Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- O

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
1			o'connor's
	5866.0	Review." Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.	O'CONNOR'S (R.) Field Sports of France; or
1			oak-tree
	3552.551	monstrous growths on the wild rose or	oak-tree. Therefore I should infer from analogy
2			oasis
	5247.72	Northern Africa, Benghazi, Cyrene, the	Oasis of Siwah, &c. Second Edition. Woodcuts
	6046.51	Adventures in the Libyan Desert and the	Oasis of Jupiter Ammon. Woodcuts. Post 8vo
13			object
	234.860	day I have steadily pursued the same	object. I hope that I may be excused for
	369.634	expressly experimentised for this	object, and failed. The offspring from the
	457.83	methodical selection, with a distinct	object in view, to make a new strain or sub
	842.1479	and as pollen is formed for the sole	object of fertilisation, its destruction
	908.67	a breeder selects for some definite	object, and free intercrossing will wholly
	1237.1339	whilst a tool for some particular	object had better be of some particular shape
	1560.694	better and better, for so trifling an	object as driving away flies; yet we should
	1964.91	first crosses and of hybrids. Our chief	object will be to see whether or not the rules
	2420.665	striving during long ages for the same	object, might make a new breed hardly
	3201.160	one class; but when we have a distinct	object in view, and do not look to some
	3321.436	purpose, and be used for a distinct	object: in certain fish the swim-bladder seems
	3566.674	become simpler when we have a definite	object in view. We possess no pedigrees or
	3592.295	from famine and death, the most exalted	object which we are capable of conceiving
6			objected
	451.10	chiefly in these characters. It may be	objected that the principle of selection has
	886.75	with innumerable flowers, it may be	objected that pollen could seldom be carried
	2165.126	numerous connecting links, it may be	objected, that time will not have sufficed for
	2520.18	as they now are. Some writers have	objected to any extinct species or group of
	2536.565	ruminants and pachyderms. Yet he who	objected to call the extinct genera, which thus
	3412.166	most geologists believe. It cannot be	objected that there has not been time sufficient
5			objection
	890.144	only in a limited sense. I believe this	objection to be valid, but that nature has
	2147.558	is the most obvious and gravest	objection which can be urged against my theory
	2331.292	than by Professor Sedgwick, as a fatal	objection to the belief in the transmutation of
	2520.263	between two living forms, the	objection is probably valid. But I apprehend that
	2552.14	consecutive formations. It is no real	objection to the truth of the statement, that the
12			objections
	858.123	instances, is open to the same	objections which were at first urged against Sir
	1378.23	to my theory. These difficulties and	objections may be classed under the following
	1612.83	discussed some of the difficulties and	objections which may be urged against my theory
	2143.44	sixth chapter I enumerated the chief	objections which might be justly urged against the
	2307.432	and most obvious of all the many	objections which may be urged against my views
	2626.168	to be much more perfect, the main	objections to the theory of natural selection are
	3378.20	recapitulated. That many and grave	objections may be advanced against the theory of
	3406.478	most obvious and forcible of the many	objections which may be urged against my theory
	3412.39	I can answer these questions and grave	objections only on the supposition that the
	3420.37	Such is the sum of the several chief	objections and difficulties which may justly be
	3424.76	especial notice that the more important	objections relate to questions on which we are
	3448.940	I could, the opposed difficulties and	objections: now let us turn to the special facts
7			objects
	1412.1070	as these species are already defined	objects (however they may have become so), not
	1426.68	come to be tolerably well-defined	objects, and do not at any one period present
	2855.266	Europe, though hides, wool, and other	objects likely to carry seeds have been largely
	3069.227	for arranging together those living	objects which are most alike, and for
	3117.640	mere putting together and separating	objects more or less alike. But I must explain
	3456.871	to a large extent defined and distinct	objects. Dominant species belonging to the
	5322.33	s. —— MODERN LONDON. A Guide to all	objects of interest in the Metropolis. Map
1			obligation
	548.363	H. C. Watson, to whom I lie under deep	obligation for assistance of all kinds, has marked
2			obligations
	248.53	pass without expressing my deep	obligations to Dr. Hooker, who for the last fifteen
	4820.48	Priest; His Duties, Acquirements and	Obligations. Third Edition. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d
1			obliged
	1914.201	and in many other cases, Gärtner is	obliged carefully to count the seeds, in order
4			obliterated
	1167.1245	this view have more or less perfectly	obliterated its eyes, and natural selection will
	1522.1377	and quite distinct purpose, or be quite	obliterated. The illustration of the swimbladder
	2367.1107	been wholly worn away by denudation, or	obliterated by metamorphic action, we ought to find
	3301.1799	in many embryos, has not been	obliterated, either by the successive variations in
2			obliteration
	1536.920	an increase in their size and the	obliteration of their adhesive glands. If all
	3343.1153	and this will tend to cause the entire	obliteration of a rudimentary organ. As the
9			obscure
	258.298	the best chance of making out this	obscure problem. Nor have I been disappointed
	272.723	in its history. Although much remains	obscure, and will long remain obscure, I can
	272.753	remains obscure, and will long remain	obscure, I can entertain no doubt, after the
	590.753	species. But so many causes tend to	obscure this result, that I am surprised that
	681.79	species to increase in number is most	obscure. Look at the most vigorous species; by
	1185.226	much to both means combined, is a very	obscure question. That habit or custom has some
	1205.63	of correlation is very frequently quite	obscure. M. Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire has
	1323.752	and these stripes are sometimes very	obscure, or actually quite lost, in dark
	1612.300	acts of creation are utterly	obscure. We have seen that species at any one
7			obscured
	2466.554	whole economy of nature will be utterly	obscured. Whenever we can precisely say why this
	3215.347	of an organ might become so much	obscured as to be finally lost, by the atrophy
	3215.776	to have been thus to a certain extent	obscured. There is another and equally curious
	3247.443	of allied animals is sometimes much	obscured; and cases could be given of the larvæ
	3301.1132	of the adult may have been modified and	obscured; we have seen, for instance, that
	3307.482	the embryo as a picture, more or less	obscured, of the common parent-form of each
	3566.1216	to us the structure, in some degree	obscured, of the prototypes of each great class
1			obscurity
	590.911	will here allude to only two causes of	obscurity. Fresh-water and salt-loving plants
4			observation
	1245.280	by Mr. Waterhouse. I infer also from an	observation made by Professor Owen, with respect to
	1741.358	Huber, who had ample opportunities for	observation, in Switzerland the slaves habitually
	2729.544	I am certain of the accuracy of this	observation. Again, I can show that the carcasses
	5858.97	Forest of Dean, derived from Personal	Observation and other Sources, Public, Private
33			observations
	258.143	coadaptation. At the commencement of my	observations it seemed to me probable that a careful
	405.132	fertile. I can state this from my own	observations, purposely made on the most distinct
	566.387	As he extends the range of his	observations, he will meet with more cases of
	566.520	of closely-allied forms. But if his	observations be widely extended, he will in the end
	681.916	destruction of seeds, but, from some	observations which I have made, I believe that it is
	878.812	of C. C. Sprengel and from my own	observations, which effectually prevent the stigma
	1177.946	similar facts in Ceylon, and analogous	observations have been made by Mr. H. C. Watson on
	1737.352	of making slaves. Hence I will give the	observations which I have myself made, in some
	2026.432	attended to; but I believe, from	observations communicated to me by Mr. Hewitt, who
	2076.5	from the seed of the other. From	observations which I have made on certain varieties
	2173.168	which rocky coasts are worn away. The	observations on this head by Hugh Miller, and by
	2402.637	face of the earth. If we may trust the	observations of Philippi in Sicily, the successive
	2474.6	could be easily correlated. These	observations, however, relate to the marine
	2508.680	faunas. Lyell has made similar	observations on some of the later tertiary
	2954.410	Mr. Windsor Earl has made some striking	observations on this head in regard to the great
	3179.1689	De Candolle has made nearly similar	observations on the general nature of the affinities
	4660.23	Post 8vo. 2. AIRY'S ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GREENWICH. 1836 to 1847. Royal
	4664.38	APPENDICES TO THE ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS. 1836.—I. Bessel's Refraction Tables
	4692.34	s. ——— MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL	OBSERVATIONS. 1840 to 1847. Royal 4to. 50s. each
	4696.52	MAGNETICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL	OBSERVATIONS, 1848 to 1854. Royal 4to. 50s. each
	4698.24	to. 50s. each. 6. ——— REDUCTION OF THE	OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS, 1750 to 1830. Royal 4to
	4700.13	to 1830. Royal 4to. 50s. 7. ——— LUNAR	OBSERVATIONS. 1750 to 18s.0. 2 Vols. Royal 4to. 50s
	4712.41	COOK, KING, AND BAYLY'S ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS. London, 1782. 4to. 21s. 14. EIFFE'S
	4730.10	vo. 10s. [page] 3 20. LUNAR	OBSERVATIONS at GREENWICH. 1783 to 1819. Compared
	4740.21	to. 5s. 25. ——— ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GOTTINGEN, from 1756 to
	4750.24	vo. 5s. 30. POND'S ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS. 1811 to 1835. 4to. 21s. each
	4766.25	to. 3l. 38. TIARK'S ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS for the LONGITUDE of MADEIRA. 1822. 4to
	4768.23	to. 5s. 39. ——— CHRONOMETRICAL	OBSERVATIONS for DIFFERENCES of LONGITUDE between
	4770.23	to. 5s. 40. VENUS and JUPITER:	OBSERVATIONS of, compared with the TABLES. London
	4772.36	s. 41. WALES' AND BAYLY'S ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS. 1777. 4to. 21s. 42. WALES' REDUCTION
	4774.37	WALES' REDUCTION OF ASTRONOMICAL	OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
	4794.67	Memoir, including Reflections,	Observations, and Reminiscences at Home and Abroad
	6086.122	them, and an Account of Three Years'	Observations and Experiments on their Motion
1			observatory
	4684.29	s. II. Regulations of the Royal	Observatory. 2s. 1853.—Bessel's Refraction Tables
4			observe
	836.224	thought very improbable; for we often	observe great differences in the natural
	1309.722	inherited. Indeed, we may sometimes	observe a mere tendency to produce a rudiment
	1345.601	of the most distinct species. Now	observe the case of the several breeds of
	1787.477	cell. It was most interesting to me to	observe that wherever several bees had begun to
34			observed
	532.230	have thus arisen, from being frequently	observed in the individuals of the same species
	717.14	CHECKS TO INCREASE. indeed I have	observed in parts of South America) the
	725.715	vegetation springs up; but it has been	observed that the trees now growing on the
	1147.31	flight. Kirby has remarked (and I have	observed the same fact) that the anterior tarsi
	1149.552	perish; that the beetles in Madeira, as	observed by Mr. Wollaston, lie much con- [page
	1177.898	Mr. Thwaites informs me that he has	observed similar facts in Ceylon, and analogous
	1211.1316	of correlation, that I have recently	observed in some garden pelargoniums, that the
	1412.62	how abruptly, as Alph. De Candolle has	observed, a common alpine species disappears
	1546.1300	the same anomalous organ, it should be	observed that, although the general appearance
	1669.648	of animals having been but little	observed except in Europe and North America, and
	1737.601	proper communities, and have never been	observed in the nests of F. sanguinea. The
	1741.82	unusually large stock of slaves, and I	observed a few slaves mingled with their masters
	1755.129	instinct of making slaves. Let it be	observed what a contrast the instinctive habits
	1807.245	growing comb, flexures may sometimes be	observed, corresponding in position to the
	1819.1001	not aware that any such case has been	observed; nor would any good be derived from a
	1863.91	in this species, as Mr. F. Smith has	observed, the larger workers have simple eyes
	1986.823	the same two species was long ago	observed by Kölreuter. To give an instance
	1986.1232	cases could be given. Thuret has	observed the same fact with certain sea-weeds or
	1986.1421	common in a lesser degree. He has	observed it even between forms so closely
	2022.683	to reach the ovarium. It has also been	observed that when pollen of one species is
	2032.1496	to vary, as every experimentalist has	observed. Thus we see that when organic beings
	2279.1051	a rare contingency; for it has been	observed by more than one palæontologist, that
	2408.682	a striking instance has lately been	observed in Switzerland. There is some reason to
	2472.849	in the forms of life has been	observed by several authors: so it is, according
	2681.830	to a single region; and it has been	observed by several naturalists, that the most
	2743.831	to M. Hartung to inquire whether he had	observed erratic boulders on these islands, and
	2749.298	prevalent gales of wind. It should be	observed that scarcely any means of transport
	2811.80	ice-borne fragments of rock have been	observed on the eastern side as far south as lat
	2833.13	tropical seas. It should be	observed that the northern species and forms
	3016.590	accounts for a law which has long been	observed, and which has lately been admirably
	3165.286	parallelism has sometimes been	observed between the sub-groups in distinct
	3225.452	the common characteristic (as Owen has	observed) of all low or little-modified forms
	3446.297	and sub-species, and species. Let it be	observed how naturalists differ in the rank
	3470.1097	of absolute perfection have not been	observed. The complex and little known laws
1			observed—and
	2892.513	country. But two facts, which I have	observed—and no doubt many others remain to be
1			observed—throw
	2892.560	and no doubt many others remain to be	observed—throw some light on this subject. When a duck
9			observer
	542.1268	found, but because analogy leads the	observer to suppose either that they do now
	558.18	SPECIES. CHAP. II. that most careful	observer Gärtner, they can be crossed only with
	1484.324	On the other hand, the acutest	observer by examining the dead body of the water
	1580.1264	and colour are correlated. A good	observer, also, states that in cattle
	1731.132	rufescens by Pierre Huber, a better	observer even than his celebrated father. This
	1924.1383	are in progress, so careful an	observer as Gärtner would have castrated his
	2070.208	species of Verbascum, by so good an	observer and so hostile a witness, as Gärtner
	2078.65	has been confirmed by every subsequent	observer, has proved the remarkable fact, that
	2173.232	by Hugh Miller, and by that excellent	observer Mr. Smith of Jordan Hill, are most
12			observers
	608.400	some sagacious and most experienced	observers, and, after deliberation, they concur
	1225.967	of universal application; but many good	observers, more especially botanists, believe in
	1580.238	little artificial selection. Careful	observers are convinced that a damp climate
	1721.67	according to Dr. Gray and to some other	observers, the European cuckoo has not utterly
	1910.177	those two conscientious and admirable	observers, Kölreuter and Gärtner, who almost
	1918.447	than that the two most experienced	observers who have ever lived, namely, Kölreuter
	1936.427	has, also, been confirmed by other	observers in the case of Hippeastrum with its sub
	2165.829	to read special treatises by different	observers on separate formations, and to mark how
	2199.528	what time this must have consumed! Good	observers have estimated that sediment is
	2480.765	So, again, several highly competent	observers believe that the existing productions
	2482.147	has greatly struck those admirable	observers, MM. [page] 325 CHAP. X. THROUGHOUT
	2793.488	singular fact remarked on by several	observers, that the productions of Europe and
1			observes
	3095.1503	M. Richard sagaciously saw, as Jussieu	observes, that this genus should still be
1			observing
	449.47	to plants, there is another means of	observing the accumulated effects of selection
1			obstacles
	2645.93	is, that barriers of any kind, or	obstacles to free migration, are related in a
1			obstinacy
	1695.217	for many generations the courage and	obstinacy of greyhounds; and a cross with a
1			obstinately
	1980.1151	is not a particularly distinct species,	obstinately failed to fertilise, or to be
6			obtain
	371.205	every breed which I could purchase or	obtain, and have been most kindly favoured
	435.1217	but it would take him six years to	obtain head and beak." In Saxony the
	852.804	so characterised would be able to	obtain its food more quickly, and so have a
	1257.420	natural selection, I think we can	obtain some light. In our domestic animals, if
	2291.946	points of structure. So that we might	obtain the parent-species and its several
	3251.1240	into prehensile organs; they again	obtain a well-constructed mouth; but they have
7			obtained
	242.911	I have arrived. A fair result can be	obtained only by fully stating and balancing the
	369.482	character; but that a race could be	obtained nearly intermediate between two
	582.87	that some interesting results might be	obtained in regard to the nature and relations
	2291.1069	beds of a formation, and unless we	obtained numerous transitional gradations, we
	3267.96	signify, for instance, to a bird which	obtained its food best by having a long beak
	5251.91	of Christianity, or the Credibility	obtained to a Scripture Kevelation from its
	6100.168	Miniatures, &c. &c., in this Country.	Obtained from Personal Inspection during Visits
1			obtaining
	687.132	but very frequently it is not the	obtaining food, but the serving as prey to other
27			obvious
	413.847	the explanation of this fact will be	obvious when we come to treat of selection
	417.766	which pigeons have undergone, will be	obvious when we treat of Selection. We shall
	441.342	from it, the principle would be so	obvious as hardly to be worth notice; but its
	455.1253	of good and bad qualities is so	obvious. At the present time, eminent breeders
	487.103	by man has played, it becomes at once	obvious, how it is that our domestic races show
	665.537	increased in any sensible degree. The	obvious explanation is that the conditions of
	741.349	escape, or on which it preys. This is	obvious in the structure of the teeth and
	864.151	with separated sexes, it is of course	obvious that two individuals must always unite
	864.265	case of hermaphrodites this is far from	obvious. Nevertheless I am strongly inclined to
	892.809	but here currents in the water offer an	obvious means for an occasional cross. And, as
	900.494	a cross between two individuals is an	obvious necessity for each birth; in many
	1197.331	most imperfectly understood. The most	obvious case is, that modifications accumulated
	1771.699	of three adjoining cells. It is	obvious that the Melipona saves wax by this
	2143.296	transitional links, is a very	obvious difficulty. I assigned reasons why such
	2147.538	chain; and this, perhaps, is the most	obvious and gravest objection which can be
	2307.408	is probably the gravest and most	obvious of all the many objections which may be
	2564.171	species, being closely related, is	obvious. As the accumulation of each formation
	2671.22	modified. On these views, it is	obvious, that the several species of the same
	2675.8	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI. is also	obvious that the individuals of the same
	2924.1247	marine birds, are peculiar; and it is	obvious that [page] 391 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC
	2958.76	and as during changes of level it is	obvious that islands separated by shallow
	2972.1770	on the view here maintained, it is	obvious that the Galapagos Islands would be
	3000.792	of strictly American forms, and it is	obvious [page] 404 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	3103.205	of each species. But it is by no means	obvious, on the ordinary view, why the
	3255.302	some manner on growth. But there is no	obvious reason why, for instance, the wing of a
	3406.445	no such evidence, and this is the most	obvious and forcible of the many objections
	3434.12	or aboriginal species. There is no	obvious reason why the principles which have
5			obviously
	501.138	A high degree of variability is	obviously favourable, as freely giving the
	641.169	distinct species, which in most cases	obviously differ from each other far more than do
	916.163	true and uniform in character. It will	obviously thus act far more efficiently with
	2592.227	of each quarter of the world will	obviously tend to leave in that quarter, during
	3398.716	modern periods; and such changes will	obviously have greatly facilitated migration. As
2			occasion
	719.180	relations. I shall hereafter have	occasion to show that the exotic Lobelia fulgens
	1725.795	of the prize, and becomes for the	occasion parasitic. In this case, as with the
43			occasional
	192.267	and of the level of the land, and by	occasional means — Dispersal during the Glacial
	369.336	no doubt that a race may be modified by	occasional crosses, if aided by the careful
	473.63	process of improvement, through the	occasional preservation of the best individuals
	515.975	have once been established, their	occasional intercrossing, with the aid of
	653.270	of its life, and during some season or	occasional year, otherwise, on the principle of
	796.342	Nor ought we to think that the	occasional destruction of an animal of any
