Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- L

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
1			labarte
	5344.58	AGES AND RE- naissance. By M. Jules	Labarte. With 200 Illustrations. 8vo. 18s
1			labartes
	5566.0	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. Nearly Ready.	LABARTES (M. JULES) Handbook of the Arts of the
1			labordes
	5568.0	With 200 Woodcuts. 8vo. 18s.M	LABORDES (LEON DE) Journey through Arabia Petræa
1			laborious
	1580.761	the head of the young in the womb. The	laborious breathing necessary in high regions
1			laboriously
	532.1350	that there are not many men who will	laboriously examine internal and important organs
9			labour
	846.1719	called the "physiological division of	labour;" hence we may believe that it would be
	850.447	on the principle of the division of	labour, individuals with this tendency more
	998.134	that of the physiological division of	labour in the organs of the same individual
	1877.0	of [page] 242 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII.	labour is useful to civilised man. As ants
	1877.188	instruments, a perfect division of	labour could be effected with them only by the
	1877.442	effected this admirable division of	labour in the communities of ants, by the
	3564.181	invention as the summing up of the	labour, the experience, the reason, and even
	3841.58	Division, physiological, of	labour, 115. Dogs, hairless, with imperfect
	3878.46	Milne, on physiological divisions of	labour, 115. —, on gradations of structure
1			labourers
	6136.133	Information for the several Classes of	Labourers and Artisans. Map. 18mo. 1s. 6d. WOOD
1			labours
	3554.244	will be able to pursue their	labours as at present; but they will not be
2			labrador
	2755.675	America, are all the same with those of	Labrador, and nearly all the same, as we hear
	2773.146	those of the United States to	Labrador; those of the mountains of Siberia to
3			lacustrine
	2233.596	been discovered either in caves or in	lacustrine deposits; and that not a cave or true
	2233.645	deposits; and that not a cave or true	lacustrine bed is known belonging to the age of
	3018.202	ranging widely,—such facts, as alpine,	lacustrine, and marsh productions being related
1			ladies
	5638.45	MRS.) Instructions in Gardening for	Ladies. With Directions and Calendar of
1			ladys
	5644.11	ols. 8vo. 45s. 8vo. 45s. LUCKNOW: A	Ladys Diary of the Siege. Written for Friends
3			lakes
	2637.909	grassy plains, forests, marshes,	lakes, and great rivers, under almost every
	2880.3	of the last and present chapters. AS	lakes and river-systems are separated from
	3004.140	So it is with the inhabitants of	lakes and marshes, excepting in so far as
3			lamarck
	1877.1634	against the well-known doctrine of	Lamarck. Summary.—I have endeavoured briefly
	3159.131	analogical or adaptive resemblances.	Lamarck first called attention to this
	4114.0	and hermaphrodite flowers, 451. L.	Lamarck on adaptive characters, 427. Land
2			lancaster
	5110.33	s. —— and France under the House of	Lancaster. With an Introductory View of the Early
	5382.49	ENGLAND AND FRANCE UNDER THE HOUSE OF	LANCASTER. With an Introductory View of the Early
2			land-bird
	2743.126	brushwood, bones, and the nest of a	land-bird, I can hardly doubt that they must
	2924.1167	in the Galapagos Islands nearly every	land-bird, but only two out of the eleven marine
2			land-birds
	2749.1236	climate. Almost every year, one or two	land-birds are blown across the whole Atlantic
	2928.60	at these islands more easily than	land-birds. Bermuda, on the other hand, which lies
1			landed
	2743.1041	may safely infer that icebergs formerly	landed their rocky burthens on the shores of
1			landing
	6040.43	Historical Memorials of Canterbury. The	Landing of Augustine—The Murder of BecketThe
1			land-mollusca
	892.89	land there are some hermaphrodites, as	land-mollusca and earth-worms; but these all pair. As
1			landrail
	1486.770	nearly as aquatic as the coot; and the	landrail nearly as terrestrial as the quail or
11			lands
	994.39	plants through man's agency in foreign	lands. It might have been expected that the
	2239.147	in the geography of the surrounding	lands, whence the sediment has been derived
	2711.249	of the tertiary inhabitants of several	lands and even seas to their present
	2795.791	mountain-ranges and on the arctic	lands of the two Worlds. Hence it has come
	2803.155	present inhabitants of the temperate	lands of North America and Europe, are
	2863.1283	the Glacial period, when the antarctic	lands, now covered with ice, supported a
	2978.1024	South America, and other southern	lands were long ago partially stocked from a
	3010.918	power of being victorious in distant	lands in the struggle for life with foreign
	3018.321	to those on the surrounding low	lands and dry lands, though these stations
	3018.335	on the surrounding low lands and dry	lands, though these stations are so different
	4042.29	on flora of the Antarctic	lands, 381, 399. —, on the plants of the
1			land-shell
	4140.22	denudation, 283. —, on a carboniferous	land-shell, 289. ——, on fossil whales, 303. —, on
18			land-shells
	576.302	with the varieties of certain fossil	land-shells in Madeira. If a variety were to
	2412.1092	distribution; for instance, in the	land-shells and coleopterous insects of Madeira
	2584.1367	relation between the extinct and living	land-shells of Madeira; and between the extinct and
	2924.234	for instance, the number of the endemic	land-shells in Madeira, or of the endemic birds in
	2928.1065	by a wonderful number of peculiar	land-shells, whereas not one species of sea-shell
	2928.1361	be transported far more easily than	land-shells, across three or four hundred miles of
	2966.160	isolated and smallest, are inhabited by	land-shells, generally by endemic species, but
	2966.316	interesting cases in regard to the	land-shells of the islands of the Pacific. Now it
	2966.384	the Pacific. Now it is notorious that	land-shells are very easily killed by salt; their
	2966.762	get transported? It occurred to me that	land-shells, when hybernating and having a
	2998.53	many distinct but representative	land-shells, some of which live in crevices of
	2998.339	have been colonised by some European	land-shells, which no doubt had some advantage over
	3980.46	grafts of, 262. Gould, Dr. A., on	land-shells, 397. ——, Mr., on colours of birds
	4115.0	Lamarck on adaptive characters, 427.	Land-shells, distribution of, 397. —of Madeira
	4151.6	of fresh-water shells, 385. —, on	land-shells of Madeira, 402. MONGRELS. Lyell and
	4163.10	beetles of, wingless, 135. —, fossil	land-shells of, 339. ——, birds of, 390. Magpie tame
	4578.26	insects, 48. —, on fossil varieties of	land-shells in Madeira, 52. ——, on colours of
	4583.6	on insular insects, 389. —, on	land-shells of Madeira, naturalised, 402. Wolves
1			lanes
	5570.0	Second Edition. With Plates. 8vo. 18s.	LANES (E. W.) Arabian Nights. Translated from
9			language
	499.198	in fact, a breed, like a dialect of a	language, can hardly be said to have had a
	1492.137	me only restating the fact in dignified	language. He who believes in the struggle for
	2389.100	lines. Each word of the slowly-changing	language, in which the history is supposed to be
	2869.54	a striking passage has speculated, in	language almost identical with mine, on the
	3129.489	Yet it might be that some very ancient	language had altered little, and had given rise
	3233.445	element. Naturalists, however, use such	language only in a metaphorical sense: they are
	3233.800	naturalists can hardly avoid employing	language having this plain signification. On my
	3558.929	and in this case scientific and common	language will come into accordance. In short, we
	4844.76	their Manners, Customs, Religion, and	Language. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18s., or Popular
9			languages
	371.412	Persia. Many treatises in different	languages have been published on pigeons, and
	3129.87	classification, by taking the case of	languages. If we possessed a perfect pedigree of
	3129.244	the best classification of the various	languages now spoken throughout the world; and if
	3129.306	the world; and if all extinct	languages, and all intermediate and slowly
	3129.548	little, and had given rise to few new	languages, whilst others (owing to the spreading
	3129.750	much, and had given rise to many new	languages and dialects. The various degrees of
	3129.815	various degrees of difference in the	languages from the same stock, would have to be
	3133.30	it would connect together all	languages, extinct and modern, by the closest
	4116.31	of, 397. —of Madeira, naturalised, 402.	Languages, classification of, 422. Lapse, great
1			languish
	651.416	grow on the same tree, it will	languish and die. But several seedling
1			lanky
	1337.186	cart-horse, Welch ponies, cobs, the	lanky Kattywar race, &c., inhabiting the most
25			lapse
	180.145	on their number — On the vast	lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of
	602.1010	tells us that small genera have in the	lapse of time often increased greatly in size
	790.473	the hand of time has marked the long	lapse of ages, and then so imperfect is our
	976.876	two sub-breeds; finally, after the	lapse of centuries, the sub-breeds would
	1293.1185	or less completely, according to the	lapse of time, overmastered the tendency to
	1361.1243	a very slow process, requiring a long	lapse of time-in this case, natural selection
	1598.393	on the whole advantageous. After the	lapse of time, under changing conditions of
	2141.141	varieties; on their number—On the vast	lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of
	2165.7	have lived upon this earth. On the	lapse of Time.—Independently of our not
	2165.432	the mind feebly to comprehend the	lapse of time. He who can read Sir Charles
	2165.1186	can hope to comprehend anything of the	lapse of time, the monuments of which we see
	2201.183	offers the best evidence of the	lapse of time. I remember having been much
	2221.115	some notion, however imperfect, of the	lapse of years. During each of these years
	2267.45	each formation may mark a very long	lapse of years, each perhaps is short
	2273.929	change of climate, on the prodigious	lapse of time, all included within this same
	2285.447	this fact would have suspected the vast	lapse of time represented by the thinner
	2379.1022	movement have changed in the	lapse of ages? At a period immeasurably
	2753.526	means of transport, during the long	lapse of geological time, whilst an island
	2958.24	CHAP. XII. a certain degree on the	lapse of time, and as during changes of level
	3412.257	any amount of organic change; for the	lapse of time has been so great as to be
	3424.376	means of Distribution during the long	lapse of years, or that we know how imperfect
	3530.639	that we have acquired some idea of the	lapse of time, we are too apt to assume
	3578.136	serves as a fair measure of the	lapse of actual time. A number of species
	4116.66	Languages, classification of, 422.	Lapse, great, of time, 282. Larvæ
	4478.6	of, 374, 378. Timber-drift, 360. Time,	lapse of, 282. Titmouse, 183. Toads on
176			large
	248.153	aided me in every possible way by his	large stores of knowledge and his excellent
	260.136	Domestication. We shall thus see that a	large amount of hereditary modification is at
	317.584	small feet, and those with long beaks	large feet. Hence, if man goes on selecting
	321.251	Dr. Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two	large volumes, is the fullest and the best on
	337.480	of the poor soil), that they would to a	large extent, or even wholly, revert to the
	359.840	Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his	large and varied stores of knowledge, I
	375.435	by greatly elongated eyelids, very	large external orifices to the nostrils, and
	375.797	great size, with long, massive beak and	large feet; some of the sub-breeds of runts
	419.408	the many species of finches, or other	large groups of birds, in nature. One
	435.2	page] 31 CHAP. I. SELECTION BY MAN. a	large extent some breeds of cattle and sheep
	461.746	has been unconsciously modified to a	large extent since the time of that monarch
	479.2	varieties they could anywhere find. A	large amount of change in our cultivated
	505.65	care, to allow of the accumulation of a	large amount of modification in almost any
	505.267	appearance will be much increased by a	large number of individuals being kept; and
	505.612	other hand, nurserymen, from raising	large stocks of the same plants, are
	505.749	valuable varieties. The keeping of a	large number of individuals of a species in
	511.1501	from not being very easily reared and a	large stock not kept; in geese, from being
	590.679	or those including many species, a	large proportional number of dominant species
	592.31	are [page] 55 CHAP. II. SPECIES OF	LARGE GENERA VARIABLE. generally much more
	596.412	rule, to be now forming. Where many	large trees grow, we expect to find saplings
	598.466	genera. Moreover, the species of the	large genera which present any varieties
	600.21	the tables. These [page] 56 SPECIES OF	LARGE GENERA. CHAP. II. facts are of plain
	602.732	beyond the average. It is not that all	large genera are now varying much, and are
	602.1066	increased greatly in size; and that	large genera have often come to their maxima
	604.49	other relations between the species of	large genera and their recorded varieties
	608.129	Westwood in regard to insects, that in	large genera the amount of difference between
	610.29	Moreover, the species of the	large genera are related to each other, in
	612.21	of Character, [page] 58 SPECIES OF	LARGE GENERA. CHAP. II. we shall see how
	622.426	the average number of varieties. In	large genera the species are apt to be
	622.678	these several respects the species of	large genera present a strong analogy with
	647.65	the term Struggle for Existence in a	large and metaphorical sense, including
	673.48	a whole district, let it be ever so	large. The condor lays a couple of eggs and
	673.483	can be supported in a district. A	large number of eggs is of some importance to
	673.677	in number. But the real importance of a	large number of eggs or seeds is to make up
	687.333	of partridges, grouse, and hares on any	large estate depends chiefly on the
	701.36	On the other hand, in many cases, a	large stock of individuals of the same
	701.712	seed. This view of the necessity of a	large stock of the same species for its
	707.349	means of investigation, there was a	large and extremely barren heath, which had
	707.1586	hill-tops: within the last ten years	large spaces have been enclosed, and self
	723.734	that the presence of a feline animal in	large numbers in a district might determine
	804.1286	a few hours, and which never feed, a	large part of their structure is merely the
	864.714	animals, all insects, and some other	large groups of animals, pair for each birth
	864.864	and of real hermaphrodites a	large number pair; that is, two individuals
	866.40	In the first place, I have collected so	large a body of facts, showing, in accordance
	872.80	we can, I think, understand several	large classes of facts, such as the following
	884.116	be allowed to seed near each other, a	large majority, as I have found, of the
	906.37	is an extremely intricate subject. A	large amount of inheritable and diversified
	906.174	differences suffice for the work. A	large number of individuals, by giving a
	908.400	process of selection, notwithstanding a	large amount of crossing with inferior
	908.765	unoccupied place. But if the area be	large, its several districts will almost
	912.1111	always prefer getting seed from a	large body of plants of the same variety, as
	922.122	confined or isolated area, if not very	large, the organic and inorganic conditions
	928.293	yet of these species a very	large proportion are endemic,—that is, have
	928.583	whether a small isolated area, or a	large open area like a continent, has been
	930.429	favourable variations arising from the	large number of individuals of the same
	934.76	of life are infinitely complex from the	large number of already existing species; and
	934.538	to fill them will be more severe, on a	large than on a small and isolated area
	934.1024	will generally have been more rapid on	large areas; and what is more important, that
	934.1096	that the new forms produced on	large areas, which already have been
	942.204	that for terrestrial productions a	large continental area, which will probably
	942.687	When converted by subsidence into	large separate islands, there will still
	970.1222	would never account for so habitual and	large an amount of difference as that between
	994.1007	nature. They differ, moreover, to a	large extent from the indigenes, for out of
	994.1128	are not there indigenous, and thus a	large proportional addition is made to the
	1006.130	A to L represent the species of a genus	large in its own country; these species are
	1006.362	at unequal distances. I have said a	large genus, because we have seen in the
	1018.42	on an average more of the species of	large genera vary than of small genera; and
	1018.113	genera; and the varying species of the	large genera present a greater number of
	1018.389	varying species, belonging to a genus	large in its own country. The little fan of
	1024.498	to which the parent-species belonged, a	large genus in its own country. And these
	1034.90	widely-diffused species, belonging to a	large genus, will tend to partake of the same
	1042.5	multiplied and genera are formed. In a	large genus it is probable that more than one
	1080.630	all trying to increase in number. One	large group will slowly conquer another large
	1080.670	large group will slowly conquer another	large group, reduce its numbers, and thus
	1080.784	and improvement. Within the same	large [page] 126 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV
	1084.374	groups of organic beings which are now	large and triumphant, and which are least
	1108.370	degree connects by its affinities two	large branches of life, and which has
	1153.268	of the almost entire absence of certain	large groups of beetles, elsewhere
	1183.75	them, may be used as an argument that a	large proportion of other animals, now in a
	1189.1344	his kidney-beans so early that a very	large proportion are destroyed by frost, and
	1225.726	in size and quality. In our poultry, a	large tuft of feathers on the head is
	1225.814	accompanied by a diminished comb, and a	large beard by diminished wattles. With
	1231.1010	prehensile antennæ. Now the saving of a	large and complex structure, when rendered
	1263.515	of modification implies an unusually	large and long-continued amount of
	1269.197	what is meant. If some species in a	large genus of plants had blue flowers and
	1273.382	is generally very constant throughout	large groups of species, has differed
	1287.531	is a character generally common to very	large groups of beetles, but in the Engidæ
	1287.827	highest importance, because common to	large groups; but in certain genera the
	1331.1154	duns and mouse-duns; by the term dun a	large range of colour is included, from one
	1404.373	confounded me. But I think it can be in	large part explained. In the first place we
	1408.117	find them tolerably numerous over a	large territory, then becoming somewhat
	1412.893	changing physical conditions, but in	large part on the presence of other species
	1418.102	adapt a varying species to a very	large area, we shall have to adapt two
	1418.158	have to adapt two varieties to two	large areas, and a third variety to a narrow
	1420.132	being exterminated than one existing in	large numbers; and in this particular case
	1508.68	he find on finishing this treatise that	large bodies of facts, otherwise inexplicable
	1516.483	an organ common to all the members of a	large class, for in this latter case the
	1536.444	the well-enclosed shell; but they have	large folded branchiæ. Now I think no one
	1681.803	in the greater wildness of all our	large birds than of our small birds; for the
	1681.848	birds than of our small birds; for the	large birds have been most persecuted by man
	1681.946	attribute the greater wildness of our	large birds to this cause; for in uninhabited
	1681.1000	this cause; for in uninhabited islands	large birds are not more fearful than small
	1723.502	for by the fact of the hens laying a	large number of eggs; but, as in the case of
	1737.1603	seen the slaves, though present in	large numbers in August, either leave or
	1741.53	across a community with an unusually	large stock of slaves, and I observed a few
	1767.1480	are hatched, and, in addition, some	large cells of wax for holding honey. These
	1793.401	only little bits, in other parts,	large portions of a rhombic plate had been
	1815.744	finish off the angles of a cell till a	large part both of that cell and of the
	1825.161	days during the process of secretion. A	large store of honey is indispensable to
	1825.212	of honey is indispensable to support a	large stock of bees during the winter; and
	1825.311	the hive is known mainly to depend on a	large number of bees being supported. Hence
	1825.1472	of the Melipona; for in this case a	large part of the bounding surface of each
	1859.1470	are the most numerous; or that both	large and small are numerous, with those of
	1871.171	produce neuters, either all of	large size with one form of jaw, or all of
	1900.53	subject, two classes of facts, to a	large extent fundamentally different, have
	1920.618	interbreeding. I have collected so	large a body of facts, showing [page
	1942.314	to nurserymen. Horticulturists raise	large beds of the same hybrids, and such
	2028.158	I have more than once alluded to a	large body of facts, which I have collected
	2227.492	remains. Throughout an enormously	large proportion of the ocean, the bright
	2233.501	rarity surprising, when we remember how	large a proportion of the bones of tertiary
	2235.680	had been exclusively confined to these	large territories, would never have suspected
	2269.56	of all kinds, we may safely infer a	large amount of migration during climatal and
	2307.951	Malay Archipelago, with its numerous	large islands separated by wide and shallow
	2331.1010	that stage. We continually forget how	large the world is, compared with the area
	2345.1360	was a Chthamalus, a very common,	large, and ubiquitous genus, of which not one
	2351.209	Chalk period. This group includes the	large majority of existing species. Lately
	2351.1545	parts of the Indian Ocean would form a	large and perfectly enclosed basin, in which
	2373.504	we may infer that from first to last	large islands or tracts of land, whence the
	2379.398	hand, that where continents now exist,	large tracts of land have existed, subjected
	2383.154	perhaps believe that we see in these	large areas, the many formations long
	2432.1069	a single stem, till the group becomes	large. On Extinction.—We have as yet spoken
	2482.68	changing simultaneously, in the above	large sense, at distant parts of the world
