by	homologous structures, her scheme of modification
	3968.6	St. Hilaire on balancement, 147. ———on	homologous organs, 434. ———, Isidore, on
	4062.6	on embryological succession, 338. —, on	homologous organs, 438. —, on the development of
	4240.4	of little importance, 194. ——,	homologous, 434. —, rudiments of
	4256.7	affinities of the dugong, 414. ——, on	homologous organs, 435. ——, on the metamorphosis
	4574.17	size, 134. ZEBRA. Wings of insects	homologous with branchiæ, 191. ——, rudimentary, in
1			homology
	1205.661	naked Turkish dog, though here probably	homology comes into play? With respect to this
1			homopterous
	3159.556	appearances, actually classed an	homopterous insect as a moth. We see something of
2			honestly
	536.525	important (as some few naturalists have	honestly confessed) which does not vary; and
	2916.369	I have already stated that I cannot	honestly admit Forbes's view on continental
12			honey
	1763.481	to hold the greatest possible amount of	honey, with the least possible consumption of
	1767.447	which use their old cocoons to hold	honey, sometimes adding to them short tubes
	1767.1511	some large cells of wax for holding	honey. These latter cells are nearly
	1781.1263	length requisite to hold the stock of	honey; in the same way as the rude humble-bee
	1825.176	process of secretion. A large store of	honey is indispensable to support a large
	1825.391	the saving of wax by largely saving	honey must be a most important element of
	1825.655	independent of the quantity of	honey which the bees could collect. But let
	1825.961	and consequently required a store of	honey: there can in this case be no doubt
	1831.776	individual swarm which wasted least	honey in the secretion of wax, having
	1857.174	abdomen which secretes a sort of	honey, supplying the place of that excreted
	5388.0	J. G.) Month in Norway. Fcap. 8vo. 2s.	HONEY BEE (THE). An Essay. By REV. THOMAS
	5792.4	DEEDS OF NAVAL DARING. 2 Vols. 5s. THE	HONEY BEE. 1s. JAMES ÆESOFS FABLES. 2s. 6d
1			honoured
	240.453	latter having read my sketch of 1844—	honoured me by thinking it advisable to publish
1			hooded
	1681.1110	England, is tame in Norway, as is the	hooded crow in Egypt. That the general
1			hook's
	5390.0	Quarterly Review." Fcap. 8vo. 1s.	HOOK'S (REV. DR.) Church Dictionary. Eighth
8			hooked
	816.1648	the shoulder-pad to the boar, and the	hooked jaw to the male salmon; for the shield
	1845.413	plumage of many birds, and in the	hooked jaws of the male salmon. We have even
	2936.197	of the endemic plants have beautifully	hooked seeds; yet few relations are more
	2936.270	more striking than the adaptation of	hooked seeds for transportal by the wool and
	2936.385	no difficulty on my view, for a	hooked seed might be transported to an island
	2936.523	modified, but still retaining its	hooked seeds, would form an endemic species
	4368.29	Salmons, males fighting, and	hooked jaws of, 88. Salt-water, how far
	4384.3	by fish, 362, 387. —in mud, 386. —,	hooked, on islands, 392. Selection of domestic
27			hooker
	240.379	of that Society. Sir C. Lyell and Dr.	Hooker, who both knew of my work—the latter
	248.72	expressing my deep obligations to Dr.	Hooker, who for the last fifteen years has
	582.443	difficulties, as did subsequently Dr.	Hooker, even in stronger terms. I shall
	582.630	numbers of the varying species. Dr.	Hooker permits me to add, that after having
	890.707	in this country; and at my request Dr.	Hooker tabulated the trees of New Zealand, and
	890.855	I anticipated. On the other hand, Dr.	Hooker has recently informed me that he finds
	1177.709	raised from seed collected by Dr.	Hooker from trees growing at different heights
	1211.563	Umbelliferæ, it is by no means, as Dr.	Hooker informs me, in species with the densest
	2809.409	former low descent; and in Sikkim, Dr.	Hooker saw maize growing on gigantic ancient
	2819.229	and allied species. In America, Dr.	Hooker has shown that between forty and fifty
	2823.1054	Australian forms, as I hear from Dr.	Hooker, extend along the heights of the
	2825.210	can be given, as I am informed by Dr.	Hooker, of European genera, found in Australia
	2825.370	to the Flora of New Zealand,' by Dr.	Hooker, analogous and striking facts are given
	2831.556	c., of northern forms of fish. Dr.	Hooker informs me that twenty-five species of
	2843.471	fact, lately communicated to me by Dr.	Hooker, that all the flowering plants, about
	2843.1386	Himalaya, as graphically described by	Hooker. Thus, as I believe, a considerable
	2851.49	fact, strongly insisted on by	Hooker in regard to America, and by Alph. de
	2863.127	stated with admirable clearness by Dr.	Hooker in his botanical works on the antarctic
	2904.870	water-lily (probably, according to Dr.	Hooker, the Nelumbium luteum) in a heron's
	2930.277	plants of the Galapagos Islands, Dr.	Hooker has shown that the proportional numbers
	2972.467	nearly all the plants, as shown by Dr.	Hooker in his admirable memoir on the Flora of
	2978.1289	though feeble, I am assured by Dr.	Hooker is real, between the flora of the south
	3171.342	vegetable kingdom, as I learn from Dr.	Hooker, it has added only two or three orders
	3989.0	of, 261. Grasses, varieties of, 113.	HOOKER. Gray, Dr. Asa, on trees of United
	4028.0	Hollyhock, varieties of, crossed, 271.	Hooker, Dr., on trees of New Zealand
	4032.0	New Zealand, 100. [page] 496 INDEX.	HOOKER. Hooker, Dr., on acclimatisation of
	4034.0	page] 496 INDEX. HOOKER.	Hooker, Dr., on acclimatisation of Himalayan
2			hooker's
	2978.388	that very closely, as we know from Dr.	Hooker's account, to those of America: but on
	5396.0	Quarterly Review." Fcap. Svo. 1s.	HOOKER'S (Dr. J. D.) Himalayan Journals; or
6			hooks
	429.260	that the fuller's teazle, with its	hooks, which cannot be rivalled by any
	1574.580	by the aid of exquisitely constructed	hooks clustered around the ends of the
	1574.730	the plant; but as we see nearly similar	hooks on many trees which are not climbers
	1574.778	many trees which are not climbers, the	hooks on the bamboo may have arisen from
	3668.12	Balancement of growth, 147. Bamboo with	hooks, 197. Barberry, flowers of
	4044.0	the plants of the Galapagos, 391, 398.	Hooks on bamboos, 197. ——to seeds on islands
1			hooper's
	5398.0	Woodcuts. 2 vols. Post Svo. 18s.	HOOPER'S (LIEUT.) Ten Months among the Tents of
5			hopeless
	970.295	character of species—as is shown by the	hopeless doubts in many cases how to rank them
	1245.432	to a nearly similar conclusion. It is	hopeless to attempt to convince any one of the
	1731.1282	slave-making ant, it would have been	hopeless to have speculated how so wonderful an
	2054.444	nature, we are immediately involved in	hopeless difficulties; for if two hitherto
	3209.20	flowers of plants. Nothing can be more	hopeless than to attempt to explain this
1			hopelessly
	2687.253	thence as far as it could. It would be	hopelessly tedious to discuss all the exceptional
2			hopelessness
	369.987	the extreme difficulty, or rather utter	hopelessness, of the task becomes apparent
	3209.164	or by the doctrine of final causes. The	hopelessness of the attempt has been expressly
6			horace
	5078.106	from his Correspondence and Diaries. By	HORACE TWISS. Third Edition. Portrait. 2 Vols
	5400.0	Sir John Franklin. Plates, 8vo. 14s.	HORACE (Works of). Edited by DEAN MILMAN. With
	5734.18	vo. 10s. 6d. Life and Works of	Horace. With 300 Woodcuts. New Edition. 2 Vols
	5930.39	REJECTED ADDRESSES (THE). By JAMES AND	HORACE SMITH. With Biographies of the Authors
	6016.13	Notes. 4 Vols. 8vo. 64s. ——— (JAMES &	HORACE) Rejected Addresses. Twenty-third