	872.365	fully exposed to the weather! but if an	occasional cross be indispensable, the fullest
	882.564	these facts explained on the view of an	occasional cross with a distinct individual being
	892.344	terrestrial plants, on the view of an	occasional cross being indispensable, by
	892.597	wind in the case of plants, by which an	occasional cross could be effected with
	892.830	the water offer an obvious means for an	occasional cross. And, as in the case of flowers
	896.247	body, that access from without and the	occasional influence of a distinct individual can
	900.214	the vegetable and animal kingdoms, an	occasional intercross with a distinct individual
	920.101	that we have reason to believe that	occasional intercrosses take place with all
	1299.57	we have another case, namely, the	occasional appearance in all the breeds, of slaty
	1430.174	on slow changes of climate, or on the	occasional immigration of new inhabitants, and
	1448.288	diversified habits, either constant or	occasional, in the same species. And it seems to
	1450.764	believe, by lessening the danger from	occasional falls. But it does not follow from this
	1683.195	Several cases also, could be given, of	occasional and strange habits in certain species
	1717.1156	nest. If the old bird profited by this	occasional habit, or if the young were made more
	1717.1603	be apt to follow by inheritance the	occasional and aberrant habit of their mother, and
	1723.4	and care for her own offspring. The	occasional habit of birds laying their eggs in
	1729.49	in natural selection making an	occasional habit permanent, if of advantage to the
	1924.76	and, on the other hand, that an	occasional cross with a distinct individual or
	2418.595	complete act of creation, but only an	occasional scene, taken almost at hazard, in a
	2635.259	and of the level of the land, and by	occasional means—Dispersal during the Glacial
	2687.1233	and geographical changes and various	occasional means of transport, the belief that
	2713.104	but which more properly might be called	occasional means of distribution. I shall here
	2749.602	These means, however, would suffice for	occasional transport across tracts of sea some
	2749.1830	within the last few centuries, through	occasional means [page] 365 CHAP. XI. DURING THE
	2753.479	against what would be effected by	occasional means of transport, during the long
	2867.65	points of the southern hemisphere by	occasional means of transport, and by the aid, as
	2886.299	seem to favour the possibility of their	occasional transport by accidental means; like
	2960.446	to me to accord better with the view of	occasional means of transport having been largely
	2972.1854	likely to receive colonists, whether by	occasional means of transport or [page] 399 CHAP
	2988.136	of the islands having been stocked by	occasional means of transport—a seed, for instance
	3024.278	to the many and curious means of	occasional transport,—a subject which has hardly
	3028.305	how diversified are the means of	occasional transport, I have discussed at some
	3044.444	period under different conditions or by	occasional means of transport, and by the species
	3398.248	much stress ought not to be laid on the	occasional wide diffusion of the same species; for
	3398.993	as yet profoundly ignorant of the many	occasional means of transport. With respect to
	3476.701	on the theory of creation is the	occasional appearance of stripes on the shoulder
	3498.221	geographical changes and to the many	occasional and unknown means of dispersal, then we
46			occasionally
	337.99	as our varieties certainly do	occasionally revert in some of their characters to
	411.347	the blue colour and various marks	occasionally appearing in all the breeds, both when
	505.194	useful or pleasing to man appear only	occasionally, the chance of their appearance will be
	842.1602	a little pollen were carried, at first	occasionally and then habitually, by the pollen
	864.374	hermaphrodites two individuals, either	occasionally or habitually, concur for the
	890.514	give a better chance of pollen being	occasionally carried from tree to tree. That trees
	898.351	But if, in fact, all hermaphrodites do	occasionally intercross with other individuals, the
	912.597	organisms which cross only	occasionally, and likewise in animals which unite
	1108.244	and is still alive on its summit, so we	occasionally see an animal like the Ornithorhynchus
	1305.219	once by some other breed, the offspring	occasionally show a tendency to revert in character
	1311.142	it might be expected that they would	occasionally vary in an analogous manner; so that a
	1311.741	the species of the same genus would	occasionally exhibit reversions to lost ancestral
	1317.644	of an important and uniform nature	occasionally varying so as to acquire, in some
	1323.977	it, as stated by Mr. Blyth and others,	occasionally appear: and I have been informed by
	1361.1596	variations, and these same species may	occasionally revert to some of the characters of
	1478.219	my theory, that such individuals would	occasionally have given rise to new species, having
	1486.72	has been created as we now see it, must	occasionally have felt surprise when he has met with
	1697.877	in this line; and this is known	occasionally to happen, as I once saw in a pure
	1703.901	poultry, sheep, and pigs! No doubt they	occasionally do make an attack, and are then beaten
	1717.692	been asserted that the American cuckoo	occasionally lays her eggs in other birds' nests
	1717.898	of various birds which have been known	occasionally to lay their eggs in other birds' nests
	1717.1070	habits of the American cuckoo; but that	occasionally she laid an egg in another bird's nest
	1737.815	nest is slightly disturbed, the slaves	occasionally come out, and like their masters are
	1839.361	articulate animals in a state of nature	occasionally become sterile; and if such insects had
	1859.848	character. On this view we ought	occasionally to find neuter-insects of the same
	1986.1808	differ in fertility in a small, and	occasionally in a high degree. Several other
	1998.252	there is generally some difference, and	occasionally the widest possible difference, in the
	2040.276	sterility in those hybrids which	occasionally and exceptionally resemble closely
	2556.284	of time: a very ancient form might	occasionally last much longer than a form elsewhere
	2725.17	restricted ranges. But seeds may be	occasionally transported in another manner. Drift
	2741.38	the seed of a vetch. Thus seeds might	occasionally be transported to great distances; for
	2743.171	bird, I can hardly doubt that they must	occasionally have transported seeds from one part to
	2898.497	I have before mentioned that earth	occasionally, though rarely, adheres in some
	2898.771	are the greatest wanderers, and are	occasionally found on the most remote and barren
	2924.537	for, as already explained, species	occasionally arriving after long intervals in a new
	2928.450	visit either periodically or	occasionally this island. Madeira does not possess
	2948.1514	American species either regularly or	occasionally visit Bermuda, at the distance of
	2966.635	Would the just-hatched young	occasionally crawl on and adhere to the feet of
	3173.365	and intermediate parent-forms having	occasionally transmitted to the present day
	3239.1136	in the whelp of the lion. We	occasionally though rarely see something of this
	3323.232	organ has been rendered rudimentary	occasionally differs much. This latter fact is well
	3323.539	lead us to expect to find, and which is	occasionally found in monstrous individuals of the
	3426.1060	cease; for new varieties are still	occasionally produced by our most anciently
	3472.290	yet when varieties enter any zone, they	occasionally assume some of the characters of the
	3476.206	at the burrowing tucutucu, which is	occasionally blind, and then at certain moles, which
	4860.141	with elucidatory notes. Published	occasionally in demy 8vo. Volumes. Already
1			occasionally—perhaps
	870.254	that a cross with another individual is	occasionally—perhaps at very long intervals—indispensable
1			occasions
	1448.18	very little weight. Here, as on other	occasions, I lie under a heavy disadvantage, for
1			occupations
	5528.14	Woodcuts. Post8vo. 12s. —— Scenes and	Occupations of Country Life. With Recollections of
12			occupied
	908.550	place in its polity not so perfectly	occupied as might be, natural selection will
	948.163	polity of nature, which can be better	occupied by some of the inhabitants of the
	982.409	seizing on places at present	occupied by other animals: some of them, for
	1004.270	are thus enabled to encroach on places	occupied by other beings. Now let us see how
	1032.315	are either unoccupied or not perfectly	occupied by other beings; and this will depend
	2458.561	one group will have seized on the place	occupied by a species belonging to a distinct
	2570.1041	places which must have been previously	occupied, we may believe, if all the animals and
	2570.1613	would be enabled to seize on places now	occupied by our native plants and animals. Under
	2930.92	and their places are apparently	occupied by the other inhabitants; in the
	2988.648	the best-fitted ground more perfectly	occupied by distinct plants in one island than
	3404.250	insensibly in going from a district	occupied by one species into another district
	3404.296	by one species into another district	occupied by a closely allied species, we have no
3			occupy
	982.775	more places they would be enabled to	occupy. What applies to one animal will apply
	3061.240	descendants of each species trying to	occupy as many and as different places as
	3123.1685	genus, though much isolated, will still	occupy its proper intermediate position; for F
1			occupying
	2910.299	of the species, however few, already	occupying any pond, yet as the number of kinds is
53			occur
	337.1530	and reversions of character probably do	occur; but natural selection, as will
	399.495	with black. These several marks do not	occur together in any other species of the
	542.869	I will not here enumerate, sometimes	occur in deciding whether or not to rank one
	596.803	reason why more varieties should	occur in a group having many species, than in
	699.154	at least, this seems generally to	occur with our game animals—often ensue: and
	701.917	abundant in the few spots where they do	occur; and that of some social plants being
	766.944	battle of life, should sometimes	occur in the course of thousands of
	766.1004	of thousands of generations? If such do	occur, can we doubt (remem- [page] 81 CHAP
	778.431	and unless profitable variations do	occur, natural selection can do nothing. Not
	850.215	impotent; now if we suppose this to	occur in ever so slight a degree under nature
	948.673	effected, unless favourable variations	occur, and variation itself is apparently
	1090.732	useful to any organic being do	occur, assuredly individuals thus
	1197.176	when slight variations in any one part	occur, and are accumulated through natural
	1315.934	from analogous variation) which already	occur in some other members of the same group
	1321.129	repeat that such cases certainly do	occur, and seem to me very remarkable. I
	1331.1093	In all parts of the world these stripes	occur far oftenest in duns and mouse-duns; by
	1343.52	Poole whether such face-stripes ever	occur in the eminently striped Kattywar breed
	1418.732	intermediate between two other forms	occur, they are much rarer numerically than
	1426.339	until favourable variations chance to	occur, and until a place in the natural
	1478.409	proper type. And such instances do	occur in nature. Can a more striking instance
	1538.189	undoubtedly, grave cases of difficulty	occur, some of which will be discussed in my
	1546.77	even more serious difficulty; for they	occur in only about a dozen fishes, of which
	1574.1502	for this act; but as sutures	occur in the skulls of young birds and
	1669.1326	in the same species can be shown to	occur in nature. Again as in the case of
	1930.679	a plant, which (he says) I never saw to	occur in a case of its natural fecundation
	1972.743	in Dianthus, these two opposite cases	occur. The fertility, both of first crosses
	2056.357	dogs, the explanation which will	occur to everyone, and probably the true one
	2110.180	can be shown that this does sometimes	occur with hybrids; yet I grant much less
	2110.748	either parent would be more likely to	occur with mongrels, which are descended from
	2143.366	reasons why such links do not commonly	occur at the present day, under the
	2285.1262	levels. Hence, when the same species	occur at the bottom, middle, and top of a
	2472.599	found in the Chalk of Europe, but which	occur in the formations either above or below
	2683.317	most probable. Undoubtedly many cases	occur, in which we cannot explain how the
	2743.966	granite and other rocks, which do not	occur in the archipelago. Hence we may safely
	2819.581	species belonging to European genera	occur. On the highest mountains of Brazil
	2823.178	peculiar flora of the Cape of Good Hope	occur. At the Cape of Good Hope a very few
	2823.578	the volcanic cones of Java, many plants	occur, either identically the same or
	2825.133	other species, not introduced by man,	occur on the lowlands; and a long list can be
	2831.171	In marine productions, similar cases	occur; as an example, I may quote a remark by
	2886.44	I believe that the same species never	occur in the fresh waters of distant
	2948.167	not support small mammals, for they	occur in many parts of the world on very
	2948.858	Though terrestrial mammals do not	occur on oceanic islands, aërial mammals do
	2948.902	on oceanic islands, aërial mammals do	occur on almost every island. New Zealand
	2954.769	quadrupeds. No doubt some few anomalies	occur in this great archipelago, and there is
	3004.558	allied or representative species	occur, there will likewise be found some
	3004.806	wherever many closely-allied species	occur, there will be found many forms which
	3044.130	which are therein absent, but which	occur above and below: so in space, it
	3151.577	let them be ever so trifling,	occur together throughout a large group of
	3173.813	few species; and such species as do	occur are generally very distinct from each
	3315.856	the same species the petals sometimes	occur as mere rudiments, and sometimes in a
	3476.644	reversions to long-lost characters	occur. How inexplicable on the theory of
	3510.374	closely allied yet distinct species	occur, many doubtful forms and varieties of
	3510.444	varieties of the same species likewise	occur. It is a rule of high generality that
28			occurred
	234.408	philosophers. On my return home, it	occurred to me, in 1837, that something might
	766.821	useful to man have undoubtedly	occurred, that other variations useful in some
	976.360	they both go on (as has actually	occurred with tumbler-pigeons) choosing and
	1090.571	fact if no variation ever had	occurred useful to each being's own welfare, in
	1090.659	the same way as so many variations have	occurred useful to man. But if variations useful
	1376.86	work, a crowd of difficulties will have	occurred to the reader. Some of them are so
	1649.259	bee making its cells will probably have	occurred to many readers, as a difficulty
	1773.28	two cells. Reflecting on this case, it	occurred to me that if the Melipona had made its
	1787.902	broke into each other. As soon as this	occurred, the bees ceased to excavate, and began
	2273.1421	we know what vast geographical changes	occurred in other parts of America during this
	2285.725	yet easily overlooked, intervals have	occurred in its accumulation. In other cases we
	2339.643	Cuvier used to urge that no monkey	occurred in any tertiary stratum; but now
	2373.570	land, whence the sediment was derived,	occurred in the neighbourhood of the existing
	2420.237	might be adapted (and no doubt this has	occurred in innumerable instances) to fill the
	2502.239	that blank intervals of vast duration	occurred during the periods when the bed of the
	2508.41	suspect that cases of this nature have	occurred in Europe. Mr. Prestwich, in his
	2536.514	in nearly the same manner as has	occurred with ruminants and pachyderms. Yet he
	2683.483	climatal changes, which have certainly	occurred within recent geological times, must
	2707.62	that great mutations of level, have	occurred within the period of existing organisms
	2717.423	of green and seasoned timber; and it	occurred to me that floods might wash down
	2761.311	on, and then pass away, as formerly	occurred. As the cold came on, and as each more
	2855.484	Something of the same kind must have	occurred on the intertropical mountains: no
	2886.704	also, could be given of this having	occurred during floods, without any change of
	2966.742	ground, and thus get transported? It	occurred to me that land-shells, when
	3024.74	level of the land, which have certainly	occurred within the recent period, and of other
	3024.153	of other similar changes which may have	occurred within the same period; if we remember
	3123.1452	lost,—as sometimes seems to have	occurred with existing organisms. All the
	3233.746	of a modification of this nature having	occurred, that naturalists can hardly avoid
7			occurrence
	618.190	of intermediate linking forms, and the	occurrence of such links cannot affect the actual
	1339.1517	that I was led solely from the	occurrence of the face-stripes on this hybrid from
	2084.56	can be proved to be of universal	occurrence, or to form a fundamental distinction
	2687.809	productions; and thirdly, the	occurrence of the same terrestrial species on
	2773.297	are on the perfectly well-ascertained	occurrence of a former Glacial period, seem to me
	2863.258	only say that as far as regards the	occurrence of identical species at points so
	3359.1005	is the principle of inheritance—the	occurrence of rudimentary organs and their final
7			occurring
	778.384	better chance of profitable variations	occurring; and unless profitable variations do
	1219.582	doubt that some apparent correlations,	occurring throughout whole orders, are entirely
	1323.110	any important character, but from	occurring in several species of the same genus
	2038.334	into one, without some disturbance	occurring in the development, or periodical
	2143.1122	innumerable intermediate links not now	occurring everywhere throughout nature de- [page
	2570.1326	On the other hand, from what we see now	occurring in New Zealand, and from hardly a
	2886.1222	With respect to allied fresh-water fish	occurring at very distant points of the world, no
7			occurs
	812.157	to that sex, the same fact probably	occurs under nature, and if so, natural
	900.546	for each birth; in many others it	occurs perhaps only at long intervals; but in
	1211.1476	two upper petals; and that when this	occurs, the adherent nectary is quite aborted
	1237.335	of the same part or organ, when it	occurs in lesser numbers, is constant. The
	1472.133	of the same species. When either case	occurs, it would be easy for natural selection
	2014.311	extent parallel. Something analogous	occurs in grafting; for Thouin found that
	2032.300	In both cases, the sterility	occurs in various degrees; in both, the male
23			ocean
	1464.575	they had been inhabitants of the open	ocean, and had used their incipient organs of
	2205.261	beds had once extended into the open	ocean. The same story is still more plainly
	2227.516	an enormously large proportion of the	ocean, the bright blue tint of the water
	2351.1526	land, the tropical parts of the Indian	Ocean would form a large and perfectly
	2379.1317	for instance, the bed of the Pacific	Ocean were now converted into a continent, we
	2608.907	condition, or may lie buried under the	ocean. Passing from these difficulties, all
	2651.351	shores of America, a wide space of open	ocean extends, with not an island as a
	2651.1408	range from the Pacific into the Indian	Ocean, and many shells are common to the
	2707.321	thus hypothetically bridged over every	ocean, and have united almost every island to
	2731.206	by gales to vast distances across the	ocean. We may I think safely assume that
	2749.1283	are blown across the whole Atlantic	Ocean, from North America to the western
	2783.800	from each other by the Atlantic	Ocean and by the extreme northern part of the
	2787.149	completely separated by wider spaces of	ocean. I believe the above difficulty may be
	2793.414	and their separation by the Atlantic	Ocean. We can further understand the singular
	2801.765	by nearly a hemisphere of equatorial	ocean. These cases of relationship, without
	2898.840	remote and barren islands in the open	ocean; they would not be likely to alight on
	2948.1456	wandering by day far over the Atlantic	Ocean; and two North American species either
	2954.529	near Celebes by a space of deep	ocean; and this space separates two widely
	3502.851	separated by the whole intertropical	ocean. Although two areas may present the
	3504.239	which cannot cross wide spaces of	ocean, as frogs and terrestrial mammals
	3504.401	species of bats, which can traverse the	ocean, should so often be found on islands
	4261.8	and spiders, 442. P. Pacific	Ocean, faunas of, 348. Paley on no organ
	5630.286	down the River Zambesi, to the Eastern	Ocean. Thirtieth Thousand. Map, Plates, and
45			oceanic
	200.68	productions — On the inhabitants of	oceanic islands — Absence of Batrachians and of
	928.105	at any small isolated area, such as an	oceanic island, although the total number of
	928.385	there, and nowhere else. Hence an	oceanic island at first sight seems to have
	1141.987	or have lately inhabited several	oceanic islands, tenanted by no beast of prey
	1480.32	tree! Petrels are the most aërial and	oceanic of birds, yet in the quiet Sounds of
	2375.126	studded with many islands; but not one	oceanic island is as yet known to afford even a
	2707.1070	other and to the several intervening	oceanic islands. I freely admit the former
	2711.44	each other, and with the many existing	oceanic islands. Several facts in distribution
	2711.696	proportions of the inhabitants of	oceanic islands likewise seem to me opposed to
	2743.496	in comparison with the plants of other	oceanic islands nearer to the mainland, and (as
	2878.66	water productions—On the inhabitants of	oceanic islands—Absence of Batrachians and of
	2892.1668	or rivulet, if blown across sea to an	oceanic island or to any other distant point
	2898.158	over continents and to the most remote	oceanic islands. This is strikingly shown, as
	2912.22	fitted for them. On the Inhabitants of	Oceanic Islands.—We now come to the last of the