	2500.55	to me, the parallel, and, taken in a	large sense, simultaneous, succession of the
	2506.60	As we have reason to believe that	large areas are affected by the same movement
	2506.345	has invariably been the case, and that	large areas have invariably been affected by
	2550.572	new forms by immigration, and for a	large amount of modification, during the long
	2602.1268	extremely imperfect, and will to a	large extent explain why we do not find
	2643.42	the southern hemisphere, if we compare	large tracts of land in Australia, South
	2649.82	of great deserts, and sometimes even of	large rivers, we find different productions
	2723.295	different from mine; but he chose many	large fruits and likewise seeds from plants
	2723.1217	small, is interesting; as plants with	large seeds or fruit could hardly be
	2735.102	after a bird has found and devoured a	large supply of food, it is positively
	2737.259	this earth there was a pebble quite as	large as [page] 363 CHAP. XI. MEANS OF
	2743.401	to another. In the Azores, from the	large number of the species of plants common
	2743.909	and he answered that he had found	large fragments of granite and other rocks
	2759.772	by the vine and maize. Throughout a	large part of the United States, erratic
	2789.140	relative position, though subjected to	large, but partial oscillations of level, I
	2789.331	such as the older Pliocene period, a	large number of the same plants and animals
	2825.449	given in regard to the plants of that	large island. Hence we see that throughout
	2835.103	on the belief, supported as it is by a	large body of geological evidence, that the
	2835.165	evidence, that the whole world, or a	large part of it, was during the Glacial
	2843.1182	this the coldest period, I suppose that	large spaces of the tropical lowlands were
	2898.238	as remarked by Alph. de Candolle, in	large groups of terrestrial plants, which
	2910.1447	by fresh-water birds, which have	large powers of flight, and naturally travel
	2918.208	for insects. If we look to the	large size and varied stations of New Zealand
	2924.172	else in the world) is often extremely	large. If we compare, for instance, the
	2994.961	very distinct species, belonging in a	large proportion of cases, as shown by Alph
	2998.120	live in crevices of stone; and although	large quantities of stone are annually
	3061.47	Consequently the groups which are now	large, and which generally include many
	3081.464	on their greater constancy throughout	large groups of species; and this constancy
	3111.126	classification, more especially in very	large groups of closely allied forms
	3151.605	trifling, occur together throughout a	large group of beings having different habits
	3157.82	brought usefully into play in classing	large and widely-distributed genera, because
	3167.156	made the groups to which they belong	large and their parents dominant, they are
	3191.637	genera, some of which have produced	large groups of modified descendants. Every
	3191.1612	the characters of each group, whether	large or small, and thus give a general idea
	3426.630	safely infer that the amount has been	large, and that modifications can be
	3432.845	of the breeds produced by man have to a	large extent the character of natural species
	3456.837	and thus species are rendered to a	large extent defined and distinct objects
	3460.20	RECAPITULATION. forms; so that each	large group tends to become still larger, and
	3460.278	the less dominant. This tendency in the	large groups to go on increasing in size and
	3830.37	on distribution of plants with	large seeds, 360. —, —, on vegetation of
	3940.20	dispersal of, 383. Fries on species in	large genera being closely allied to other
	4417.4	common, variable, 53. —in	large genera variable, 54. —, groups of
	4565.23	mammals of, 395. Westwood on species in	large genera being closely allied to others
	6116.173	MUIRHEAD. Plates. 3 vols. 8vo, 45s., or	Large Paper. 3 Vols. 4to. WELLINGTON'S (THE
49			largely
	303.487	my view, that variability may be	largely attributed to the ovules or pollen, or
	351.228	that these capacities have added	largely to the value of most of our
	351.934	they would vary on an average as	largely as the parent species of our existing
	449.848	is not that the varieties which differ	largely in some one point do not differ at all
	511.551	aviary; and this circumstance must have	largely favoured the improvement and formation
	515.1043	the aid of selection, has, no doubt,	largely aided in the formation of new sub
	645.203	The elder De Candolle and Lyell have	largely and philosophically shown that all
	645.1133	destroying life; or we forget how	largely these songsters, or their eggs, or
	717.83	the vegetation: this again would	largely affect the insects; and this, as we
	723.421	England." Now the number of mice is	largely dependent, as every one knows, on the
	792.607	numbers; they are known to suffer	largely from birds of prey; and hawks are
	878.604	possible to raise pure seedlings, so	largely do they naturally cross. In many other
	890.187	to be valid, but that nature has	largely provided against it by giving to trees
	936.382	productions have everywhere become so	largely naturalised on islands. On a small
	1040.206	generations, will have come to differ	largely, but perhaps unequally, from each other
	1046.528	species (I), as those which have	largely varied, and have given rise to new
	1062.111	as the original species (I) differed	largely from (A), standing nearly at the
	1092.304	see how it entails extinction; and how	largely extinction has acted in the world's
	1104.122	by a great tree. I believe this simile	largely speaks the truth. The green and budding
	1177.1163	species within historical times having	largely extended their range from warmer to
	1195.201	of use and disuse have often been	largely combined with, and sometimes
	1225.679	atrophied, the fruit itself gains	largely in size and quality. In our poultry, a
	1225.1170	on the one hand, of a part being	largely developed through natural selection and
	1233.219	any means causing some other part to be	largely developed in a corresponding degree
	1233.334	selection may perfectly well succeed in	largely developing any organ, without requiring
	1293.996	to parts which have recently and	largely varied being more likely still to go on
	1357.327	and internal parts. When one part is	largely developed, perhaps it tends to draw
	1478.628	there are woodpeckers which feed	largely on fruit, and others with elongated
	1568.520	that sexual selection will often have	largely modified the external characters of
	1626.247	aided by the other, must often have	largely facilitated transitions. We are far
	1703.255	prevents our seeing how universally and	largely the minds of our domestic animals have
	1781.946	her spheres so as to intersect	largely; and then she unites the points of
	1807.413	every case to be finished off, by being	largely gnawed away on both sides. The manner
	1825.376	supported. Hence the saving of wax by	largely saving honey must be a most important
	1956.0	page] 254 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII.	largely accepted by modern naturalists; namely
	1980.59	of the hybrids produced from them, is	largely governed by their systematic affinity
	1980.1008	species of Nicotiana have been more	largely crossed than the species of almost any
	2126.50	on several circumstances; in some cases	largely on the early death of the embryo. The
	2351.1227	confined range, and after having been	largely developed in some one sea, might have
	2602.49	classes of organic beings have been	largely preserved in a fossil state; that the
	2677.51	brought to the question which has been	largely discussed by naturalists, namely
	2809.7	XI. DURING THE GLACIAL PERIOD. may be	largely extended. In Europe we have the
	2855.306	objects likely to carry seeds have been	largely imported into Europe during the last
	2855.638	forms; but these have almost everywhere	largely yielded to the more dominant forms
	2863.464	as suggested by Lyell, have been	largely concerned in their dispersal. But the
	2960.488	means of transport having been	largely efficient in the long course of time
	3010.242	vary and give rise to new forms will	largely determine their average range. For
	3251.608	mouth, with which they feed	largely, for they increase much in size. In the
	3432.504	the breed. It is certain that he can	largely influence the character of a breed by
2			largeness
	930.146	the whole I am inclined to believe that	largeness of area is of more importance, more
	1080.357	already have some advantage; and the	largeness of any group shows that its species
61			larger
	132.137	species vary most — Species of the	larger genera in any country vary more than
	132.244	genera — Many of the species of the	larger genera resemble varieties in being very
	491.554	first selected a pigeon with a slightly	larger tail, never dreamed what the
	505.1759	out individual plants with slightly	larger, earlier, or better fruit, and raised
	524.129	common species vary most—Species of the	larger genera in any country vary more than
	524.234	genera—Many of the species of the	larger genera resemble varieties in being very
	590.113	into two equal masses, all those in the	larger genera being placed on one side, and
	590.219	genera on the other side, a somewhat	larger number of the very common and much
	590.323	will be found on the side of the	larger genera. This, again, might have been
	590.629	have expected to have found in the	larger genera, or those including many species
	590.855	a small majority on the side of the	larger genera. I will here allude to only two
	596.124	to anticipate that the species of the	larger genera in each country would oftener
	598.183	nearly equal masses, the species of the	larger genera on one side, and those of the
	598.312	invariably proved to be the case that a	larger proportion of the species on the side
	598.364	of the species on the side of the	larger genera present varieties, than on the
	598.529	any varieties, invariably present a	larger average number of varieties than do the
	608.509	respect, therefore, the species of the	larger genera resemble varieties, more than do
	608.662	way, and it may be said, that in the	larger genera, in which a number of varieties
	624.80	flourishing and dominant species of the	larger genera which on an average vary most
	624.227	into new and distinct species. The	larger genera thus tend to become larger; and
	624.261	The larger genera thus tend to become	larger; and throughout nature the forms of
	624.462	by steps hereafter to be explained, the	larger genera also tend to break up into
	667.440	of life. Our familiarity with the	larger domestic animals tends, I think, to
	842.1881	produced more and more pollen, and had	larger and larger anthers, would be selected
	842.1892	and more pollen, and had larger and	larger anthers, would be selected. [page
	936.280	are now yielding, before those of the	larger Europæo-Asiatic area. Thus, also, it is
	1040.798	varieties are increased into the	larger differences distinguishing species. By
	1080.59	each country it is the species of the	larger genera which oftenest present varieties
	1080.567	will mainly lie between the	larger groups, which are all trying to
	1084.799	continued and steady increase of the	larger groups, a multitude of smaller groups
	1098.102	ranging species, belonging to the	larger genera, which vary most; and these will
	1141.801	as the domestic Aylesbury duck. As the	larger ground-feeding birds seldom take flight
	1153.92	the proportion of wingless beetles is	larger on the exposed Dezertas than in Madeira
	1420.528	species, the two which exist in	larger numbers from inhabiting larger areas
	1420.559	exist in larger numbers from inhabiting	larger areas, will have a great advantage over
	1424.76	zone. For forms existing in	larger numbers will always have a better
	1472.1071	at a fish. In our own country the	larger titmouse (Parus major) may be [page
	1476.667	in their structure and habits, with	larger and larger mouths, till a creature was
	1476.678	structure and habits, with larger and	larger mouths, till a creature was produced as
	1560.1135	a great advantage. It is not that the	larger quadrupeds are actually destroyed
	1630.692	inhabitants of another and generally	larger country. For in [page
	1634.4	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. the	larger country there will have existed more
	1859.1398	of this kind. It often happens that the	larger or the smaller sized workers are the
	1859.1572	scanty in numbers. Formica flava has	larger and [page] 240 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII
	1863.105	as Mr. F. Smith has observed, the	larger workers have simple eyes (ocelli
	1869.111	feet high; but we must suppose that the	larger workmen had heads four instead of three
	2610.828	The dominant species of the	larger dominant groups tend to leave many
	2717.253	the salt-water. Afterwards I tried some	larger fruits, capsules, &c., and some of
	2723.1134	would then germinate. The fact of the	larger fruits often floating longer than the
	2855.699	more dominant forms, generated in the	larger areas and more efficient workshops of
	2855.1231	yielded to those produced within the	larger areas of the north, just in the same
	3057.805	the dominant species belonging to the	larger genera, which vary most. The varieties
	3167.66	of dominant species, belonging to the	larger genera, tend to inherit the advantages
	3167.296	places in the economy of nature. The	larger and more dominant groups thus tend to
	3454.332	species. Moreover, the species of the	larger genera, which afford the greater number
	3454.610	The closely allied species also of the	larger genera apparently have restricted
	3456.914	Dominant species belonging to the	larger groups tend to give birth to new and
	3460.54	each large group tends to become still	larger, and at the same time more divergent in
	3586.659	widely-spread species, belonging to the	larger and dominant groups, which will
	5620.46	HISTORY OF ROME. Abridged from the	Larger Work. Tenth Thousand. With 100 Woodcuts
	5702.65	Grammar for Schools. Abridged from the	Larger Grammar. By Blomfield. Ninth Edition
4			largest
	842.881	Those individual flowers which had the	largest glands or nectaries, and which excreted
	1249.712	one, as it illustrates the rule in its	largest application. The opercular valves of
	3269.722	of variations (taking the word in the	largest sense) which have supervened at an
	3588.424	around us. These laws, taken in the	largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction
8			larva
	313.217	of growth. Any change in the embryo or	larva will almost certainly entail changes in
	804.975	selection may modify and adapt the	larva of an insect to a score of
	804.1494	often affect the structure of the	larva; but in all cases natural selection
	1197.415	solely for the good of the young or	larva, will, it may safely be concluded
	1522.322	respires, digests, and excretes in the	larva of the dragon-fly and in the fish
	3247.238	it comes on, the adaptation of the	larva to its conditions of life is just as
	3247.906	is, a crustacean; but a glance at the	larva shows this to be the case in an
	3251.397	as lower in the scale than the	larva, as with certain parasitic crustaceans
29			larvæ
	536.289	recently shown that the muscles in the	larvæ of certain insects are very far from
	804.1396	changes in the structure of their	larvæ. So, conversely, modifications in the
	1725.641	it with paralysed prey for its own	larvæ to feed on, yet that when this insect
	1731.522	own nests, or of feeding their own	larvæ. When the old nest is found
	1731.850	which they like best, and with their	larvæ and pupæ to stimulate them to work
	1731.1116	made some cells and tended the	larvæ, and put all to rights. What can be
	1737.940	when the nest is much disturbed and the	larvæ and pupæ are exposed, the slaves work
	1755.757	seem to have the exclusive care of the	larvæ, and the masters alone go on slave
	1755.1166	food for themselves, their slaves and	larvæ. So that the masters in this country
	1889.61	brothers,—ants making slaves,—the	larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding within the live
	2928.1232	yet we can see that their eggs or	larvæ, perhaps attached to seaweed or
	3147.128	though the males and females and	larvæ are sometimes extremely different; and
	3239.532	mammal, bird, or reptile. The vermiform	larvæ of moths, flies, beetles, &c., resemble
	3239.654	the mature insects; but in the case of	larvæ, the embryos are active, and have been
	3247.383	adaptations, the similarity of the	larvæ or active embryos of allied animals is
	3247.485	and cases could be given of the	larvæ of two species, or of two groups of
	3247.648	parents. In most cases, however, the	larvæ, though active, still obey more or less
	3247.1092	widely in external appearance, have	larvæ in all their several stages barely
	3251.482	To refer once again to cirripedes: the	larvæ in the first stage have three pairs of
	3251.1558	condition. But in some genera the	larvæ become developed either into
	3255.903	to be called a metamorphosis." The	larvæ of insects, whether adapted to the most
	3295.1285	corresponding ages, the active young or	larvæ might easily be rendered by natural
	3295.1492	stages of development; so that the	larvæ, in the first stage, might differ
	3295.1549	stage, might differ greatly from the	larvæ in the second stage, as we have seen to
	3301.1221	can at once be recognised by their	larvæ as belonging to the great class of
	3359.552	for purposes as different as possible.	Larvæ are active embryos, which have become
	3770.4	frena, 192. —, fossil, 304. ——,	larvæ of, 440. Classification, 413. Clift, Mr
	4074.0	Icebergs transporting seeds, 363.	LARVÆ. Increase, rate of, 63. Individuals
	4117.0	of, 422. Lapse, great, of time, 282.	Larvæ, 440. [page] 497 INDEX. LAUREL
2			larval
	3141.496	includes as one species the several	larval stages of the same individual, however
	3251.1517	lowly organised than they were in the	larval condition. But in some genera the larvæ
14			lastly
	381.1418	some breeds the voice and disposition.	Lastly, in certain breeds, the males and
	405.0	in treatises on inheritance.	Lastly, the hybrids or mongrels from between
	554.673	have different geographical ranges; and	lastly, according to very numerous experiments
	926.43	in their structure and constitution.	Lastly, isolation, by checking immigration and
	1060.679	from the three first-named species; and	lastly, o14, e14, and m14, will be nearly
	1339.877	the legs than is even the pure quagga.	Lastly, and this is another most remarkable
	1440.0	selection and gain further advantages.	Lastly, looking not to any one time, but to
	1871.275	having a widely different structure; or	lastly, and this is our climax of difficulty
	1994.667	external appearance either parent. And	lastly, that the facility of making a first
	2026.277	trees cannot be grafted on others.	Lastly, an embryo may be developed, and then
	2032.1093	produce more or less sterile hybrids.	Lastly, when organic beings are placed during
	2060.592	nearly the same conditions of life.	Lastly, and this seems to me by far the most
	3378.868	ever so slight a degree, variable,—and,	lastly, that there is a struggle for existence
	3496.971	beings in the struggle for life.	Lastly, the law of the long endurance of
2			lasts
	2426.294	or its existence, as long as it	lasts, is continuous. I am aware that there
	3239.789	law of embryonic resemblance, sometimes	lasts till a rather late age: thus birds of
17			lately
	497.34	I. most fleeting of characters, have	lately been exhibited as distinct at our
	1141.962	birds, which now inhabit or have	lately inhabited several oceanic islands
	1544.80	that of common muscle; and as it has	lately been shown that Rays have an organ
	1586.64	me to say a few words on the protest	lately made by some naturalists, against the
	1725.492	on other species; and M. Fabre has	lately shown good reason for believing that
	2351.245	the large majority of existing species.	Lately, Professor Pictet has carried their
	2367.491	is known with accuracy. M. Barrande has	lately added another and lower stage to the
	2408.670	sea, of which a striking instance has	lately been observed in Switzerland. There is
	2693.871	the word variety for species) from that	lately advanced in an ingenious paper by Mr
	2759.594	streams with which their valleys were	lately filled. So greatly has the climate of
	2767.471	the same arctic species, which had	lately lived in a body together on the
	2799.29	CHAP. XI. species (though Asa Gray has	lately shown that more plants are identical
	2843.438	of invasion: and it is a striking fact,	lately communicated to me by Dr. Hooker, that
	2855.1330	of real islands have everywhere	lately yielded to continental forms
	3016.614	has long been observed, and which has	lately been admirably discussed by Alph. de
	3195.115	this direction; and Milne Edwards has	lately insisted, in an able paper, on the high
	3540.312	that a multitude of forms, which till	lately they themselves thought were special
26			later
	1034.396	A). The modified offspring from the	later and more highly improved branches in
	1048.732	forms between the earlier and	later states, that is between the less and
	1048.990	of descent, which will be conquered by	later and improved lines of descent. If
	1084.11	SELECTION. CHAP. IV. group, the	later and more highly perfected sub-groups
	1406.259	broken up into islands even during the	later tertiary periods; and in such islands
	2227.690	interval of time, by another and	later formation, without the underlying bed
	2428.370	its maximum, and then, sooner or	later, it gradually decreases. If the [page
	2452.1015	increasing, at least during the	later geological periods, so that looking to
	2452.1060	geological periods, so that looking to	later times we may believe that the
	2480.905	which lived in Europe during certain	later tertiary stages, than to those which
	2508.708	similar observations on some of the	later tertiary formations. Barrande, also
	2584.18	TYPES IN SAME AREAS. areas, during the	later tertiary periods.—Mr. Clift many years
	2590.109	of the same types in each during the	later tertiary periods. Nor can it be
	2624.556	within the same areas during the	later geological periods ceases to be
	2765.429	period came on a little earlier or	later in North America than in Europe, so
	2765.535	there have been a little earlier or	later; but this will make no difference in
	2793.553	of Europe and America during the	later tertiary stages were more closely
	3247.175	of activity may come on earlier or	later in life; but whenever it comes on, the
	3267.29	XIII. acquired a little earlier or	later in life. It would not signify, for
	3269.511	can see, might have appeared earlier or	later in life, tend to appear at a
	3283.82	to explain these facts in regard to the	later embryonic stages of our domestic