	6084.8	our own. Post 8vo. 9s. 6d. TWISS' (	HORACE) Public and Private Life of Lord
10			horizontal
	1018.1176	When a dotted line reaches one of the	horizontal lines, and is there marked by a small
	1020.26	work. The intervals between the	horizontal lines in the diagram, may represent
	1034.655	branches not reaching to the upper	horizontal lines. In some cases I do not doubt
	1040.332	the amount of change between each	horizontal line in our diagram to be excessively
	1046.10	IV. DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER. tween the	horizontal lines. After fourteen thousand
	1072.21	before his mind. In the diagram, each	horizontal line has hitherto been supposed to
	2528.458	but this is unimportant for us. The	horizontal lines may represent successive
	2536.899	be discovered above one of the middle	horizontal lines or geological formations-for
	2869.703	south. As the tide leaves its drift in	horizontal lines, though rising higher on the
	3119.1037	genera (a14 to z14) on the uppermost	horizontal line. Now all these modified
1			horner
	4046.0	to seeds on islands, 392.	Horner, Mr., on the antiquity of Egyptians
1			horner's
	357.447	or five thousand years ago? But Mr.	Horner's researches have rendered it in some
2			hornless
	816.587	weapons, confined to the male sex. A	hornless stag or spurless cock would have a poor
	3337.289	of minute dangling horns in	hornless breeds of cattle, more especially
1			horn-like
	828.324	as the wattle in male carriers,	horn-like protuberances in the cocks of certain
19			horns
	317.445	to have, as is asserted, long or many	horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin
	331.58	thus the inherited peculiarities in the	horns of cattle could appear only in the
	423.116	might not have descended from long	horns, and he will laugh you to scorn. I have
	804.394	of the down of their chickens; in the	horns of our sheep and cattle when nearly
	1580.341	of the hair, and that with the hair the	horns are correlated. Mountain breeds always
	1845.484	We have even slight differences in the	horns of different breeds of cattle in
	1845.623	for oxen of certain breeds have longer	horns than in other breeds, in comparison
	1845.674	in other breeds, in comparison with the	horns of the bulls or cows of these same
	1851.327	yielding oxen with extraordinarily long	horns, could be slowly formed by carefully
	1851.457	matched, produced oxen with the longest	horns; and yet no one ox could ever have
	2110.533	melanism, deficiency of tail or	horns, or additional fingers and toes; and do
	3135.1095	great agriculturist Marshall says the	horns are very useful for this purpose with
	3135.1244	the body, &c.; whereas with sheep the	horns are much less serviceable, because less
	3263.1282	of one parent. Or again, as when the	horns of cross-bred cattle have been affected
	3263.1348	have been affected by the shape of the	horns of either parent. For the welfare of a
	3269.379	of the silk-moth; or, again, in the	horns of almost full-grown cattle. But
	3337.280	the reappearance of minute dangling	horns in hornless breeds of cattle, more
	4047.0	Mr., on the antiquity of Egyptians, 18.	Horns, rudimentary, 454. Horse, fossil, in La
	4596.19	breeds of sheep, 36. ——, on rudimentary	horns in young cattle, 454. Z. Zebra
1			horny
	3335.35	of growth, but in order to excrete	horny matter, as that the rudimentary nails
30			horse
	425.372	for the differences of a dray and race	horse, a greyhound and bloodhound, a carrier
	1325.20	bars on the hocks. With respect to the	horse, I have collected cases in England of
	1329.4	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. bay	horse. My son made a careful examination and
	1331.174	the breed for the Indian Government, a	horse without stripes is not considered as
	1333.113	believes that the several breeds of the	horse have descended from several aboriginal
	1339.137	that the common mule from the ass and	horse is particularly apt to have bars on its
	1339.380	in his excellent treatise on the	horse, has given a figure of a similar mule
	1345.216	on the shoulders like an ass. In the	horse we see this tendency strong whenever a
	1349.214	the common parent of our domestic	horse, whether or not it be descended from
	1590.151	of the monkey, in the fore leg of the	horse, in the wing of the bat, and in the
	1590.682	bones in the limbs of the monkey,	horse, and bat, which have been inherited
	2104.493	the ass has a prepotent power over the	horse, so that both the mule and the hinny
	2104.567	hinny more resemble the ass than the	horse; but that the prepotency runs more
	2155.80	very distinct, for instance to the	horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose
	2155.340	resemblance to the tapir and to the	horse; but in some points of structure may
	2157.116	from the other; for instance, a	horse from a tapir; and in this case direct
	2440.347	When I found in La Plata the tooth of a	horse embedded with the remains of Mastodon
	2440.574	with astonishment; for seeing that the	horse, since its introduction by the
	2440.798	recently have exterminated the former	horse under conditions of life apparently so
	2444.126	though so like that of the existing	horse, belonged to an extinct species. Had
	2444.174	to an extinct species. Had this	horse been still living, but in some degree
	2444.586	tell. On the supposition of the fossil	horse still existing as a rare species, we
	2444.787	of the naturalisation of the domestic	horse in South America, that under more
	2444.1276	have perceived the fact, yet the fossil	horse would certainly have become rarer and
	2478.8	SUCCESSION, CHAP. X. don and	Horse, it might at least have been inferred
	3203.612	of a mole for digging, the leg of the	horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the
	3323.963	by Owen of the bones of the leg of the	horse, ox, and rhinoceros. It is an
	3518.111	fin of the porpoise, and leg of the	horse,—the same number of vertebræ forming
	4047.25	Egyptians, 18. Horns, rudimentary, 454.	Horse, fossil, in La Plata, 318. Horses
	4251.14	on electric organs, 192. ——, on fossil	horse of La Plata, 319. —, on relations of
1			horse's
	2444.1074	and at what period of the	horse's life, and in what degree, they
5			horse-genus
	1339.70	of crossing the several species of the	horse-genus. Rollin asserts, that the common mule
	1345.91	several very distinct species of the	horse-genus becoming, by simple variation, striped
	1345.1450	seen that in several species of the	horse-genus the stripes are either plainer or
	1345.1697	case with that of the species of the	horse-genus! [page] 167 CHAP. V. SUMMARY. For
	3476.789	and legs of the several species of the	horse-genus and in their hybrids! How simply is
22			horses
	359.632	than one wild parent. With respect to	horses, from reasons which I cannot give here
	455.143	their exportation: the destruction of	horses under a certain size was ordered, and
	661.477	of increase of slow-breeding cattle and	horses in South-America, and latterly in
	713.242	of this; for here neither cattle nor	horses nor dogs have ever run wild, though
	713.798	flies would decrease—then cattle and	horses would become feral, and this would
	976.561	early period one man preferred swifter	horses; another stronger and more bulky horses
	976.601	horses; another stronger and more bulky	horses. The early differences would be very
	976.716	from the continued selection of swifter	horses by some breeders, and of stronger ones