	2914.22	facts, which I [page] 389 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. have selected as presenting
	2918.39	The species of all kinds which inhabit	oceanic islands are few in number compared with
	2922.95	have on New Zealand and on every other	oceanic island which can be named. In St
	2922.448	and animals have not been created on	oceanic islands; for man has unintentionally
	2924.12	perfectly than has nature. Although in	oceanic islands the number of kinds of
	2926.22	is obvious that [page] 391 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. marine birds could arrive at
	2930.0	apparently present analogous facts.	Oceanic islands are sometimes deficient in
	2936.983	would be little likely to reach distant	oceanic islands; and an herbaceous plant
	2940.22	whole orders on [page] 393 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. oceanic islands, Bory St
	2942.0	page] 393 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS.	oceanic islands, Bory St. Vincent long ago
	2942.529	of frogs, toads, and newts on so many	oceanic islands cannot be accounted for by
	2942.1019	therefore why they do not exist on any	oceanic island. But why, on the theory of
	2944.549	but this group cannot be considered as	oceanic, as it lies on a bank connected with
	2948.867	terrestrial mammals do not occur on	oceanic islands, aërial mammals do occur on
	2950.22	have been modi- [page] 395 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. fied through natural
	2960.48	foregoing remarks on the inhabitants of	oceanic islands,—namely, the scarcity of kinds
	2960.564	of time, than with the view of all our	oceanic islands having been formerly connected
	2964.22	not be over- [page] 397 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. looked. I will here give a
	2966.89	of the cases of difficulty. Almost all	oceanic islands, even the most isolated and
	2974.22	of transport or [page] 399 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. by formerly continuous land
	2986.22	amount [page] 401 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. of difference in the several
	2996.22	islet of [page] 403 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. Porto Santo possess many
	3000.79	character of the fauna and flora of	oceanic islands, namely, that the inhabitants
	3008.22	that in world- [page] 405 CHAP. XII.	OCEANIC ISLANDS. ranging genera all the
	3038.80	as I have endeavoured to show, why	oceanic islands should have few inhabitants
	3038.507	mammals, should be absent from	oceanic islands, whilst the most isolated
	3337.984	and of the wings of birds inhabiting	oceanic islands, which have seldom been forced
	3504.72	subsequent modification, we can see why	oceanic islands should be inhabited by few
	3504.299	terrestrial mammals, should not inhabit	oceanic islands; and why, on the other hand
	3508.86	the absence of all other mammals, on	oceanic islands, are utterly inexplicable on
	4088.9	advantages of, 96. Islands,	oceanic, 388. Isolation favourable to selection
12			oceans
	2375.24	sea. Looking to the existing	oceans, which are thrice as extensive as the
	2375.361	continental islands existed where our	oceans now extend; for had they existed there
	2379.248	facts, we may infer that where our	oceans now extend, oceans have extended from
	2379.267	infer that where our oceans now extend,	oceans have extended from the remotest period
	2379.609	led me to conclude that the great	oceans are still mainly areas of subsidence
	2379.1130	continents may have existed where	oceans are now spread out; and clear and open
	2379.1176	are now spread out; and clear and open	oceans may have existed where our continents
	2608.509	that as far as we can see, where our	oceans now extend they have for an enormous
	2649.232	likely to have endured so long as the	oceans separating continents, the differences
	2707.1287	their migration. In the coral-producing	oceans such sunken islands are now marked, as
	2725.145	on those in the midst of the widest	oceans; and the natives of the coral-islands
	2942.161	the many islands with which the great	oceans are studded. I have taken pains to
5			ocelli
	1863.138	the larger workers have simple eyes (	ocelli), which though small can be plainly
	1863.235	whereas the smaller workers have their	ocelli rudimentary. Having carefully dissected
	1863.573	workers of intermediate size have their	ocelli in an exactly intermediate condition
	1863.1239	of Myrmica have not even rudiments of	ocelli, though the male and female ants of
	1863.1313	ants of this genus have well-developed	ocelli. I may give one other case: so
1			october
	63.8	Down, Bromley, Kent,	October 1st, 1859. [page iii] ON THE ORIGIN
1			oddest
	1689.348	and tastes, and likewise of the	oddest tricks, associated with certain frames
1			odious
	1737.285	the truth of so extraordinary and	odious an instinct as that of making slaves
1			odour
	554.492	different flavour and emit a different	odour; they flower at slightly different
1			oenas
	2153.174	some other allied species, such as C.	oenas. So with natural species, if we look
11			offer
	258.257	animals and of cultivated plants would	offer the best chance of making out this
	856.86	so that whole fields of the red clover	offer in vain an abundant supply of precious
	892.800	but here currents in the water	offer an obvious means for an occasional
	1245.1629	and females; but as females more rarely	offer remarkable secondary sexual characters
	1540.217	chapter. The electric organs of fishes	offer another case of special difficulty; it
	1546.20	kind is possible. The electric organs	offer another and even more serious
	1865.215	gladly availed myself of Mr. F. Smith's	offer of numerous specimens from the same
	2552.197	succeeding faunas, that certain genera	offer exceptions to the rule. For instance
	2944.8	be very difficult to explain. Mammals	offer another and similar case. I have
	3101.996	important vital organs, are found to	offer characters of quite subordinate value
	3484.52	instincts, marvellous as some are, they	offer no greater difficulty than does
2			offered
	2040.436	root of the matter: no explanation is	offered why an organism, when placed under
	2687.434	pretend that any explanation could be	offered of many such cases. But after some
7			offers
	713.172	existence of cattle. Perhaps Paraguay	offers the most curious instance of this; for
	790.270	whenever and wherever opportunity	offers, at the improvement of each organic
	892.273	understand this remarkable fact, which	offers so strong a contrast with terrestrial
	1546.887	to different families and orders,	offers a parallel case of difficulty. Other
	2201.151	of the degraded matter, probably	offers the best evidence of the lapse of time
	2227.1644	period. The molluscan genus Chiton	offers a partially analogous case. With
	2657.265	widest generality, and every continent	offers innumerable instances. Nevertheless the
3			office
	1741.568	Huber expressly states, their principal	office is to search for aphides. This
	3317.185	for the other. Thus in plants, the	office of the pistil is to allow the pollen
	5169.76	Advocate: an Historical Essay on the	Office and Duties of an Advocate. Post 8vo
1			officer
	5606.73	of the War in the Crimea. By a STAFF	OFFICER. Popular Edition. Plans. Post 8vo. 6s
3			officers
	4658.50	OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, for the Use of	Officers in H.M. Navy and Travellers in General
	5524.67	Operations in the Field, for the Use of	Officers. Post 8vo. 9s. 6d. JESSE'S (EDWARD
	5686.54	ENQUIRY, Prepared for the Use of	Officers and Travellers. By various Writers
4			official
	4796.127	time. Abridged and arranged from the	Official Narratives. 8vo. 15s. ——— (SIR GEORGE
	4958.59	from the commencement of the	official career of the late Viscount Castlereagh
	5622.112	and Balcarres. With Extracts from	Official Papers and Personal Narratives. Second
	6118.82	his various Campaigns. Compiled from	Official and other Authentic Documents, By COL
2			offset
	299.100	term gardeners mean a single bud or	offset, which suddenly assumes a new and
	303.233	of the parent has affected a bud or	offset, and not the ovules or pollen. But it
86			offspring
	172.483	when crossed and of their mongrel	offspring not universal — Hybrids and mongrels
	295.1034	not quite regularly, and producing	offspring not perfectly like their parents or
	327.827	appears, it tends to appear in the	offspring at a corresponding age, though
	331.99	of cattle could appear only in the	offspring when nearly mature; peculiarities in
	331.463	yet that it does tend to appear in the	offspring at the same period at which it first
	331.831	the same manner as in the crossed	offspring from a short-horned cow by a long
	349.109	propagate their kind so truly, were the	offspring of any single species, then such facts
	369.658	for this object, and failed. The	offspring from the first cross between two pure
	399.890	the above-specified marks, the mongrel	offspring are very apt suddenly to acquire these
	405.272	to bring forward one case of the hybrid	offspring of two animals clearly distinct being
	405.786	and fantails now are, should yield	offspring perfectly fertile, inter se, seems to
	411.439	kept pure and when crossed; the mongrel	offspring being perfectly fertile;—from these
	471.88	think of the inherited character of the	offspring of their domestic animals, yet any one
	471.351	animals would thus generally leave more	offspring than the inferior ones; so that in this
	532.129	are known frequently to appear in the	offspring from the same parents, or which may be
	588.471	will be the most likely to yield	offspring which, though in some slight degree
	641.872	and will generally be inherited by its	offspring. The offspring, also, will thus have a
	641.887	be inherited by its offspring. The	offspring, also, will thus have a better chance
	804.123	period of life, tend to reappear in the	offspring at the same period;—for instance, in
	816.268	unsuccessful competitor, but few or no	offspring. Sexual selection is, therefore, less
	816.654	would have a poor chance of leaving	offspring. Sexual selection by always allowing
	828.106	these advantages to their male	offspring. Yet, I would not wish to attribute all
	836.751	best chance of surviving and of leaving	offspring. Some of its young would probably
	866.298	gives vigour and fertility to the	offspring; and on the other hand, that close
	920.318	much in vigour and fertility over the	offspring from long-continued self-fertilisation
	920.951	can be given to their modified	offspring, solely by natural selection preserving
	970.1057	character from its parents, and the	offspring of this variety again to differ from
	1018.522	from (A), may represent its varying	offspring. The variations are supposed to be
	1034.377	proceeding from (A). The modified	offspring from the later and more highly improved
	1052.9	NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV. modified	offspring of a species get into some distinct
	1056.1122	original species will have transmitted	offspring to the fourteen-thousandth generation
	1090.922	inheritance they will tend to produce	offspring similarly characterised. This principle
	1090.1355	adapted males the greatest number of	offspring. Sexual selection will also give
	1098.184	will tend to transmit to their modified	offspring that superiority which now makes them
	1123.117	the varying or plastic condition of the	offspring. The male and female sexual elements
	1285.103	not entail death, but only gives fewer	offspring to the less favoured males. Whatever
	1303.457	liable to appear in the crossed	offspring of two distinct and differently
	1305.209	only once by some other breed, the	offspring occasionally show a tendency to revert
	1305.1083	probable hypothesis is, not that the	offspring suddenly takes after an ancestor some
	1315.825	theory, sometimes to find the varying	offspring of a species assuming characters
	1339.730	quagga, the hybrid, and even the pure	offspring subsequently produced from the mare by
	1365.59	may be of each slight difference in the	offspring from their parents-and a cause for each
	1388.92	being sterile and producing sterile	offspring, whereas, when varieties are crossed
	1721.158	all maternal love and care for her own	offspring. The occasional habit of birds laying
	1843.100	structure, this being inherited by its	offspring, which again varied and were again
	1851.841	and transmitted to their fertile	offspring a tendency to produce sterile members
	1896.471	when crossed and of their mongrel	offspring not universal—Hybrids and mongrels
	1906.133	they produce either few or no	offspring. Hybrids, on the other hand, have their
	1908.169	likewise the fertility of their mongrel	offspring, is, on my theory, of equal importance
	1910.69	when crossed and of their hybrid	offspring. It is impossible to study the several
	1914.399	when crossed and by their hybrid	offspring, with the average number produced by
	1972.89	to cross, and which rarely produce any	offspring, are generally very sterile; but the
	1992.193	their likeness on their hybrid	offspring; but these two powers do not at all
	2038.549	breed inter se, they transmit to their	offspring from generation to generation the same
	2046.480	gives vigour and fertility to the	offspring. I believe, indeed, from the facts
	2048.299	give vigour and fertility to the	offspring. But we have seen that greater changes
	2050.58	when crossed, and of their Mongrel	offspring.—It may be urged, as a most forcible
	2054.296	facility, and yield perfectly fertile	offspring. I fully admit that this is almost
	2078.416	crosses, and he found their mongrel	offspring perfectly fertile. But one of these
	2086.113	of the question of fertility, the	offspring of species when crossed and of
	2086.422	between the so-called hybrid	offspring of species, and the so-called mongrel
	2086.470	of species, and the so-called mongrel	offspring of varieties. And, on the other hand
	2088.671	extreme amount of variability in their	offspring is notori- [page] 273 CHAP. VIII
	2094.963	of its proper function of producing	offspring identical with the parent-form. Now
	2108.43	female, so that the mule, which is the	offspring of the male-ass and mare, is more like
	2108.132	an ass, than is the hinny, which is the	offspring of the female-ass and stallion. Much
	2112.132	a general and close similarity in the	offspring of crossed species, and of crossed
	2126.589	to the vigour and fertility of their	offspring; and that slight changes in the
	2128.122	as varieties, and their mongrel	offspring, are very generally, but not quite
	2420.172	inorganic, should recur. For though the	offspring of one species might be adapted (and no
	2424.29	CHAP. X. exterminated by its improved	offspring, it is quite incredible that a fantail
	2550.184	descent in the diagram are the modified	offspring of those which lived at the fifth stage
	2614.239	together, and to leave no modified	offspring on the face of the earth. But the utter
	3010.1437	favourable for the conversion of its	offspring, firstly into new varieties and
	3263.1205	age alone, has been communicated to the	offspring from the reproductive element of one
	3269.202	reappear at a corresponding age in the	offspring. Certain variations can only appear at
	3269.571	to appear at a corresponding age in the	offspring and parent. I am far from meaning that
	3283.663	of life, and have been inherited by the	offspring at a corresponding not early period
	3315.1132	rudiment of the pistil in the hybrid	offspring was much increased in size; and this
	3386.66	when intercrossed and of their mongrel	offspring cannot be considered as universal; nor
	3392.816	their conditions of life, and that the	offspring of slightly modified forms or varieties
	3426.285	rendered impotent, fails to reproduce	offspring exactly like the parent-form
	3456.429	to preserve the most divergent	offspring of any one species. Hence during a long
	3490.93	we can at once see why their crossed	offspring should follow the same complex laws in
	3490.300	in other such points,—as do the crossed	offspring of acknowledged varieties. On the other
	3496.320	the living and the extinct being the	offspring of common parents. As the groups which
199			often
	140.422	and varieties of the same species;	often severe between species of the same
	242.798	on which facts cannot be adduced,	often apparently leading to conclusions
	289.134	cultivated plants, such as wheat, still	often yield new varieties: our oldest
	295.567	domesticated animals and plants, though	often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite
	327.236	and sometimes not so; why the child	often reverts in certain characters to its
	327.363	remote ancestor; why a peculiarity is	often transmitted from one sex to both sexes
	327.595	in the males of our domestic breeds are	often transmitted either exclusively, or in a
	333.76	I may here refer to a statement	often made by naturalists—namely, that our
	333.425	facts the above statement has so	often and so boldly been made. There would be
	343.24	CHAP. I. the same species, also,	often have a somewhat monstrous character; by
	343.207	in several trifling respects, they	often differ in an extreme degree in some one
	343.1117	could not so perpetually recur. It has	often been stated that domestic races do not
	343.1521	give, we have no right to expect	often to meet with generic differences in our
	351.7	in favour of this view. It has	often been assumed that man has chosen for
	365.1440	freely in a state of nature? It has	often been loosely said that all our races of
	403.895	These two distinct cases are	often confounded in treatises on inheritance
	417.856	also, see how it is that the breeds so	often have a somewhat monstrous character. It
	443.81	but the variations are here	often more abrupt. No one supposes that our
	455.57	of English history choice animals were	often imported, and laws were passed to
	485.327	constitutions or structure, would	often succeed better in the one country than
	511.1039	imported from some other country,	often from islands. Although I do not doubt
	548.1354	another as varieties, or, as they are	often called, as geographical races! Many
	560.480	These varieties, moreover, will be	often ranked by some authors as species. Look
	566.769	and the truth of this admission will	often be disputed by other naturalists. When
	584.643	to a certain extent from commonness),	often give rise to varieties sufficiently
	602.1024	small genera have in the lapse of time	often increased greatly in size; and that
	602.1084	in size; and that large genera have	often come to their maxima, declined, and
	608.190	of difference between the species is	often exceedingly small. I have endeavoured
	616.432	and in so far resemble varieties,	often have much restricted ranges. For
	633.404	and varieties of the same species;	often severe between species of the same
	645.932	face of nature bright with gladness, we	often see superabundance of food; we do not
	717.612	assuredly the merest trifle would	often give the victory to one organic being
	731.147	remote in the scale of nature. This is	often the case with those which may strictly
	741.169	is related, in the most essential yet	often hidden manner, to that of all other
	778.1195	or habits of one inhabitant would	often give it an advantage over others; and
	778.1290	modifications of the same kind would	often still further increase the advantage
	784.1164	in his power, all his productions. He	often begins his selection by some half
	802.55	being, will cause other modifications,	often of the most unexpected nature. As we
	804.1460	in the adult will probably	often affect the structure of the larva; but
	812.44	Selection.—Inasmuch as peculiarities	often appear under domestication in one sex
	816.1241	all day long; male stag-beetles	often bear wounds from the huge mandibles of
	818.30	spear. Amongst birds, the contest is	often of a more peaceful character. All those
	822.439	in confinement well know that they	often take individual preferences and
	836.218	this be thought very improbable; for we	often observe great differences in the
	842.390	dusted with pollen, and would certainly	often transport the pollen from one flower to
	878.249	this end: but, the agency of insects is	often required to cause the stamens to spring
	890.611	to all Orders have their sexes more	often separated than other plants, I find to
	934.662	owing to oscillations of level, will	often have recently existed in a broken
	948.286	kind. The existence of such places will	often depend on physical changes, which are
	948.760	a very slow process. The process will	often be greatly retarded by free
	948.1027	selection will always act very slowly,	often only at long intervals of time, and
	1018.677	all to appear simultaneously, but	often after long intervals of time; nor are
	1032.113	prevail and multiply: a medium form may	often long endure, and may or may not produce
	1034.483	lines of descent, will, it is probable,	often take the place of, and so destroy, the
	1072.555	genera, with those now living, yet are	often, in some degree, intermediate in
	1131.46	zone of habitation of other species,	often acquiring in a very slight degree some
	1131.558	coasts, as every collector knows, are	often brassy or lurid. Plants which live
	1147.132	many male dung-feeding beetles are very	often broken off; he examined seventeen
	1159.404	I was assured by a Spaniard, who had	often caught them, that they were frequently
	1167.1294	its eyes, and natural selection will	often have effected other changes, such as an
	1173.836	the climates under which they live is	often overrated. [page] 140 LAWS OF
	1189.1181	case, also, of the kidney-bean has been	often cited for a similar purpose, and with
	1195.190	that the effects of use and disuse have	often been largely combined with, and
	1199.80	some authors, tend to cohere; this is	often seen in monstrous plants; and nothing
	1211.94	the daisy, and this difference is	often accompanied with the abortion of parts
	1211.1391	that the central flower of the truss	often loses the patches of darker colour in
	1219.7	service to the species. We may	often falsely attribute to correlation of
	1273.670	and becomes only of specific value,	often becomes variable, though its
	1275.449	might surely expect to find them still	often continuing to vary in those parts of
	1279.808	it is probable that they should still	often be in some degree variable,—at least
	1297.76	and a variety of one species	often assumes some of the characters of an