	3283.322	have been acquired earlier or	later in life, if the full-grown animal
	3496.554	in character in comparison with its	later descendants; and thus we can see why
	3496.857	and they are in so far higher as the	later and more improved forms have conquered
	5944.103	a Journal of Travels in 1838, and of	Later Researches in 1852. With New Maps
	5946.8	New Maps. 3 Vols. 8vo. 36s. *** The	Later Researches may be had separately. 8vo
1			lateral
	1502.578	which properly act only by excluding	lateral pencils of light, are convex at their
4			latest
	2273.300	to the European seas. In examining the	latest deposits of various quarters of the
	2343.150	produced in the interval between the	latest secondary and earliest tertiary
	2817.4	DISTRIBUTION,CHAP. XI. the	latest geological period. We have, also
	5930.139	Notes. New Edition, with the Author's	latest Corrections. Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or Fine
10			latin
	5556.18	Crown 8vo. 18s. KING EDWARD VITHS	Latin Grammar; or, an Introduction to the
	5556.60	Grammar; or, an Introduction to the	Latin Tongue, for the Use of Schools. 12th
	5558.10	th Edition. 12mo. 3s. 6d. ————First	Latin Book; or, the Accidence, Syntax and
	5572.0	With 600 Woodcuts. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s.	LATIN GRAMMAR (KING EDWARD THE VITHS,) For
	5730.14	Vols. 8vo. 36s. ———History of	Latin Christianity; including that of the
	5872.38	OXENHAM'S (REV. W.) English Notes for	Latin Elegiacs; designed for early
	5872.99	for early Proficients in the Art of	Latin Versification, with Prefatory Rules of
	5994.3	Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. ———	Latin - English Dictionary. Based upon the
	6144.22	Royal 8vo. 28s. —— King Edward Vlth's	Latin Grammar, for the Use of Schools. 12th
	6146.9	revised. 12mo. 3s. 6d. —— First	Latin Book, or the Accidence, Syntax and
3			latin-english
	5996.12	Fifth Thousand. 8vo. 21s. ——— Smaller	Latin-English Dictionary. Abridged from the above
	6000.13	mo. [In preparation. ——— Mediæval	Latin-English Dictionary. Selected from the great
	6000.113	VO. [Uniform with Dr. SMITH'S "	Latin-English Dictionary."] ——— Dictionary of
9			latitude
	2586.220	parts of South America under the same	latitude, would attempt to account, on the one
	2645.691	and South America under the same	latitude: for these countries are almost as much
	2657.968	in Africa and Australia under the same	latitude. On these same plains of La Plata, we
	2743.647	of the flora in comparison with the	latitude, I suspected that these islands had
	2787.582	now living under the climate of	latitude 60º, during the Pliocene period lived
	2787.670	north under the Polar Circle, in	latitude 66º-67º; and that the strictly arctic
	2843.860	migrated some twenty-five degrees of	latitude from their native country and covered
	2918.283	Zealand, extending over 780 miles of	latitude, and compare its flowering plants, only
	4726.33	d. 19. LAX'S TABLES FOR FINDING THE	LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 1821. 8vo. 10s. [page
6			latitudes
	1177.1214	their range from warmer to cooler	latitudes, and conversely; but we do not
	2643.126	and western South America, between	latitudes 25º and 35º, we shall find parts
	2833.317	receding from polar towards equatorial	latitudes, the Alpine or mountain floras really
	2849.139	their homes into the more temperate	latitudes of the opposite hemisphere. Although we
	3032.682	and how it is that under different	latitudes, for instance in South America, the
	5064.35	d. DUFFERINS (LORD) Letters from High	Latitudes, being some Account of a Yacht Voyage
50			latter
	223.47	to front page 117, and to face the	latter part of the Volume. [page 1] ON THE
	240.416	Hooker, who both knew of my work—the	latter having read my sketch of 1844—honoured
	357.252	those still existing. Even if this	latter fact were found more strictly and
	359.573	competent judges believe that these	latter have had more than one wild parent
	463.175	size the parent Arab stock, so that the	latter, by the regulations for the Goodwood
	526.140	we must briefly discuss whether these	latter are subject to any variation. To treat
	574.59	more permanent varieties; and at these	latter, as leading to sub-species, and to
	1078.437	genera descended from (I) and as these	latter two genera, both from continued
	1205.708	comes into play? With respect to this	latter case of correlation, I think it can
	1516.508	members of a large class, for in this	latter case the organ must have been first
	1522.984	free air in their swimbladders, this	latter organ having a ductus pneumaticus for
	1536.1146	have imagined that the branchiæ in this	latter family had originally existed as organs
	1570.44	a few instances to illustrate these	latter [page] 197 CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF LITTLE
	1610.184	love or maternal hatred, though the	latter fortunately is most rare, is all the
	1616.54	which it connects; consequently the two	latter, during the course of further
	1711.406	making power of the hive-bee: these two	latter instincts have generally, and most
	1743.553	of the slave-making F. sanguinea. The	latter ruthlessly killed their small opponents
	1755.237	with those of the F. rufescens. The	latter does not build its own nest, does not
	1767.1358	bee, but more nearly related to the	latter: it forms a nearly regular waxen comb
	1767.1524	cells of wax for holding honey. These	latter cells are nearly spherical and of
	1825.720	collect. But let us suppose that this	latter circumstance determined, as it probably
	1869.601	their jaws. I speak confidently on this	latter point, as Mr. Lubbock made drawings for
	1956.362	quite fertile under domestication. This	latter alternative seems to me the most
	1998.42	of resemblance to each other. This	latter statement is clearly proved by
	2014.688	own roots. We are reminded by this	latter fact of the extraordinary case of
	2026.354	then perish at an early period. This	latter alternative has not been sufficiently
	2126.1173	of being grafted together-though this	latter capacity evidently depends on widely
	2213.109	within so limited a period as since the	latter part of the Chalk formation. The
	2219.566	million years has elapsed since the	latter part of the Secondary period. I have
	2247.391	it continue slowly to subside. In this	latter case, as long as the rate of subsidence
	2408.1431	strongest apparent exception to this	latter rule, is that of the so-called
	2478.90	that they had lived during one of the	latter tertiary stages. When the marine forms
	2488.424	or incipient species; for these	latter must be victorious in a still higher
	2602.653	periods of elevation, and during the	latter the record will have been least
	2608.425	system was deposited: I can answer this	latter question only hypothetically, by saying
	2761.469	former more temperate inhabitants, the	latter would be supplanted and arctic
	2839.502	and these by the arctic; but with the	latter we are not now concerned. The tropical
	2898.328	a very few aquatic members; for these	latter seem immediately to acquire, as if in
	2960.670	with the nearest continent; for on this	latter view the migration would probably have
	2998.209	from Porto Santo to Madeira, yet this	latter island has not become colonised by the
	3095.1069	perfect and degraded flowers; in the	latter, as A. de Jussieu has remarked, "the
	3251.1697	called complemental males: and in the	latter, the development has assuredly been
	3285.64	and the above two principles—which	latter, though not proved true, can be shown
	3289.899	in the mature animal; the limbs in the	latter having undergone much modification at a
	3323.264	occasionally differs much. This	latter fact is well exemplified in the state
	3404.749	allied forms on either hand; and the	latter, from existing in greater numbers, will
	3416.691	the record will be blank. During these	latter periods there will probably be more
	3554.828	to deserve a specific name. This	latter point will become a far more essential
	3558.353	and well-marked varieties is, that the	latter are known, or believed, to be connected
	4898.122	and Marshal Blucher during the	latter end of 1813—14. 8vo. 21s. ——— Early
1			latterly
	661.506	cattle and horses in South-America, and	latterly in Australia, had not been well
2			laugh
	423.135	descended from long horns, and he will	laugh you to scorn. I have never met a pigeon
	3095.1232	to the class, disappear, and thus	laugh at our classification." But when
1			laugher
	375.1580	and tail feathers. The trumpeter and	laugher, as their names express, utter a very
1			laughter
	375.1193	may well excite astonishment and even	laughter. The turbit has a very short and
3			laurel
	842.109	at the back of the leaf of the common	laurel. This juice, though small in quantity
	4121.0	Larvæ, 440. [page] 497 INDEX.	LAUREL. Laurel, nectar secreted by the leaves
	4123.0	page] 497 INDEX. LAUREL.	Laurel, nectar secreted by the leaves
1			laurence
	5868.12	Woodcuts. 12mo. 7s. 6d. OLIPHANT'S (	LAURENCE) Journey to Katmandu, with Visit to the
1			lava-streams
	2205.131	in height; for the gentle slope of the	lava-streams, due to their formerly liquid state
2			lavengro
	4838.17	Royal 8vo. 10s. BORROWS (GEORGE)	Lavengro; The Scholar—The Gipsy—and the Priest
	4840.28	vo. 30s. ——— Romany Eye; a Sequel to	Lavengro. Second Edition. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21s
1			laws-unity
	1638.83	beings have been formed on two great	laws-Unity of Type, and the Conditions of
1			lax's
	4726.4	OF NUMBERS. 1781. Folio. 7s. 6d. 19.	LAX'S TABLES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE AND
2			layards
	5576.0	Classes. Third Edition. 12mo. 2s.	LAYARDS (A. H.) Nineveh and its Remains. Being
	5782.0	Vols. 8s. Music AND DRESS. 1s.	LAYARDS ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 5s. MIUIAINS FALL
11			layer
	1510.493	we ought in imagination to take a thick	layer of transparent tissue, with a nerve
	1514.13	OF EXTREME PERFECTION. part of this	layer to be continually changing slowly in
	1514.212	other, and with the surfaces of each	layer slowly changing in form. Further we
	1767.654	of the hive-bee, placed in a double	layer: each cell, as is well known, is an
	1773.206	arranged them symmetrically in a double	layer, the resulting structure would probably
	1775.266	the six surrounding spheres in the same	layer; and at the same distance from the
	1775.366	spheres in the other and parallel	layer; then, if planes of intersection
	1779.50	be formed, there will result a double	layer of hexagonal prisms united together by
	1781.1183	of adjoining spheres in the same	layer, she can prolong the hexagon to any
	1813.109	a growing comb, with an extremely thin	layer of melted vermilion wax; and I
	1831.365	distance from each other in a double	layer, and to build up and excavate the wax
8			layers
	429.993	little quarrelsome, with "everlasting	layers" which never desire to sit, and with
	1514.88	in density, so as to separate into	layers of different densities and thicknesses
	1514.367	alteration in the transparent	layers; and carefully selecting each
	1775.84	their centres placed in two parallel	layers; with the centre of each sphere at the
	1779.5	CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE. both	layers be formed, there will result a double
	1781.587	Melipona to arrange her cells in level	layers, as she already does her cylindrical
	2213.1724	that almost all strata contain harder	layers or nodules, which from long resisting
	2267.719	disappearing before the uppermost	layers have been deposited, it would be
8			laying
	1717.315	If this were the case, the process of	laying and hatching might be inconveniently
	1723.30	The occasional habit of birds	laying their eggs in other birds' nests
	1723.493	accounted for by the fact of the hens	laying a large number of eggs; but, as in the
	1815.841	been built. This capacity in bees of	laying down under certain circumstances a
	2112.0	varieties, or of distinct species.	Laying aside the question of fertility and
	2984.1654	are found in other parts of the world (	laying on one side for the moment the endemic
	4242.12	not capable of flight, 134. —, habit of	laying eggs together, 218. ——, American, two
	6134.103	among all Classes; with Remarks on	laying out Dressed or Geometrical Gardens
1			layman
	5544.26	vo. 14s. KEN'S (BISHOP) Life. By A	LAYMAN. Second Edition. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo
15			leading
	242.815	cannot be adduced, often apparently	leading to conclusions directly opposite to
	570.322	more distinct and permanent, as steps	leading to more [page] 52 VARIETIES GRADUATE
	574.70	varieties; and at these latter, as	leading to sub-species, and to species. The
	1669.781	species, how very generally gradations,	leading to the most complex instincts, can be
	1889.224	small consequences of one general law,	leading to the advancement of all organic
	2165.390	not be a practical geologist, the facts	leading the mind feebly to comprehend the lapse
	2610.53	these difficulties, all the other great	leading facts in palæontology seem to me simply
	3032.217	one source; then I think all the grand	leading facts of geographical distribution are
	3271.99	explain all the above specified	leading facts in embryology. But first let us
	3307.29	Thus, as it seems to me, the	leading facts in embryology, which are second
	3331.21	condition. I have now given the	leading facts with respect to rudimentary
	3359.198	period, we can understand the great	leading facts in Embryology; namely, the
	3376.90	be convenient to the reader to have the	leading facts and inferences briefly
	3378.915	that there is a struggle for existence	leading to the preservation of each profitable
	3498.350	with modification, most of the great	leading facts in Distribution. We can see why
13			leads
	542.1258	been found, but because analogy	leads the observer to suppose either that
	552.466	between the homes of two doubtful forms	leads many naturalists to rank both as
	816.23	CHAP. IV. with insects. And this	leads me to say a few words on what I call
	1092.408	declares. Natural selection, also,	leads to divergence of [page] 128 NATURAL
	1098.311	selection, as has just been remarked,	leads to divergence of character and to much
	1119.671	or cultivation, than under nature,	leads me to believe that deviations of
	1173.173	in the time of sleep, &c., and this	leads me to say a few words on
	1386.136	so marvellous an instinct as that which	leads the bee to make cells, which have
	1604.322	perfect organ, the eye. If our reason	leads us to admire with enthusiasm a
	1711.254	future work,—namely, the instinct which	leads the cuckoo to lay her eggs in other
	1932.24	species. This case of the Crinum	leads me to refer to a most singular fact
	2323.117	miles beyond its confines; and analogy	leads me to believe that it would be chiefly
	3538.192	a fact. Any one whose disposition	leads him to attach more weight to
1			leaf-eating
	792.206	may thus be acted on. When we see	leaf-eating insects green, and bark-feeders mottled
1			leagues
	665.82	plains of La Plata, clothing square	leagues of surface almost to the exclusion of
1			leake's
	5588.0	Fcap. 4to. In the Press. [page] 21	LEAKE'S (COL, W. MARTIN) Topography of Athens
3			learn
	423.1245	from the same parents—may they not	learn a lesson of caution, when they deride
	1500.634	the eye, and from fossil species we can	learn nothing on this head. In this great
	3171.327	and that in the vegetable kingdom, as I	learn from Dr. Hooker, it has added only two
1			learning
	53.22	in both." BACON: Advancement of	Learning
73			least
	40.50	regard to the material world, we can at	least go so far as this-we can perceive that
	260.182	amount of hereditary modification is at	least possible, and, what is equally or more
	365.310	At this rate there must have existed at	least a score of species of wild cattle, as
	383.14	degree from each other. Altogether at	least a score of pigeons might be chosen
	389.586	they must have descended from at	least seven or eight aboriginal stocks; for
	393.784	our pigeons, it must be assumed that at	least seven or eight species were so
	485.151	have to struggle for their own food, at	least during certain seasons. And in two
	511.144	in the formation of new races,—at	least, in a country which is already stocked
	530.123	not in some cases be inherited for at	least some few generations? and in this case
	544.354	have not been ranked as species by at	least some competent judges. [page
	562.305	group is subject; and this shows, at	least, how very generally there is some
	645.582	struggle for life, or more difficult—at	least I have found it so—than constantly to
	693.36	cold, acts directly, it will be the	least vigorous, or those which have got least
	693.76	least vigorous, or those which have got	least food through the advancing winter
	693.682	these enemies or competitors be in the	least degree favoured by any slight change of
	699.123	numbers in a small tract, epidemics—at	least, this seems generally to occur with our
	719.751	of bees, if not indispensable, are at	least highly beneficial to the fertilisation
	770.271	may feel sure that any variation in the	least degree injurious would be rigidly
	784.1226	by some half-monstrous form; or at	least by some modification prominent enough
	804.1652	period of life, shall not be in the	least degree injurious: for if they became so
	878.1216	and as this flower is never visited, at	least in my garden, by insects, it never sets
	996.334	other natives; and we may, I think, at	least safely infer that diversification of
	1056.1235	one (F), of the two species which were	least closely related to the other nine
	1084.410	now large and triumphant, and which are	least broken up, that is, which as yet have
	1084.463	up, that is, which as yet have suffered	least extinction, will for a long period
	1125.233	more in that of plants. We may, at	least, safely conclude that such influences
	1153.671	each individual beetle which flew	least, either from its wings having been ever
	1211.1108	and external flowers: we know, at	least, that in irregular flowers, those
	1225.378	or organ in excess, it rarely flows, at	least in excess, to another part; thus it is
	1273.807	same kind applies to monstrosities: at	least Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire seems to
	1279.845	often be in some degree variable,—at	least more variable than those parts of the
	1351.591	to reject a real for an unreal, or at	least for an unknown, cause. It makes the
	1454.71	would lead us to believe that some at	least of the squirrels would decrease in
	1462.757	power of flight; but they serve, at	least, to show what diversified means of
	1622.679	metamorphoses in function are at	least possible. For instance, a swim-bladder
	1663.201	changed conditions of life, it is at	least possible that slight modifications of
	1669.450	of such gradations; or we ought at	least to be able to show that gradations of
	1723.282	For several hen ostriches, at	least in the case of the American species
	1763.497	possible amount of honey, with the	least possible consumption of precious wax in
	1831.770	wax; that individual swarm which wasted	least honey in the secretion of wax, having
	1948.600	animal, which from any cause had the	least tendency to sterility, the breed would
	2062.285	briefly abstract. The evidence is at	least as good as that from which we believe
	2094.911	often rendered either impotent or at	least incapable of its proper function of
	2315.726	but the geological record would then be	least perfect. It may be doubted whether the
	2379.29	RECORD. tear; and would have been at	least partially upheaved by the oscillations
	2444.258	rare, no naturalist would have felt the	least surprise at its rarity; for rarity is
	2452.998	not gone on indefinitely increasing, at	least during the later geological periods, so
	2478.27	CHAP. X. don and Horse, it might at	least have been inferred that they had lived
	2562.141	remembered that the forms of life, at	least those inhabiting the sea, have changed
	2576.399	to see it hereafter confirmed, at	least in regard to subordinate groups, which
	2602.686	the latter the record will have been	least perfectly kept; that each single
	2626.83	as I believe it to be, and it may at	least be asserted that the record cannot be
	2637.1063	cannot be paralleled in the New-at	least as closely as the same species
	2711.992	as mountain-ranges on the land, some at	least of the islands would have been formed
	2735.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI.	least injure, as I know by trial, the
	2743.1124	these mid-ocean islands, and it is at	least possible that they may have brought
	2817.388	probable that it was, during a part at	least of the period, actually simultaneous
	2817.511	evidence to the contrary, we may at	least admit as probable that the glacial
	2819.39	On this view of the whole world, or at	least of broad longitudinal belts, having
	2892.1558	of time a duck or heron might fly at	least six or seven hundred miles, and would
	2934.211	of immigration, I believe, has been at	least as important as the nature of the
	2966.443	easily killed by salt; their eggs, at	least such as I have tried, sink in sea-water
	2984.1469	with which each has to compete, is at	least as important, and generally a far more
	2994.1660	thrush peculiar to Charles Island is at	least as well fitted for its home as is the
	3010.1197	a general rule we do find, that some at	least of the species range very widely; for
	3028.231	affected the whole world, or at	least great meridional belts. As showing how
	3075.1326	of its true affinities. We are	least likely in the modifications of these
	3113.165	and genera, they seem to be, at	least at present, almost arbitrary. Several
	3147.874	which, as far as we can judge, are the	least likely to have been modified in
	3191.457	a natural classification, or at	least a natural arrangement, would be
	3412.1456	be preserved in a fossil condition, at	least in any great number. Widely ranging
	3442.754	and every one admits that there are at	least individual differences in species under
	3558.1192	be a cheering prospect; but we shall at	least be freed from the vain search for the
14			leave
	471.340	choice animals would thus generally	leave more offspring than the inferior ones
	816.446	fitted for their places in nature, will	leave most progeny. But in many cases
	1084.877	groups will become utterly extinct, and	leave no modified descendants; and
	1737.1275	Sussex, and never saw a slave either	leave or enter a nest. As, during these
	1737.1635	in large numbers in August, either	leave or enter the nest. Hence he considers
	1755.1079	In England the masters alone usually	leave the nest to collect building materials
	1857.41	the workers of one caste never	leave the nest; they are fed by the workers
	1877.1497	of the fertile members, which alone	leave descendants. I am surprised that no one
	2592.245	of the world will obviously tend to	leave in that quarter, during the next