	1325.85	in England of the spinal stripe in	horses of the most distinct breeds, and of all
	1331.54	part of India the Kattywar breed of	horses is so generally striped, that, as I
	1331.503	and sometimes quite disappear in old	horses. Colonel Poole has seen both gray and
	1331.561	has seen both gray and bay Kattywar	horses striped when first foaled. I have, also
	1331.900	cases of leg and shoulder stripes in	horses of very different breeds, in various
	1343.101	the eminently striped Kattywar breed of	horses, and was, as we have seen, answered in
	2305.133	our different breeds of cattle, sheep,	horses, and dogs have descended from a single
	2699.531	racehorses differ slightly from the	horses of every other breed; but they do not
	3263.307	is notorious that breeders of cattle,	horses, and various fancy animals, cannot
	3283.154	varieties. Fanciers select their	horses, dogs, and pigeons, for breeding, when
	3644.5	development of, 442. Apteryx, 182. Arab	horses, 35, Aralo-Caspian Sea, 339. Archiac, M
	4048.0	Horse, fossil, in La Plata, 318.	Horses destroyed by flies in La Plata
	4407.33	Smith, Col. Hamilton, on striped	horses, 164. ——, Mr. Fred., on slave-making
	4443.11	of, in Britain, 284. Stripes on	horses, 163. [page] 501 INDEX. STRUCTURE
1			hortensius
	5169.20	Post 8vo. 21s. FORSYTH'S (WILLIAM)	Hortensius, or the Advocate: an Historical Essay
3			horticultural
	477.811	I have seen great surprise expressed in	horticultural works at the wonderful skill of
	645.449	evidently the result of his great	horticultural knowledge. Nothing is easier than to
	1930.402	part accounted for by Herbert's great	horticultural skill, and by his having hothouses at
1			horticulture
	297.42	has been said to be the bane of	horticulture; but on this view we owe variability to
2			horticulturist
	796.718	yet we hear from an excellent	horticulturist, Downing, that in the United States
	1847.307	the individual is destroyed; but the	horticulturist sows seeds of the same stock, and
4			horticulturists
	443.36	The same principles are followed by	horticulturists; but the variations are here often more
	1938.29	depends. The practical experiments of	horticulturists, though not made with scientific
	1942.292	have been notorious to nurserymen.	Horticulturists raise large beds of the same hybrids
	4051.0	proportions of, when young, 445.	Horticulturists, selection applied by, 32. Huber on
1			hospitals
	5404.0	and coloured Borders. 8vo. 9s.	HOSPITALS AND SISTERHOODS. By A LADY. Fcap. 8vo
2			hostile
	2066.80	The evidence is, also, derived from	hostile witnesses, who in all other cases
	2070.224	by so good an observer and so	hostile a witness, as Gärtner: namely, that
1			hosts
	2221.224	land and the water has been peopled by	hosts of living forms. What an infinite
1			hothouses
	1930.441	horticultural skill, and by his having	hothouses at his command. Of his many important
1			hottentot
	3139.379	If it could be proved that the	Hottentot had descended from the Negro, I think
2			hotter
	747.14	EXISTENCE. CHAP. III. into slightly	hotter or colder, damper or drier districts
	2641.72	in the Old World could be pointed out	hotter than any in the New World, yet these
1			hottest
	2843.203	On the other hand, the most humid and	hottest districts will have afforded an asylum
1			hound
	349.0	page] 17 CHAP. I. UNDER DOMESTICATION.	hound, bloodhound, terrier, spaniel, and bull
1			hourly
	790.51	that natural selection is daily and	hourly scrutinising, throughout the world
14			hours
	804.1255	those insects which live only for a few	hours, and which never feed, a large part of
	1476.300	bear was seen by Hearne swimming for	hours with widely open mouth, thus catching
	1675.53	their attendance during several	hours. After this interval, I felt sure that
	1737.1204	years, I have watched for many	hours several nests in Surrey and Sussex, and
	1737.1489	he has watched the nests at various	hours during May, June and August, both in
	2735.217	pass into the gizzard for 12 or even 18	hours. A bird in this interval might easily
	2735.684	an interval of from twelve to twenty	hours, disgorge pellets, which, as I know
	2735.937	having been from twelve to twenty-one	hours in the stomachs of different birds of
	2735.1072	thus retained for two days and fourteen	hours. Freshwater fish, I find, eat seeds of
	2735.1412	these birds after an interval of many	hours, either rejected the seeds in pellets
	2892.1495	in damp air, from twelve to twenty	hours; and in this length of time a duck or
	2904.547	in pellets or in excrement, many	hours afterwards. When I saw the great size
	3277.181	of various breeds, within twelve	hours after being hatched; I carefully
	3283.769	short-faced tumbler, which when twelve	hours old had acquired its proper proportions
5			house
	1869.2	page] 241 CHAP. VII. NEUTER INSECTS. a	house of whom many were five feet four inches
	1914.839	were kept in a chamber in his	house. That these processes are often
	2759.376	under an Arctic climate. The ruins of a	house burnt by fire do not tell their tale
	5110.24	Post 8vo. 18s. —— and France under the	House of Lancaster. With an Introductory View
	5382.40	HISTORY OP ENGLAND AND FRANCE UNDER THE	HOUSE OF LANCASTER. With an Introductory View
2			household
	1737.1696	Hence he considers them as strictly	household slaves. The masters, on the other hand
	6022.18	Post8vo. 9s. SOUTH'S (JOHN F.)	Household Surgery; or, Hints on Emergencies
1			houses
	5622.59	of the Lindsays; or, a Memoir of the	Houses of Crawford and Balcarres. With
2			house-tumblers
	1697.605	now are; and near Glasgow there are	house-tumblers, as I hear from Mr. Brent, which cannot
	3720.15	Branchiæ, 190. Brent, Mr., on	house-tumblers, 214. —, on hawks killing pigeons
1			houstoun's
	5406.0	By A LADY. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.	HOUSTOUN'S (MRS.) Yacht Voyage to Texas and the
1			hovering
	1472.868	sulphuratus) in South America,	hovering over one spot and then proceeding to
1			howard
	5050.22	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. DOUGLASS (GENERAL SIR	HOWARD) Treatise on the Theory and Practice of
82			however
	244.209	personally unknown to me. I cannot,	however, [page] 3 INTRODUCTION. let this
	260.577	long catalogues of facts. We shall,	however, be enabled to discuss what
	264.308	it follows that any being, if it vary	however slightly in any manner profitable to
	337.370	in very poor soil (in which case,	however, some effect would have to be
	461.501	serve for comparison. In some cases,	however, unchanged or but little changed
	493.198	in human nature to value any novelty,	however slight, in one's own possession. Nor
	505.1694	varieties had been neglected. As soon,	however, as gardeners picked out individual
	542.1124	the difficulty. In very many cases,	however, one form is ranked as a variety of
	544.191	the only guide to follow. We must,	however, in many cases, decide by a majority of
	582.817	well established. The whole subject,	however, treated as it necessarily here is with
	641.581	this struggle for life, any variation,	however slight and from whatever cause
	770.109	that individuals having any advantage,	however slight, over others, would have the
	798.244	some slight and direct effect. It is,	however, far more necessary to bear in mind
	926.252	in the production of new species. If,	however, an isolated area be very small, either
	1048.1031	and improved lines of descent. If,	however, the [page] 122 NATURAL SELECTION
	1123.673	cause for each deviation of structure,	however slight. How much direct effect