	1309.864	a rudiment of a fifth stamen so	often appears, that this plant must have an
	1315.530	this, from the blue colour and marks so	often appearing when distinct breeds of
	1351.228	in this particular manner, so as	often to become striped like other species of
	1361.794	thus we can understand why it should	often still be variable in a much higher
	1400.430	the land. These representative species	often meet and interlock; and as the one
	1406.524	marine areas now continuous must	often have existed within recent times in a
	1432.36	Secondly, areas now continuous must	often have existed within the recent period
	1440.280	constantly tends, as has been so	often remarked, to exterminate the parent
	1472.517	lead to changed habits; both probably	often change almost simultaneously. Of cases
	1472.790	instances could be given: I have	often watched a tyrant flycatcher
	1476.50	branches, almost like a creeper; it	often, like a shrike, kills small birds by
	1540.56	is that of neuter insects, which are	often very differently constructed from
	1568.509	and finally, that sexual selection will	often have largely modified the external
	1580.969	kept by savages in different countries	often have to struggle for their own
	1586.688	a useful modification of one part will	often have entailed on other parts
	1592.269	But natural selection can and does	often produce structures for the direct
	1606.398	is that the use of the sting should so	often cause the insect's own death: for if on
	1612.803	now living on a continuous area, must	often have been formed when the area was not
	1612.1049	area, an intermediate variety will	often be formed, fitted for an intermediate
	1626.236	whilst aided by the other, must	often have largely facilitated transitions
	1628.555	a part formerly of high importance has	often been retained (as the tail of an
	1630.610	generally the smaller one, will	often yield, as we see they do yield, to the
	1638.417	of conditions of existence, so	often insisted on by the illustrious Cuvier
	1655.142	expresses it, of judgment or reason,	often comes into play, even in animals very
	1657.543	of the body. When once acquired, they	often remain constant throughout life
	1681.233	of the country inhabited, but	often from causes wholly unknown to us
	1813.811	two pieces of comb met at an angle, how	often the bees would entirely pull down and
	1821.444	difficult: it is known that bees are	often hard pressed to get sufficient nectar
	1825.767	circumstance determined, as it probably	often does determine, the numbers of a humble
	1837.419	insect-communities: for these neuters	often differ widely in instinct and in
	1859.985	of structure; and this we do find, even	often, considering how few neuter-insects out
	1859.1375	perfect gradations of this kind. It	often happens that the larger or the smaller
	1885.265	different conditions of life, yet	often retaining nearly the same instincts
	1914.614	must be castrated, and, what is	often more important, must be secluded in
	1914.871	in his house. That these processes are	often injurious to the fertility of a plant
	1920.397	the case, and that the fertility	often suddenly decreases in the first few
	1924.1052	artificial fertilisation pollen is as	often taken by chance (as I know from my own
	1950.430	ranked in distinct genera, have	often bred in this country with either pure
	1974.471	for their degree of fertility is	often found to differ greatly in the several
	1982.522	for extremely different climates, can	often be crossed with ease. [page
	1986.245	been reciprocally crossed. There is	often the widest possible difference in the
	1986.425	capacity in any two species to cross is	often completely independent of their
	1998.392	produced from reciprocal crosses	often differ in fertility. Now do these
	2000.639	fertile hybrids? Why should there	often be so great a difference in the result
	2006.88	the male sexual element of the one will	often freely act on the female sexual element
	2012.307	the facility of effecting an union is	often very far from equal, so it sometimes is
	2032.214	independent of general health, and is	often accompanied by excess of size or great
	2034.346	of life have been disturbed, though	often in so slight a degree as to [page
	2048.384	or changes of a particular nature,	often render organic beings in some degree
	2088.242	which have long been cultivated are	often variable in the first generation; and I
	2094.357	expect that such variability would	often continue and be super-added to that
	2094.874	in the conditions of life, being thus	often rendered either impotent or at least
	2102.511	With animals one variety certainly	often has this prepotent power over another
	2110.804	which are descended from varieties	often suddenly produced and semi-monstrous in
	2118.204	The sterility is of all degrees, and is	often so slight that the two most careful
	2171.539	into pebbles, sand, or mud. But how	often do we see along the bases of retreating
	2223.308	are known and named from single and	often broken specimens, or from a few
	2259.177	be increased, and new stations will	often be formed;—all circumstances most
	2279.777	this same movement of subsidence will	often tend to sink the area whence the
	2281.169	its accumulation. When we see, as is so	often the case, a formation composed of beds
	2385.667	Sedgwick, &c., have unanimously,	often vehemently, maintained the immutability
	2458.464	to the same family. But it must	often have happened that a new species
	2458.1035	improved, a few of the sufferers may	often long be preserved, from being fitted to
	2492.295	species. The process of diffusion may	often be very slow, being dependent on
	2506.168	contemporaneous formations have	often been accumulated over very wide spaces
	2512.35	periods,—a formation in one region	often corresponding with a blank interval in
	2540.456	that ancient and extinct genera are	often in some slight degree intermediate in
	2564.222	the accumulation of each formation has	often been interrupted, and as long blank
	2602.1133	and that varieties have at first	often been local. All these causes taken
	2608.178	he may urge the apparent, but	often falsely apparent, sudden coming in of
	2614.332	of a whole group of species may	often be a very slow process, from the
	2618.335	living. Why ancient and extinct forms	often tend to fill up gaps between existing
	2618.557	The more ancient a form is, the more	often, apparently, it displays characters in
	2663.788	to organism being, as I have already	often remarked, the most important of all
	2699.122	unite for each birth, or which	often intercross, I believe that during the
	2723.1148	The fact of the larger fruits	often floating longer than the small, is
	2731.299	their rate of flight would	often be 35 miles an hour; and some authors
	2886.131	But on the same continent the species	often range widely and almost capriciously
	2910.1516	travel from one to another and	often distant piece of water. Nature, like a
	2924.156	found nowhere else in the world) is	often extremely large. If we compare, for
	2924.706	liable to modification, and will	often produce groups of modified descendants
	2936.729	of many insular beetles. Again, islands	often possess trees or bushes belonging to
	2936.1330	plants. If so, natural selection would	often tend to add to the stature of
	2994.132	some one island to the others. But we	often take, I think, an erroneous view of the
	3024.388	on; if we bear in mind how	often a species may have ranged continuously
	3026.364	are insuperable; though they	often are in this case, and in that of the
	3032.1129	the same physical conditions should	often be inhabited by very different forms of
	3040.26	species. As the late Edward Forbes	often insisted, there is a striking
	3044.731	of time, or to a certain area, are	often characterised by trifling characters in
	3069.1073	famous one of Linnæus, and which we	often meet with in a more or less concealed
	3087.154	organs in this condition are	often of high value in classification. No one
	3095.256	in natural history. Hence, as has	often been remarked, a species may depart
	3109.24	of descent. Our classifications are	often plainly influenced by chains of
	3111.30	Geographical distribution has	often been used, though perhaps not quite
	3153.202	them. This may be safely done, and is	often done, as long as a sufficient number of
	3165.36	As members of distinct classes have	often been adapted by successive slight
	3173.233	is that the more ancient forms of life	often present characters in some slight
	3185.604	as may be seen in the diagram so	often referred to), mounting up through many
	3203.183	their organisation. This resemblance is	often expressed by the term "unity of type
	3211.176	in some way to the modified form, but	often affecting by correlation of growth
	3217.868	in a spire. In monstrous plants, we	often get direct evidence of the possibility
	3239.263	animals within the same class are	often strikingly similar: a better proof of
	3239.879	genus, and of closely allied genera,	often resemble each other in their first and
	3241.113	of the same class resemble each other,	often have no direct relation to their condi
	3263.51	assumed, perhaps from monstrosities	often affecting the embryo at a very early
	3315.37	The meaning of rudimentary organs is	often quite unmistakeable: for instance there
	3315.971	with separated sexes, the male flowers	often have a rudiment of a pistil; and
	3325.110	upper jaws of whales and ruminants, can	often be detected in the embryo, but
	3329.289	a rudimentary organ in the adult, is	often said to have retained its embryonic
	3331.1026	suppose that the minute papilla, which	often represents the pistil in male flowers
	3337.429	the whole flower in the cauliflower. We	often see rudiments of various parts in
	3343.1092	as far as is possible, will probably	often come into play; and this will tend to
	3394.460	some one part to the others. We are	often wholly unable [page
	3398.435	A broken or interrupted range may	often be accounted for by the extinction of
	3404.366	we have no just right to expect	often to find intermediate varieties in the
	3406.603	species appear, though certainly they	often falsely appear, to have come in
	3412.1535	species vary most, and varieties are	often at first local,—both causes rendering
	3438.310	the same genus. But the struggle will	often be very severe between beings most
	3440.286	leave most progeny. But success will	often depend on having special weapons or
	3442.382	had not come into play. It has	often been asserted, but the assertion is
	3442.576	acting on external characters alone and	often capriciously, can produce within a
	3496.496	with its early descendants will	often be intermediate in character in
	3504.418	which can traverse the ocean, should so	often be found on islands far distant from
	3512.162	to group, and with extinct groups	often falling in between recent groups, is
	3516.116	though of no service to the being, are	often of high classificatory value; and why
	3520.51	sometimes by natural selection, will	often tend to reduce an organ, when it has
	3552.416	a circumstance as that the same poison	often similarly affects plants and animals
	3972.29	on variable parts being	often monstrous, 155. Geographical
5			oftener
	596.160	the larger genera in each country would	oftener present varieties, than the species of
	693.1260	or in ascending a mountain, we far	oftener meet with stunted forms, due to the
	948.475	natural selection will probably still	oftener depend on some of the inhabitants
	2829.40	identically the same; but they are much	oftener specifically distinct, though related
	3496.631	why the more ancient a fossil is, the	oftener it stands in some degree intermediate
14			oftenest
	588.133	the most numerous in individuals,—which	oftenest produce well-marked varieties, or, as I
	816.1385	of polygamous animals, and these seem	oftenest provided with special weapons. The
	842.951	which excreted most nectar, would be	oftenest visited by insects, and would be
	842.993	visited by insects, and would be	oftenest crossed; and so in the long-run would
	1080.79	the species of the larger genera which	oftenest present varieties or incipient species
	1153.929	which most readily took to flight will	oftenest have been blown to sea and thus have
	1211.1172	flowers, those nearest to the axis are	oftenest subject to peloria, and become regular
	1331.1103	of the world these stripes occur far	oftenest in duns and mouse-duns; by the term dun
	2299.744	those which have the widest range, that	oftenest present varieties; so that with shells
	2299.954	formations of Europe, which have	oftenest given rise, first to local varieties
	2323.200	these far-ranging species which would	oftenest produce new varieties; and the
	2488.356	in their own country, would naturally	oftenest give rise to new varieties or incipient
	2602.1064	those which have varied most, and have	oftenest given rise to new species; and that
	2616.88	forms of life, which are those that	oftenest vary, will in the long run tend to
1			oil-bearing
	1225.590	foliage and a copious supply of	oil-bearing seeds. When the seeds in our fruits
2			oil-gland
	379.11	DOMESTIC PIGEONS. CHAP. I. touch; the	oil-gland is quite aborted. Several other less
	381.843	the development and abortion of the	oil-gland; the number of the primary wing and
25			older
	285.74	the same variety or sub-variety of our	older cultivated plants and animals, one of
	477.319	other plants, when compared with the	older varieties or with their parent-stocks
	968.137	varieties of flowers, take the place of	older and inferior kinds. In Yorkshire, it is
	1657.36	Frederick Cuvier and several of the	older metaphysicians have compared instinct
	2213.376	as some geologists suppose, a range of	older rocks underlies the Weald, on the
	2351.377	believe that certain much	older fishes, of which the affinities are as
	2371.185	do not support the view, that the	older a formation is, the more it has
	2379.1392	we should there find formations	older than the silurian strata, supposing
	2408.1542	intrude for a period in the midst of an	older formation, and then allow the pre
	2480.1134	be liable to be classed with somewhat	older European beds. Nevertheless, looking to
	2480.1523	those forms which are only found in the	older underlying deposits, would be correctly
	2488.216	arising, which have some advantage over	older forms; and those forms, which are
	2522.512	distinct groups. Yet if we compare the	older Reptiles and [page] 331 CHAP. X
	2526.17	OF EXTINCT SPECIES. Batrachians, the	older Fish, the older Cephalopods, and the
	2526.33	Batrachians, the older Fish, the	older Cephalopods, and the eocene Mammals
	2542.629	much modification, should in the	older formations make some slight approach to
	2542.699	approach to each other; so that the	older members should differ less from each
	2596.945	only one species of each of the six	older genera has left modified descendants
	2596.1211	of two or three alone of the six	older genera will have been the parents of
	2608.767	a wholly different aspect; and that the	older continents, formed of formations older
	2608.806	older continents, formed of formations	older than any known to us, may now all be in
	2789.306	and still warmer period, such as the	older Pliocene period, a large number of the
	3406.193	period between the extinct and still	older species, why is not every geological
	3456.753	inevitably supplant and exterminate the	older, less improved and intermediate
	3496.906	more improved forms have conquered the	older and less improved organic beings in the
11			oldest
	289.87	to be variable under cultivation. Our	oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still
	289.165	still often yield new varieties: our	oldest domesticated animals are still capable
	1345.969	change of form or character. When the	oldest and truest breeds of various colours
	2345.482	in which specimens are preserved in the	oldest tertiary beds; from the ease with which
	2408.105	rate, or in the same degree. In the	oldest tertiary beds a few living shells may
	2552.479	extreme in character are not the	oldest, or the most recent; nor are those
	2578.236	proof. Seeing, for instance, that the	oldest known mammals, reptiles, and fish
	2944.70	case. I have carefully searched the	oldest voyages, but have not finished my
	3834.5	Denudation, rate of, 285. ——of	oldest rocks, 308. Development of ancient
	4178.41	domestica, 225. Metamorphism of	oldest rocks 308. Mice destroying bees
	5766.34	to. ——— Siluria; or, a History of the	Oldest Rocks containing Organic Remains. Third
2			oliphant's
	5798.0	s. 6d. NlMROD ON THE TURF. 1s. 6d.	OLIPHANT'S NKPAUL. 2s. 6d. ART OF DINING. 1s. 6d
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7			oliver
	4894.18	Post 8vo. 9s. BUNYAN (JOHN) and	Oliver Cromwell. Select Biographies. By ROBERT
	5012.13	Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. ——— Works of	Oliver Goldsmith. Edited with Notes. Vignettes
	5028.10	Guillotine. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. CROMWELL (	OLIVER) and John Bunyan. By ROBERT SOUTHEY
	5164.24	Richard Steele. III. The Civil Wars and	Oliver Crom- VI. Charles Churchill, well
	5200.13	Editioh. 12mo. 2s. 6d. GOLDSMITH'S (	OLIVER) Works. A New Edition. Printed from the
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	6028.26	vo. 7s. 6d. —— Lives of John Bunyan &	Oliver Cromwell. Post 8 vo. 2s. 6d. SPECKTER
2			omitted
	548.573	species; and in making this list he has	omitted many trifling varieties, but which
	548.696	as species, and he has entirely	omitted several highly polymorphic genera
1			one's
	493.217	value any novelty, however slight, in	one's own possession. Nor must the value
1			one—not
	846.366	striking instances. I will give only	one—not as a very striking case, but as
1			oneself
	2213.0	IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP. IX.	oneself the great dome of rocks which must have
1			onion
	884.45	varieties of the cabbage, radish,	onion, and of some other plants, be allowed
2			onites
	1147.247	not one had even a relic left. In the	Onites apelles the tarsi are so habitually
	4235.0	PEAR. O. Oak, varieties of, 50.	Onites apelles, 135. Orchis, pollen of
1			online
	6170.45	The Complete Work of Charles Darwin	Online - University of Cambridge - CRASSH
4			onwards
	477.1228	chanced to appear, selecting it, and so	onwards. But the gardeners of the classical
	717.192	the insectivorous birds, and so	onwards in ever-increasing circles of
	1843.162	varied and were again selected, and so	onwards. But with the working ant we have an
	3109.433	to others, and these to others, and so	onwards, can be recognised as unequivocally
4			opened
	542.1421	the entry of doubt and conjecture is	opened. Hence, in determining whether a form
	1219.931	selection, except in fruits which	opened; so that the individual plants
	1737.416	myself made, in some little detail. I	opened fourteen nests of F. sanguinea, and
	3566.54	untrodden field of inquiry will be	opened, on the causes and laws of variation
1			opening
	810.728	insects, and used exclusively for	opening the cocoon—or the hard tip to the beak
5			operations
	4898.32	s. BURGHERSHS (LORD) Memoir of the	Operations of the Allied Armies under Prince
	4962.12	Plans. 8vo. 14s. —— Military	Operations in Kaffraria, which led to the
	5052.105	and the Passage of Rivers in Military	Operations. Third Edition. Plates. 8vo. 21s
	5524.27	vo. 7s. 6d. JERVIS'S (CAPT.) Manual of	Operations in the Field, for the Use of Officers
	5638.85	Ladies. With Directions and Calendar of	Operations for Every Month. Eighth Edition
1			opercular
	1249.737	rule in its largest application. The	opercular valves of sessile cirripedes (rock
1			operculum
	2966.1239	As this species has a thick calcareous	operculum, I removed it, and when it had formed a
9			opinion
	303.285	not the ovules or pollen. But it is the	opinion of most physiologists that there is no
	359.297	regard to sheep and goats I can form no	opinion. I should think, from facts
	359.822	from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth, whose	opinion, from his large and varied stores of
	389.97	I am fully convinced that the common	opinion of naturalists is correct, namely, that
	544.85	ranked as a species or a variety, the	opinion of naturalists having sound judgment
	568.125	species—that is, the forms which in the	opinion of some naturalists come very near to
	1237.672	seems connected with the very general	opinion of naturalists, that beings low in the
	2199.283	successive formation, we have, in the	opinion of most geologists, enormously long
	3544.30	the blindness of preconceived	opinion. These authors seem no more startled at
2			opinions
	2267.197	aware that two palæontologists, whose	opinions are worthy of much deference, namely
	5838.13	Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. ——— Life and	Opinions of General Sir Charles Napier; chiefly
2			opponents
	1442.109	and structure.—It has been asked by the	opponents of such views as I hold, how, for
	1743.590	latter ruthlessly killed their small	opponents, and carried their dead bodies as food
1			opportunities
	1741.340	According to Huber, who had ample	opportunities for observation, in Switzerland the
2			opportunity
	248.9	page] 3 INTRODUCTION. let this	opportunity pass without expressing my deep
	790.258	working, whenever and wherever	opportunity offers, at the improvement of each
12			opposed
	337.1384	number of generations, would be	opposed to all experience. I may add, that when
	441.35	I. all the best breeders are strongly	opposed to this practice, except sometimes
	1793.461	rhombic plate had been left between the	opposed basins, but the work, from the
	1795.576	too quickly, and convex on the	opposed side, where the bees had worked less
	1799.93	the bees in such cases stand in the	opposed cells and push and bend the ductile and
	1833.63	of very difficult explanation could be	opposed to the theory of natural selection
	2100.301	a single experiment; and seems directly	opposed to the results of several experiments
	2132.289	given in this chapter do not seem to me	opposed to, but even rather to support the view
	2426.488	and Woodward (though all strongly	opposed to such views as I maintain) admit its
	2711.456	these and other such facts seem to me	opposed to the admission of such prodigious
	2711.732	of oceanic islands likewise seem to me	opposed to the belief of their former
	3448.915	as fairly as I could, the	opposed difficulties and objections: now let us