	2610.859	of the larger dominant groups tend to	leave many modified [page] 344 GEOLOGICAL
	2614.221	tend to become extinct together, and to	leave no modified offspring on the face of
	3095.419	of almost universal prevalence, and yet	leave us in no doubt where it should be
	3440.249	conditions of life, will generally	leave most progeny. But success will often
	3484.620	in the case of neuter insects, which	leave no progeny to inherit the effects of
22			leaves
	256.211	to me to be no explanation, for it	leaves the case of the coadaptations of
	449.226	in the flower-garden; the diversity of	leaves, pods, or tubers, or whatever part is
	449.442	in the orchard, in comparison with the	leaves and flowers of the same set of
	449.513	set of varieties. See how different the	leaves of the cabbage are, and how extremely
	449.641	the heartsease are, and how alike the	leaves; how much the fruit of the different
	449.1179	of slight variations, either in the	leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will
	1125.1026	growing near the sea-shore have their	leaves in some degree fleshy, though not
	1131.655	sea-side are very apt to have fleshy	leaves. He who believes in the creation of
	1446.3	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. it	leaves the frozen waters, and preys like other
	2576.797	age. This process, whilst it	leaves the embryo almost unaltered
	2869.683	freely inundated the south. As the tide	leaves its drift in horizontal lines, though
	3107.8	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. bryonic	leaves or cotyledons, and on the mode of
	3217.815	view that they consist of metamorphosed	leaves, arranged in a spire. In monstrous
	3225.351	a series of successive spiral whorls of	leaves. An indefinite repetition of the same
	3225.730	flowering plants, many spiral whorls of	leaves. We have formerly seen that parts many
	3233.172	and pistils of flowers as metamorphosed	leaves; but it would in these cases probably
	3239.1220	this kind in plants: thus the embryonic	leaves of the ulex or furze, and the first
	3239.1263	of the ulex or furze, and the first	leaves of the phyllodineous acaceas, are
	3239.1341	pinnate or divided like the ordinary	leaves of the leguminosæ. The points of
	4123.31	LAUREL. Laurel, nectar secreted by the	leaves, 92. Laws of variation, 131. Leech
	4510.12	rudimentary, 451. Ulex, young	leaves of, 439. Umbelliferæ, outer and inner
	5233.26	s. each. GROSVENOR'S (LORD ROBERT)	Leaves from my Journal during the Summer of
8			leaving
	624.370	tend to become still more dominant by	leaving many modified and dominant descendants
	647.233	life of the individual, but success in	leaving progeny. Two canine animals in a time
	816.646	cock would have a poor chance of	leaving offspring. Sexual selection by always
	836.743	the best chance of surviving and of	leaving offspring. Some of its young would
	852.876	so have a better chance of living and	leaving descendants. Its descendants would
	1741.131	a few slaves mingled with their masters	leaving the nest, and marching along the same
	1793.771	in order to have succeeded in thus	leaving flat plates between the basins, by
	1813.641	equal spheres, and then building up, or	leaving ungnawed, the planes of intersection
1			lebanon
	5906.71	in Damascus. With Travels to Palmyra,	Lebanon, and other Scripture Sites. Map and
6			lectures
	4814.206	of our Lord. Being the HULSEAN	LECTURES for 1832. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d
	4822.4	Third Edition. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ———	Lectures on the Right Use of the Early Fathers
	5542.53	R,) Literary Remains. Consisting of his	Lectures and Tracts on Political Economy. With a
	5682.81	Thought Examined. Being the Bampton	Lectures for 1858. Third Edition. with a Preface
	5870.86	the substance of the course of	Lectures on Osteology and Palæontology of the
	5928.65	of Revealed Religion. Being the Bampton	Lectures for 1859, 8vo. Nearly ready. REJECTED
1			ledger
	4680.18	of Stars. 14s. 1851.—Maskelyne's	Ledger of Stars. 6s. 1852.—I. Description of
2			leech
	735.341	different varieties of the medicinal	leech. It may even be doubted whether the
	4124.24	the leaves, 92. Laws of variation, 131.	Leech, varieties of, 76. Leguminosæ, nectar
1			leeds
	5674.39	Addresses Delivered at Manchester,	Leeds, and Birmingham. Fcap. 8vo. 1s
1			legal
	4948.15	Vols. 8vo. 42s. ——Shakspeare's	Legal Acquirements Considered. 8vo. 5s. 6d
1			legendary
	5858.145	and other Sources, Public, Private,	Legendary, and Local. Woodcuts, &c. Post 8vo. 10s
2			legion
	5181.52	in Algiers; The Soldier of the Foreign	Legion and the Prisoners of Abd-el-Kadir
	5216.52	Algiers. 1. The Soldier of the Foreign	Legion. 2. The Prisoners of Abd-el-Kadir. From
1			legions
	1600.409	rapidly yielding before the advancing	legions of plants [page] 202 DIFFICULTIES ON
1			legitimately
	2916.435	on continental extensions, which, if	legitimately followed out, would lead to the belief
1			leg-stripes
	1329.138	double stripe on each shoulder and with	leg-stripes; and a man, whom I can implicitly trust
4			leguminosæ
	842.55	at the base of the stipules in some	Leguminosæ, and at the back of the leaf of the
	1914.1106	and (excluding all cases such as the	Leguminosæ, in which there is an acknowledged
	3239.1355	divided like the ordinary leaves of the	leguminosæ. The points of structure, in which the
	4124.49	Leech, varieties of, 76.	Leguminosæ, nectar secreted by glands
1			leicester
	469.312	two distinct strains. The two flocks of	Leicester sheep kept by Mr. Buckley and Mr
1			leitch
	6152.81	Works,edited by DEAN PEACOCK and JOHN	LEITCH. Portrait and Plates. 4 Vols. 8vo. 15s
1			lemur
	1456.40	Now look at the Galeopithecus or flying	lemur, which formerly was falsely ranked
1			lemuridæ
	1456.426	the Galeopithecus with the other	Lemuridæ, yet I can see no difficulty in
43			length
	266.70	Selection will be treated at some	length in the fourth chapter; and we shall
	331.900	cow by a long-horned bull, the greater	length of horn, though appearing late in life
	381.84	development of the bones of the face in	length and breadth and curvature differs
	381.175	The shape, as well as the breadth and	length of the ramus of the lower jaw, varies
	381.617	of the gape of mouth, the proportional	length of the eyelids, of the orifice of the
	381.729	always in strict correlation with the	length of beak), the size of the crop and of
	381.919	wing and caudal feathers; the relative	length of wing and tail to each other and to
	381.987	other and to the body; the relative	length of leg and of the feet; the number of
	413.651	each breed, for instance the wattle and	length of beak of the carrier, the shortness
	419.90	at some, yet quite insufficient,	length; because when I first kept pigeons and
	645.158	as it well deserves, at much greater	length. The elder De Candolle and Lyell have
	681.584	some of the checks at considerable	length, more especially in regard to the feral
	816.760	might surely give indomitable courage,	length to the spur, and strength to the wing
	852.642	of the body, or in the curvature and	length of the proboscis, &c., far too slight
	852.1138	on a hasty glance appear to differ in	length; yet the hive-bee can easily suck the
	1026.537	the process by similar steps for any	length of time; some of the varieties, after
	1167.1356	changes, such as an increase in the	length of the antennæ or palpi, as a
	1245.336	by Professor Owen, with respect to the	length of the arms of the ourang-outang, that
	1323.602	stripe is certainly very variable in	length and outline. A white ass, but not an
	1781.1225	she can prolong the hexagon to any	length requisite to hold the stock of honey
	1839.51	well deserves to be discussed at great	length, but I will here take only a single
	1877.830	at some little but wholly insufficient	length, in order to show the power of natural
	2171.878	is only here and there, along a short	length or round a promontory, that the cliffs
	2213.1582	line of coast, ten or twenty miles in	length, ever suffers degradation at the same
	2213.1657	the same time along its whole indented	length; and we must remember that almost all
	2217.38	of one inch per century for the whole	length would be an ample allowance. At this
	2235.972	hardly any idea can be formed of the	length of time which has elapsed between the
	2438.307	No fixed law seems to determine the	length of time during which any single species
	2440.167	that as the individual has a definite	length of life, so have species a definite
	2556.920	extreme in the important character of	length of beak originated earlier than short
	2723.405	this would have favoured the average	length of their flotation and of their
	2749.452	their vitality when exposed for a great	length of time to the action of seawater; nor
	2892.1514	twelve to twenty hours; and in this	length of time a duck or heron might fly at
	2994.558	places and keep separate for almost any	length of time. Being familiar with the fact
	3028.359	I have discussed at some little	length the means of dispersal of fresh-water
	3032.1202	forms of life; for according to the	length of time which has elapsed since new
	3267.194	it assumed a beak of this particular	length, as long as it was fed by its parents
	3277.307	details) of the beak, width of mouth,	length of nostril and of eyelid, size of feet
	3277.357	nostril and of eyelid, size of feet and	length of leg, in the wild stock, in pouters
	3277.527	mature, differ so extraordinarily in	length and form of beak, that they would, I
	3578.850	as at present known, although of a	length quite incomprehensible by us, will
	3586.1096	secure future of equally inappreciable	length. And as natural selection works solely
	4248.15	repetition, 149. —, on variable	length of arms in ourang-outang, 150. ——, on
2			lengthened
	1456.843	of the Galeopithecus might be greatly	lengthened by natural selection; and this, as far
	3211.570	have all its bones, or certain bones,	lengthened to any extent, and the membrane
5			lengths
	1018.467	of diverging dotted lines of unequal	lengths proceeding from (A), may represent its
	1508.577	of natural selection to such startling	lengths. It is scarcely possible to avoid
	2542.174	will have endured for extremely unequal	lengths of time, and will have been modified in
	2556.241	necessarily endure for corresponding	lengths of time: a very ancient form might
	3185.562	circuitous lines of affinity of various	lengths (as may be seen in the diagram so often
1			lengthy
	2321.387	changes would intervene during such	lengthy periods; and in these cases the
1			lens-shaped
	1502.443	facets, within each of which there is a	lens-shaped swelling. In other crustaceans the
3			leone
	5502.22	BAYLE ST. JOHN. A RESIDENCE AT SIERRA	LEONE. By a LADY. LIFE OF GENERAL MUNRO. By
	5604.11	a LADY. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ——— Sierra	Leone, written to Friends at Home. By a LADY
	5976.7	Young Students. Post 8vo. 12s. SIERRA	LEONE; Described in a Series of Letters to
1			leopold
	5924.9	REVIEW (THE). 8vo. 6S. RANKE'S (	LEOPOLD) Political and Ecclesiastical History
1			lepidoptera
	1155.101	as the flower-feeding coleoptera and	lepidoptera, must habitually use their wings to
5			lepidosiren
	940.654	the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and	Lepidosiren, which, like fossils, connect to a
	1108.299	an animal like the Ornithorhynchus or	Lepidosiren, which in some small degree connects by
	2522.406	and then even a living animal, as the	Lepidosiren, is discovered having affinities
	3173.927	The genera Ornithorhynchus and	Lepidosiren, for example, would not have been less
	4125.0	nectar secreted by glands, 92.	Lepidosiren, 107, 330. Life, struggle for
1			lepsius
	413.1198	as was pointed out to me by Professor	Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that pigeons
1			leslies
	5582.0	Edition. With Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 5s.	LESLIES (C. R.) Handbook for Young Painters
4			lessen
	1080.712	group, reduce its numbers, and thus	lessen its chance of further variation and
	1448.406	list of such cases is sufficient to	lessen the difficulty in any particular case
	2299.1060	species; and this again would greatly	lessen the chance of our being able to trace
	3392.1042	crosses between greatly modified forms,	lessen fertility; and on the other hand
5			lessened
	912.1213	with other varieties is thus	lessened. Even in the case of slow-breeding
	1412.1349	of its range, where it exists in	lessened numbers, will, during fluctuations in
	1847.50	though appearing insuperable, is	lessened, or, as I believe, disappears, when it
	1924.642	injurious to their fertility, already	lessened by their hybrid origin. I am
	3398.1358	of the same genus is in some degree	lessened. As on the theory of natural selection
1			lessening
	1450.738	or, as there is reason to believe, by	lessening the danger from occasional falls. But
1			lessens
	1924.25	STERILITY. that close interbreeding	lessens fertility, and, on the other hand, that
48			lesser
	343.627	same manner as, only in most cases in a	lesser degree than, do closely-allied species
	389.706	domestic breeds by the crossing of any	lesser number: how, for instance, could a
	568.289	and well-marked varieties, or between	lesser varieties and individual differences
	610.307	into sub-genera, or sections, or	lesser groups. As Fries has well remarked
	614.52	how this may be explained, and how the	lesser differences between varieties will tend
	693.1092	we travel northward, but in a somewhat	lesser degree, for the number of species of
	766.376	our domestic productions, and, in a	lesser degree, those under nature, vary; and
	906.320	variations, will compensate for a	lesser amount of variability in each
	970.580	incipient species. How, then, does the	lesser difference between varieties become
	1104.626	into great branches, and these into	lesser and lesser branches, were themselves
	1104.637	branches, and these into lesser and	lesser branches, were themselves once, when
	1119.126	beings under domestication, and in a	lesser degree in those in a state of nature
	1237.345	same part or organ, when it occurs in	lesser numbers, is constant. The same author
	1353.322	appear to have acted in producing the	lesser differences between varieties of the
	1418.276	variety, consequently, will exist in	lesser numbers from inhabiting a narrow and
	1418.320	numbers from inhabiting a narrow and	lesser area; and practically, as far as I can
	1418.956	together have generally existed in	lesser numbers than the forms which they
	1420.25	together. For any form existing in	lesser numbers would, as already remarked, run
	1424.270	will the rarer forms which exist in	lesser numbers. Hence, the more common forms
	1434.498	exist in the intermediate zones in	lesser numbers than the varieties which they
	1470.740	be less, from their having existed in	lesser numbers, than in the case of species
	1612.1173	variety will usually exist in	lesser numbers than [page] 204 DIFFICULTIES
	1775.188	x v 2, or radius x 1.41421 (or at some	lesser distance), from the centres of the six
	1863.450	for merely by their proportionally	lesser size; and I fully believe, though I
	1936.938	what slight and mysterious causes the	lesser or greater fertility of species when
	1986.1399	crosses is extremely common in a	lesser degree. He has observed it even between
	2020.665	to me to indicate that the greater or	lesser difficulty of either grafting or
	2022.389	Even in first crosses, the greater or	lesser difficulty in effecting a union
	2032.1334	been specially affected, though in a	lesser degree than when sterility ensues. So
	2060.152	does not determine their greater or	lesser degree of sterility when crossed; and
	2143.900	varieties, from existing in	lesser numbers than the forms which they
	2412.448	be accumulated to a greater or	lesser amount, thus causing a greater or
	2412.489	amount, thus causing a greater or	lesser amount of modification in the varying
	2426.190	or less quickly, and in a greater or	lesser degree. A group does not reappear after
	2520.803	would be distinguished by a somewhat	lesser number of characters, so that the two
	2540.219	period marked VI., would differ by a	lesser number of characters; for at this early
	2669.722	new relations with each other, and in a	lesser degree with the surrounding physical
	2767.630	having been exterminated on all	lesser heights) and in the arctic regions of
	2855.75	cover the ground in La Plata, and in a	lesser degree in Australia, and have to a
	2990.79	of the Galapagos Archipelago, and in a	lesser degree in some analogous instances, is
	3006.577	strikingly displayed in Bats, and in a	lesser degree in the Felidæ and Canidæ. We see
	3032.1396	others to enter, either in greater or	lesser numbers; according or not, as those
	3101.306	as one of high value; if common to some	lesser number, they use it as of subordinate
	3289.1435	remain unmodified, or be modified in a	lesser degree, by the effects of use and
	3343.568	organs in the embryo, and their	lesser relative size in the adult. But if each
	3392.1083	fertility; and on the other hand,	lesser changes in the conditions of life and
	3404.897	intermediate varieties, which exist in	lesser numbers; so that the intermediate
	3550.154	and plants from an equal or	lesser number. Analogy would lead me one step
2			less-favoured
	1392.273	its own less improved parent or other	less-favoured forms with which it comes into
	2452.248	and the consequent extinction of	less-favoured forms almost inevitably follows. It is
1			less-improved
	3592.204	of Character and the Extinction of	less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature
3			lesson
	423.1253	the same parents—may they not learn a	lesson of caution, when they deride the idea
	2209.370	on this subject. Yet it is an admirable	lesson to stand on the North Downs and to look
	2273.642	particular deposit. It is an excellent	lesson to reflect on the ascertained amount of
1			lessons
	5259.38	HEBER (BISHOP) Parish Sermons; on the	Lessons, the Gospel, or the Epistle, for every
4			letter
	1018.1234	and is there marked by a small numbered	letter, a sufficient amount of variation is
	1936.187	seed, which vegetated freely." In a	letter to me, in 1839, Mr. Herbert told me
	2532.181	is represented in the diagram by the	letter F14. All the many forms, extinct and
	3063.519	to groups. In the diagram each	letter on the uppermost line may represent a
37			letters
	1006.309	as is represented in the diagram by the	letters standing at unequal distances. I have
	1032.698	at regular intervals by small numbered	letters marking the successive forms which have
	1040.1008	we get eight species, marked by the	letters between a14 and m14, all descended from
	1046.96	six new species, marked by the	letters n14 to z14, are supposed to have been
	1046.636	other nine species (marked by capital	letters) of our original genus, may for a long
	1068.169	the broken lines, beneath the capital	letters, converging in sub-branches downwards
	2528.248	We may suppose that the numbered	letters represent genera, and the dotted lines
	3119.701	the fourth chapter. We will suppose the	letters A to L to represent allied genera
	3191.554	see this by turning to the diagram: the	letters, A to L, may represent eleven Silurian
	3345.395	organs may be compared with the	letters in a word, still retained in the
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29			level
	192.241	by changes of climate and of the	level of the land, and by occasional means
	934.650	continuous, owing to oscillations of	level, will often have recently existed in a
	942.277	probably undergo many oscillations of	level, and which consequently will exist for
	1781.581	the Melipona to arrange her cells in	level layers, as she already does her
	2219.203	the other hand, during oscillations of	level, which we know this area has undergone
	2243.230	and during subsequent oscillations of	level. Such thick and extensive accumulations
	2249.662	during a downward oscillation of	level, and thus gained considerable thickness
	2251.96	undergone numerous slow oscillations of	level, and apparently these oscillations have
	2273.859	to reflect on the great changes of	level, on the inordinately great change of
	2285.910	long intervals of time and changes of	level during the process of deposition, which
	2321.319	would be interrupted by oscillations of	level, and that slight climatal changes would
	2379.77	upheaved by the oscillations of	level, which we may fairly conclude must have
	2379.477	no doubt to great oscillations of	level, since the earliest silurian period
	2379.709	still areas of oscillations of	level, and the continents areas of elevation
	2379.921	during many oscillations of	level, of the force of elevation; but may not
	2635.233	by changes of climate and of the	level of the land, and by occasional means
	2703.424	the subject in some detail. Changes of	level in the land must also have been highly
	2707.50	will dispute that great mutations of	level, have occurred within the period of
	2707.890	evidence of great oscillations of	level in our continents; but not of such vast
	2789.175	to large, but partial oscillations of	level, I am strongly inclined to extend the
	2811.398	once extended far below their present	level. In central Chile I was astonished at
	2843.1029	the climate under the equator at the	level of the sea was about the same with that
	2886.592	changes within the recent period in the	level of the land, having caused rivers to
	2886.750	during floods, without any change of	level. We have evidence in the loess of the
	2886.827	of the Rhine of considerable changes of	level in the land within a very recent
	2958.64	lapse of time, and as during changes of	level it is obvious that islands separated by
	3024.34	the changes of climate and of the	level of the land, which have certainly
	3416.646	periods of elevation and of stationary	level the record will be blank. During these
	3572.235	on former changes of climate and of the	level of the land, we shall surely be enabled
2			levels
	2273.1702	first appear and disappear at different	levels, owing to the migration of species and
	2285.1225	at no less than sixty-eight different	levels. Hence, when the same species occur at
2			lewis
	4970.128	in his Gallery. By Lady THERESA	LEWIS. Portraits. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s
	5610.0	by HON. H. MANNERS SUTTON. 8vo. 14s.	LEWIS (SIR G. C.) Essay on the Government of
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2			liability
	1580.1378	is correlated with colour, as is the	liability to be poisoned by certain plants; so
	2882.273	to pond, or from stream to stream; and	liability to wide dispersal would follow from
33			liable
	471.287	accidents, to which savages are so	liable, and such choice animals would thus
	796.87	keep white pigeons, as being the most	liable to destruction. Hence I can see no