	1139.515	accumulate all profitable variations,	however slight, until they become plainly
	1183.208	widely different climates. We must not,	however, push the foregoing argument too far
	1225.1039	believe in its truth. I will not,	however, here give any instances, for I see
	1231.90	becomes less useful, any diminution,	however slight, in its development, will be
	1245.845	rule by no means applies to any part,	however unusually developed, unless it be
	1267.141	reason to doubt. Hence when an organ,	however abnormal it may be, has been
	1269.905	yet only indirectly, true; I shall,	however, have to re- [page] 155 CHAP. V. LAWS
	1293.413	great degree of variability in a part,	however extraordinarily it may be developed, if
	1299.14	acts of creation. With pigeons,	however, we have another case, namely, the
	1311.807	to lost ancestral characters. As,	however, we never know the exact character of
	1323.8	seem to me very remarkable. I will,	however, give one curious and complex case, not
	1361.1361	a fixed character to the organ, in	however extraordinary a manner it may be
	1412.1079	species are already defined objects (	however they may have become so), not blending
	1492.524	seize on the place of that inhabitant,	however different it may be from its own place
	1657.1265	and sixth stages of construction. If,	however, a caterpillar were taken out of a
	1723.609	of two or three days. This instinct,	however, of the American ostrich has not as yet
	1737.1853	of all kinds. During the present year,	however, in the month [page] 221 CHAP. VII
	1749.460	nest in the thick heath. The nest,	however, must have been close at hand, for two
	1789.451	from the opposite sides. The bees,	however, did not suffer this to happen, and
	1898.759	degrees of sterility. I hope,	however, to be able to show that sterility is
	1944.542	well authenticated. It should,	however, be borne in mind that, owing to few
	1950.760	pure geese) from one nest. In India,	however, these cross-bred geese must be far
	2026.806	the case of the common mule. Hybrids,	however, are differently circumstanced before
	2040.9	variable, rarely diminishes. It must,	however, be confessed that we cannot understand
	2054.170	remarks, inasmuch as varieties,	however much they may differ from each other in
	2056.836	intercrossed. Several considerations,	however, render the fertility of domestic
	2092.125	could be given. The variability,	however, in the successive generations of
	2143.1071	and improvement. The main cause,	however, of innumerable intermediate links not
	2221.89	important for us to gain some notion,	however imperfect, of the lapse of years
	2339.823	eocene stage. The most striking case,	however, is that of the Whale family; as these
	2351.478	known, are really teleostean. Assuming,	however, that the whole of them did appear, as
	2438.858	numbers of the species. In some cases,	however, the extermination of whole groups of
	2444.1161	acted. If the conditions had gone on,	however slowly, becoming less and less
	2474.20	easily correlated. These observations,	however, relate to the marine inhabitants of
	2528.1308	most from existing forms. We must not,	however, assume that divergence of character is
	2536.1257	remain distinct. These two families,	however, would be less distinct from each other
	2550.439	forms of life above and below. We must,	however, allow for the entire extinction of
	2657.1512	to the islands off the American shore,	however much they may differ in geological
	2703.335	but now be impassable; I shall,	however, presently have to discuss this branch
	2735.1570	power of germination. Certain seeds,	however, were always killed by this process
	2749.575	or intestines of birds. These means,	however, would suffice for occasional transport
	2851.268	than in a reversed direction. We see,	however, a few southern vegetable forms on the
	2910.278	between the individuals of the species,	however few, already occupying any pond, yet as
	2942.269	I have found it strictly true. I have,	however, been assured that a frog exists on the
	2988.896	in the different islands. Some species,	however, might spread and yet retain the same
	3038.1114	derived. We can see why in two areas,	however distant from each other, there should
	3077.92	in parts of the organisation,	however important [page] 415 CHAP. XIII
	3095.554	founded on any single character,	however important that may be, has always
	3123.1160	at each successive period. If,	however, we choose to suppose that any of the
	3139.470	would be classed under the Negro group,	however much he might differ in colour and
	3141.534	larval stages of the same individual,	however much they may differ from each other
	3179.1483	general order of Rodents. In this case,	however, it may be strongly suspected that the
	3197.560	in classing acknowledged varieties,	however different they may be from their parent
	3233.427	from some common element. Naturalists,	however, use such language only in a
	3247.10	to which they are exposed. The case,	however, is different when an animal during any
	3247.635	do their adult parents. In most cases,	however, the larvæ, though active, still obey
	3251.315	than the caterpillar. In some cases,	however, the mature animal is generally
	3295.937	habits. Some further explanation,	however, of the embryo not undergoing any
	3301.673	progenitor. In two groups of animal,	however much they may at present differ from
	3301.1065	will reveal this community of descent,	however much the structure of the adult may
	3351.1149	varieties of the same species,	however different they may be in structure. If
	3394.289	from common parents; and therefore, in	however distant and isolated parts of the world
	3438.526	competition, or better adaptation in	however slight a degree to the surrounding
	3516.439	by the most permanent characters,	however slight their vital importance may be
	3558.51	than it is at present; for differences,	however slight, between any two forms, if not
	3578.179	of actual time. A number of species,	however, keeping in a body might remain for a
15			huber
	1655.99	are universal. A little dose, as Pierre	Huber expresses it, of judgment or reason
	1657.923	the habitual train of thought: so P.	Huber found it was with a caterpillar, which
	1731.116	Formica (Polyerges) rufescens by Pierre	Huber, a better observer even than his
	1731.739	helpless are the masters, that when	Huber shut up thirty of them without a slave
	1731.976	and many perished of hunger.	Huber then introduced a single slave (F
	1733.54	was likewise first discovered by P.	Huber to be a slave-making ant. This species
	1737.124	fully trusting to the statements of	Huber and Mr. Smith, I tried to approach the
	1741.319	of aphides or cocci. According to	Huber, who had ample opportunities for
	1741.528	in the morning and evening; and, as	Huber expressly states, their principal
	1743.164	the masters carefully carrying, as	Huber has described, their slaves in their
	1767.1238	described and figured by Pierre	Huber. The Melipona itself is intermediate in
	1771.428	into a pyramid; and this pyramid, as	Huber has remarked, is manifestly a gross
	1801.1004	made by the justly celebrated elder	Huber, but I am convinced of their accuracy
	1809.205	one cell going to another, so that, as	Huber has stated, a score of individuals work
	4052.0	selection applied by, 32.	Huber on cells of bees, 230. —, P., on reason
1			huber's
	1803.0	they are conformable with my theory.	Huber's statement that the very first cell is
2			hudson
	5171.75	From the Letters and Journals of SIR	HUDSON LOWE. Portrait and Maps. 3 Vols. 8vo