25			opposite
	242.847	leading to conclusions directly	opposite to those at which I have arrived. A
	305.1125	some cases it can be shown that quite	opposite conditions produce [page] 11 CHAP. I
	1139.171	at all, although living under the most	opposite climates. Such considerations as these
	1767.1007	bases of three adjoining cells on the	opposite side. In the series between the extreme
	1789.425	have broken into each other from the	opposite sides. The bees, however, did not
	1793.321	intersection between the basins on the	opposite sides of the ridge of wax. In parts
	1793.620	at very nearly the same rate on the	opposite sides of the ridge of vermilion wax, as
	1795.365	at exactly the same rate from the	opposite sides; for I have noticed half
	1801.551	comb; and they gnaw into this from the	opposite sides, always working circularly as
	1918.546	should have arrived at diametrically	opposite conclusions in regard to the very same
	1972.728	for instance in Dianthus, these two	opposite cases occur. The fertility, both of
	2118.311	ever lived, have come to diametrically	opposite conclusions in ranking forms by this
	2556.999	short-beaked tumblers, which are at the	opposite end of the series in this same respect
	2645.839	also, we see the same fact; for on the	opposite sides of [page] 348 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2655.52	shores of Africa, on almost exactly	opposite meridians of longitude. A third great
	2681.1149	of the same species, a directly	opposite rule prevailed; and species were not
	2711.149	difference in the marine faunas on the	opposite sides of almost every continent,—the
	2787.258	still earlier changes of climate of an	opposite nature. We have good reason to believe
	2813.103	at these several far distant points on	opposite sides of the world. But we have good
	2849.156	the more temperate latitudes of the	opposite hemisphere. Although we have reason to
	2886.994	The wide difference of the fish on	opposite sides of continuous mountain-ranges
	3109.268	There are crustaceans at the	opposite ends of the series, which have hardly a
	3392.656	by another parallel, but directly	opposite, class of facts; namely, that the
	3534.288	of years, from a point of view directly	opposite to mine. It is so easy [page
	3572.457	of the inhabitants of the sea on the	opposite sides of a continent, and the nature of
4			opposition
	359.719	I am doubtfully inclined to believe, in	opposition to several authors, that all the races
	1657.328	performed, indeed not rarely in direct	opposition to our conscious will! yet they may be
	1948.297	in each successive generation, in	opposition to the constantly repeated admonition
	3351.576	organs, of no importance; the wide	opposition in value between analogical or adaptive
2			optic
	1502.51	we can commence a series with an	optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and
	1506.528	converted the simple apparatus of an	optic nerve merely coated with pigment and
4			optical
	1506.613	by transparent membrane, into an	optical instrument as perfect as is possessed
	1510.433	man? If we must compare the eye to an	optical instrument, we ought in imagination to
	1514.1037	and may we not believe that a living	optical instrument might thus be formed as
	5888.57	of Athenian Architecture, and the	Optical Refinements exhibited in the
2			orchard
	429.1122	the host of agricultural, culinary,	orchard, and flower-garden races of plants
	449.410	of fruit of the same species in the	orchard, in comparison with the leaves and
1			orchidaceous
	719.365	never can set a seed. Many of our	orchidaceous plants absolutely require the visits of
1			orchidean
	3141.1060	a single definition. As soon as three	Orchidean forms (Monochanthus, Myanthus, and
3			orchis
	1546.1103	sticky gland at the end, is the same in	Orchis and Asclepias,—genera almost as remote
	1610.360	by which the flowers of the	orchis and of many other plants are fertilised
	4236.0	varieties of, 50. Onites apelles, 135.	Orchis, pollen of, 193, Organs of extreme
61			order
	333.802	ensued. It would be quite necessary, in	order to prevent the effects of intercrossing
	435.51	some breeds of cattle and sheep. In	order fully to realise what they have done
	588.286	been anticipated; for, as varieties, in	order to become in any degree permanent
	641.1178	by the term of Natural Selection, in	order to mark its relation to man's power of
	651.719	with other fruit-bearing plants, in	order to tempt birds to devour and thus
	830.53	of the action of Natural Selection.—In	order to make it clear how, as I believe
	940.536	fishes, remnants of a once preponderant	order: and in fresh water we find some of the
	996.252	would have had to be modified, in	order to have gained an advantage over the
	1217.634	founded his main divisions of the	order on analogous differences. Hence we see
	1225.152	growth; or, as Goethe expressed it, "in	order to spend on one side, nature is forced
	1249.481	s remark, whilst investigating this	Order, and I am fully convinced that the rule
	1291.0	page] 158 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	order to fit the several species to their
	1500.319	from the same original parent-form, in	order to see what gradations are possible
	1516.663	the class have been developed; and in	order to discover the early transitional
	1596.761	its tail when preparing to spring, in	order to warn the doomed mouse. But I have
	1606.172	in so many members of the same great	order, and which has been modified but not
	1610.528	fir-trees of dense clouds of pollen, in	order that a few granules may be wafted by a
	1657.1534	this, it was much embarrassed, and, in	order to complete its hammock, seemed forced
	1793.739	deepened the basins on both sides, in	order to have succeeded in thus leaving flat
	1877.841	but wholly insufficient length, in	order to show the power of natural selection
	1898.144	with the quality of sterility, in	order to prevent the confusion of all organic
	1914.242	carefully to count the seeds, in	order to show that there is any degree of
	1914.656	more important, must be secluded in	order to prevent pollen being brought to it
	1964.210	been endowed with this quality, in	order to prevent their crossing and blending
	2120.624	difficulty in being grafted together in	order to prevent them becoming inarched in
	2213.900	course, cannot be done; but we may, in	order to form some crude notion on the
	2243.118	thick, solid, or extensive masses, in	order to withstand the incessant action of
	2279.3	glacial epoch to the present day. In	order to get a perfect gradation between two
	2279.176	accumulating for a very long period, in	order to have given sufficient time for the
	2279.593	the same, which is necessary in	order to enable the same species to live on
	2343.89	the belief that this great and distinct	order had been suddenly produced in the
	2426.821	members have continuously existed, in	order to have generated either new and
	2488.478	victorious in a still higher degree in	order to be preserved and to survive. We have
	2512.343	regions could be arranged in the same	order, in accordance with the general
	2512.421	succession of the form of life, and the	order would falsely appear to be strictly
	2528.891	from the parent-form A, will form an	order; for all will have inherited something
	2534.88	from A, make, as before remarked, one	order; and this order, from the continued
	2534.104	as before remarked, one order; and this	order, from the continued effects of
	2540.353	from the common progenitor of the	order, nearly so much as they subsequently
	2556.652	would not closely accord with the	order in time of their production, and still
	2556.711	production, and still less with the	order of their disappearance; for the parent
	2657.1133	and rabbits and belonging to the same	order of Rodents, but they plainly display an
	2898.718	to have muddy feet. Birds of this	order I can show are the greatest wanderers
	2936.1423	when growing on an island, to whatever	order they belonged, and thus convert them
	3044.1023	to a different class, or to a different	order, or even only to a different family of
	3044.1077	only to a different family of the same	order, differ greatly. In both time and space
	3063.1262	genera, descended from (A), form an	order distinct from the [page] 413 CHAP
	3069.878	but unless it be specified whether	order in time or space, or what else is meant
	3085.189	in these two divisions of the same	order are of unequal physiological importance
	3095.1453	structure from the proper type of the	order, yet M. Richard sagaciously saw, as
	3119.194	must be strictly genealogical in	order to be natural; but that the amount of
	3123.237	three families, constitute a distinct	order from those descended from I, also
	3159.1539	are analogical when one class or	order is compared with another, but give true
	3163.18	CHAP. XIII. the same class or	order are compared one with another: thus the
	3171.280	a single insect belonging to a new	order; and that in the vegetable kingdom, as
	3179.286	the points in which it approaches this	order, its relations are general, and not to
	3179.1451	not any one species, but the general	order of Rodents. In this case, however, it
	3203.1014	remain connected together in the same	order. We never find, for instance, the bones
	3331.485	for the sake of symmetry," or in	order "to complete the scheme of nature;" but
	3335.18	ORGANS. CHAP. XIII. of growth, but in	order to excrete horny matter, as that the
	5686.152	revised. Maps. Post 8vo. (Published by	order of the Lords of the Admiralty
1			ordered
	455.175	of horses under a certain size was	ordered, and this may be compared to the
42			orders
	890.582	to tree. That trees belonging to all	Orders have their sexes more often separated
	940.716	fossils, connect to a certain extent	orders now widely separated in the natural
	988.581	to eighteen genera and to eight	orders, which shows how much these plants
	988.852	plants belonging to the most different	orders: nature follows what may be called a
	988.1475	to what we call different genera and	orders. The same principle is seen in the
	1002.830	compete with these well-pronounced	orders. In the Australian mammals, we see the
	1072.492	though generally belonging to the same	orders, or families, or genera, with those now
	1078.680	form two distinct families, or even	orders, according to the amount of divergent
	1078.810	diagram. And the two new families, or	orders, will have descended from two species
	1084.1639	many species of many genera, families,	orders, and classes, as at the present day
	1098.1076	forming sub-families, families,	orders, sub-classes, and classes. The several
	1104.1328	various sizes may represent those whole	orders, families, and genera which have now no
	1205.801	accidental, that if we pick out the two	orders of mammalia which are most abnormal in
	1217.10	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. these two	orders, is so far-fetched, as it may at first
	1219.609	occurring throughout whole	orders, are entirely due to the manner alone
	1546.879	belonging to different families and	orders, offers a parallel case of difficulty
	2359.913	progenitors of all the species of the	orders to which they belong, for they do not
	2363.53	they had been the progenitors of these	orders, they would almost certainly have been
	2460.73	extermination of whole families or	orders, as of Trilobites at the close of the
	2514.561	between existing genera, families, and	orders, cannot be disputed. For if we confine
	2514.1002	Pachyderms, as the two most distinct	orders of mammals; but Owen has discovered so
	2514.1130	the whole classification of these two	orders; and has placed certain pachyderms in
	2518.220	animals, though belonging to the same	orders, families, or genera with those living
	2542.477	and thus unite distinct families or	orders. All that we have a right to expect, is
	2596.1365	become utterly extinct. In failing	orders, with the genera and species decreasing
	2928.1436	miles of open sea. The different	orders of insects in Madeira apparently
	2930.341	proportional numbers of the different	orders are very different from [page
	2936.772	possess trees or bushes belonging to	orders which elsewhere include only herbaceous
	2938.37	With respect to the absence of whole	orders on [page] 393 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC
	2960.327	the singular proportions of certain	orders of plants,—herbaceous forms having been
	3067.196	to, sub-families, families, and	orders, all united into one class. Thus, the
	3113.89	the various groups of species, such as	orders, sub-orders, families, sub-families
	3119.547	genera, families, sections, or	orders. The reader will best understand what
	3127.802	sub-families, families, sections,	orders, and classes. It may be worth while to
	3171.0	page] 429 CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION.	orders, under still fewer classes, and all in
	3171.381	Hooker, it has added only two or three	orders of small size. In the chapter on
	3179.1754	nature of the affinities of distinct	orders of plants. On the principle of the
	3197.975	by the terms genera, families,	orders, &c., we can understand the rules which
	3351.1509	varieties, species, genera, families,	orders, and classes. On this same view of
	3546.526	up very wide intervals between existing	orders. Organs in a rudimentary condition
	4484.36	Trees on islands belong to peculiar	orders, 392. —with separated sexes
	6122.46	from his Despatches and General	Orders. By COLONEL GURWOOD. 8vo. 18s
39			ordinary
	441.206	is far more indispensable even than in	ordinary cases. If selection consisted merely in
	1090.1256	sexual selection will give its aid to	ordinary selection, by assuring to the most
	1167.626	suppose that American animals, having	ordinary powers of vision, slowly migrated by
	1167.930	remarks, "animals not far remote from	ordinary forms, prepare the transition from
	1171.273	of the two continents on the	ordinary view of their independent creation
	1177.1348	to their native climate, but in all	ordinary cases we assume such to be the case
	1275.7	it is to individual anomalies. On the	ordinary view of each species having been
	1285.33	is less rigid in its action than	ordinary selection, as it does not entail death
	1293.680	species;—that secondary sexual and	ordinary specific differences are generally
	1293.1309	sexual selection being less rigid than	ordinary selection,—and to variations in the
	1293.1469	adapted for secondary sexual, and for	ordinary specific purposes. [page] 159 CHAP. V
	1297.1405	the common turnip. According to the	ordinary view of each species having been
	1530.92	having true lungs have descended by	ordinary generation from an ancient prototype
	1580.1816	generally admit to have arisen through	ordinary generation, we ought not to lay too
	1787.716	width (i.e. about the width of an	ordinary cell), and were in depth about one
	1787.1188	a three-sided pyramid as in the case of	ordinary cells. I then put into the hive
	1795.247	and then stopping their work. In	ordinary combs it has appeared to me that the
	1839.1164	neuter insect had been an animal in the	ordinary state, I should have unhesitatingly
	1859.461	may safely conclude from the analogy of	ordinary variations, that each successive
	2094.724	view which I have taken on the cause of	ordinary variability; namely, that it is due to
	2213.1823	a breakwater at the base. Hence, under	ordinary circumstances, I conclude that for a
	2626.377	me, that species have been produced by	ordinary generation: old forms having been
	2677.548	rejects it, rejects the vera causa of	ordinary generation with subsequent migration
	2948.392	multiplied. It cannot be said, on the	ordinary view of creation, that there has not
	2972.1688	receive no sort of explanation on the	ordinary view of independent creation; whereas
	3018.647	I think, utterly inexplicable on the	ordinary view of the independent creation of
	3044.1613	have been connected by the same bond of	ordinary generation; and the more nearly any two
	3103.221	But it is by no means obvious, on the	ordinary view, why the structure of the embryo
	3209.290	work on the 'Nature of Limbs.' On the	ordinary view of the independent creation of
	3223.40	How inexplicable are these facts on the	ordinary view of creation! Why should the brain
	3239.1332	are pinnate or divided like the	ordinary leaves of the leguminosæ. The points
	3251.1619	either into hermaphrodites having the	ordinary structure, or into what I have called
	3349.66	difficulty, as they assuredly do on the	ordinary doctrine of creation, might even have
	3470.238	of any one country, although on the	ordinary view supposed to have been specially
	3478.7	blue and barred rock-pigeon! On the	ordinary view of each species having been
	3492.660	of species reappear when the chain of	ordinary generation has once been broken. The
	3498.610	have been connected by the bond of	ordinary generation, and the means of [page
	3544.118	a miraculous act of creation than at an	ordinary birth. But do they really believe that
	3586.898	epoch, we may feel certain that the	ordinary succession by generation has never once
82			organ
	266.593	how a simple being or a simple	organ can be changed and perfected into a
	266.685	being or elaborately constructed	organ; secondly the subject of Instinct, or
	784.317	being. She can act on every internal	organ, on every shade of constitutional
	1225.341	if nourishment flows to one part or	organ in excess, it rarely flows, at least in
	1233.357	well succeed in largely developing any	organ, without requiring as a necessary
	1237.120	and in species, that when any part or	organ is repeated many times in the structure
	1237.320	whereas the number of the same part or	organ, when it occurs in lesser numbers, is
	1253.24	variability. When we see any part or	organ developed in a remarkable degree or
	1263.719	the extraordinarily-developed part or	organ has been so great and long-continued
	1267.134	see no reason to doubt. Hence when an	organ, however abnormal it may be, has been
	1273.323	with surprise that some important	organ or part, which is generally very
	1273.884	to entertain no doubt, that the more an	organ normally differs in the different
	1317.733	the character of the same part or	organ in an allied species. I have collected
	1361.530	species of the same genus. Any part or	organ developed to an extraordinary size or
	1361.638	in comparison with the same part or	organ in the allied species, must have gone
	1361.1123	with any extraordinarily-developed	organ has become the parent of many modified
	1361.1351	in giving a fixed character to the	organ, in however extraordinary a manner it
	1494.703	if any variation or modification in the	organ be ever useful to an animal under
	1500.42	looking for the gradations by which an	organ in any species has been perfected, we
	1516.45	could be demonstrated that any complex	organ existed, which could not possibly have
	1516.446	extinction. Or again, if we look to an	organ common to all the members of a large
	1516.524	class, for in this latter case the	organ must have been first formed at an
	1516.729	transitional grades through which the	organ has [page] 190 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1522.54	cautious in concluding that an	organ could not have been formed by
	1522.196	amongst the lower animals of the same	organ performing at the same time wholly
	1522.591	advantage were thus gained, a part or	organ, which had performed two functions, for
	1522.991	air in their swimbladders, this latter	organ having a ductus pneumaticus for its
	1522.1271	process of modification by the other	organ; and then this other organ might be
	1522.1298	by the other organ; and then this other	organ might be modified for some other and
	1524.123	the highly important fact that an	organ originally constructed for one purpose
	1528.412	converted a swimbladder into a lung, or	organ used exclusively for respiration. I
	1538.62	cautious in concluding that any	organ could not possibly have been produced
	1544.116	has lately been shown that Rays have an	organ closely analogous to the electric
	1546.193	affinities. Generally when the same	organ appears in several members of the same
	1546.1280	with apparently the same anomalous	organ, it should be observed that, although
	1546.1367	general appearance and function of the	organ may be the same, yet some fundamental
	1552.81	to conjecture by what transitions an	organ could have arrived at its present state
	1552.270	I have been astonished how rarely an	organ can be named, towards which no
	1558.264	on this head, as in the case of an	organ as perfect and complex as the eye. In
	1566.236	selection. Seeing how important an	organ of locomotion the tail is in most
	1566.630	sorts of purposes, as a fly-flapper, an	organ of prehension, or as an aid in turning
	1598.144	solely by and for the good of each. No	organ will be formed, as Paley has remarked
	1604.292	to be perfect even in that most perfect	organ, the eye. If our reason leads us to
	1622.28	of auks. Although the belief that an	organ so perfect as the eye could have been
	1622.164	stagger any one; yet in the case of any	organ, if we know of a long series of
	1622.791	into an air-breathing lung. The same	organ having performed [page] 205 CHAP. VI
	1628.88	be enabled to assert that any part or	organ is so unimportant for the welfare of a
	2936.618	useless an appendage as any rudimentary	organ,—for instance, as the shrivelled wings
	3081.685	the mere physiological importance of an	organ does not determine its classificatory
	3081.810	in allied groups, in which the same	organ, as we have every reason to suppose
	3085.342	classification of the same important	organ within the same group of beings. Again
	3093.82	in any one internal and important	organ. The importance, for classification
	3215.320	that the general pattern of an	organ might become so much obscured as to be
	3217.920	evidence of the possibility of one	organ being transformed into another; and we
	3225.404	repetition of the same part or	organ is the common characteristic (as Owen
	3231.224	seldom enabled to say that one part or	organ is homologous with another in the same
	3251.1856	destitute of mouth, stomach, or other	organ of importance, excepting for
	3289.1156	on the other, may have in modifying an	organ, such influence will mainly affect the
	3317.3	are essentially alike in nature. An	organ serving for two purposes, may become