	1197.725	early embryonic period, are alike, seem	liable to vary in an allied manner: we see
	1237.465	that multiple parts are also very	liable to variation in structure. Inasmuch as
	1257.110	the part in this case is eminently	liable to variation. Why should this be so? On
	1257.1217	continued selection, are also eminently	liable to variation. Look at the breeds of the
	1303.425	these coloured marks are eminently	liable to appear in the crossed offspring of
	1412.1470	prey, or in the seasons, be extremely	liable to utter extermination; and thus its
	1420.216	intermediate form would be eminently	liable to the inroads of closely allied forms
	1438.24	HABITS. diate varieties will be	liable to accidental extermination; and during
	1883.631	not always absolutely perfect and are	liable to mistakes;—that no instinct has been
	2026.1288	degree unsuitable, and consequently be	liable to perish at an early period; more
	2028.302	natural conditions, they are extremely	liable to have their reproductive systems
	2032.365	in both, the male element is the most	liable to be affected; but sometimes the
	2032.1216	not natural to them, they are extremely	liable to vary, which is due, as I believe, to
	2032.1451	in successive generations are eminently	liable to vary, as every experimentalist has
	2096.95	Gärtner states that mongrels are more	liable than hybrids to revert to either parent
	2128.271	surprising, when we remember how	liable we are to argue in a circle with
	2339.76	these remarks; and to show how	liable we are to error in supposing that whole
	2416.8	X. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. will be	liable to be exterminated. Hence we can see
	2458.272	of the same genus, will be the most	liable to extermination. Thus, as I believe, a
	2480.1099	of North America would hereafter be	liable to be classed with somewhat older
	2669.527	isolated country, they will be little	liable to modification; for neither migration
	2777.372	in this volume, they will not have been	liable to much modification. But with our
	2781.604	consequently they will have been	liable to modification; and this we find has
	2924.673	with new associates, will be eminently	liable to modification, and will often produce
	2928.978	and will consequently have been little	liable to modification. Madeira, again, is
	2976.119	and that such colonists would be	liable to modification;—the principle of
	3225.805	parts many times repeated are eminently	liable to vary in number and structure
	3323.67	of the same species are very	liable to vary in degree of development and in
	3404.681	in the intermediate zones, will be	liable to be supplanted by the allied forms on
	3482.391	to the species, should be eminently	liable to variation; but, on my view, this
	3488.291	being apparently not perfect and	liable to mistakes, and at many instincts
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1			life—as
	309.142	the direct action of the conditions of	life—as, in some cases, increased size from
1			life—diversified
	1374.141	varieties—Transitions in habits of	life—Diversified habits in the same species—Species with
3			lifetime
	431.146	breeders have, even within a single	lifetime, modified to [page] 31 CHAP. I
	441.818	his subject for years, and devotes his	lifetime to it with indomitable perseverance, he
	653.147	Every being, which during its natural	lifetime produces several eggs or seeds, must
1			lifetimes
	461.236	greatly modify, even during their own	lifetimes, the forms and qualities of their
1			lifted
	1675.654	as it felt the antennæ, immediately	lifted up its abdomen and excreted a limpid
28			light
	234.269	These facts seemed to me to throw some	light on the origin of species—that mystery
	305.646	to the direct action of heat, moisture,	light, food, &c., is most difficult: my
	309.248	from particular kinds of food and from	light, and perhaps the thickness of fur from
	836.1504	in the United States, one with a	light greyhound-like form, which pursues deer
	972.44	always been my practice, let us seek	light on [page] 112 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP
	1072.403	shall then see that the diagram throws	light on the affinities of extinct beings
	1123.582	and there dimly catch a faint ray of	light, and we may feel sure that there must
	1161.633	regained, after living some days in the	light, some slight power of vision. In the
	1161.933	to have struggled with the loss of	light and [page] 138 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP
	1167.974	forms, prepare the transition from	light to darkness. Next follow those that are
	1257.432	selection, I think we can obtain some	light. In our domestic animals, if any part
	1494.192	for admitting different amounts of	light, and for the correction of spherical
	1498.118	How a nerve comes to be sensitive to	light, hardly concerns us more than how life
	1498.294	nerve may be rendered sensitive to	light, and likewise to those coarser
	1502.597	only by excluding lateral pencils of	light, are convex at their upper ends [page
	1510.548	tissue, with a nerve sensitive to	light beneath, and then suppose every [page
	1584.226	marked; I may add that some little	light can apparently be thrown on the origin
	1604.214	The correction for the aberration of	light is said, on high authority, not to be
	1612.196	but I think that in the discussion	light has been thrown on several facts, which
	2819.132	colder from pole to pole, much	light can be thrown on the present
	2835.20	distinct species. Now let us see what	light can be thrown on the foregoing facts
	2892.580	others remain to be observed—throw some	light on this subject. When a duck suddenly
	2954.973	s agency; but we shall soon have much	light thrown on the natural history of this
	3337.524	doubt whether any of these cases throw	light on the origin of rudimentary organs in
	3484.373	I have attempted to show how much	light the principle of gradation throws on
	3572.135	many means of migration, then, by the	light which geology now throws, and will
	3572.605	apparent means of immigration, some	light can be thrown on ancient geography
	3580.203	mental power and capacity by gradation.	Light will be thrown on the origin of man and
1			lighten
	675.394	generation or at recurrent intervals.	Lighten any check, mitigate the [page] 67 CHAP
21			likely
	491.345	was when it first appeared, the more	likely it would be to catch his attention. But
	588.455	are already dominant will be the most	likely to yield offspring which, though in
	942.432	production of many new forms of life,	likely to endure long and to spread widely
	1189.73	one district to another; for it is not	likely that man should have succeeded in
	1293.1022	recently and largely varied being more	likely still to go on varying than parts which
	2110.738	of either parent would be more	likely to occur with mongrels, which are
	2649.194	deserts, &c., are not as impassable, or	likely to have endured so long as the oceans
	2781.22	GLACIAL PERIOD. ferent; for it is not	likely that all the same arctic species will
	2855.274	though hides, wool, and other objects	likely to carry seeds have been largely
	2892.279	perplexed me much, as their ova are not	likely to be transported by birds, and they
	2898.677	if suddenly flushed, would be the most	likely to have muddy feet. Birds of this order
	2898.865	in the open ocean; they would not be	likely to alight on the surface of the sea, so
	2936.959	ranges. Hence trees would be little	likely to reach distant oceanic islands; and
	2958.136	separated by shallow channels are more	likely to have been continuously united within
	2972.1814	that the Galapagos Islands would be	likely to receive colonists, whether by
	3075.1332	of its true affinities. We are least	likely in the modifications of these organs to
	3147.880	as far as we can judge, are the least	likely to have been modified in relation to
	3386.190	when we remember that it is not	likely that either their constitutions or
	3412.1620	discovery of intermediate links less	likely. Local varieties will not spread into
	3478.307	should the colour of a flower be more	likely to vary in any one species of a genus
	3482.50	these same characters would be more	likely still to be variable than the generic
4			likeness
	1992.168	a remarkable power of impressing their	likeness on their hybrid offspring; but these
	2102.400	a prepotent power of impressing its	likeness on the hybrid; and so I believe it to
	2104.227	owing to prepotency in transmitting	likeness running more strongly in one sex than
	3586.183	species will transmit its unaltered	likeness to a distant futurity. And of the
44			likewise
	351.138	inherent tendency to vary, and	likewise to withstand diverse climates. I do not
	487.324	character of our domestic races, and	likewise their differences being so great in
	538.667	polymorphic in other countries, and	likewise, judging from Brachiopod shells, at
	842.1298	pollen from flower to flower, would	likewise be favoured or selected. We might have
	846.406	one—not as a very striking case, but as	likewise illustrating one step in the separation
	912.615	which cross only occasionally, and	likewise in animals which unite for each birth
	1024.387	of the same country; they will	likewise partake of those more general
	1056.974	not only their parents (A) and (I), but	likewise some of the original species which were
	1072.170	or hundred million generations, and	likewise a section of the successive strata of
	1205.959	scaly ant-eaters, &c.), that these are	likewise the most abnormal in their teeth. I
	1227.86	which have been advanced, and	likewise some other facts, may be merged under a
	1287.643	number varies greatly; and the number	likewise differs in the two sexes of the same
	1287.915	differs in the different species, and	likewise in the two sexes of the same species
	1291.87	places in the economy of nature, and	likewise to fit the two sexes of the same
	1434.426	allied or representative species, and	likewise of acknowledged varieties), exist in
	1498.305	may be rendered sensitive to light, and	likewise to those coarser vibrations of the air
	1536.751	served as ovigerous frena, but which,	likewise, very slightly aided the act of
	1574.1291	of the clean-feeding male turkey is	likewise naked. The sutures in the skulls of
	1689.332	shades of disposition and tastes, and	likewise of the oddest tricks, associated with
	1725.401	food for their own young. Some species,	likewise, of Sphegidæ (wasp-like insects) are
	1733.22	been perfected. Formica sanguinea was	likewise first discovered by P. Huber to be a
	1767.503	adding to them short tubes of wax, and	likewise making separate and very irregular
	1877.891	the power of natural selection, and	likewise because this is by far the most serious
	1908.129	common parents, when intercrossed, and	likewise the fertility of their mongrel
	1974.175	species. But the degree of fertility is	likewise innately variable; for it is not always
	2219.420	perhaps equally long periods, it would,	likewise, have escaped the action of the coast
	2273.815	of one whole geological period; and	likewise to reflect on the great changes of
	2351.724	on my theory, unless it could	likewise be shown that the species of this group
	2502.328	was either stationary or rising, and	likewise when sediment was not thrown down
	2707.240	with Europe or Africa, and Europe	likewise with America. Other authors have thus
	2711.712	of the inhabitants of oceanic islands	likewise seem to me opposed to the belief of
	2723.312	but he chose many large fruits and	likewise seeds from plants which live near the
	2765.117	regions of the United States would	likewise be covered by arctic plants and animals
	2803.93	inhabitants of seas now disjoined, and	likewise of the past and present inhabitants of
	3004.576	species occur, there will	likewise be found some identical species
	3032.125	individuals of the same species, and	likewise of allied species, have proceeded from
	3032.874	linked together by affinity, and are	likewise linked to the extinct beings which
	3038.955	be closely related to each other, and	likewise be related, but less closely, to those
	3141.605	each other and from the adult; as he	likewise includes the so-called alternate
	3255.96	between the embryo and the adult, and	likewise a close similarity in the embryos of
	3412.643	examine them ever so closely, unless we	likewise possessed many of the intermediate
	3502.695	under the most different climates; and	likewise the close alliance of some of the
	3510.435	forms and varieties of the same species	likewise occur. It is a rule of high generality
	3518.512	stamens, and pistils of a flower, is	likewise intelligible on the view of the gradual
20			limbs
	313.482	subject. Breeders believe that long	limbs are almost always accompanied by an
	1104.576	in the great battle for life. The	limbs divided into great branches, and these
	1197.894	and hind legs, and even in the jaws and	limbs, varying together, for the lower jaw is
	1197.975	is believed to be homologous with the	limbs. These tendencies, I do not doubt, may
	1450.340	and flying squirrels have their	limbs and even the base of the tail united by
	1456.206	the jaw to the tail, and including the	limbs and the elongated fingers: the flank
	1580.471	country would probably affect the hind	limbs from exercising them more, and possibly
	1580.601	law of homologous variation, the front	limbs and even the head would probably be
	1590.661	believe that the several bones in the	limbs of the monkey, horse, and bat, which
	3159.307	the body and in the fin-like anterior	limbs, between the dugong, which is a
	3163.95	thus the shape of the body and fin-like	limbs are only analogical when whales are
	3163.264	but the shape of the body and fin-like	limbs serve as characters exhibiting true
	3163.521	general shape of body and structure of	limbs from a common ancestor. So it is with
	3207.176	the construction of the mouths and	limbs of crustaceans. So it is with the
	3209.275	most interesting work on the 'Nature of	Limbs.' On the ordinary view of the
	3211.933	may be called, of all mammals, had its	limbs constructed on the existing general
	3211.1104	of the homologous construction of the	limbs throughout the whole class. So with the
	3217.421	of vertebræ. The anterior and posterior	limbs in each member of the vertebrate and
	3289.886	fore-limbs in the mature animal; the	limbs in the latter having undergone much
	3309.452	are rudiments of the pelvis and hind	limbs. Some of the cases of rudimentary
1			limestone
	1167.69	of life more similar than deep	limestone caverns under a nearly similar climate
7			limit
	687.64	species of course gives the extreme	limit to which each can increase; but very
	954.123	of artificial selection, I can see no	limit to the amount of change, to the beauty
	1078.19	had diverged less. I see no reason to	limit the process of modification, as now
	1125.566	that shells at their southern	limit, and when living in shallow water, are
	2273.1325	mouth of the Mississippi, within that	limit of depth at which marine animals can
	3448.443	of life, to her living products? What	limit can be put to this power, acting during
	3448.643	and rejecting the bad? I can see no	limit to this power, in slowly and
12			limited
	250.800	cause of variation. In one very	limited sense, as we shall hereafter see, this
	584.385	But my tables further show that, in any	limited country, the species which are most
	890.114	as distinct individuals only in a	limited sense. I believe this objection to be
	1177.281	that species in a state of nature are	limited in their ranges by the competition of
	1634.304	nor, as far as we can judge by our	limited faculties, can absolute perfection be
	2002.309	differences being of so peculiar and	limited a nature, [page] 261 CHAP. VIII
	2006.1198	so with grafting, the capacity is	limited by systematic affinity, for no one has
	2213.79	have covered up the Weald within so	limited a period as since the latter part of
	2518.315	day, were not at this early epoch	limited in such distinct groups as they now are
	2677.1020	across the sea is more distinctly	limited in terrestrial mammals, than perhaps in
	3442.506	of variation under nature is a strictly	limited quantity. Man, though acting on
	3530.160	in the course of long ages is a	limited quantity; no clear distinction has been
1			limiting
	699.214	animals—often ensue: and here we have a	limiting check independent of the struggle for
10			limits
	1972.666	are very fertile. Even within the	limits of the same genus, for instance in
	1980.888	a single hybrid. Even within the	limits of the same genus, we meet with this
	2255.442	being upraised and brought within the	limits of the coast-action. Thus the
	2279.1190	except near their upper or lower	limits. It would seem that each separate
	2299.890	had the widest range, far exceeding the	limits of the known geological formations of
	2345.396	zones of depths from the upper tidal	limits to 50 fathoms; from the perfect manner
	2984.184	a most interesting manner, within the	limits of the same archipelago. Thus the
	3197.1405	use these same characters within the	limits of the same group. We can clearly see
	3215.585	which we know to be within the	limits of possibility. In the paddles of the
	5682.25	Post 8vo. 6s. MANSELS (REV. H. L.) The	Limits of Religious Thought Examined. Being
1			limpet
	2896.86	an Ancylus (a fresh-water shell like a	limpet) firmly adhering to it; and a water
1			limpid
	1675.691	lifted up its abdomen and excreted a	limpid drop of sweet juice, which was eagerly
2			lindsays
	5622.0	With 100 Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d.	LINDSAYS (LORD) Lives of the Lindsays; or, a
	5622.29	s. 6d. LINDSAYS (LORD) Lives of the	Lindsays; or, a Memoir of the Houses of Crawford
6			lineal
	272.1139	to what are called the same genera are	lineal descendants of some other and generally
	423.1336	of species in a state of nature being	lineal descendants of other species
	1500.119	we ought to look exclusively to its	lineal ancestors; but this is scarcely ever
	1669.312	for these could be found only in the	lineal ancestors of each species-but we ought
	3582.466	not as special creations, but as the	lineal descendants of some few beings which
	3586.797	As all the living forms of life are the	lineal descendants of those which lived long
1			linear
	3127.266	of the groups had been written in a	linear series, it would have been still less
44			lines
	423.1135	of the intermediate links in the long	lines of descent, yet admit that many of our
	554.119	consideration; for several interesting	lines of argument, from geographical
	858.469	or to the formation of the longest	lines of inland cliffs. Natural selection can
	1018.450	The little fan of diverging dotted	lines of unequal lengths proceeding from (A
	1018.1077	represented by the outer dotted	lines) being preserved and accumulated by
	1018.1187	line reaches one of the horizontal	lines, and is there marked by a small
	1020.37	The intervals between the horizontal	lines in the diagram, may represent each a
	1034.443	more highly improved branches in the	lines of descent, will, it is probable, often
	1034.666	not reaching to the upper horizontal	lines. In some cases I do not doubt that the
	1038.139	represented in the diagram, if all the	lines proceeding from (A) were removed
	1046.21	OF CHARACTER. tween the horizontal	lines. After fourteen thousand generations
	1046.782	is shown in the diagram by the dotted	lines not prolonged far upwards from want of
	1048.945	will be with many whole collateral	lines of descent, which will be conquered by
	1048.1009	will be conquered by later and improved	lines of descent. If, however, the [page
	1068.142	this is indicated by the broken	lines, beneath the capital letters
	1076.68	very ancient epochs when the branching	lines of descent had diverged less. I see no
	1078.215	successive group of diverging dotted	lines to be very great, the forms marked a
	1502.228	off in two fundamentally different	lines, can be shown to exist, until we reach
	1669.384	but we ought to find in the collateral	lines of descent some evidence of such
	1787.988	to build up flat walls of wax on the	lines of intersection between the basins, so
	1885.416	it is that the thrush of South America	lines its nest with mud, in the same peculiar
	2167.27	around us. It is good to wander along	lines of sea-coast, when formed of moderately
	2389.60	of each page, only here and there a few	lines. Each word of the slowly-changing
	2528.289	represent genera, and the dotted	lines diverging from them the species in each
	2528.469	is unimportant for us. The horizontal	lines may represent successive geological
	2528.827	the many extinct genera on the several	lines of descent diverging from the parent
	2536.910	above one of the middle horizontal	lines or geological formations-for instance
	2651.657	northward and southward, in parallel	lines not far from each other, under
	2843.392	seem to have afforded two great	lines of invasion: and it is a striking fact
	2857.331	I do not pretend to indicate the exact	lines and means of migration, or the reason
	2863.1081	species have migrated in radiating	lines from some common centre; and I am
	2869.714	the tide leaves its drift in horizontal	lines, though rising higher on the shores
	3159.1192	animals, belonging to two most distinct	lines of descent, may readily become adapted
	3159.1413	blood-relationship to their proper	lines of descent. We can also understand the
	3185.533	be related to each other by circuitous	lines of affinity of various lengths (as may
	3201.0	page] 434 MORPHOLOGY. CHAP. XIII.	lines of affinities. We shall never, probably
	3239.719	and have been adapted for special	lines of life. A trace of the law of
	3239.1059	the species are striped or spotted in	lines; and stripes can be plainly
	3351.255	by complex, radiating, and circuitous	lines of affinities into one grand system
	3488.92	thrush of South America, for instance,	lines her nest with mud like our British
	3516.388	in which we have to discover the	lines of descent by the most permanent
	3532.325	when Lyell first insisted that long	lines of inland cliffs had been formed, and
	3566.789	discover and trace the many diverging	lines of descent in our natural genealogies
	4754.37	ENGINE for DIVIDING STRAIGHT	LINES. 4to. 5s. 33. SABINE'S PENDULUM
2			lingard
	5122.176	on certain Works of Dr. Milner and Dr.	Lingard, and on some parts of the Evidence of
	5900.177	on certain Works of Dr. Milner and Dr.	Lingard, and on some parts of the Evidence of
1			lingering
	2614.402	from the survival of a few descendants,	lingering in protected and isolated situations
4			lingula
	2359.749	Silurian animals, as the Nautilus,	Lingula, &c., do not differ much from living
	2408.397	sub-Himalayan deposits. The Silurian	Lingula differs but little from the living
	2426.928	unmodified forms. Species of the genus	Lingula, for instance, must have continuously
	4126.24	Life, struggle for, 60.	Lingula, Silurian, 306. Linnæus, aphorism of