	5642.11	Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. LOWES (SIR	HUDSON) Letters and Journals, during the
1			hulsean
	4814.198	the Resurrection of our Lord. Being the	HULSEAN LECTURES for 1832. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d
6			human
	493.163	small differences, and it is in	human nature to value any novelty, however
	1203.299	that the shape of the pelvis in the	human mother influences by pressure the shape
	1510.160	long-continued efforts of the highest	human intellects; and we naturally infer that
	3378.369	superior to, though analogous with,	human reason, but by the accumulation of
	3412.327	as to be utterly inappreciable by the	human intellect. The number of specimens in
	5710.29	mo. 1s. MAYOS (DR.) Pathology of the	Human Mind. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d. MELVILLES
1			humanities
	6176.9	of Cambridge Sponsored by: Arts and	Humanities Research Council The Charles Darwin
2			humble
	1767.1315	in structure between the hive and	humble bee, but more nearly related to the
	3689.4	cell-making instinct, 224. ——,	humble, cells of, 225. —, parasitic
5			humble-bee
	1767.1131	bee and the simplicity of those of the	humble-bee, we have the cells of the Mexican
	1781.1298	of honey; in the same way as the rude	humble-bee adds cylinders of wax to the circular
	1825.806	often does determine, the numbers of a	humble-bee which could exist in a country; and let
	1825.1040	that it would be an advantage to our	humble-bee, if a slight modification of her
	1825.1311	be more and more advantageous to our	humble-bee, if she were to make her cells more and
11			humble-bees
	719.519	I have, also, reason to believe that	humble-bees are indispensable to the fertilisation
	719.816	the fertilisation of our clovers; but	humble-bees alone visit the common red clover
	719.982	doubt, that if the whole genus of	humble-bees became [page] 74 MUTUAL CHECKS TO
	723.122	or wholly disappear. The number of	humble-bees in any district depends in a great
	723.300	who has long attended to the habits of	humble-bees, believes that "more than two thirds of
	723.561	small towns I have found the nests of	humble-bees more numerous than elsewhere, which I
	856.28	SELECTION. clover, which is visited by	humble-bees alone; so that whole fields of the red
	856.482	the stigmatic surface. Hence, again, if	humble-bees were to become rare in any country, it
	1767.398	At one end of a short series we have	humble-bees, which use their old cocoons to hold
	4057.0	on Melipona domestica, 225.	Humble-bees, cells of, 225. Hunter, J., on
	4215.182	Neuter insects, 236. Newman, Mr., on	humble-bees, 74. New Zealand, productions of, not
1			humblest
	635.1121	and only a little less plainly in the	humblest parasite which clings [page] 61 CHAP
1			humboldt
	2819.774	the Silla of Caraccas the illustrious	Humboldt long ago found species belong- [page
1			hume's
	5510.88	the Invasion of Julius Cæsar. Based on	HUME'S History, and continued to
1			humes
	4878.0	WORKS OF DRYDEN. Edited, with Notes.	HUMES HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Edited, with Notes
2			humid
	2637.828	most diversified conditions; the most	humid districts, arid deserts, lofty
	2843.193	climate. On the other hand, the most	humid and hottest districts will have
1			humming-birds
	3000.699	thus we have in South America, Alpine	humming-birds, Alpine rodents, Alpine plants, &c
2			humped
	359.418	voice, and constitution, &c., of the	humped Indian cattle, that these had descended
	1956.913	to believe that our European and the	humped Indian cattle are quite fertile
2			humphry
	5038.11	Vols. Post 8vo. 14s. DAVYS (SIR	HUMPHRY) Consolations in Travel; or, Last Days
	5962.12	G.R.GLEIG. Post 8vo.2s.6d. SANDWITH'S (	HUMPHRY) Narrative of the Siege of Kars and of
16			hundred
	635.485	rank, for instance, the two or three	hundred doubtful forms of British plants are
	707.444	touched by the hand of man; but several	hundred acres of exactly the same nature had
	711.497	In one square yard, at a point some	hundred yards distant from one of the old
	1072.137	but each may represent a million or	hundred million generations, and likewise a
	1305.1131	suddenly takes after an ancestor some	hundred generations [page] 161 CHAP. V. LAWS
	1353.86	is profound. Not in one case out of a	hundred can we pretend to assign any reason why
	1986.1032	but Kölreuter tried more than two	hundred times, during eight following years, to
	2199.645	river at the rate of only 600 feet in a	hundred thousand years. This estimate may be
	2217.186	years; or say three	hundred million years. The action of fresh
	2241.216	fact struck me more when examining many	hundred miles of the South American coasts
	2241.293	which have been upraised several	hundred feet within the recent period, than the
	2749.649	transport across tracts of sea some	hundred miles in breadth, or from island to
	2892.1577	heron might fly at least six or seven	hundred miles, and would be sure to alight on a
	2928.1395	than land-shells, across three or four	hundred miles of open sea. The different orders
	2972.633	islands in the Pacific, distant several	hundred miles from the continent, yet feels
	3532.498	grasp the full meaning of the term of a	hundred million years; it cannot add up and
7			hundreds
	673.304	bird in the world. One fly deposits	hundreds of eggs, and another, like the
	687.591	be less game than at present, although	hundreds of thousands of game animals are now
	711.175	points of view, whence I could examine	hundreds of acres of the unenclosed heath, and
	1305.115	having been lost for many, perhaps for	hundreds of generations. But when a breed has
	2687.904	on the mainland, though separated by	hundreds of miles of open sea. If the existence
	2693.360	and formed at the distance of a few	hundreds of miles from a continent, would
	2755.128	summits, separated from each other by	hundreds of miles of lowlands, where the Alpine
1			hundred-thousandth
	2480.178	relates to the same thousandth or	hundred-thousandth year, or even that it has a very strict
2			hungary
	365.698	of Germany and conversely, and so with	Hungary, Spain, &c., but that each of these
	5874.15	Edition. 12mo. 4s. PAGET'S (JOHN)	Hungary and Transylvania. With Remarks on their
1			hunger
	1731.968	feed themselves, and many perished of	hunger. Huber then introduced a single slave
2			hunter
	1245.1441	secondary sexual characters, used by	Hunter, applies to characters which are
	4058.0	Humble-bees, cells of, 225.	Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters
3			hunting
	836.461	another hares or rabbits, and another	hunting on marshy ground and almost nightly
	1723.755	over the plains, so that in one day's	hunting I picked up no less than twenty lost
	5866.44	S (R.) Field Sports of France; or,	Hunting, Shooting, and Fishing on the Continent
1			hutches
	297.351	instance, the rabbit and ferret kept in	hutches), showing that their reproductive
2			hutchinson
	5046.134	mediocrity be required. By LIEUT.-COL.	HUTCHINSON. Third Edition. Revised and enlarged
	5512.0	Uniform with The Student's Gibbon.)	HUTCHINSON" (COLONEL) on Dog-Breaking; the most
2			hutton
	1950.895	judges, namely Mr. Blyth and Capt.	Hutton, that whole flocks of these crossed
	4059.0	on secondary sexual characters, 150.	Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 253. Huxley
1			hutton's
	4724.4	KEEPER. PLATES. 1767. 4to. 5s. 18.	HUTTON'S TABLES OF THE PRODUCTS AND POWERS OF
5			huxley
	896.82	highest authorities, namely, Professor	Huxley, to discover a single case of an