	3321.356	of the surrounding anthers. Again, an	organ may become rudimentary for its proper
	3321.595	converted into a nascent breathing	organ or lung. Other similar instances could
	3323.196	species, the degree to which the same	organ has been rendered rudimentary
	3323.472	in an animal or plant no trace of an	organ, which analogy would lead us to expect
	3329.33	rule, that a rudimentary part or	organ is of greater size relatively to the
	3329.138	embryo, than in the adult; so that the	organ at this early age is less rudimentary
	3329.266	rudimentary. Hence, also, a rudimentary	organ in the adult, is often said to have
	3337.1103	lost the power of flying. Again, an	organ useful under certain conditions, might
	3337.1316	would continue slowly to reduce the	organ, until it was rendered harmless and
	3339.126	power of natural selection; so that an	organ rendered, during changed habits of life
	3339.272	and used for another purpose. Or an	organ might be retained for one alone of its
	3343.21	ORGANS. former functions. An	organ, when rendered useless, may well be
	3343.190	of life disuse or selection reduces an	organ, and this will generally be when the
	3343.364	corresponding ages will reproduce the	organ in its reduced state at the same age
	3343.1183	entire obliteration of a rudimentary	organ. As the presence of rudimentary organs
	3378.682	gradations in the perfection of any	organ or instinct, which we may consider
	3382.346	extremely cautious in saying that any	organ or instinct, or any whole being, could
	3520.75	selection, will often tend to reduce an	organ, when it has become useless by changed
	3524.287	thus have little power of acting on an	organ during early life; hence the organ will
	3524.322	an organ during early life; hence the	organ will not be much reduced or rendered
	3524.1005	of each organic being and each separate	organ having been specially created, how
	3546.614	show that an early progenitor had the	organ in a fully developed state; and this in
	4262.12	Ocean, faunas of, 348. Paley on no	organ formed to give pain, 201. Pallas on the
141			organic
	146.685	parent — Explains the Grouping of all	organic beings
	184.32	X. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF	ORGANIC BEINGS. On the slow and successive
	204.21	CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF	ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY
	250.120	reflecting on the mutual affinities of	organic beings, on their embryological
	250.1464	with its relations to several distinct	organic beings, by the effects of external
	256.251	leaves the case of the coadaptations of	organic beings to each other and to their
	260.720	the Struggle for Existence amongst all	organic beings throughout the world, which
	266.982	consider the geological succession of	organic beings throughout time; in the eleventh
	285.907	of food. It seems pretty clear that	organic beings must be exposed during several
	515.325	under all circumstances, with all	organic beings, as some authors have thought
	526.65	arrived at in the last chapter to	organic beings in a state of nature, we must
	584.329	circumstance) with different sets of	organic beings. But my tables further show that
	590.493	shows that there is something in the	organic or inorganic conditions of that country
	635.204	seen in the last chapter that amongst	organic beings in a state of nature there is
	635.951	conditions of life, and of one distinct	organic being to another being, been perfected
	639.247	everywhere and in every part of the	organic world. Again, it may be asked, how is
	641.744	infinitely complex relations to other	organic beings and to external nature, will
	641.1320	produce great results, and can adapt	organic beings to his own uses, through the
	645.246	and philosophically shown that all	organic beings are exposed to severe
	653.76	follows from the high rate at which all	organic beings tend to increase. Every being
	659.45	is no exception to the rule that every	organic being naturally increases at so high a
	675.129	mind—never to forget that every single	organic being around us may be said to be
	707.97	are the checks and relations between	organic beings, which have to struggle together
	717.642	would often give the victory to one	organic being over another. Nevertheless so
	717.794	when we hear of the extinction of an	organic being; and as we do not see the cause
	731.22	Indian ruins! The dependency of one	organic being on another, as of a parasite on
	741.117	namely, that the structure of every	organic being is related, in the most essential
	741.211	hidden manner, to that of all other	organic beings, with which it comes into
	751.232	on the mutual relations of all	organic beings; a conviction as necessary, as
	751.373	is to keep steadily in mind that each	organic being is striving to increase at a
	764.663	parent—Explains the Grouping of all	organic beings. HOW will the struggle for
	766.659	fitting are the mutual relations of all	organic beings to each other and to their
	790.305	offers, at the improvement of each	organic being in relation to its organic and
	790.338	each organic being in relation to its	organic and inorganic conditions of life. We
	804.523	will be enabled to act on and modify	organic beings at any age, by the accumulation
	858.872	belief of the continued creation of new	organic [page] 96 ON THE ADVANTAGE. CHAP. IV
	870.141	be of the meaning of the law) that no	organic being self-fertilises itself for an
	900.440	then, we may conclude that in many	organic beings, a cross between two individuals
	906.560	grant an indefinite period; for as all	organic beings are striving, it may be said, to
	920.557	will be great. If there exist	organic beings which never intercross
	922.133	isolated area, if not very large, the	organic and inorganic conditions of life will
	928.668	favourable for the production of new	organic forms, we ought to make the comparison
	934.1329	part in the changing history of the	organic world. We can, perhaps, on these views
	954.225	of the coadaptations between all	organic beings, one with another and with their
	956.349	geometrical powers of increase of all	organic beings, each area is already fully
	1084.345	we can predict that the groups of	organic beings which are now large and
	1086.91	and under varying conditions of life,	organic beings [page] 127 CHAP. IV. SUMMARY
	1090.335	complexity of the relations of all	organic beings to each other and to their
	1090.715	to man. But if variations useful to any	organic being do occur, assuredly individuals
	1098.488	the nature of the affinities of all	organic beings may be explained. It is a truly
	1102.272	great fact in the classification of all	organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment
	1119.81	variations—so common and multiform in	organic beings under domestication, and in a
	1125.368	co-adaptations of structure between one	organic being and another, which we see
	1177.333	ranges by the competition of other	organic beings quite as much as, or more than
	1357.985	is probably from this same cause that	organic beings low in the scale of nature are
	1394.463	of the record being chiefly due to	organic beings not inhabiting [page] 173 CHAP
	1412.640	as prey for others; in short, that each	organic being is either directly or indirectly
	1412.733	in the most important manner to other	organic beings, we must see that the range of
	1442.33	On the origin and transitions of	organic beings with peculiar habits and
	1492.264	selection, will acknowledge that every	organic being is constantly endeavouring to
	1550.199	nearly the same manner two parts in two	organic beings, which owe but little of their
	1560.87	regard to the whole economy of any one	organic being, to say what slight modifications
	1600.42	selection tends only to make each	organic being as perfect as, or slightly more
	1620.220	understand, bearing in mind that each	organic being is trying to live wherever it can
	1638.38	It is generally acknowledged that all	organic beings have been formed on two great
	1638.219	agreement in structure, which we see in	organic beings of the same class, and which is
	1638.608	the varying parts of each being to its	organic and inorganic conditions of life; or by
	1889.258	law, leading to the advancement of all	organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the
	1898.182	order to prevent the confusion of all	organic forms. This view certainly seems at
	2020.555	resemblance and dissimilarity between	organic beings is attempted to be expressed
	2032.1106	or less sterile hybrids. Lastly, when	organic beings are placed during several
	2034.22	has observed. Thus we see that when	organic beings are placed under new and
	2048.91	in the conditions of life benefit all	organic beings, and on the other hand, that
	2048.397	of a particular nature, often render	organic beings in some degree sterile; and that
	2126.711	to the vigour and fertility of all	organic beings. It is not surprising that the
	2143.671	the presence of other already defined	organic forms, than on climate; and, therefore
	2147.492	not reveal any such finely graduated	organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most
	2165.195	have sufficed for so great an amount of	organic change, all changes having been
	2273.1632	period shall have been upraised,	organic remains will probably first appear and
	2279.1140	thick deposits are usually barren of	organic remains, except near their upper or
	2311.15	OF THE CHAP. IX. whole world in	organic beings; yet if all the species were to
	2313.528	at a sufficient rate to protect	organic bodies from decay, no remains could be
	2357.367	in us to dogmatize on the succession of	organic beings throughout the world, as it
	2367.222	head, are convinced that we see in the	organic remains of the lowest Silurian stratum
	2373.242	hypothesis. From the nature of the	organic remains, which do not appear to have
	2396.32	X. ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF	ORGANIC BEINGS. On the slow and successive
	2400.92	to the geological succession of	organic beings, better accord with the common
	2408.896	exceptions to this rule. The amount of	organic change, as Pictet has remarked, does
	2412.1514	relations of the higher beings to their	organic and inorganic conditions of life, as
	2418.414	intervals; consequently the amount of	organic change exhibited by the fossils
	2420.120	if the very same conditions of life,	organic and inorganic, should recur. For though
	2472.149	India. For at these distant points, the	organic remains in certain beds present an
	2486.964	we treat of the present distribution of	organic beings, and find how slight is the
	2502.408	quickly enough to embed and preserve	organic remains. During these long and blank
	2558.47	connected with the statement, that the	organic remains from an intermediate formation
	2558.397	the general resemblance of the	organic remains from the several stages of the
	2602.24	CHAP. X. only certain classes of	organic beings have been largely preserved in a
	2622.226	forms. We can clearly see why the	organic remains of closely consecutive
	2637.35	IN considering the distribution of	organic beings over the face of the globe, the
	2661.81	seas. We see in these facts some deep	organic bond, prevailing throughout space and
	2677.1078	mammals, than perhaps in any other	organic beings; and, accordingly, we find no
	2695.324	simultaneously created. With those	organic beings which never intercross (if such
	2759.226	of almost every conceivable kind,	organic and inorganic, that within a very
	3032.1794	would be an almost endless amount of	organic action and reaction,—and we should find
	3051.21	CHAPTER XIII. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF	ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY
	3057.33	FROM the first dawn of life, all	organic beings are found to resemble each other
	3069.1417	only known cause of the similarity of	organic beings,—is the bond, hidden as it is by
	3123.593	genus F; just as some few still living	organic beings belong to Silurian genera. So
	3123.690	or value of the differences between	organic beings all related to each other in the
	3197.293	feature in the affinities of all	organic beings, namely, their subordination in
	3297.11	be said to be retrograde. As all the	organic beings, extinct and recent, which
	3351.1290	certainly known cause of similarity in	organic beings,—we shall understand what is
	3361.171	species, genera, and families of	organic beings, with which this world is [page
	3382.165	amongst broken and failing groups of	organic beings; but we see so many strange
	3392.727	that the vigour and fertility of all	organic beings are increased by slight changes
	3400.283	forms all around us? Why are not all	organic beings blended together in an
	3412.233	been time sufficient for any amount of	organic change; for the lapse of time has been
	3412.1379	has been geologically explored. Only	organic beings of certain classes can be
	3432.24	unintentionally exposes	organic beings to new conditions of life, and
	3434.419	of increase which is common to all	organic beings. This high rate of increase is
	3442.110	changes, we might have expected that	organic beings would have varied under nature
	3460.654	This grand fact of the grouping of all	organic beings seems to me utterly inexplicable
	3492.448	a part in the history of the	organic world, almost inevitably follows on the
	3496.151	The grand fact that all extinct	organic beings belong to the same system with
	3496.930	conquered the older and less improved	organic beings in the struggle for life. Lastly
	3498.461	a parallelism in the distribution of	organic beings throughout space, and in their
	3512.53	we have seen, that all past and present	organic beings constitute one grand natural
	3516.242	of all. The real affinities of all	organic beings are due to inheritance or
	3524.973	to the present day. On the view of each	organic being and each separate organ having
	3530.14	CHAP. XIV. CONCLUSION. asserted that	organic beings in a state of nature are subject
	3552.621	from analogy that probably all the	organic beings which have ever lived on this
	3560.343	When we no longer look at an	organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as
	3564.283	workmen; when we thus view each	organic being, how far more interesting, I
	3574.598	of the preceding and succeeding	organic forms. We must be cautious in
	3574.979	as the most important of all causes of	organic change is one which is almost
	3578.39	others; it follows, that the amount of	organic change in the fossils of consecutive
	3578.459	we must not overrate the accuracy of	organic change as a measure of time. During
	3586.343	futurity; for the manner in which all	organic beings are grouped, shows that the
	3606.5	of extinct species, 329. ——of	organic beings, 411. Agassiz on Amblyopsis
	4287.15	appearing, 302, 305. ——, on rate of	organic change, 313. —, on continuous
	5766.58	History of the Oldest Rocks containing	Organic Remains. Third Edition. Map and Plates
52			organisation
	285.1059	amount of variation; and that when the	organisation has once begun to vary, it generally
	291.845	susceptible than any other part of the	organisation, to the action of any change in the
	319.444	slightly from each other. The whole	organisation seems to have become plastic, and tends
	435.250	habitually speak of an animal's	organisation as something quite plastic, which they
	590.1213	Again, plants low in the scale of	organisation are [page] 55 CHAP. II. SPECIES OF
	635.870	adaptations of one part of the	organisation to another part, and to the conditions
	766.517	it may be truly said that the whole	organisation becomes in some degree plastic. Let it
	798.375	of growth, which, when one part of the	organisation is modified through variation, and the
	898.221	with each other in almost their whole	organisation, yet are not rarely, some of them
	1002.414	A set of animals, with their	organisation but little diversified, could hardly
	1090.42	at all in the several parts of their	organisation, and I think this cannot be disputed
	1167.263	caverns, close similarity in their	organisation and affinities might have been expected
	1197.64	mean by this expression that the whole	organisation is so tied together during its growth
	1197.589	embryo, seriously affects the whole	organisation of the adult. The several parts of the
	1227.246	to economise in every part of the	organisation. If under [page] 148 LAWS OF VARIATION
	1233.115	reducing and saving every part of the	organisation, as soon as it is rendered superfluous
	1237.599	s expression, seems to be a sign of low	organisation; the foregoing remark seems connected
	1237.854	means that the several parts of the	organisation have been but little specialised for
	1257.982	come into full play, and thus the	organisation is left in a fluctuating condition. But
	1263.910	such parts than in other parts of the	organisation, which have remained for a much longer
	1279.889	more variable than those parts of the	organisation which have for a very long period
	1281.354	than in other parts of their	organisation; compare, for instance, the amount of
	1281.820	and uniform as other parts of the	organisation; for secondary sexual characters have
	1287.159	displayed in the very same parts of the	organisation in which the different species of the
	1293.759	displayed in the same parts of the	organisation,—are all principles closely connected
	1357.1079	than those which have their whole	organisation more specialised, and are higher in the
	1361.327	Variability in the same parts of the	organisation has generally been taken advantage of
	1478.826	which in every essential part of its	organisation, even in its colouring, in the harsh
	1484.259	a petrel, but with many parts of its	organisation profoundly modified. On the other hand
	1568.302	some little direct influence on the	organisation; that characters reappear from the law
	1586.1170	is that the chief part of the	organisation of every being is simply due to
	1986.533	recognisable difference in their whole	organisation. On the other hand, these cases clearly
	2038.119	have remained the same, but the	organisation has been disturbed by two different
	2038.609	to generation the same compounded	organisation, and hence we need not be surprised
	2040.730	disturbed, in the other case from the	organisation having been disturbed by two
	2060.1208	vast periods of time on the whole	organisation, in any way which may be for each
	2126.214	have had this system and their whole	organisation disturbed by being compounded of two
	2155.278	parent will have had in its whole	organisation much general resemblance to the tapir
	2570.617	in a marked and sensible manner the	organisation of the more recent and victorious forms
	2624.267	felt by many palæontologists, that	organisation on the whole has progressed. If it
	3075.980	rule, that the less any part of the	organisation is concerned with special habits, the
	3077.78	trust to resemblances in parts of the	organisation, however important [page] 415 CHAP
	3095.623	has always failed; for no part of the	organisation is universally constant. The importance
	3147.1098	better than, other parts of the	organisation. We [page] 426 CLASSIFICATION. CHAP
	3203.149	each other in the general plan of their	organisation. This resemblance is often expressed by
	3211.236	of growth other parts of the	organisation. In changes of this nature, there will
	3251.59	of development generally rises in	organisation: I use this expression, though I am
	3251.180	to define clearly what is meant by the	organisation being higher or lower. But no one
	3261.126	apparently having sometimes a higher	organisation than the mature animal, into which it
	3345.87	to the tendency in every part of the	organisation, which has long existed, to be
	3432.94	of life, and then nature acts on the	organisation, and causes variability. But man can
	3875.11	of trees, 361. Eciton, 238. Economy of	organisation, 147. Edentata, teeth and hair
3			organisations
	2038.264	For it is scarcely possible that two	organisations should be compounded into one, without
	2040.772	having been disturbed by two	organisations having been compounded into one. It
	3392.577	from being compounded of two distinct	organisations. This parallelism is supported by
4			organised
	152.252	Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly	organised structures variable — Parts developed
	1117.240	Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly	organised structures variable—Parts developed in
	2412.1388	in terrestrial and in more highly	organised productions compared with marine and
	3251.1485	as either more highly or more lowly	organised than they were in the larval condition
21			organism
	140.487	of the same genus — The relation of	organism to organism the most important of all
	140.499	genus — The relation of organism to	organism the most important of all relations
	633.467	of the same genus—The relation of	organism to organism the most important of all
	633.479	same genus—The relation of organism to	organism the most important of all relations
	2040.451	no explanation is offered why an	organism, when placed under unnatural conditions
	2157.403	the principle of competition between	organism and organism, between child and parent
	2157.416	of competition between organism and	organism, between child and parent, will render
	2227.82	made every year in Europe prove. No	organism wholly soft can be preserved. Shells
	2337.109	a long succession of ages to adapt an	organism to some new and peculiar line of life
	2412.1770	of the many all-important relations of	organism to organism, that any form which does
	2412.1782	all-important relations of organism to	organism, that any form which does not become in
	2663.742	struggles for life;—the relation of	organism to organism being, as I have already
	2663.754	for life;—the relation of organism to	organism being, as I have already often remarked
	2960.893	paramount importance of the relation of	organism to organism. I do not deny that there
	2960.905	of the relation of organism to	organism. I do not deny that there are many and
	3032.1002	in mind that the mutual relations of	organism to organism are of the highest
	3032.1014	the mutual relations of organism to	organism are of the highest importance, we can
	3502.1094	from each other; for as the relation of	organism to organism is the most important of
	3502.1106	for as the relation of organism to	organism is the most important of all relations