10			linked
	542.152	to some other forms, or are so closely	linked to them by intermediate gradations
	1418.1216	than the forms which they originally	linked together. For any form existing in
	1552.848	place in nature, be so invariably	linked together by graduated steps? Why should
	1612.396	not indefinitely variable, and are not	linked together by a multitude of intermediate
	1859.1257	forms can sometimes be perfectly	linked together by individuals taken out of
	2536.399	three families would be so closely	linked together that they probably would have
	2536.613	to call the extinct genera, which thus	linked the living genera of three families
	2622.383	for the forms are more closely	linked together by generation: we can clearly
	3032.837	deserts, are in so mysterious a manner	linked together by affinity, and are likewise
	3032.883	together by affinity, and are likewise	linked to the extinct beings which formerly
7			linking
	618.167	by the discovery of intermediate	linking forms, and the occurrence of such links
	622.122	notwithstanding that intermediate	linking forms have not been discovered; but the
	1418.893	and therefore conclude that varieties	linking two other varieties together have
	1440.111	numberless intermediate varieties,	linking most closely all the species of the
	2259.911	discovery of her transitional or	linking forms. From the foregoing
	3400.102	intermediate forms must have existed,	linking together all the species in each group
	3400.238	may be asked, Why do we not see these	linking forms all around us? Why are not all
40			links
	423.1117	more than he does of the intermediate	links in the long lines of descent, yet admit
	542.997	are closely connected by intermediate	links; nor will the commonly-assumed hybrid
	542.1068	hybrid nature of the intermediate	links always remove the difficulty. In very
	542.1206	another, not because the intermediate	links have actually been found, but because
	558.226	they are united by many intermediate	links, and it is very doubtful whether these
	558.271	and it is very doubtful whether these	links are hybrids; and there is, as it seems
	566.957	hardly hope to find the intermediate	links between his doubtful forms, he will
	604.264	in those cases in which intermediate	links have not been found between doubtful
	618.209	forms, and the occurrence of such	links cannot affect the actual characters of
	1426.164	chaos of varying and intermediate	links: firstly, because new varieties are
	1432.472	broken portion of the land, but these	links will have been supplanted and
	1440.349	the parent forms and the intermediate	links. Consequently evidence of their former
	1456.325	extensor muscle. Although no graduated	links of structure, fitted for gliding
	1456.487	no difficulty in supposing that such	links formerly existed, and that each had
	2143.279	together by innumerable transitional	links, is a very obvious difficulty. I
	2143.344	difficulty. I assigned reasons why such	links do not commonly occur at the present
	2143.1108	however, of innumerable intermediate	links not now occurring everywhere throughout
	2147.425	every stratum full of such intermediate	links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any
	2155.131	we have no reason to suppose that	links ever existed directly intermediate
	2155.744	perfect chain of the intermediate	links. It is just possible by my theory
	2157.173	and in this case direct intermediate	links will have existed between them. But
	2163.260	number of intermediate and transitional	links, between all living and extinct species
	2165.109	of such infinitely numerous connecting	links, it may be objected, that time will not
	2265.488	not include a graduated series of	links between the species which then lived
	2301.467	by numerous, fine, intermediate, fossil	links, by asking [page] 299 CHAP. IX
	2325.345	life. We ought only to look for a few	links, some more closely, some more distantly
	2325.424	related to each other; and these	links, let them be ever so close, if found in
	2329.259	discovering innumerable transitional	links between the species which appeared at
	2385.126	infinitely numerous transitional	links between the many species which now
	2514.1060	but Owen has discovered so many fossil	links, that he has had to alter the whole
	2604.165	where are the numberless transitional	links which must formerly have connected the
	3191.879	be supposed to be still alive; and the	links to be as fine as those between the
	3404.0	page] 463 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION.	links between them, but only between each and
	3406.69	of an infinitude of connecting	links, between the living and extinct
	3406.264	geological formation charged with such	links? Why does not every collection of
	3412.687	possessed many of the intermediate	links between their past or parent and
	3412.757	and present states; and these many	links we could hardly ever expect to discover
	3412.990	that in future ages so many fossil	links will be discovered, that naturalists
	3412.1151	are varieties? As long as most of the	links between any two species are unknown, if
	3412.1609	rendering the discovery of intermediate	links less likely. Local varieties will not
1			linnaean
	82.33	M.A., FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, GEOLOGICAL,	LINNAEAN, ETC., SOCIETIES ; AUTHOR OF 'JOURNAL
5			linnæus
	659.346	not be standing room for his progeny.	Linnæus has calculated that if an annual plant
	3069.1051	Such expressions as that famous one of	Linnæus, and which we often meet with in a more
	3095.777	alone explains, I think, that saying of	Linnæus, that the characters do not give the
	3159.495	there are innumerable instances: thus	Linnæus, misled by external appearances
	4126.48	for, 60. Lingula, Silurian, 306.	Linnæus, aphorism of, 413. Lion, mane of
1			linnean
	240.269	Sir Charles Lyell, who sent it to the	Linnean Society, and it is published in the
1			liquid
	2205.167	the lava-streams, due to their formerly	liquid state, showed at a glance how far the
1			lisbon
	5286.13	Vols. Post 8vo. 30s. —— PORTUGAL,	LISBON, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 9s
3			literally
	659.298	in a few thousand years, there would	literally not be standing room for his progeny
	711.222	of acres of the unenclosed heath, and	literally I could not see a single Scotch fir
	3237.24	EMBRYOLOGY. these terms may be used	literally; and the wonderful fact of the jaws
8			literary
	5120.52	THE TIMES." Being a Selection from the	LITERARY PAPERS which have appeared in that
	5241.22	Vols. 8vo. 30s. ——Introduction to the	Literary History of Europe, during the 16th
	5243.3	Fourth Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo. 36s. ——	Literary Essays and Characters. Selected from
	5245.94	The Middle Ages of Europe, —and the	Literary History of Europe. Complete Edition
	5542.17	Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo. JONES' (Rev. R,)	Literary Remains. Consisting of his Lectures and
	5802.8	s. 6d. ART OF DINING. 1s. 6d. HALLAMS	LITERARY ESSAYS. 2s. MAHONS JOAN OF ARC. 1s
	5902.46	HON. EDMUND) Memoir, Correspondence,	Literary and Unpublished Diaries of Robert
	6110.47	ROBERT PLUMER) Memoir, Correspondence,	Literary and Unpublished Diaries and Remains. By
7			literature
	5618.113	of the Empire. With the History of	Literature and Art. Library Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo
	5694.96	the Roman Conquest. With the History of	Literature and Art. By Dr. W M. SMITH. Sixteenth
	5696.108	of the Empire. With the History of	Literature and Art. By DEAN LIDDELL. Eighth
	5974.38	SHAW'S (THOS. B.) Outlines of English	Literature, for the Use of Young Students. Post
	6008.90	the Roman Conquest. With the History of	Literature and Art. Sixteenth Thousand. Woodcuts
	6012.101	of the Empire. With the History of	Literature and Art. By H. G. LIDDELL, D.D. Tenth
	6074.38	TICKNOR'S (GEORGE) History of Spanish	Literature. With Criticisms on particular Works
1			litter
	305.57	same fruit, and the young of the same	litter, sometimes differ considerably from
133			little
	266.328	chapter I shall discuss the complex and	little known laws of variation and of
	291.1443	that very trifling changes, such as a	little more or less water at some particular
	305.752	such agencies have produced very	little direct effect, though apparently more
	327.501	to the like sex. It is a fact of some	little importance to us, that peculiarities
	351.460	it would endure other climates? Has the	little variability of the ass or guinea-fowl
	425.146	or from several allied species. Some	little effect may, perhaps, be attributed to
	425.254	external conditions of life, and some	little to habit; but he would be a bold man
	429.955	in battle, with other breeds so	little quarrelsome, with "everlasting layers
	461.527	some cases, however, unchanged or but	little changed individuals of the same breed
	499.865	name. In semi-civilised countries, with	little free communication, the spreading and
	511.1407	a few being kept by poor people, and	little attention paid to their breeding; in
	515.1599	of plants not propagated by seed are of	little importance to us, for their endurance
	548.1704	and varieties. On the islets of the	little Madeira group there are many insects
	566.224	he is continually studying; and he has	little general knowledge of analogical
	590.1102	the stations inhabited by them, and has	little or no relation to the size of the
	610.350	groups. As Fries has well remarked,	little groups of species are generally
	622.45	for two forms, if differing very	little, are generally ranked as varieties
	622.514	but unequally, allied together, forming	little clusters round certain species. Species
	635.757	foundation for the work, helps us but	little in understanding how species arise in
	635.1094	woodpecker and missletoe; and only a	little less plainly in the humblest parasite
	645.25	CHAP. III. We will now discuss in a	little more detail the struggle for existence
	679.20	TO INCREASE. destruction ever so	little, and the number of the species will
	685.127	thus out of twenty species growing on a	little plot of turf (three feet by four) nine
	687.265	of a species. Thus, there seems to be	little doubt that the stock of partridges
	711.392	I found a multitude of seedlings and	little trees, which had been perpetually
	711.568	of the old clumps, I counted thirty-two	little trees; and one of them, judging from
	719.941	reach the nectar. Hence I have very	little doubt, that if the whole genus of
	743.139	that it can perfectly well withstand a	little more heat or cold, dampness or dryness
	796.417	of any particular colour would produce	little effect: we should remember how
	842.207	sought by insects. Let us now suppose a	little sweet juice or nectar to be excreted by
	842.1565	a simple loss to the plant; yet if a	little pollen were carried, at first
	852.457	flowers, which they can, with a very	little more trouble, enter by the mouth
	912.680	unite for each birth, but which wander	little and which can increase at a very rapid
	1002.431	of animals, with their organisation but	little diversified, could hardly compete with
	1002.636	are divided into groups differing but	little from each other, and feebly
	1018.419	a genus large in its own country. The	little fan of diverging dotted lines of
	1078.615	genera descended from (A), the two	little groups of genera will form two distinct
	1125.443	see everywhere throughout nature. Some	little influence may be attributed to climate
	1139.242	as these incline me to lay very	little weight on the direct action of the
	1141.96	the first chapter, I think there can be	little doubt that use in our domestic animals
	1153.720	from its wings having been ever so	little less perfectly developed or from
	1223.19	OF GROWTH. seeds which were a	little better fitted to be wafted further
	1237.881	parts of the organisation have been but	little specialised for particular functions
	1237.1108	should have preserved or rejected each	little deviation of form less carefully than
	1249.241	of which fact I think there can be	little doubt. But that our rule is not
	1249.879	structures, and they differ extremely	little even in different genera; but in the
	1257.766	and in those which have been but	little specialised for any particular purpose
	1398.503	stationary or is rising, or when very	little sediment is being deposited, there will
	1446.351	Yet I think such difficulties have very	little weight. Here, as on other occasions, I
	1492.368	and that if any one being vary ever so	little, either in habits or structure, and
	1500.479	stages of descent, in an unaltered or	little altered condition. Amongst existing
	1536.674	other. Therefore I do not doubt that	little folds of skin, which originally served
	1550.229	in two organic beings, which owe but	little of their structure in common to
	1554.10	shortest and slowest steps. Organs of	little apparent importance.—As natural
	1556.31	in [page] 195 CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF	LITTLE IMPORTANCE. understanding the origin
	1568.98	to characters which are really of very	little importance, and which have originated
	1568.271	climate, food, &c., probably have some	little direct influence on the organisation
	1572.31	latter [page] 197 CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF	LITTLE IMPORTANCE. remarks. If green
	1580.201	countries where there has been but	little artificial selection. Careful observers
	1582.31	on our [page] 199 CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF	LITTLE IMPORTANCE. ignorance of the precise
	1584.219	so strongly marked; I may add that some	little light can apparently be thrown on the
	1586.507	conditions probably have had some	little effect on structure, quite
	1590.1170	in every living creature (making some	little allowance for the direct action of
	1655.76	characters of instinct are universal. A	little dose, as Pierre Huber expresses it, of
	1661.313	at three years old with wonderfully	little practice, had played a tune with no
	1663.342	be shown that instincts do vary ever so	little, then I can see no difficulty in
	1669.641	instincts of animals having been but	little observed except in Europe and North
	1737.399	which I have myself made, in some	little detail. I opened fourteen nests of F
	1747.119	species, F. flava, with a few of these	little yellow ants still clinging to the
	1747.574	accidentally disturbed both nests, the	little ants attacked their big neighbours with
	1747.791	make into slaves, from those of the	little and furious F. flava, which they rarely
	1747.1173	of an hour, shortly after all the	little yellow ants had crawled away, they took
	1787.258	pits in it; and as they deepened these	little pits, they made them wider and wider
	1789.181	began on both sides to excavate	little basins near to each other, in the same
	1793.53	the basins, as soon as they had been a	little deepened, came to have flat bottoms
	1793.136	and these flat bottoms, formed by thin	little plates of the vermilion wax having been
	1793.372	of the ridge of wax. In parts, only	little bits, in other parts, large portions of
	1795.928	from the extreme thinness of the	little rhombic plate, that they could have
	1803.65	very first cell is excavated out of a	little parallel-sided wall of wax, is not, as
	1803.193	first commencement having always been a	little hood of wax; but I will not here enter
	1825.1161	near together, so as to intersect a	little; for a wall in common even to two
	1825.1235	to two adjoining cells, would save some	little wax. Hence it would continually be more
	1877.799	therefore, discussed this case, at some	little but wholly insufficient length, in
	1960.85	and of Hybrids.—We will now consider a	little more in detail the [page] 255 CHAP
	1976.210	importance and which differ	little in the allied species. Now the
	2006.215	It will be advisable to explain a	little more fully by an example what I mean by
	2022.75	and of Hybrids.—We may now look a	little closer at the probable causes of the
	2110.1205	whether the two parents differ much or	little from each other, namely in the union of
	2171.235	to believe that pure water can effect	little or nothing in wearing away rock. At
	2171.665	by marine productions, showing how	little they are abraded and how seldom they
	2241.666	be preserved to a distant age. A	little reflection will explain why along the
	2291.78	species and varieties; they grant some	little variability to each species, but when
	2408.417	The Silurian Lingula differs but	little from the living species of this genus
	2480.1228	future epoch, there can, I think, be	little doubt that all the more modern marine
	2506.715	correspond; for there will have been a	little more time in the one region than in the
	2562.427	the whole glacial period, and note how	little the specific forms of the inhabitants
	2618.496	but more commonly only bringing them a	little closer together. The more ancient a
	2661.243	conditions. The naturalist must feel	little curiosity, who is not led to inquire
	2669.520	isolated country, they will be	little liable to modification; for neither
	2671.322	during whole geological periods but	little modification, there is not much
	2765.411	that the Glacial period came on a	little earlier or later in North America than
	2765.517	southern migration there have been a	little earlier or later; but this will make no
	2775.305	at a very late period have marched a	little further north, and subsequently have
	2793.223	understand the relationship, with very	little identity, between the productions of
	2892.692	with duck-weed, I have twice seen these	little plants adhering to its back; and it has
	2892.769	it has happened to me, in removing a	little duck-weed from one aquarium to another
	2898.1150	is with seeds: I have tried several	little experiments, but will here give only
	2898.1327	points, beneath water, on the edge of a	little pond; this mud when dry weighed only
	2918.622	of Cambridge has 847 plants, and the	little island of Anglesea 764, but a few ferns
	2928.971	habits, and will consequently have been	little liable to modification. Madeira, again
	2934.146	but this explanation seems to me not a	little doubtful. Facility of immigration, I
	2936.16	of the conditions. Many remarkable	little facts could be given with respect to
	2936.952	confined ranges. Hence trees would be	little likely to reach distant oceanic islands
	3010.433	range; but, if the variation had been a	little greater, the two varieties would have
	3028.352	transport, I have discussed at some	little length the means of dispersal of fresh
	3044.951	we find that some organisms differ	little, whilst others belonging to a different
	3075.1544	which their whole life depends, are of	little signification, excepting in the first
	3123.1585	descent, are supposed to have been but	little modified, and they yet form a single
	3129.510	some very ancient language had altered	little, and had given rise to few new
	3173.425	to the present day descendants but	little modified, will give to us our so-called
	3211.291	changes of this nature, there will be	little or no tendency to modify the original
	3263.184	at an equally early period. But we have	little evidence on this head—indeed the
	3267.11	EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP. XIII. acquired a	little earlier or later in life. It would not
	3454.685	ranges, and they are clustered in	little groups round other species—in which
	3472.16	not been observed. The complex and	little known laws governing variation are the
	3472.228	conditions seem to have produced but	little direct effect; yet when varieties enter
	3524.258	for existence, and will thus have	little power of acting on an organ during
	4239.4	electric, of fishes, 192. —of	little importance, 194. ——, homologous
	4646.10	Woodcuts. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. ARTHUR'S (	LITTLE) History of England. By LADY CALLCOTT
	4936.18	Portrait. 8vo. 15s. CALLCOTT'S (LADY)	Little Arthur's History of England. 18th
	4968.40	CHARMED ROE (THE); or, The Story of the	Little Brother and Sister. By OTTO SPECKTER
	5626.0	Montrose, created in 1488. Folio. 15s.	LITTLE ARTHUR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By LADY
	6032.37	Charmed Roe; or, the Story of the	Little Brother and Sister. Illustrated. 16mo
1			little-modified
	3225.476	as Owen has observed) of all low or	little-modified forms; therefore we may readily believe
4			littoral
	2227.1330	infinite numbers: they are all strictly	littoral, with the exception of a single
	2241.1032	The explanation, no doubt, is, that the	littoral and sub-littoral deposits are
	2313.243	I suspect that not many of the strictly	littoral animals, or of those which lived on
	4397.4	of, 76. Shells, colours of, 132. ——,	littoral, seldom embedded, 288. ——, fresh-water
1			liturgy
	5198.46	S (W. E.) Prayers arranged from the	Liturgy for Family Use. Second Editioh. 12mo
33			lived
	673.1126	up the full number of a tree, which	lived on an average for a thousand years, if
	1076.20	OF CHARACTER. the extinct species	lived at very ancient epochs when the
	1104.1080	branches; so with the species which	lived during long-past geological periods
	1133.334	the climate is under which they have	lived; but who can tell how much of this
	1351.776	that fossil shells had never	lived, but had been created in stone so as to
	1825.895	us further suppose that the community	lived throughout the winter, and consequently
	1918.471	experienced observers who have ever	lived, namely, Kölreuter and Gärtner, should
	2118.277	careful experimentalists who have ever	lived, have come to diametrically opposite
	2163.392	if this theory be true, such have	lived upon this earth. On the lapse of Time
	2229.50	to the terrestrial productions which	lived during the Secondary and Palæozoic
	2265.95	between the allied species which	lived at its commencement and at its close
	2265.525	of links between the species which then	lived; but I can by no means pretend to
	2285.1353	the probability is that they have not	lived on the same spot during the whole
	2311.91	were to be collected which have ever	lived there, how imperfectly would they
	2313.279	littoral animals, or of those which	lived on naked submarine rocks, would be
	2331.721	process; and the progenitors must have	lived long ages before their modified
	2359.594	some one crustacean, which must have	lived long before the Silurian age, and which
	2478.66	least have been inferred that they had	lived during one of the latter tertiary
	2480.345	day in Europe, and all those that	lived in Europe during the pleistocene period
	2480.874	are more closely related to those which	lived in Europe during certain later tertiary
	2550.110	succeeded it. Thus, the species which	lived at the sixth great stage of descent in
	2550.209	the modified offspring of those which	lived at the fifth stage, and are the parents
	2767.478	same arctic species, which had lately	lived in a body together on the lowlands of