	2576.270	recent forms. I must follow Pictet and	Huxley in thinking that the truth of this
	3233.247	probably be more correct, as Professor	Huxley has remarked, to speak of both skull
	3255.1230	to the admirable drawings by Professor	Huxley of the development of this insect, we
	4060.0	Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 253.	Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites
1			hyacinth
	319.235	of our old cultivated plants, as on the	hyacinth, potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it
1			hybernated
	2966.1122	Helix pomatia, and after it had again	hybernated I put it in sea-water for twenty days
1			hybernating
	2966.780	occurred to me that land-shells, when	hybernating and having a membranous diaphragm over
36			hybrid
	405.265	to bring forward one case of the	hybrid offspring of two animals clearly
	542.1034	links; nor will the commonly-assumed	hybrid nature of the intermediate links always
	1339.655	stripe. In Lord Moreton's famous	hybrid from a chestnut mare and male quagga
	1339.704	a chestnut mare and male quagga, the	hybrid, and even the pure offspring
	1339.929	this is another most remarkable case, a	hybrid has been figured by Dr. Gray (and he
	1339.1056	from the ass and the hemionus; and this	hybrid, though the ass seldom has stripes on
	1339.1556	occurrence of the face-stripes on this	hybrid from the ass and hemionus, [page
	1910.62	of species when crossed and of their	hybrid offspring. It is impossible to study
	1914.392	two species when crossed and by their	hybrid offspring, with the average number
	1924.660	fertility, already lessened by their	hybrid origin. I am strengthened in this
	1924.844	hybrids be artificially fertilised with	hybrid pollen of the same kind, their
	1924.1593	plant or from another plant of the same	hybrid nature. And thus, the strange fact of
	1932.893	fertilised by the pollen of a compound	hybrid descended from three other and distinct
	1936.77	pod impregnated by the pollen of the	hybrid made vigorous growth and rapid progress
	1938.327	For instance, Herbert asserts that a	hybrid from Calceolaria integrifolia and
	1938.777	he raises stocks for grafting from a	hybrid [page] 252 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII
	1942.54	Ponticum and Catawbiense, and that this	hybrid "seeds as freely as it is possible to
	1942.438	the several individuals of the same	hybrid variety are allowed to freely cross
	1942.694	flowers of the more sterile kinds of	hybrid rhododendrons, which produce no pollen
	1944.465	whether any case of a perfectly fertile	hybrid animal can be considered as thoroughly
	1948.0	page] 253 CHAP. VIII. STERILITY.	hybrid animals, I hardly know of an instance
	1948.79	in which two families of the same	hybrid have been raised at the same time from
	1950.87	cases of perfectly fertile	hybrid animals, I have some reason to believe
	1964.533	scanty our knowledge is in regard to	hybrid animals, I have been surprised to find
	1966.1130	species causing the flower of the	hybrid to wither earlier than it otherwise
	1980.864	extremely close species a single	hybrid. Even within the limits of the same
	1992.186	of impressing their likeness on their	hybrid offspring; but these two powers do not
	1992.949	show how completely fertility in the	hybrid is independent of its external
	2026.1004	suitable conditions of life. But a	hybrid partakes of only half of the nature and
	2066.807	and it is important to notice that the	hybrid plants thus raised were themselves
	2086.415	differences between the so-called	hybrid offspring of species, and the so-called
	2102.89	Gärtner is able to point out, between	hybrid and mongrel plants. On the other hand
	2102.416	power of impressing its likeness on the	hybrid; and so I believe it to be with
	2102.564	prepotent power over another variety.	Hybrid plants produced from a reciprocal cross
	2118.801	in degree in a first cross and in the	hybrid produced from this cross. In the same
	3315.1125	the rudiment of the pistil in the	hybrid offspring was much increased in size
3			hybridisation
	1964.378	up from Gärtner's admirable work on the	hybridisation of plants. I have taken much pains to
	2006.1149	the two grafting together. As in	hybridisation, so with grafting, the capacity is
	2006.1480	with ease. But this capacity, as in	hybridisation, is by no means absolutely governed by
2			hybridised
	1914.571	me to be here introduced: a plant to be	hybridised must be castrated, and, what is often
	1932.636	of certain species can actually be	hybridised much more readily than they can be self
1			hybridiser
	1926.72	at by the third most experienced	hybridiser, namely, the Hon. and [page
1			hybridisers
	1918.875	from fertility adduced by different	hybridisers, or by the same author, from
1			hybridising
	2026.511	Hewitt, who has had great experience in	hybridising gallinaceous birds, that the early
24			hybridism
	170.0	Summary. 207-244 CHAPTER VIII.	HYBRIDISM. Distinction between the sterility
	266.768	the mental powers of animals, thirdly,	Hybridism, or the infertility of species and the
	554.192	distribution, analogical variation,	hybridism, &c., have been brought to bear on the
	1390.57	shall be here discussed-Instinct and	Hybridism in separate chapters. On the absence
	1891.23	weakest die. [page] 245 CHAP. VIII.	HYBRIDISM. CHAPTER VIII. HYBRIDISM
	1894.0	CHAP. VIII. HYBRIDISM. CHAPTER VIII.	HYBRIDISM. Distinction between the sterility
	1902.11	the sterility of two [page] 246	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. species when first
	1916.11	as Gärtner believes. [page] 248	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. It is certain, on the one
	1928.11	namely, the Hon. and [page] 250	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. Rev. W. Herbert. He is as
	1940.11	for grafting from a hybrid [page] 252	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. between Rhod. Ponticum
	1954.11	with Pallas, has been [page] 254	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. largely accepted by
	1968.11	is well known to be a sign [page] 256	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. of incipient
	1984.11	often be crossed with ease. [page] 258	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. By a reciprocal cross
	1996.11	systematic affinity or [page] 260	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. degree of resemblance to
	2008.11	varieties of the pear take [page] 262	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. with different degrees of
	2024.11	surface. Again, the [page] 264	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. male element may reach
	2036.11	in so slight a degree as to [page] 266	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. be inappreciable by us
	2052.11	as a most forcible argu- [page] 268	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. ment, that there must be
	2064.11	that from which we believe [page] 270	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. in the sterility of a
	2082.11	think that the very general [page] 272	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. fertility of varieties
	2098.11	allied to each other, are [page] 274	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. crossed with a third
	2114.11	this similarity would be an [page] 276	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. astonishing fact. But it
	2130.11	produced under domesti- [page] 278	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. cation by the selection