	3574.1121	namely, the mutual relation of	organism to organism,—the improvement of one
	3574.1133	the mutual relation of organism to	organism,—the improvement of one being entailing
25			organisms
	297.237	of the garden. I may add, that as some	organisms will breed most freely under the most
	562.58	commences the study of a group of	organisms quite unknown to him, he is at first
	669.28	of. The only difference between	organisms which annually produce eggs or seeds by
	912.570	to be the case. In hermaphrodite	organisms which cross only occasionally, and
	922.647	the immigration of better adapted	organisms, after any physical change, such as of
	2337.297	acquired a great advantage over other	organisms, a comparatively short time would be
	2408.744	There is some reason to believe that	organisms, considered high in the scale of nature
	2608.309	remains of those infinitely numerous	organisms which must have existed long before the
	2637.1165	is a most rare case to find a group of	organisms confined to any small spot, having
	2663.111	as far as we positively know, produces	organisms quite like, or, as we see in the case
	2669.667	come into play only by bringing	organisms into new relations with each other, and
	2699.64	the majority of cases, namely, with all	organisms which habitually unite for each birth
	2707.101	occurred within the period of existing	organisms. Edward Forbes insisted that all the
	2787.540	day. Hence we may suppose that the	organisms now living under the climate of
	2988.565	have to compete with different sets of	organisms: a plant, for instance, would find the
	3016.174	believe from geological evidence that	organisms low in the scale within each great
	3016.724	namely, that the lower any group of	organisms is, the more widely it is apt to range
	3018.62	namely, low and slowly-changing	organisms ranging more widely than the high,—some
	3038.434	world. We can see why whole groups of	organisms, as batrachians and terrestrial mammals
	3044.934	throughout the world, we find that some	organisms differ little, whilst others belonging
	3123.1475	seems to have occurred with existing	organisms. All the descendants of the genus F
	3167.473	we can account for the fact that all	organisms, recent and extinct, are included under
	3351.99	subordination of group to group in all	organisms throughout all time; that the nature of
	3392.253	condition. As we continually see that	organisms of all kinds are rendered in some
	3774.21	of beings, 68. —, adaptation of, to	organisms, 139. [page] 493 INDEX. COBITES
149			organs
	152.86	combined with natural selection;	organs of flight and of vision
	160.261	different from those of their allies —	Organs of extreme perfection — Means of
	160.362	difficulty — Natura non facit saltum —	Organs of small importance — Organs not in all
	160.391	saltum — Organs of small importance —	Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect
	206.24	MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. CLASSIFICATION, groups
	208.579	at a corresponding age — RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS; their origin explained — Summary
	311.641	in comparison with the state of these	organs in other countries, is another instance
	487.435	so slight in internal parts or	organs. Man can hardly select, or only with
	532.1393	examine internal and important	organs, and compare them in many specimens of
	536.408	a circle when they state that important	organs never vary; for these same authors
	850.120	conditions of life, sometimes the male	organs and sometimes the female organs become
	850.152	male organs and sometimes the female	organs become more or less impotent; now if we
	872.689	flowers, on the other hand, have their	organs of fructification closely enclosed, as
	896.152	of an hermaphrodite animal with the	organs of reproduction so perfectly enclosed
	998.148	physiological division of labour in the	organs of the same individual body—a subject
	1117.84	combined with natural selection;	organs of flight and of vision—Acclimatisation
	1195.138	and of the structure of various	organs; but that the effects of use and disuse
	1239.185	subject of rudimentary and aborted	organs; and I will here only add that their
	1257.725	to have degenerated. In rudimentary	organs, and in those which have been but
	1267.61	and that the most abnormally developed	organs may be made constant, I can see no
	1309.640	than in quite useless or rudimentary	organs being, as we all know them to be, thus
	1317.602	best evidence is afforded by parts or	organs of an important and uniform nature
	1357.76	and disuse in weakening and diminishing	organs, seem to have been more potent in their
	1357.1151	are higher in the scale. Rudimentary	organs, from being useless, will be
	1357.1587	we have referred to special parts or	organs being still variable, because they have
	1380.255	could produce, on the one hand,	organs of trifling importance, such as the
	1380.372	a fly-flapper, and, on the other hand,	organs of [page] 172 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1456.900	selection; and this, as far as the	organs of flight are concerned, would convert
	1464.611	ocean, and had used their incipient	organs of flight exclusively, as far as we
	1470.445	the land and in the water, until their	organs of flight had come to a high stage of
	1494.0	and petrels with the habits of auks.	Organs of extreme perfection and complication
	1496.21	formed by natural [page] 187 CHAP. VI.	ORGANS OF EXTREME PERFECTION. selection
	1512.21	suppose every [page] 189 CHAP. VI.	ORGANS OF EXTREME PERFECTION. part of this
	1516.235	find out no such case. No doubt many	organs exist of which we do not know the
	1522.725	by insensible steps. Two distinct	organs sometimes perform simultaneously the
	1522.1121	In these cases, one of the two	organs might with ease be modified and
	1524.339	in as an accessory to the auditory	organs of certain fish, or, for I do not know
	1526.36	page] 191 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONS OF	ORGANS. view is now generally held, a part of
	1530.1076	covers of insects, it is probable that	organs which at a very ancient period served
	1530.1171	have been actually converted into	organs of flight. In considering transitions
	1532.30	flight. In considering transitions of	organs, it is so important to bear in mind the
	1536.1186	latter family had originally existed as	organs for preventing the ova from being
	1540.200	of in the next chapter. The electric	organs of fishes offer another case of special
	1540.317	conceive by what steps these wondrous	organs have been produced; but, as Owen and
	1542.36	page] 193 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONS OF	ORGANS. their intimate structure closely
	1546.13	of any kind is possible. The electric	organs offer another and even more serious
	1546.485	natural selection. But if the electric	organs had been inherited from one ancient
	1546.733	that formerly most fishes had electric	organs, which most of their modified
	1546.818	have lost. The presence of luminous	organs in a few insects, belonging to
	1552.718	be so? Why should all the parts and	organs of many independent beings, each
	1554.0	by the shortest and slowest steps.	Organs of little apparent importance.—As
	1556.21	difficulty in [page] 195 CHAP. VI.	ORGANS OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE. understanding
	1562.0	or to escape from beasts of prey.	Organs now of trifling importance have
	1572.21	these latter [page] 197 CHAP. VI.	ORGANS OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE. remarks. If
	1582.21	stress on our [page] 199 CHAP. VI.	ORGANS OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE. ignorance of the
	1622.589	existed, for the homologies of many	organs and their intermediate states show that
	1626.114	for one function; and two very distinct	organs having performed at the same time the
	1630.133	though it may well produce parts,	organs, and excretions highly useful or even
	1669.936	equal force to instincts as to bodily	organs. Changes of instinct may sometimes be
	1863.728	not only in size, but in their	organs of vision, yet connected by some few
	1906.34	Pure species have of course their	organs of reproduction in a perfect condition
	1906.196	the other hand, have their reproductive	organs functionally impotent, as may be
	1906.321	in both plants and animals; though the	organs themselves are perfect in structure, as
	2014.74	hybrids, which have their reproductive	organs in an imperfect condition, is a very
	2014.212	species, which have their reproductive	organs perfect; yet these two distinct cases
	2038.432	relation of the different parts and	organs one to another, or to the conditions of
	2731.540	uninjured through even the digestive	organs of a turkey. In the course of two
	3053.36	MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. CLASSIFICATION, groups
	3055.559	at a corresponding age—RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS; their origin explained—Summary. FROM
	3075.1148	of the dugong, says, "The generative	organs being those which are most remotely
	3075.1369	likely in the modifications of these	organs to mistake a merely adaptive for an
	3075.1480	plants, how remarkable it is that the	organs of vegetation, on which their whole
	3075.1617	the first main divisions; whereas the	organs of reproduction, with their product the
	3081.190	the greatest stress on resemblances in	organs of high vital or physiological
	3081.295	of the classificatory importance of	organs which are important is generally, but
	3081.524	and this constancy depends on such	organs having generally been subjected to less
	3081.1189	Brown, who in speaking of certain	organs in the Proteaceæ, says their generic
	3087.53	will say that rudimentary or atrophied	organs are of high physiological or vital
	3087.125	or vital importance; yet, undoubtedly,	organs in this condition are often of high
	3101.719	As in most groups of animals, important	organs, such as those for propelling the blood
	3101.975	all these, the most important vital	organs, are found to offer characters of quite
	3153.581	all into the same class. As we find	organs of high physiological importance—those
	3153.788	value to them; but if these same	organs, in another group or section of a group
	3197.1198	to use rudimentary and useless	organs, or others of trifling physiological
	3203.268	or by saying that the several parts and	organs in the different species of the class
	3203.888	of relative connexion in homologous	organs: the parts may change to almost any
	3203.1452	great jaws of a beetle?—yet all these	organs, serving for such dif- [page] 435 CHAP
	3217.175	a class, but of the different parts or	organs in the same individual. Most
	3217.1055	other animals, and in flowers, that	organs, which when mature [page] 437 CHAP
	3229.360	wonder at discovering in such parts or	organs, a certain degree of fundamental
	3233.559	a long course of descent, primordial	organs of any kind—vertebræ in the one case
	3239.63	been casually remarked that certain	organs in the individual, which when mature
	3251.977	is, to search by their well-developed	organs of sense, and to reach by their active
	3251.1221	legs are now converted into prehensile	organs; they again obtain a well-constructed
	3295.1684	fitted for sites or habits, in which	organs of locomotion or of the senses, &c
	3303.23	having super- [page] 450 RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. CHAP. XIII. vened at a very early age
	3309.35	Rudimentary, atrophied, or aborted	organs.—Organs or parts in this strange
	3309.43	atrophied, or aborted organs.—	Organs or parts in this strange condition
	3309.492	limbs. Some of the cases of rudimentary	organs are extremely curious; for instance
	3311.35	page] 451 CHAP. XIII. RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. in the beaks of certain embryonic
	3315.27	together! The meaning of rudimentary	organs is often quite unmistakeable: for
	3315.361	rudiments represent wings. Rudimentary	organs sometimes retain their potentiality
	3315.535	many instances are on record of these	organs having become well developed in full
	3319.23	of a stigma [page] 452 RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. CHAP. XIII. supported on the style
	3323.12	instances could be given. Rudimentary	organs in the individuals of the same species
	3323.373	moths in certain groups. Rudimentary	organs may be utterly aborted; and this
	3325.41	is an important fact that rudimentary	organs, such as teeth in the upper jaws of
	3327.35	page] 453 CHAP. XIII. RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. rule, that a rudimentary part or
	3331.63	facts with respect to rudimentary	organs. In reflecting on them, every one must
	3331.210	tells us plainly that most parts and	organs are exquisitely adapted for certain
	3331.329	that these rudimentary or atrophied	organs, are imperfect and useless. In works on
	3331.404	In works on natural history rudimentary	organs are generally said to have been created
	3331.882	for the presence of rudimentary	organs, by supposing that they serve to
	3333.23	unknown laws [page] 454 RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. CHAP. XIII. of growth, but in order
	3337.67	modification, the origin of rudimentary	organs is simple. We have plenty of cases of
	3337.124	We have plenty of cases of rudimentary	organs in our domestic productions,—as the
	3337.559	light on the origin of rudimentary	organs in a state of nature, further than by
	3337.840	to the gradual reduction of various	organs, until they have become rudimentary,—as
	3341.35	its [page] 455 CHAP. XIII. RUDIMENTARY	ORGANS. former functions. An organ, when
	3343.536	greater relative size of rudimentary	organs in the embryo, and their lesser
	3345.31	organ. As the presence of rudimentary	organs is thus due to the tendency in every
	3345.363	physiological importance. Rudimentary	organs may be compared with the letters in a
	3345.624	we may conclude that the existence of	organs in a rudimentary, imperfect, and
	3351.541	importance, or, as in rudimentary	organs, of no importance; the wide opposition
	3357.64	pattern displayed in the homologous	organs, to whatever purpose applied, of the
	3359.470	of a class of the homologous parts or	organs, though fitted in the adult members for
	3359.784	and bearing in mind, that when	organs are reduced in size, either from disuse
	3359.1031	the occurrence of rudimentary	organs and their final abortion, present to us
	3359.1236	characters and of rudimentary	organs in classification is intelligible, on
	3378.271	to believe than that the more complex	organs and instincts should have been
	3378.799	each good of its kind,—that all	organs and instincts are, in ever so slight a
	3392.101	first crosses, for their reproductive	organs are more or less functionally impotent
	3392.177	impotent; whereas in first crosses the	organs on both sides are in a perfect
	3424.279	the simplest and the most perfect	organs; it cannot be pretended that we know
	3518.586	of the gradual modification of parts or	organs, which were alike in the early
	3524.79	on this view the meaning of rudimentary	organs. But disuse and selection will
	3524.1325	taken pains to reveal, by rudimentary	organs and by homologous structures, her
	3546.534	wide intervals between existing orders.	Organs in a rudimentary condition plainly show
	3560.233	characters, rudimentary and aborted	organs, &c., will cease to be metaphorical
	3566.904	have long been inherited. Rudimentary	organs will speak infallibly with respect to
	3881.46	young birds escaping from, 87. Electric	organs, 192. Elephant, rate of increase
	3920.12	to fresh water, 107. —, electric	organs of, 192. —, ganoid, living in fresh
	3968.17	on balancement, 147. ———on homologous	organs, 434. ———, Isidore, on variability of
	4062.17	succession, 338. —, on homologous	organs, 438. —, on the development of aphis
	4175.26	mules, 165. Matteuchi on the electric	organs of rays, 193. Matthiola, reciprocal
	4237.0	apelles, 135. Orchis, pollen of, 193,	Organs of extreme perfection
	4250.15	bladder of fishes, 191. —, on electric	organs, 192. ——, on fossil horse of La Plata
	4256.18	of the dugong, 414. ——, on homologous	organs, 435. ——, on the metamorphosis of
	4362.33	Rodents, blind, 137. Rudimentary	organs, 450. Rudiments important for
1			oriental
	5396.57	D.) Himalayan Journals; or, Notes of an	Oriental Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and
2			orifice
	381.647	length of the eyelids, of the	orifice of the nostrils, of the tongue (not
	1530.407	which we swallow has to pass over the	orifice of the trachea, with some risk of
1			orifices
	375.450	elongated eyelids, very large external	orifices to the nostrils, and a wide gape of
54			origin
	4.0	ON THE	ORIGIN OF SPECIES ___ DARWIN. LONDON
	30.0	break] [page break] [page i] ON THE	ORIGIN OF SPECIES. [page ii
	69.4	October 1st, 1859. [page iii] ON THE	ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL
	126.180	between Varieties and Species —	Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more
	126.276	Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and	Origin — Principle of Selection anciently
	126.389	and Unconscious Selection — Unknown	Origin of our Domestic Productions
	166.61	with habits, but different in their	origin — Instincts graduated — Aphides and
	166.158	variable — Domestic instincts, their	origin — Natural instincts of the cuckoo
	208.593	age — RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their	origin explained — Summary
	228.7	part of the Volume. [page 1] ON THE	ORIGIN OF SPECIES
	234.282	seemed to me to throw some light on the	origin of species—that mystery of mysteries
	240.120	general conclusions that I have on the	origin of species. Last year he sent to me a
	250.19	excellent judgment. In considering the	Origin of Species, it is quite conceivable
	272.84	as yet unexplained in regard to the	origin of species and varieties, if he makes
	283.369	and Unconscious Selection—Unknown	Origin of our Domestic Productions
	343.1447	empirical. Moreover, on the view of the	origin of genera which I shall presently give
	353.260	on by those who believe in the multiple	origin [page] 18 VARIATION. CHAP. I. of our
	365.20	duck and rabbit. The doctrine of the	origin of our several domestic races from
	393.734	yet on the hypothesis of the multiple	origin of our pigeons, it must be assumed that
	419.30	aviary. I have discussed the probable	origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet quite
	499.106	namely that we know nothing about the	origin or history of any of our domestic
	499.250	hardly be said to have had a definite	origin. A man preserves and breeds from an
	515.17	UNDER DOMESTICATION. To sum up on the	origin of our Domestic Races of animals and
	515.861	has played an important part in the	origin of our domestic productions. When in
	1183.281	too far, on account of the probable	origin of some of our domestic animals from
	1189.820	most of these varieties are of recent	origin, they cannot owe their constitutional
	1442.7	and intermittent record. On the	origin and transitions of organic beings with
	1558.18	LITTLE IMPORTANCE. understanding the	origin of simple parts, of which the
	1566.433	swim-bladders betray their aquatic	origin, may perhaps be thus accounted for. A
	1584.264	light can apparently be thrown on the	origin of these differences, chiefly through
	1649.393	that I have nothing to do with the	origin of the primary mental powers, any more
	1657.237	action is performed, but not of its	origin. How unconsciously many habitual
	1723.188	and this perhaps explains the	origin of a singular instinct in the allied
	1924.667	already lessened by their hybrid	origin. I am strengthened in this conviction
	1956.1083	distinct species. On this view of the	origin of many of our domestic animals, we
	2149.1092	or indirect evidence regarding their	origin, it would not have been possible to
	3055.573	age—RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their	origin explained—Summary. FROM the first dawn
	3133.121	and would give the filiation and	origin of each tongue. In confirmation of
	3135.332	as we have seen with pigeons. The	origin of the existence of groups subordinate
	3337.45	view of descent with modification, the	origin of rudimentary organs is simple. We
	3337.537	any of these cases throw light on the	origin of rudimentary organs in a state of
	3554.49	views entertained in this volume on the	origin of species, or when analogous views are
	3580.231	gradation. Light will be thrown on the	origin of man and his history. Authors of the
	4170.5	formation, 303. —, insular, 393. Man,	origin of races of, 199. Manatee, rudimentary
	4199.18	Monocanthus, 424. Mons, Van, on the	origin of fruit-trees, 29, 39. Moquin-Tandon
	4293.26	toes, 12. ——, breeds described, and	origin of, 20. —, breeds of, how produced
	4312.13	in the United States, 85. Pointer dog,	origin of, 35. —, habits of, 213. Poison not
	4386.28	principle not of recent	origin, 33 —, unconscious, 34. ——, natural
	4546.17	W. Wading-birds, 386. Wallace, Mr., on	origin of species, 2. ——, on law of
	5004.49	J. D.) History of the Sikhs. From the	Origin of the Nation to the Battle of the
	5614.170	Account of the Pictures, and	Origin of the Collection. Portraits. 3 Vols
	5660.38	History of British India from its	Origin till the Peace of 1783. Post 8vo. 3s
	5860.99	under Alphabetical Arrangement, the	Origin, Descent, and Present State of every
	6116.15	vo. 16s. [page] 32 WATT'S (JAMES)	Origin and Progress of his Mechanical
27			original
	325.128	whether it may not be due to the same	original cause acting on both; but when amongst
	469.420	have been purely bred from the	original stock of Mr. Bakewell for upwards of
	735.508	habits, and constitution, that the	original proportions of a mixed stock could be
	772.1111	be better filled up, if some of the	original inhabitants were in some manner
	1038.354	diverging in character from their	original stocks, without either having given off
	1046.652	marked by capital letters) of our	original genus, may for a long period continue
	1048.475	of descent their predecessors and their	original parent. For it should be remembered
	1048.824	state of a species, as well as the	original parent-species itself, will generally
	1056.37	But we may go further than this. The	original species of our genus were supposed to
	1056.995	A) and (I), but likewise some of the	original species which were most nearly related
	1056.1083	to their parents. Hence very few of the	original species will have transmitted offspring