	2787.36	habitants of the Old and New Worlds	lived further southwards than at present
	2787.623	º, during the Pliocene period	lived further north under the Polar Circle
	2787.734	the strictly arctic productions then	lived on the broken land still nearer to the
	3119.750	to L to represent allied genera, which	lived during the Silurian epoch, and these
	3191.154	them; for if every form which has ever	lived on this earth were suddenly to reappear
	3191.1819	all the forms in any class which have	lived throughout all time and space. We shall
	3301.10	CHAP. XIII. EMBRYOLOGY. have ever	lived on this earth have to be classed
	3552.652	all the organic beings which have ever	lived on this earth have descended from some
	3582.510	descendants of some few beings which	lived long before the [page] 489 CHAP. XIV
	3586.831	the lineal descendants of those which	lived long before the Silurian epoch, we may
2			liverpool
	4856.156	s. 6d. Bristol, 1836, 12s.	Liverpool, 1837, 16s. 6d. Newcastle, 1838, 15s
	4856.530	s. Hull, 1853, 10s. 6d.	Liverpool, 1854, 18s. Glasgow, 1855, 15s
19			lives
	675.228	to increase in numbers; that each	lives by a struggle at some period of its
	792.538	not destroyed at some period of their	lives, would increase in countless numbers
	1910.236	and Gärtner, who almost devoted their	lives to this subject, without being deeply
	2556.772	for the parent rock-pigeon now	lives; and many varieties between the rock
	3251.1787	for the male is a mere sack, which	lives for a short time, and is destitute of
	4848.50	SIR DAVID) Martyrs of Science, or the	Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler
	4868.9	and Maps. 8 Vols. 60s. JOHNSONS	LIVES OF THE ENGLISH POETS. Edited by PETER
	4942.18	Post 8vo. 6s. CAMPBELL'S (LORD)	Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of
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	4956.24	s. [page] 8 CAMPBELLS (THOS.) Short	Lives of the British Poets. With an Essay on
	4964.66	of the Early Flemish Painters; Their	Lives and Works. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s
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	5014.4	s. (Murrays British Classics.) ———	Lives of Eminent English Poets. By SAMUEL
	5030.60	of the Early Flemish Painters; their	Lives and Works. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s
	5102.17	Index. Map. 8vo. 18s. ELWINS (REY. W.)	Lives of Eminent British Poets. From Chaucer
	5494.6	AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF HENRY STEFFENS. SHORT	LIVES OF THE POETS. By THOMAS CAMPBELL
	5534.3	Edition. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 15s. ——	Lives of the most eminent English Poets. A
	5622.16	Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. LINDSAYS (LORD)	Lives of the Lindsays; or, a Memoir of the
	6028.3	Seventh Edition. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——	Lives of John Bunyan & Oliver Cromwell. Post
5			livia
	389.194	descended from the rock-pigeon (Columba	livia), including under this term several
	389.999	perching on trees. But besides C.	livia, with its geographical sub-species
	411.599	breeds have descended from the Columba	livia with its geographical sub-species. In
	413.52	this view, I may add, firstly, that C.	livia, or the rock-pigeon, has been found
	3785.8	to attacks by flies, 198. Columba	livia, parent of domestic pigeons
101			living
	186.383	of extinct species to each other and to	living species — On the state of development
	291.1150	there are which will not breed, though	living long under not very close confinement
	852.865	quickly, and so have a better chance of	living and leaving descendants. Its
	940.809	anomalous forms may almost be called	living fossils; they have endured to the
	982.1687	modified descendants, would succeed in	living on the same piece of ground. And we
	1072.539	or families, or genera, with those now	living, yet are often, in some degree
	1084.945	and consequently that of the species	living at any one period, extremely few will
	1084.1480	the most ancient species may now have	living and modified descendants, yet at the
	1096.20	CHAP. IV. character; for more	living beings can be supported on the same
	1104.845	the classification of all extinct and	living species in groups subordinate to groups
	1104.1141	geological periods, very few now have	living and modified descendants. From the
	1104.1375	families, and genera which have now no	living representatives, and [page
	1125.582	at their southern limit, and when	living in shallow water, are more brightly
	1125.812	under a clear atmosphere, than when	living on islands or near the coast. So with
	1139.149	true, or not varying at all, although	living under the most opposite climates. Such
	1161.412	be in any way injurious to animals	living in darkness, I attribute their loss
	1161.609	thought that it regained, after	living some days in the light, some slight
	1183.640	far wider range than any other rodent,	living free under the cold climate of Faroe in
	1183.1183	enduring a glacial climate, whereas the	living species are now all tropical or sub
	1351.842	in stone so as to mock the shells now	living on the sea-shore. Summary.—Our
	1432.601	so that they will no longer exist in a	living state. Thirdly, when two or more
	1492.678	frigate-birds with webbed feet, either	living on the dry land or most rarely
	1492.782	there should be long-toed corncrakes	living in meadows instead of in swamps; that
	1506.231	much graduated diversity in the eyes of	living crustaceans, and bearing in mind how
	1506.295	bearing in mind how small the number of	living animals is in proportion to those which
	1514.696	then the old ones to be destroyed. In	living bodies, variation will cause the slight
	1514.1030	kinds; and may we not believe that a	living optical instrument might thus be formed
	1552.168	yet, considering that the proportion of	living and known forms to the extinct and
	1590.1141	every detail of structure in every	living creature (making some little allowance
	1596.13	NATURAL SELECTION CAN DO. sited in the	living bodies of other insects. If it could be
	1612.769	gradations. Closely allied species, now	living on a continuous area, must often have
	1885.205	distant parts of the world and	living under considerably different conditions
	2026.883	before and after birth: when born and	living in a country where their two parents
	2042.283	of life are beneficial to all	living things. We see this acted on by [page
	2157.50	possible by my theory, that one of two	living forms might have descended from the
	2159.39	By the theory of natural selection all	living species have been connected with the
	2163.279	and transitional links, between all	living and extinct species, must have been
	2221.233	the water has been peopled by hosts of	living forms. What an infinite number of
	2359.787	Lingula, &c., do not differ much from	living species; and it cannot on my theory be
	2365.321	periods of time, the world swarmed with	living creatures. To the question why we do
	2398.371	of extinct species to each other and to	living species—On the state of development of
	2408.132	In the oldest tertiary beds a few	living shells may still be found in the midst
	2408.433	Lingula differs but little from the	living species of this genus; whereas most of
	2440.474	which all co-existed with still	living shells at a very late geological period
	2444.191	species. Had this horse been still	living, but in some degree rare, no naturalist
	2446.67	to remember that the increase of every	living being is constantly being checked by
	2474.508	that they had coexisted with still	living sea-shells; but as these anomalous
	2480.513	were to be compared with those now	living in South America or in Australia, the
	2514.59	extinct Species to each other, and to	living forms.—Let us now look to the mutual
	2514.129	to the mutual affinities of extinct and	living species. They all fall into one grand
	2514.329	as a general rule, it differs from	living forms. But, as Buckland long ago
	2514.635	we confine our attention either to the	living or to the extinct alone, the series is
	2518.259	orders, families, or genera with those	living at the present day, were not at this
	2520.111	considered as intermediate between	living species or groups. If by this term it
	2520.245	in all its characters between two	living forms, the objection is probably valid
	2520.399	species would have to stand between	living species, and some extinct genera
	2520.447	and some extinct genera between	living genera, even between genera belonging
	2522.384	for every now and then even a	living animal, as the Lepidosiren, is
	2536.624	extinct genera, which thus linked the	living genera of three families together
	2544.153	forms of life to each other and to	living forms, seem to me explained in a
	2556.494	things with great: if the principal	living and extinct races of the domestic
	2584.151	caves were closely allied to the	living marsupials of that continent. In South
	2584.871	same continent between the dead and the	living." Professor Owen has subsequently
	2584.1360	as the relation between the extinct and	living land-shells of Madeira; and between the
	2584.1419	of Madeira; and between the extinct and	living brackish-water shells of the Aralo
	2596.457	other characters to the species still	living in South America; and some of these
	2596.541	may be the actual progenitors of	living species. It must not be forgotten that
	2618.297	it generally differs from those now	living. Why ancient and extinct forms often
	2641.273	Worlds, how widely different are their	living productions! In the southern
	2687.334	cases of the same species, now	living at distant and separated points; nor do
	2731.0	to my surprise nearly all germinated.	Living birds can hardly fail to be highly
	2753.722	few or no destructive insects or birds	living there, nearly every seed, which chanced
	2755.270	cases known of the same species	living at distant points, without the apparent
	2755.442	fact to see so many of the same plants	living on the snowy regions of the Alps or
	2769.268	especially related to the arctic forms	living due north or nearly due north of them
	2787.554	we may suppose that the organisms now	living under the climate of latitude 60º
	2795.864	has come, that when we compare the now	living productions of the temperate regions of
	2801.298	for many closely allied forms now	living in areas completely sundered. Thus, I
	2833.413	and less arctic." Many of the forms	living on the mountains of the warmer regions
	2869.440	forms of life can be explained. The	living waters may be said to have flowed
	2869.798	the tide rises highest, so have the	living waters left their living drift on our
	2869.823	so have the living waters left their	living drift on our mountain-summits, in a
	3069.220	a scheme for arranging together those	living objects which are most alike, and for
	3123.586	parent-genus F; just as some few still	living organic beings belong to Silurian
	3185.1053	which they perceive between the many	living and extinct members of the same great
	3197.1469	We can clearly see how it is that all	living and extinct forms can be grouped
	3289.1286	of activity and has to gain its own	living; and the effects thus produced will be
	3337.1208	others, as with the wings of beetles	living on small and exposed islands; and in
	3351.180	of the relationship, by which all	living and extinct beings are united by
	3406.88	of connecting links, between the	living and extinct inhabitants of the world
	3448.421	changing conditions of life, to her	living products? What limit can be put to this
	3496.287	intermediate groups, follows from the	living and the extinct being the offspring of
	3526.281	may be asked, have all the most eminent	living naturalists and geologists rejected
	3544.279	been commanded suddenly to flash into	living tissues? Do they believe that at each
	3552.185	be a deceitful guide. Nevertheless all	living things have much in common, in their
	3566.1078	and which may fancifully be called	living fossils, will aid us in forming a
	3578.1054	progenitor of innumerable extinct and	living descendants, was created. In the
	3586.140	past, we may safely infer that not one	living species will transmit its unaltered
	3586.238	futurity. And of the species now	living very few will transmit progeny of any
	3586.768	new and dominant species. As all the	living forms of life are the lineal
	3921.11	electric organs of, 192. —, ganoid,	living in fresh water, 321. —of southern
1			livingstone
	455.784	of the Esquimaux their teams of dogs.	Livingstone shows how much good domestic breeds are
1			livingstones
	5630.0	Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. [page] 22	LIVINGSTONES (REV. DR.) Missionary Travels and
1			livonian
	5454.0	THE MARQUESAS. By HERMANN MELVILLE.	LIVONIAN TALES. By a LADY. MISSIONARY LIFE IN
1			liyonian
	5632.0	Map, Plates, and Index. 8vo. 21s.	LIYONIAN TALES.The Disponent.—The Wolves. —The
1			llandaff
	5062.48	EARL OF) Letters to the late Bishop of	Llandaff. Second Edition. Portrait, 8vo. 10s. 6d
1			loaded
	2743.38	As icebergs are known to be sometimes	loaded with earth and stones, and have even
1			loanda
	5630.192	a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to	Loanda on the West Coast; thence across the
8			lobelia
	719.213	have occasion to show that the exotic	Lobelia fulgens, in this part of England, is
	878.918	from its own flower: for instance, in	Lobelia fulgens, there is a really beautiful
	878.1397	and whilst another species of	Lobelia growing close by, which is visited by
	1932.136	plants, as with certain species of	Lobelia, and with all the species of the genus
	1936.526	in the case of some other genera, as	Lobelia, Passiflora and Verbascum. Although the
	2014.742	the extraordinary case of Hippeastrum,	Lobelia, &c., which seeded much more freely
	4128.0	of, 88. ——, young of, striped, 439.	Lobelia fulgens, 73, 98, Lobelia, sterility of
	4129.0	striped, 439. Lobelia fulgens, 73, 98,	Lobelia, sterility of crosses, 250. Loess of
14			local
	912.953	individuals of the same new variety. A	local variety when once thus formed might
	2299.221	their varieties are generally at first	local; and that such local varieties do not
	2299.242	generally at first local; and that such	local varieties do not spread widely and
	2299.589	changes are supposed to have been	local or confined to some one spot. Most
	2299.984	have oftenest given rise, first to	local varieties and ultimately to new species
	2323.278	varieties would at first generally be	local or confined to one place, but if
	2486.456	currents or other causes more or less	local and temporary, but depend on general
	2602.1144	that varieties have at first often been	local. All these causes taken conjointly
	2681.984	related to each other, are generally	local, or confined to one area. What a
	2681.1195	rule prevailed; and species were not	local, but had been produced in two or more
	3412.1550	most, and varieties are often at first	local,—both causes rendering the discovery of
	3412.1628	of intermediate links less likely.	Local varieties will not spread into other
	5042.65	Cemeteries of Etruria; or, the extant	Local Remains of Etruscan Art. Plates. 2 Vols
	5858.160	Public, Private, Legendary, and	Local. Woodcuts, &c. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d
1			localisation
	3032.597	provinces. We can thus understand the	localisation of sub-genera, genera, and families
1			locality
	532.307	species inhabiting the same confined	locality. No one supposes that all the
3			locally
	2402.559	appeared for the first time, either	locally, or, as far as we know, on the face of
	2450.26	CHAP. X. been exterminated, either	locally or wholly, through man's agency. I may
	3747.15	flies in La Plata, 72. ——, breeds of,	locally extinct, 111. —, fertility of Indian
1			located
	3024.601	of the same species, wherever	located, have descended from the same parents
2			lockhart
	4906.36	s. BURNS (ROBERT) Life. By JOHN GIBSON	LOCKHART. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. BURRS
	5394.28	vo. 9s. — (THEODORE) Life. By J. G.	LOCKHART. Reprinted from the " Quarterly Review
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	5822.0	BACON. 2s. 6d. THE FLOWER GARDEN* 1s.	LOCKHART'S SPANISH BALLADS. 2s. 6d. LUCAS ON
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	5634.0	from the Baltic." Post 8vo. 2s. 6d.	LOCKHARTS (J. 6.) Ancient Spanish Ballads
2			locomotion
	1566.245	Seeing how important an organ of	locomotion the tail is in most aquatic animals
	3295.1694	for sites or habits, in which organs of	locomotion or of the senses, &c., would be useless
2			locomotive
	548.961	for each birth, and which are highly	locomotive, doubtful forms, ranked by one
	2299.111	propagate rapidly and are not highly	locomotive, there is reason to suspect, as we have
1			locusts
	731.261	other for existence, as in the case of	locusts and grass-feeding quadrupeds. But the
2			loess
	2886.781	of level. We have evidence in the	loess of the Rhine of considerable changes of
	4130.0	Lobelia, sterility of crosses, 250.	Loess of the Rhine, 384. Lowness of structure
1			loftier
	2823.774	A list of the genera collected on the	loftier peaks of Java raises a picture of a
2			loftiest
	1574.527	in the Malay Archipelago climbs the	loftiest trees by the aid of exquisitely
	2755.754	hear from Asa Gray, with those on the	loftiest mountains of Europe. Even as long ago
7			lofty
	2199.354	long blank periods. So that the	lofty pile of sedimentary rocks in Britain
	2213.1424	though no doubt the degradation of a	lofty cliff would be more rapid from the
	2637.859	the most humid districts, arid deserts,	lofty mountains, grassy plains, forests
	2649.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI.	lofty and continuous mountain-ranges, and of
	2657.1221	type of structure. We ascend the	lofty peaks of the Cordillera and we find an
	2819.487	are many closely allied species. On the	lofty mountains of equatorial America a host
	2825.534	world, the plants growing on the more	lofty mountains, and on the temperate
2			logarithms
	4670.9	Longitude and Ecliptic P.D. 1837.—I.	Logarithms of Sines and Cosines to every Ten
	4764.18	to. 15s. 37. ——— TABLES OF	LOGARITHMS. 4to. 3l. 38. TIARK'S ASTRONOMICAL
4			logger-headed
	1141.633	there are several in this state. The	logger-headed duck of South America can only flap
	1462.91	wings solely as flappers, like the	logger-headed duck (Micropterus of Eyton); as fins in
	3476.43	when we look, for instance, at the	logger-headed duck, which has wings incapable of
	3857.3	domestic, wings of, reduced, 11. —,	logger-headed, 182. [page] 494 INDEX. DUCKWEED
2			logical
	1622.310	conditions of life, there is no	logical impossibility in the acquirement of any
	1885.713	known bird. Finally, it may not be a	logical deduction, but to my imagination it is
1			logically
	3111.72	been used, though perhaps not quite	logically, in classification, more especially in
1			logists
	2329.0	IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP. IX.	logists, be ranked as distinct species. But I
1			loire
	5282.57	Brittany, the French Alps, the Rivers	Loire, Seine, Rhone, and Garonne, Dauphine
1			lombardy
	5290.62	Sardinia, Genoa, the Riviera, Venice,	Lombardy, and Tuscany. Map. Post 8vo. 2 Vols
20			london
	14.0	THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES ___ DARWIN.	LONDON JOHN MURRAY [front cover] [inside
	92.0	S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD.'	LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
	108.0		LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS
	375.7	CHAP. I. DOMESTIC PIGEONS. of the	London Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the
	616.535	has marked for me in the well-sifted	London Catalogue of plants (4th edition
	4606.0		LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS
	4612.18	LIST OF WORKS.)] ALBEMARLE STREET,	LONDON. June, 1859. MR. MURRAY'S GENERAL
	4702.35	BERNOULLI'S SEXCENTENARY TABLE.	London, 1779. 4to. 9. BESSEL'S AUXILIARY
	4710.53	OF DIVIDING ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS.	London, 1767. 4to. 2s. 6d. 13. COOK, KING
	4712.55	AND BAYLY'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.	London, 1782. 4to. 21s. 14. EIFFE'S ACCOUNT
	4770.66	of, compared with the TABLES.	London, 1822. 4to. 2s. 41. WALES' AND BAYLY'S
	5008.11	Edition. Post 8vo. 16s. ——— Modern	London. A complete Guide for Visitors to the
	5185.75	by the Royal Geographical Society of	London. Svo. GERMANY (HISTORY OF). From the
	5227.66	Abridged from Matthiæ By the BISHOP OF	LONDON. Ninth Edition, revised by Rev. J
	5320.12	Post 8vo. 12s. [page] 16 HANDBOOK OF	LONDON, PAST AND PRESENT. Alphabetically
	5322.10	Edition. Post 8vo. 16s. —— MODERN	LONDON. A Guide to all objects of interest in
	5324.15	Map. 16mo. 5s. —— ENVIRONS OF	LONDON. Including a Circle of 30 Miles round
	5354.31	s. 6d. —— Stokers and Pokers; or, the	London and North-Western Railway. Post 8vo. 2s
	5498.0	HISTORICAL ESSAYS. By LORD MAHON.	LONDON & NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY. By SIR F. B
	5608.58	or, Some Account of the Courts of	London and Vienna at the end of the 17th
1			londonderry
	4958.159	of his life. Edited by the MARQUIS OF	LONDONDERRY. 12 Vols. 8vo. 14s. each CATHCARTS
1			london—past
	5006.12	Edition. Maps. 8vo. 15s. ——— (PETER)	London—Past and Present. A Handbook to the
1			long-backed
	784.825	the same food; he does not exercise a	long-backed or long-legged quadruped in any
24			long-continued
	369.1138	not be got without extreme care and	long-continued selection; nor can I find a single case
	405.376	fertile. Some authors believe that	long-continued domestication eliminates this strong
	423.605	explanation, I think, is simple: from	long-continued study they are strongly impressed with
	491.638	of that pigeon would become through	long-continued, partly unconscious and partly
	574.220	be, in some cases, due merely to the	long-continued action of different physical conditions
	920.333	and fertility over the offspring from	long-continued self-fertilisation, that they will have
	1141.347	by which to judge of the effects of	long-continued use or disuse, for we know not the
	1147.741	condition in some other genera, by the	long-continued effects of disuse in their progenitors
	1173.488	must be readily effected during	long-continued descent. It is notorious that each
	1243.93	laws of growth, to the effects of	long-continued disuse, and to the tendency to
	1263.525	implies an unusually large and	long-continued amount of variability, which has
	1263.747	part or organ has been so great and	long-continued within a period not excessively remote
	1361.879	than other parts; for variation is a	long-continued and slow process, and natural selection
	1510.122	instrument has been perfected by the	long-continued efforts of the highest human intellects
	1697.94	which have become inherited solely from	long-continued and compulsory habit, but this, I think