	4065.0	Hybrids and mongrels compared, 272.	Hybridism, 245. Hydra, structure of, 190. I
1			hybridizer
	872.175	any other view are inexplicable. Every	hybridizer knows how unfavourable exposure to wet
2			hybrid-offspring
	1972.433	unusual facility, and produce numerous	hybrid-offspring, yet these hybrids are remarkably
	2126.839	and the degree of sterility of their	hybrid-offspring should generally correspond, though due
134			hybrids
	172.62	the sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids — Sterility various in degree, not
	172.208	Laws governing the sterility of	hybrids — Sterility not a special endowment
	172.339	the sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids — Parallelism between the effects of
	172.509	their mongrel offspring not universal —	Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of
	295.488	exact condition as in the most sterile	hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see
	405.12	treatises on inheritance. Lastly, the	hybrids or mongrels from between all the
	515.1484	the extreme variability both of	hybrids and mongrels, and the frequent
	515.1536	mongrels, and the frequent sterility of	hybrids; but the cases of plants not propagated
	558.281	very doubtful whether these links are	hybrids; and there is, as it seems to me, an
	876.53	bees would thus produce a multitude of	hybrids between distinct species; for if you
	1339.474	drawings, which I have seen, of	hybrids between the ass and zebra, the legs
	1345.538	striped most strongly displayed in	hybrids from between several of the most
	1351.419	quarters of the world, to produce	hybrids resembling in their stripes, not their
	1898.384	freely. The importance of the fact that	hybrids are very generally sterile, has, I
	1898.575	important, inasmuch as the sterility of	hybrids could not possibly be of any advantage
	1904.53	first crossed, and the sterility of the	hybrids produced from them. Pure species have
	1906.144	produce either few or no offspring.	Hybrids, on the other hand, have their
	1920.30	In regard to the sterility of	hybrids in successive generations; though
	1920.105	though Gärtner was enabled to rear some	hybrids, carefully guarding them from a cross
	1924.238	universal belief amongst breeders.	Hybrids are seldom raised by experimentalists
	1924.345	as the parent-species, or other allied	hybrids, generally grow in the same garden, the
	1924.474	during the flowering season: hence	hybrids will generally be fertilised during
	1924.804	namely, that if even the less fertile	hybrids be artificially fertilised with hybrid
	1924.1428	as Gärtner would have castrated his	hybrids, and this would have insured in each
	1924.1721	generations of artificially fertilised	hybrids may, I believe, be accounted for by
	1930.63	as emphatic in his conclusion that some	hybrids are perfectly fertile-as fertile as the
	1938.269	have been crossed, yet many of these	hybrids seed freely. For instance, Herbert
	1942.113	as it is possible to imagine." Had	hybrids, when fairly treated, gone on
	1942.337	raise large beds of the same	hybrids, and such alone are fairly treated, for
	1944.370	than in the case of plants; but the	hybrids themselves are, I think, more sterile
	1944.902	them and the canary, or that their	hybrids, should be perfectly fertile. Again
	1948.445	that the inherent sterility in the	hybrids should have gone on increasing. If we
	1950.142	I have some reason to believe that the	hybrids from Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii
	1950.285	versicolor are perfectly fertile. The	hybrids from the common and Chinese geese (A
	1950.581	effected by Mr. Eyton, who raised two	hybrids from the same parents but from
	1950.693	two birds he raised no less than eight	hybrids (grandchildren of the pure geese) from
	1956.255	at first have produced quite fertile	hybrids, or the hybrids must have become in
	1956.271	produced quite fertile hybrids, or the	hybrids must have become in subsequent
	1956.842	and have produced quite fertile	hybrids. So again there is reason to believe
	1958.170	sterility, both in first crosses and in	hybrids, is an extremely general result; but
	1960.53	the Sterility of first Crosses and of	Hybrids.—We will now consider a little more in
	1964.72	the sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids. Our chief object will be to see
	1966.89	fertility, both of first crosses and of	hybrids, graduates from zero to perfect
	1966.822	plant's own pollen will produce. So in	hybrids themselves, there are some which never
	1970.90	of sterility we have self-fertilised	hybrids producing a greater and greater number
	1972.0	of seeds up to perfect fertility.	Hybrids from two species which are very
	1972.221	a first cross, and the sterility of the	hybrids thus produced-two classes of facts
	1972.461	numerous hybrid-offspring, yet these	hybrids are remarkably sterile. On the other
	1972.600	or with extreme difficulty, but the	hybrids, when at last produced, are very
	1974.44	fertility, both of first crosses and of	hybrids, is more easily affected by
	1974.429	for the experiment. So it is with	hybrids, for their degree of fertility is often
	1980.28	STERILITY. between species, and of the	hybrids produced from them, is largely governed
	1980.131	affinity. This is clearly shown by	hybrids never having been raised between
	1986.950	by the pollen of M. longiflora, and the	hybrids thus produced are sufficiently fertile
	1986.1587	It is also a remarkable fact, that	hybrids raised from reciprocal crosses, though
	1992.282	go together. There are certain	hybrids which instead of having, as is usual
	1992.427	closely resemble one of them; and such	hybrids, though externally so like one of their
	1992.557	extremely sterile. So again amongst	hybrids which are usually intermediate in
	1992.749	one of their pure parents; and these	hybrids are almost always utterly sterile, even
	1992.812	utterly sterile, even when the other	hybrids raised from seed from the same capsule
	1994.92	the fertility of first crosses and of	hybrids, we see that when forms, which must be
	1994.509	in degree in the first cross and in the	hybrids produced from this cross. That the
	1994.565	from this cross. That the fertility of	hybrids is not related to the degree in which
	1998.340	the facility of effecting an union. The	hybrids, moreover, produced from reciprocal
	2000.524	facility, and yet produce very sterile	hybrids; and other species cross with extreme
	2000.613	and yet produce fairly fertile	hybrids? Why should there often be so great a
	2000.785	even be asked, has the production of	hybrids been permitted? to grant to species the
	2000.860	species the special power of producing	hybrids, and then to stop their further
	2002.131	sterility both of first crosses and of	hybrids is simply incidental or dependent on
	2014.35	We have seen that the sterility of	hybrids, which have their reproductive organs
	2022.48	the Sterility of first Crosses and of	Hybrids.—We may now look a little closer at the
	2022.153	the sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids. These two cases are fundamentally
	2022.323	sexual elements are perfect, whereas in	hybrids they are imperfect. Even in first
	2026.692	unwilling to believe in this view; as	hybrids, when once born, are generally healthy
	2026.797	we see in the case of the common mule.	Hybrids, however, are differently circumstanced
	2028.30	of life. In regard to the sterility of	hybrids, in which the sexual elements are
	2032.99	sterility thus superinduced and that of	hybrids, there are many points of similarity