	1697.470	to this strange habit, and that the	long-continued selection of the best individuals in
	1701.544	extreme tameness, simply to habit and	long-continued close confinement. Natural instincts
	1859.653	but in a few alone; and that by the	long-continued selection of the fertile parents which
	3173.147	diverged much in character during the	long-continued process of modification, how it is that
	3229.28	XIII. natural selection, during a	long-continued course of modification, should have
	3289.1058	paddles, or wings. Whatever influence	long-continued exercise or use on the one hand, and
	3456.474	of any one species. Hence during a	long-continued course of modification, the slight
	3482.940	it will have been rendered constant by	long-continued natural selection. Glancing at
	3484.663	no progeny to inherit the effects of	long-continued habit. On the view of all the species
1			long-enduring
	2418.159	the same; but as the accumulation of	long-enduring fossiliferous formations depends on
21			longer
	778.715	more easily, from having incomparably	longer time at her disposal. Nor do I believe
	856.225	to the hive-bee to have a slightly	longer or differently constructed proboscis
	976.199	is struck by a pigeon having a rather	longer beak; and on the acknowledged principle
	976.429	choosing and breeding from birds with	longer and longer beaks, or with shorter and
	976.440	and breeding from birds with longer and	longer beaks, or with shorter and shorter
	1263.955	which have remained for a much	longer period nearly constant. And this, I am
	1432.583	natural selection, so that they will no	longer exist in a living state. Thirdly, when
	1845.616	sex; for oxen of certain breeds have	longer horns than in other breeds, in
	2219.507	waves. So that in all probability a far	longer period than 300 million years has
	2335.53	between our consecutive formations,—	longer perhaps in some cases than the time
	2365.160	elapsed, as long as, or probably far	longer than, the whole interval from the
	2412.955	retain the same identical form much	longer than others; or, if changing, that it
	2556.307	form might occasionally last much	longer than a form elsewhere subsequently
	2717.807	short time, when dried floated much	longer; for instance, ripe hazel-nuts sank
	2717.1310	some of the 18 floated for a very much	longer period. So that as 64/87 seeds
	2723.660	some of them to have floated much	longer. The result was that 18/98 of his seeds
	2723.1163	of the larger fruits often floating	longer than the small, is interesting; as
	2910.876	than the high; and this will give	longer time than the average for the migration
	3139.39	in the important character of having a	longer beak, yet all are kept together from
	3147.515	been greater in degree, and has taken a	longer time to complete? I believe it has thus
	3560.325	have a plain signification. When we no	longer look at an organic being as a savage
4			longest
	479.271	stocks of the plants which have been	longest cultivated in our flower and kitchen
	858.461	valleys or to the formation of the	longest lines of inland cliffs. Natural
	1851.449	when matched, produced oxen with the	longest horns; and yet no one ox could ever
	2729.351	a particle could be washed away in the	longest transport: out of one small portion of
1			long-haired
	317.361	Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth;	long-haired and coarse-haired animals are apt to
1			long-horned
	331.870	offspring from a short-horned cow by a	long-horned bull, the greater length of horn
1			long-horns
	968.254	black cattle were displaced by the	long-horns, and that these "were swept away by the
2			longiflora
	1986.930	be fertilised by the pollen of M.	longiflora, and the hybrids thus produced are
	1986.1106	years, to fertilise reciprocally M.	longiflora with the pollen of M. jalappa, and
7			longitude
	2655.74	on almost exactly opposite meridians of	longitude. A third great fact, partly included
	2817.1013	time lower along certain broad belts of	longitude. On this view of the whole world, or
	4668.71	of R.A. and N.P.D. 8s. into Errors of	Longitude and Ecliptic P.D. 1837.—I. Logarithms
	4676.6	Catalogue of 1439 Stars. 8s. 1845.—	Longitude of Valentia, 8s. 1847.—Twelve Years
	4726.46	S TABLES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE AND	LONGITUDE. 1821. 8vo. 10s. [page] 3 20. LUNAR
	4766.46	S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS for the	LONGITUDE of MADEIRA. 1822. 4to. 5s
	4768.55	OBSERVATIONS for DIFFERENCES of	LONGITUDE between DOVER, PORTSMOUTH, and FALMOUTH
1			longitudinal
	2819.54	the whole world, or at least of broad	longitudinal belts, having been simultaneously
1			long-legged
	784.840	he does not exercise a long-backed or	long-legged quadruped in any peculiar manner; he
2			long-lived
	295.744	a state of nature, perfectly tamed,	long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give
	2026.743	once born, are generally healthy and	long-lived, as we see in the case of the common
4			long-lost
	152.499	in an analogous manner — Reversions to	long-lost characters — Summary
	1345.1311	successive generation to produce the	long-lost character, and that this tendency, from
	3476.623	varieties and species reversions to	long-lost characters occur. How inexplicable on
	3566.963	with respect to the nature of	long-lost structures. Species and groups of
1			longmynd
	2367.634	of life have been detected in the	Longmynd beds beneath Barrande's so-called
2			long-past
	1104.1093	so with the species which lived during	long-past geological periods, very few now have
	1638.683	life; or by having adapted them during	long-past periods of time: the adaptations being
2			long-run
	717.461	with varying success; and yet in the	long-run the forces are so nicely balanced, that
	842.1025	be oftenest crossed; and so in the	long-run would gain the upper hand. Those
1			long-toed
	1492.761	on the water; that there should be	long-toed corncrakes living in meadows instead of
11			looked
	602.472	certainly is the case, if varieties be	looked at as incipient species; for my tables
	994.229	the indigenes; for these are commonly	looked at as specially created and adapted for
	1183.1268	in their habits, ought not to be	looked at as anomalies, but merely as examples
	1574.1011	on the head of a vulture is generally	looked at as a direct adaptation for wallowing
	1906.780	to the sterility in both cases being	looked on as a special endowment, beyond the
	2966.0	page] 397 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS.	looked. I will here give a single instance of
	3448.792	theory of natural selection, even if we	looked no further than this, seems to me to be
	3496.740	groups. Recent forms are generally	looked at as being, in some vague sense
	3540.392	creations, and which are still thus	looked at by the majority of naturalists, and
	3558.137	blended by intermediate gradations, are	looked at by most naturalists as sufficient to
	3574.147	with its embedded remains must not be	looked at as a well-filled museum, but as a
29			looking
	596.5	on geographical distribution. From	looking at species as only strongly-marked and
	675.3	on the number of its eggs or seeds. In	looking at Nature, it is most necessary to keep
	711.307	except the old planted clumps. But on	looking closely between the stems of the heath
	798.3	fleshed fruit, should succeed. In	looking at many small points of difference
	942.146	of the subject permits. I conclude,	looking to the future, that for terrestrial
	1084.288	groups will finally tend to disappear.	Looking to the future, we can predict that the
	1084.685	developed, have now become extinct.	Looking still more remotely to the future, we
	1096.155	constitution, of which we see proof by	looking at the inhabitants of any small spot or
	1297.250	will be most readily understood by	looking to our domestic races. The most
	1408.3	crossing and wandering animals. In	looking at species as they are now distributed
	1440.8	and gain further advantages. Lastly,	looking not to any one time, but to all time
	1500.3	of the air which produce sound. In	looking for the gradations by which an organ in
	1958.9	removed by domestication. Finally,	looking to all the ascertained facts on the
	2110.266	with hybrids than with mongrels.	Looking to the cases which I have collected of
	2149.160	I have found it difficult, when	looking at any two species, to avoid picturing
	2375.0	bed of an open and unfathomable sea.	Looking to the existing oceans, which are
	2452.1049	the later geological periods, so that	looking to later times we may believe that the
	2480.1169	older European beds. Nevertheless,	looking to a remotely future epoch, there can
	2536.3	to have endured to the present day. By	looking at the diagram we can see that if many
	2787.208	above difficulty may be surmounted by	looking to still earlier changes of climate of
	2811.0	the south-eastern corner of Australia.	Looking to America; in the northern half, ice
	2972.548	of this archipelago. The naturalist,	looking at the inhabitants of these volcanic
	3044.815	common, as of sculpture or colour. In	looking to the long succession of ages, as in
	3044.865	the long succession of ages, as in now	looking to distant provinces throughout the
	3061.411	This conclusion was supported by	looking at the great diversity of the forms of
	3061.531	into the closest competition, and by	looking to certain facts in naturalisation. I
	3173.1227	I think, account for this fact only by	looking at aberrant forms as failing groups
	3195.176	able paper, on the high importance of	looking to types, whether or not we can
	3498.0	will naturally be allied by descent.	Looking to geographical distribution, if we
2			looks
	1560.472	selection. The tail of the giraffe	looks like an artificially constructed fly
	3560.369	look at an organic being as a savage	looks at a ship, as at something wholly
2			loop-like
	1530.652	slits on the sides of the neck and the	loop-like course of the arteries still marking in
	3245.104	embryos of the vertebrata the peculiar	loop-like course of the arteries near the
1			loops
	3518.1061	branchial slits and arteries running in	loops, like those in a fish which has to
2			loose
	337.32	single variety should be turned	loose in its new home. Nevertheless, as our
	1536.369	have no ovigerous frena, the eggs lying	loose at the bottom of the sack, in the well
1			loosely
	365.1451	in a state of nature? It has often been	loosely said that all our races of dogs have
1			loped
	3036.0	deve- [page] 409 CHAP. XII. SUMMARY.	loped in great force, some existing in scanty
2			lords
	4656.51	Issued by direction of the	Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty:mdash
	5686.165	Post 8vo. (Published by order of the	Lords of the Admiralty.) MARKHAMS (MRS
3			loses
	1211.1397	the central flower of the truss often	loses the patches of darker colour in the two
	1231.494	another and is thus protected, it	loses more or less completely its own shell
	3574.29	The noble science of Geology	loses glory from the extreme imperfection of
1			loudons
	5638.0	Burns. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s.	LOUDONS (MRS.) Instructions in Gardening for
4			louis
	5177.68	Conquest by the Gauls to the Death of	Louis Philippe. By Mrs. MARKHAM. 56th
	5448.8	OF THE FALL OF THE JESUITS. LIFE OF	LOUIS PRINCE OF CONDE. By LORD MAHON
	5666.8	Edition. Post 8vo. 6s. 6d. Life of	Louis Prince of Condé, surnamed the Great
	5690.70	Conquest by the Gauls, to the Death of	Louis Philippe. 58th Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo
1			loved
	413.965	and tended with the utmost care, and	loved by many people. They have been
24			lower
	381.202	breadth and length of the ramus of the	lower jaw, varies in a highly remarkable
	1034.614	in the diagram by some of the	lower branches not reaching to the upper
	1197.927	and limbs, varying together, for the	lower jaw is believed to be homologous with
	1506.42	must act by convergence; and at their	lower ends there seems to be an imperfect
	1522.170	cases could be given amongst the	lower animals of the same organ performing at
	2265.231	distinct varieties in the upper and	lower parts of the same formation, but, as
	2279.71	between two forms in the upper and	lower parts of the same formation, the
	2279.1184	remains, except near their upper or	lower limits. It would seem that each
	2285.532	Many cases could be given of the	lower beds of a formation having been
	2291.1018	several modified descendants from the	lower and upper beds of a formation, and
	2367.516	Barrande has lately added another and	lower stage to the Silurian system, abounding
	2412.1435	productions compared with marine and	lower productions, by the more complex
	2432.264	falsely appear to begin at its	lower end, not in a sharp point, but abruptly
	2438.759	progress of extermination, than at its	lower end, which marks the first appearance
	2681.1077	it would be, if, when coming one step	lower in the series, to the individuals of
	2783.404	for some of these are the same on the	lower mountains and on the plains of North
	2817.978	if the temperature was at the same time	lower along certain broad belts of longitude
	2910.1230	of fresh-water plants and of the	lower animals, whether retaining the same
	2948.809	at a quicker rate than other and	lower animals. Though terrestrial mammals do
	3016.304	the higher forms; and consequently the	lower forms will have had a better chance of
	3016.705	in regard to plants, namely, that the	lower any group of organisms is, the more
	3044.1127	greatly. In both time and space the	lower members of each class generally change
	3251.209	by the organisation being higher or	lower. But no one probably will dispute that
	3251.369	animal is generally considered as	lower in the scale than the larva, as with
1			lowes
	5642.0	Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 6s.	LOWES (SIR HUDSON) Letters and Journals
14			lowest
	180.467	On their sudden appearance in the	lowest known fossiliferous strata. Page
	455.1100	times, and is now attended to by the	lowest savages. It would, indeed, have been a
	1500.733	have to descend far beneath the	lowest known fossiliferous stratum to discover
	2141.453	On their sudden appearance in the	lowest known fossiliferous strata. IN the
	2359.60	of groups of Allied Species in the	lowest known fossiliferous strata.—There is
	2359.250	the same group, suddenly appear in the	lowest known fossiliferous rocks. Most of the
	2365.71	it is indisputable that before the	lowest Silurian stratum was deposited, long
	2367.245	we see in the organic remains of the	lowest Silurian stratum the dawn of life on
	2367.766	and bituminous matter in some of the	lowest azoic rocks, probably indicates the
	2426.1033	succession of generations, from the	lowest Silurian stratum to the present day
	2578.599	Vertebrata, until beds far beneath the	lowest Silurian strata are discovered-a
	3141.128	classification; for he includes in his	lowest grade, or that of a species, the two
	3231.343	this fact; for in molluscs, even in the	lowest members of the class, we do not find
	3418.68	of fossiliferous formations beneath the	lowest Silurian strata, I can only recur to
2			lowland
	1580.398	Mountain breeds always differ from	lowland breeds; and a mountainous country would
	3502.228	under heat and cold, on mountain and	lowland, on deserts and marshes, most of the
13			lowlands
	836.1054	district, and those frequenting the	lowlands, would naturally be forced to hunt
	2755.149	from each other by hundreds of miles of	lowlands, where the Alpine species could not
	2767.510	lately lived in a body together on the	lowlands of the Old and New Worlds, would be
	2823.726	not found in the intervening hot	lowlands. A list of the genera collected on the
	2825.146	not introduced by man, occur on the	lowlands; and a long list can be given, as I am
	2825.572	lofty mountains, and on the temperate	lowlands of the northern and southern
	2843.731	entered and crossed even the	lowlands of the tropics at the period when the
	2843.1211	that large spaces of the tropical	lowlands were clothed with a mingled tropical
	2845.375	mountains, being exterminated on the	lowlands; those which had not reached the
	2869.901	in a line gently rising from the arctic	lowlands to a great height under the equator
	2869.1194	former inhabitants of the surrounding	lowlands. [page] 383 CHAP. XII. FRESH-WATER
	3000.651	are related to those of the surrounding	lowlands;—thus we have in South America, Alpine
	3004.97	be colonised from the surrounding	lowlands. So it is with the inhabitants of lakes
3			lowly
	152.246	Multiple, rudimentary, and	lowly organised structures variable — Parts
	1117.234	correlations—Multiple, rudimentary, and	lowly organised structures variable—Parts
	3251.1479	as either more highly or more	lowly organised than they were in the larval
1			lowly-organised
	594.151	to the size of the genera. The cause of	lowly-organised plants ranging widely will be discussed
3			lowness
	1237.797	those which are higher. I presume that	lowness in this case means that the several
	4131.0	crosses, 250. Loess of the Rhine, 384.	Lowness of structure connected with variability
	4132.0	connected with variability, 149.	Lowness, related to wide distribution
3			lubbock
	536.40	by slow degrees: yet quite recently Mr.	Lubbock has shown a degree of variability in
	1869.622	on this latter point, as Mr.	Lubbock made drawings for me with the camera
	4133.0	related to wide distribution, 406.	Lubbock, Mr., on the nerves of coccus
3			lucas
	2110.991	whole I entirely agree with Dr. Prosper	Lucas, who, after arranging an enormous body
	4134.0	Mr., on the nerves of coccus, 46.	Lucas, Dr. P., on inheritance, 12. ——, on
	5824.0	LOCKHART'S SPANISH BALLADS. 2s. 6d.	LUCAS ON HISTORY. 6d. BEAUTIES OF BYRON. 3s
1			lucas's
	321.226	importance, is endless. Dr. Prosper	Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes, is the
1			lucida
	1869.667	made drawings for me with the camera	lucida of the jaws which I had dissected from
1			lucknow
	5644.0	Portrait. 3 ols. 8vo. 45s. 8vo. 45s.	LUCKNOW: A Ladys Diary of the Siege. Written
1			lulls
	1153.23	CHAP. V. cealed, until the wind	lulls and the sun shines; that the proportion
2			luminous
	1546.809	descendants have lost. The presence of	luminous organs in a few insects, belonging to
	4083.4	of, 132. ——, blind, in caves, 138. ——,	luminous, 193. ——, neuter, 236. Instinct
1			lunæjuxta
	4736.16	vo. 4s. each. 23. ——— THEORIA	LUNÆJUXTA SYSTEMA NEWTONIANUM. 4to. 2s. 6d
4			lunar
	4700.7	to 1830. Royal 4to. 50s. 7. ———	LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 1750 to 18s.0. 2 Vols
	4704.56	TABLES FOR HIS METHOD OF CLEARING	LUNAR DISTANCES. 8vo. 10. ——— FUNDAMENTA
	4730.4	vo. 10s. [page] 3 20.	LUNAR OBSERVATIONS at GREENWICH. 1783 to
	4758.37	SHEPHERD'S TABLES for CORRECTING	LUNAR DISTANCES. 1772. Royal 4to. 21s
5			lungs
	1528.233	in position and structure with the	lungs of the higher vertebrate animals: hence
	1530.68	that all vertebrate animals having true	lungs have descended by ordinary generation
	1530.466	with some risk of falling into the	lungs, notwithstanding the beautiful
	1566.380	in so many land animals, which in their	lungs or modified swim-bladders betray their
	3309.371	in very many snakes one lobe of the	lungs is rudimentary; in other snakes there
1			lurid
	1131.574	collector knows, are often brassy or	lurid. Plants which live exclusively on the
2			luteum
	2904.892	according to Dr. Hooker, the Nelumbium	luteum) in a heron's stomach; although I do
	4215.106	Nectaries, how formed, 92. Nelumbium	luteum, 387. Nests, variation in, 212. Neuter
2			luxuriance
	2032.259	accompanied by excess of size or great	luxuriance. In both cases, the sterility occurs in
	2843.1318	like that now growing with strange	luxuriance at the base of the Himalaya, as
1			lydia
	5136.98	more particularly in the Province of	Lydia. New Edition. Plates. Post 8vo. 9s
22			lyell
	240.243	that I would forward it to Sir Charles	Lyell, who sent it to the Linnean Society
	240.365	of the Journal of that Society. Sir C.	Lyell and Dr. Hooker, who both knew of my
	645.192	length. The elder De Candolle and	Lyell have largely and philosophically shown
	2233.168	with one exception discovered by Sir C.	Lyell in the carboniferous strata of North
	2257.212	general principles inculcated by Sir C.	Lyell; and E. Forbes independently arrived at
	2285.1058	to have been preserved: thus, Messrs.	Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds
	2367.336	Other highly competent judges, as	Lyell and the late E. Forbes, dispute this
	2385.616	c., and all our greatest geologists, as	Lyell, Murchison, Sedgwick, &c., have
	2385.792	that one great authority, Sir Charles	Lyell, from further reflexion entertains
	2402.94	both on the land and in the waters.	Lyell has shown that it is hardly possible to
	2472.901	several authors: so it is, according to	Lyell, with the several European and North
	2508.657	distinct, but contemporaneous, faunas.	Lyell has made similar observations on some
	2703.27	dispersal. Means of Dispersal.—Sir C.	Lyell and other authors have ably treated
	2743.285	and antarctic regions, as suggested by	Lyell; and during the Glacial period from one
	2743.779	the Glacial epoch. At my request Sir C.	Lyell wrote to M. Hartung to inquire whether
	2863.447	period, icebergs, as suggested by	Lyell, have been largely concerned in their
	2869.7	forms of vegetable life. Sir C.	Lyell in a striking passage has speculated
	2892.1726	to any other distant point. Sir Charles	Lyell also [page] 386 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2994.1747	peculiar to Chatham Island. Sir C.	Lyell and Mr. Wollaston have communicated to
	3532.294	that felt by so many geologists, when	Lyell first insisted that long lines of
	4137.0	and Clausen on fossils of Brazil, 339.	Lyell, Sir C., on the struggle for existence
	4156.0	shells of Madeira, 402. MONGRELS.	Lyell and Dawson on fossilized trees in Nova
7			lyell's
	858.180	were at first urged against Sir Charles	Lyell's noble views on "the modern changes of
	2165.475	of time. He who can read Sir Charles	Lyell's grand work on the Principles of Geology
	2173.633	has been accumulated. Let him remember	Lyell's profound remark, that the thickness and
	2233.325	table published in the Supplement to	Lyell's Manual, will bring home the truth, how
	2343.241	now we may read in the Supplement to	Lyell's 'Manual,' published in 1858, clear
	2385.1210	my theory. For my part, following out	Lyell's metaphor, I look at the natural
	2408.1614	the pre-existing fauna to reappear; but	Lyell's explanation, namely, that it is a case
1			lyells
	5646.0	Fourth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d.	LYELLS (SIR CHARLES) Principles of Geology; or
3			lying
	1536.363	hand, have no ovigerous frena, the eggs	lying loose at the bottom of the sack, in the
	2227.854	of the bottom of the sea not rarely	lying for ages in an unaltered condition. The
	3313.215	incapable of flight, and not rarely	lying under wing-cases, firmly soldered