	2032.653	of species tend to produce sterile	hybrids. On the other hand, one species in a
	2032.843	a group will produce unusually fertile	hybrids. No one can tell, till he tries
	2032.1084	genus will produce more or less sterile	hybrids. Lastly, when organic beings are placed
	2032.1390	when sterility ensues. So it is with	hybrids, for hybrids in successive generations
	2032.1403	ensues. So it is with hybrids, for	hybrids in successive generations are eminently
	2034.93	new and unnatural conditions, and when	hybrids are produced by the unnatural crossing
	2038.54	by us; in the other case, or that of	hybrids, the external conditions have remained
	2038.490	or to the conditions of life. When	hybrids are able to breed inter se, they
	2040.136	facts with respect to the sterility of	hybrids; for instance, the unequal fertility of
	2040.184	for instance, the unequal fertility of	hybrids produced from reciprocal crosses; or
	2040.262	or the increased sterility in those	hybrids which occasionally and exceptionally
	2048.564	or specifically different, produce	hybrids which are generally sterile in some
	2060.399	in the successive generations of	hybrids, which were at first only slightly
	2078.573	the Nicotiana glutinosa, always yielded	hybrids not so sterile as those which were
	2084.331	sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids, namely, that it is not a special
	2086.0	of the forms which are crossed.	Hybrids and Mongrels compared, independently of
	2088.152	mongrels are more variable than	hybrids; but Gärtner admits that hybrids from
	2088.185	than hybrids; but Gärtner admits that	hybrids from species which have long been
	2088.366	this fact. Gärtner further admits that	hybrids between very closely allied species are
	2088.582	When mongrels and the more fertile	hybrids are propagated for several generations
	2090.23	is notori- [page] 273 CHAP. VIII.	HYBRIDS AND MONGRELS. ous; but some few cases
	2092.32	ous; but some few cases both of	hybrids and mongrels long retaining uniformity
	2092.205	mongrels is, perhaps, greater than in	hybrids. This greater variability of mongrels
	2094.45	greater variability of mongrels than of	hybrids does not seem to me at all surprising
	2094.474	The slight degree of variability in	hybrids from the first cross or in the first
	2094.1009	identical with the parent-form. Now	hybrids in the first generation are descended
	2094.1200	and they are not variable; but	hybrids themselves have their reproductive
	2096.48	to our comparison of mongrels and	hybrids: Gärtner states that mongrels are more
	2096.107	that mongrels are more liable than	hybrids to revert to either parent-form; but
	2100.34	crossed with a third species, the	hybrids are widely different from each other
	2100.172	are crossed with another species, the	hybrids do not differ much. But this conclusion
	2102.170	the resemblance in mongrels and in	hybrids to their respective parents, more
	2102.226	respective parents, more especially in	hybrids produced from nearly related species
	2102.708	mongrels from a reciprocal cross. Both	hybrids and mongrels can be reduced to either
	2106.23	ass than in [page] 275 CHAP. VIII.	HYBRIDS AND MONGRELS. the female, so that the
	2110.191	that this does sometimes occur with	hybrids; yet I grant much less frequently with
	2110.238	yet I grant much less frequently with	hybrids than with mongrels. Looking to the
	2110.871	semi-monstrous in character, than with	hybrids, which are descended from species
	2118.105	to be ranked as species, and their	hybrids, are very generally, but not
	2126.109	death of the embryo. The sterility of	hybrids, which have their reproductive systems
	2126.1100	a first cross, the fertility of the	hybrids produced, and the capacity of being
	2132.194	is a close general resemblance between	hybrids and mongrels. Finally, then, the facts
	3392.17	to produce sterility. The sterility of	hybrids is a very different case from that of
	3392.438	of life, we need not feel surprise at	hybrids being in some degree sterile, for their
	3476.814	species of the horse-genus and in their	hybrids! How simply is this fact explained if
	3736.27	Canary-birds, sterility of	hybrids, 252. Cape de Verde islands, 398. Cape
	3910.13	to, 385. FRUIT-TREES. Fertility of	hybrids, 249. —from slight changes in
	3961.24	by vermin, 68. Gärtner on sterility of	hybrids, 247, 255. —on reciprocal crosses
	3964.18	and verbascum, 270. —on comparison of	hybrids and mongrels, 272. Geese, fertility
	4020.20	for existence, 62. ——, on sterility of	hybrids, 249. Hermaphrodites crossing
	4064.0	on the development of aphis, 442.	Hybrids and mongrels compared, 272. Hybridism
	4107.18	on the barberry, 98. ——on sterility of	hybrids, 247. —on reciprocal crosses, 258. ——on
	4191.5	fertility and sterility of, 267. —and	hybrids compared, 272. [page] 498 INDEX
	4283.24	habits of, 184. Phasianus, fertility of	hybrids, 253. Pheasant, young, wild
	4351.66	Resemblance to parents in mongrels and	hybrids, 273. Reversion, law of inheritance
	4432.4	from changed conditions of life, 9. —of	hybrids, 246. ———, laws of, 254. ——, causes of
	4519.28	fish, 384. Variability of mongrels and	hybrids, 274. Variation under domestication
1			hybrids—parallelism
	1896.331	the sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids—Parallelism between the effects of changed
2			hybrids—sterility
	1896.62	the sterility of first crosses and of	hybrids—Sterility various in degree, not universal
	1896.204	Laws governing the sterility of	hybrids—Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental
2			hydra
	1522.378	fly and in the fish Cobites. In the	Hydra, the animal may be turned inside out
	4066.0	mongrels compared, 272. Hybridism, 245.	Hydra, structure of, 190. I. Ibla
2			hymenoptera
	1287.717	of the same species: again in fossorial	hymenoptera, the manner of neuration of the wings
	3081.1830	insects, in one great division of the	Hymenoptera, the antennæ, as Westwood has remarked
1			hymenopterous
	4567.19	of Engidæ, 157. —on the antennæ of	hymenopterous insects, 416. Whales, fossil
2			hymns
	5264.0	Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. 6d. ——.	Hymns written and adapted for the weekly
	5384.34	s. HOLLAND'S (REV. W. B.) Psalms and	Hymns, selected and adapted to the various
1			hypotheses
	2040.77	cannot understand, excepting on vague	hypotheses, several facts with respect to the
7			hypothesis
	393.707	freely under domestication; yet on the	hypothesis of the multiple origin of our pigeons
	405.521	think there is some probability in this	hypothesis, if applied to species closely related
	405.648	a single experiment. But to extend the	hypothesis so far as to suppose that species
	1305.1055	of generations, the most probable	hypothesis is, not that the offspring suddenly
	1345.1154	I have stated that the most probable	hypothesis to account for the reappearance of very
	2373.207	explanation, I will give the following	hypothesis. From the nature of the organic remains
	3418.116	strata, I can only recur to the	hypothesis given in the ninth chapter. That the
2			hypothetical
	431.54	of this principle of selection is not	hypothetical. It is certain that several of our
	1309.413	to assume this colour. This view is	hypothetical, but could be supported by some facts
2			hypothetically
	2608.446	I can answer this latter question only	hypothetically, by saying that as far as we can see
	2707.287	with America. Other authors have thus	hypothetically bridged over every ocean, and have