	1056.1275	least closely related to the other nine	original species, has transmitted descendants to
	1060.50	in our diagram descended from the	original eleven species, will now be fifteen in
	1060.299	that between the most different of the	original eleven species. The new species
	1062.81	sub-genera or even genera. But as the	original species (I) differed largely from (A
	1062.174	nearly at the extreme points of the	original genus, the six descendants from (I
	1062.491	consideration), which connected the	original species (A) and (I), have all become
	1078.862	have descended from two species of the	original genus; and these two species are
	1281.639	will be granted. The cause of the	original variability of secondary sexual
	1400.996	and has supplanted and exterminated its	original parent and all the transitional
	1500.294	collateral descendants from the same	original parent-form, in order to see what
	2976.194	of inheritance still betraying their	original birthplace. Many analogous facts could
	2984.735	receive immigrants from the same	original source, or from each other. But this
	3211.327	be little or no tendency to modify the	original pattern, or to transpose parts. The
	4802.57	of Sir Francis Drake. With numerous	Original Letters. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. BEES AND
	4928.109	Illustrated, with Wood Engravings, from	original Drawings by PERCIVAL SKELTON. Fcap.4to
	5624.73	Earl of Crawfurd and Balcarres, to the	Original Dukedom of Montrose, created in
19			originally
	389.1259	exist in the countries where they were	originally domesticated, and yet be unknown to
	1056.415	diffused species, so that they must	originally have had some advantage over most of
	1179.44	believe that our domestic animals were	originally chosen by uncivilised man because they
	1418.1205	sooner than the forms which they	originally linked together. For any form existing
	1424.1342	breed; and thus the two breeds, which	originally existed in greater numbers, will come
	1456.1112	we perhaps see traces of an apparatus	originally constructed for gliding through the air
	1524.129	the highly important fact that an organ	originally constructed for one purpose, namely
	1536.702	doubt that little folds of skin, which	originally served as ovigerous frena, but which
	1536.1164	the branchiæ in this latter family had	originally existed as organs for preventing the
	1606.46	look at the sting of the bee, as having	originally existed in a remote progenitor as a
	1606.266	its present purpose, with the poison	originally adapted to cause galls subsequently
	1661.148	then the resemblance between what	originally was a habit and an instinct becomes so
	1703.1210	of the dog and cat which no doubt was	originally instinctive in them, in the same way as
	1757.240	their nests, it is possible that pupæ	originally stored as food might become developed
	1761.95	them-the habit of collecting pupæ	originally for food might by natural selection be
	2671.138	distant quarters of the world, must	originally have proceeded from the same source, as
	2711.933	of sunken continents;—if they had	originally existed as mountain-ranges on the land
	3123.1732	its proper intermediate position; for F	originally was intermediate in character between A
	3592.479	with its several powers, having been	originally breathed into a few forms or into one
11			originated
	357.388	it show, but that some of our breeds	originated there, four or five thousand years ago
	365.853	admit that many domestic breeds have	originated in Europe; for whence could they have
	622.836	existed as varieties, and have thus	originated: whereas, these analogies are utterly
	1498.176	us more than how life itself first	originated; but I may remark that several facts
	1568.132	very little importance, and which have	originated from quite secondary causes
	1663.582	complex and wonderful instincts have	originated. As modifications of corporeal
	1757.43	what steps the instinct of F. sanguinea	originated I will not pretend to conjecture. But
	1833.173	see how an instinct could possibly have	originated; cases, in which no intermediate
	1873.184	each other and from their parents, has	originated. We can see how useful their production
	1952.17	be highly fertile. A doctrine which	originated with Pallas, has been [page
	2556.935	important character of length of beak	originated earlier than short-beaked tumblers
1			origin—instincts
	1647.61	with habits, but different in their	origin—Instincts graduated—Aphides and ants—Instincts
1			origin—natural
	1647.150	variable—Domestic instincts, their	origin—Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and
1			origin—principle
	283.262	Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and	Origin—Principle of Selection anciently followed, its
1			orleans
	5202.73	the British Army at Washington and New	Orleans. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Story of the
1			ornament
	824.146	but differ in structure, colour, or	ornament, such differences have been mainly
1			ornamental
	828.622	which can hardly be either useful or	ornamental to this bird;—indeed, had the tuft
2			ornithologist
	383.77	might be chosen, which if shown to an	ornithologist, and he were told that they were wild
	383.240	Moreover, I do not believe that any	ornithologist would place [page] 23 CHAP. I
2			ornithologists
	389.1306	domesticated, and yet be unknown to	ornithologists; and this, considering their size
	552.222	zoologists. Several most experienced	ornithologists consider our British red grouse as only
5			ornithorhynchus
	940.634	forms now known in the world, as the	Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, which, like fossils
	1108.280	we occasionally see an animal like the	Ornithorhynchus or Lepidosiren, which in some small
	3089.669	or feathers, in the Vertebrata. If the	Ornithorhynchus had been covered with feathers instead
	3173.907	again implies extinction. The genera	Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren, for example, would not
	4241.22	homologous, 434. —, rudiments of, 450.	Ornithorhynchus, 107, 416. Ostrich not capable of
1			orthospermous
	1217.494	in some cases, according to Tausch,	orthospermous in the exterior flowers and
1			oscillating
	2608.584	enormous period extended, and where our	oscillating continents now stand they have stood
1			oscillation
	2249.647	certainly deposited during a downward	oscillation of level, and thus gained considerable
13			oscillations
	934.634	areas, though now continuous, owing to	oscillations of level, will often have recently
	942.261	area, which will probably undergo many	oscillations of level, and which consequently will
	2219.187	estimate. On the other hand, during	oscillations of level, which we know this area has
	2243.214	first upraised and during subsequent	oscillations of level. Such thick and extensive
	2251.80	each area has undergone numerous slow	oscillations of level, and apparently these
	2251.124	of level, and apparently these	oscillations have affected wide spaces. Consequently
	2321.303	of subsidence would be interrupted by	oscillations of level, and that slight climatal
	2379.61	been at least partially upheaved by the	oscillations of level, which we may fairly conclude
	2379.461	existed, subjected no doubt to great	oscillations of level, since the earliest silurian
	2379.693	the great archipelagoes still areas of	oscillations of level, and the continents areas of
	2379.905	formed by a preponderance, during many	oscillations of level, of the force of elevation
	2707.874	that we have abundant evidence of great	oscillations of level in our continents; but not of
	2789.159	though subjected to large, but partial	oscillations of level, I am strongly inclined to
1			osculant
	3173.472	modified, will give to us our so-called	osculant or aberrant groups. The more aberrant
1			osteology
	5870.98	substance of the course of Lectures on	Osteology and Palæontology of the class Mammalia
10			ostrich
	166.200	Natural instincts of the cuckoo,	ostrich, and parasitic bees — Slave-making ants
	673.96	condor lays a couple of eggs and the	ostrich a score, and yet in the same country
	1141.1065	of prey, has been caused by disuse. The	ostrich indeed inhabits continents and is
	1145.60	that the early progenitor of the	ostrich had habits like those of a bustard, and
	1462.220	like the penguin; as sails, like the	ostrich; and functionally for no purpose, like
	1647.190	origin—Natural instincts of the cuckoo,	ostrich, and parasitic bees—Slave-making ants
	1723.634	This instinct, however, of the American	ostrich has not as yet been perfected; for a
	2657.792	by one species of Rhea (American	ostrich), and northward the plains of La Plata
	2657.895	of the same genus; and not by a true	ostrich or emeu, like those found in Africa and
	4241.49	of, 450. Ornithorhynchus, 107, 416.	Ostrich not capable of flight, 134. —, habit of
2			ostriches
	1723.241	instinct in the allied group of	ostriches. For several hen ostriches, at least in
	1723.268	group of ostriches. For several hen	ostriches, at least in the case of the American
1			oswald
	940.75	that the flora of Madeira, according to	Oswald Heer, resembles the extinct tertiary
755			other
	132.331	closely, but unequally, related to each	other, and in having restricted ranges
	172.271	a special endowment, but incidental on	other differences — Causes of the sterility
	186.370	affinities of extinct species to each	other and to living species — On the state of
	250.230	geological succession, and	other such facts, might come to the
	250.371	but had descended, like varieties, from	other species. Nevertheless, such a
	250.1344	to bring pollen from one flower to the	other, it is equally preposterous to account
	256.274	coadaptations of organic beings to each	other and to their physical conditions of
	258.364	I been disappointed; in this and in all	other perplexing cases I have invariably
	272.1166	genera are lineal descendants of some	other and generally extinct species, in the
	285.204	generally differ much more from each	other, than do the individuals of any one
	291.827	to be far more susceptible than any	other part of the organisation, to the action
	295.652	under confinement; and when, on the	other hand, we see individuals, though taken
	305.105	sometimes differ considerably from each	other, though both the young and the parents
	311.651	with the state of these organs in	other countries, is another instance of the
	317.713	almost certainly unconsciously modify	other parts of the structure, owing to the
	319.427	sub-varieties differ slightly from each	other. The whole organisation seems to have
	327.309	to its grandfather or grandmother or	other much more remote ancestor; why a
	331.262	stage. But hereditary diseases and some	other facts make me believe that the rule has
	343.119	that, although differing from each	other, and from the other species of the same
	343.139	differing from each other, and from the	other species of the same genus, in several
	343.574	of the same species differ from each	other in the same manner as, only in most
	343.911	judges as mere varieties, and by	other competent judges as the descendants of
	343.1179	domestic races do not differ from each	other in characters of generic value. I think
	349.482	wild species; but, in the case of some	other domestic races, there is presumptive
	351.436	and whether it would endure	other climates? Has the little variability of
	351.652	domestication? I cannot doubt that if	other animals and plants, equal in number to
	359.140	state that, from geographical and	other considerations, I think it highly
	363.112	of which differ considerably from each	other in structure, I do not doubt that they
	375.1649	utter a very different coo from the	other breeds. The fantail has thirty or even
	379.47	the oil-gland is quite aborted. Several	other less distinct breeds might have been
	381.951	length of wing and tail to each	other and to the body; the relative length of
	381.1516	to differ to a slight degree from each	other. Altogether at least a score of
	389.294	or sub-species, which differ from each	other in the most trifling respects. As
	389.423	belief are in some degree applicable in	other cases, I will here briefly give them
	389.1059	sub-species, only two or three	other species of rock-pigeons are known; and
	395.75	great weight, and applicable in several	other cases, is, that the above-specified
	395.296	yet are certainly highly abnormal in	other parts of their structure: we may look
	399.517	marks do not occur together in any	other species of the whole family. Now, in
	399.1706	like the rock-pigeon, although no	other existing species is thus coloured and
	411.238	certain respects, as compared with all	other Columbidæ, though so like in most other
	411.278	other Columbidæ, though so like in most	other respects to the rock-pigeon; the blue
	419.402	to the many species of finches, or	other large groups of birds, in nature. One
	423.532	the seeds of the same tree. Innumerable	other examples could be given. The
	423.1358	of nature being lineal descendants of	other species? Selection.—Let us now briefly
	429.939	cock, so pertinacious in battle, with	other breeds so little quarrelsome, with
	435.526	of agriculturalists than almost any	other individual, and who was himself a very
	449.898	some one point do not differ at all in	other points; this is hardly ever, perhaps
	449.1253	will produce races differing from each	other chiefly in these characters. It may be
	471.246	carefully preserved during famines and	other accidents, to which savages are so
	477.282	rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and	other plants, when compared with the older
	483.163	the Cape of Good Hope, nor any	other region inhabited by quite uncivilised
	485.379	better in the one country than in the	other, and thus by a process of "natural
	491.851	Java fantail, or like individuals of	other and distinct breeds, in which as many
	505.575	they never can be improved." On the	other hand, nurserymen, from raising large
	511.194	a country which is already stocked with	other races. In this respect enclosure of the
	511.780	when killed they serve for food. On the	other hand, cats, from their nocturnal
	511.1024	are almost always imported from some	other country, often from islands. Although I
	524.321	closely, but unequally, related to each	other, and in having restricted ranges
	536.672	will ever be found: but under any	other point of view many instances assuredly
	538.646	some few exceptions, polymorphic in	other countries, and likewise, judging from
	542.121	which are so closely similar to some	other forms, or are so closely linked to them
	542.678	he treats the one as a variety of the	other, ranking the most common, but sometimes
	542.773	described, as the species, and the	other as the variety. But cases of great
	548.1237	which differ very slightly from each	other, have been ranked by one eminent
	552.885	of species that they are ranked by	other highly-competent judges as good and
	558.177	being specifically distinct. On the	other hand, they are united by many
	566.276	knowledge of analogical variation in	other groups and in other countries, by which
	566.296	variation in other groups and in	other countries, by which to correct his
	566.790	admission will often be disputed by	other naturalists. When, moreover, he comes
	568.368	These differences blend into each	other in an insensible series; and a series
	578.169	of individuals closely resembling each	other, and that it does not essentially
	582.997	divergence of character," and	other questions, hereafter to be discussed
	588.365	necessarily have to struggle with the	other inhabitants of the country, the species
	590.196	all those in the smaller genera on the	other side, a somewhat larger number of the
	596.680	still favourable to variation. On the	other hand, if we look at each species as a
	598.249	and those of the smaller genera on the	other side, and it has invariably proved to
	604.10	and this holds good. There are	other relations between the species of large
	608.890	varieties, for they differ from each	other by a less than usual amount of
	610.62	of the large genera are related to each	other, in the same manner as the varieties of
	610.144	of any one species are related to each	other. No naturalist pretends that all the
	610.237	a genus are equally distinct from each	other; they may generally be divided into sub
	610.430	like satellites around certain	other species. And what are varieties but
	610.515	of forms, unequally related to each	other, and clustered round certain forms—that
	610.765	varieties, when compared with each	other or with their parent-species, is much
	616.13	between species. There is one	other point which seems to me worth notice
	616.383	which are very closely allied to	other species, and in so far resemble
	616.670	he considers as so closely allied to	other species as to be of doubtful value
	622.584	species. Species very closely allied to	other species apparently have restricted
	641.196	most cases obviously differ from each	other far more than do the varieties of the
	641.363	genera, and which differ from each	other more than do the species of the same
	641.738	in its infinitely complex relations to	other organic beings and to external nature
	647.330	may be truly said to struggle with each	other which shall get food and live. But a
	651.168	with the plants of the same and	other kinds which already clothe the ground
	651.263	is dependent on the apple and a few	other trees, but can only in a far-fetched
	651.555	truly be said to struggle with each	other. As the missletoe is disseminated by
	651.688	metaphorically be said to struggle with	other fruit-bearing plants, in order to tempt
	651.802	its seeds rather than those of	other plants. In these several senses, which
	651.862	several senses, which pass into each	other, I use for convenience sake the general
	665.132	surface almost to the exclusion of all	other plants, have been introduced from
	681.440	so incomparably better known than any	other animal. This subject has been ably
	681.1057	in ground already thickly stocked with	other plants. Seedlings, also, are destroyed
	681.1261	where there could be no choking from	other plants, I marked all the seedlings of
	685.199	by four) nine species perished from the	other species being allowed to grow up freely
	687.175	food, but the serving as prey to	other animals, which determines the average
	687.661	animals are now annually killed. On the	other hand, in some cases, as with the
	693.833	fully stocked with inhabitants, the	other species will decrease. When we travel
	693.982	that the cause lies quite as much in	other species being favoured, as in this one
	695.55	in main part indirectly by favouring	other species, we may clearly see in the
	701.7	the parasite and its prey. On the	other hand, in many cases, a large stock of
	701.605	it is to get seed from a few wheat or	other such plants in a garden; I have in this
	701.1217	exist together, and thus save each	other from utter destruction. I should add
	719.610	of the heartsease (Viola tricolor), for	other bees do not visit this flower. From
	719.887	red clover (Trifolium pratense), as	other bees cannot reach the nectar. Hence I
	729.162	and insect-between insects, snails, and	other animals with birds and beasts of prey
	729.256	to increase, and all feeding on each	other or on the trees or their seeds and
	729.318	or their seeds and seedlings, or on the	other plants which first clothed the ground
	731.222	strictly be said to struggle with each	other for existence, as in the case of
	731.931	in a few years quite supplant the	other varieties. To keep up a mixed stock of
	735.189	mountain-varieties will starve out	other mountain-varieties, so that they cannot
	737.263	they come into competition with each	other, than between species of distinct
	737.821	will supplant another, and so in	other cases. We can dimly see why the
	741.205	yet often hidden manner, to that of all	other organic beings, with which it comes
	741.810	land being already thickly clothed by	other plants; so that the seeds may be widely
	741.1001	for diving, allows it to compete with	other aquatic insects, to hunt for its own
	741.1083	prey, and to escape serving as prey to	other animals. The store of nutriment laid up
	741.1213	sight to have no sort of relation to	other plants. But from the strong growth of
	741.1482	young seedling, whilst struggling with	other plants growing vigorously all around
	766.682	relations of all organic beings to each	other and to their physical conditions of
	766.836	to man have undoubtedly occurred, that	other variations useful in some way to each
	770.216	and of procreating their kind? On the	other hand, we may feel sure that any
	778.1431	are now so perfectly adapted to each	other and to the physical conditions under
	796.1012	peaches far more than those with	other coloured flesh. If, with all the aids
	796.1228	the trees would have to struggle with	other trees and with a host of enemies, such
	802.34	IV. the good of the being, will cause	other modifications, often of the most
	804.1581	ensure that modifications consequent on	other modifications at a different period of
	810.1458	shell being known to vary like every	other structure. Sexual Selection.—Inasmuch
	812.273	sex in its functional relations to the	other sex, or in relation to wholly different
	816.1286	bear wounds from the huge mandibles of	other males. The war is, perhaps, severest
	824.308	generations, some slight advantage over	other [page] 90 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV
	830.443	country increased in numbers, or that	other prey had decreased in numbers, during
	830.804	to master their prey at this or at some	other period of the year, when they might be
	830.870	when they might be compelled to prey on	other animals. I can see no more reason to
	836.1559	like form, which pursues deer, and the	other more bulky, with shorter legs, which
	846.643	of pollen, and a rudimentary pistil;	other holly-trees bear only female flowers
	852.734	by us, might profit a bee or	other insect, so that an individual so
	856.277	constructed proboscis. On the	other hand, I have found by experiment that
	856.791	either simultaneously or one after the	other, modified and adapted in the most
	856.854	in the most perfect manner to each	other, by the continued preservation of
	864.708	animals, all insects, and some	other large groups of animals, pair for each
	866.320	fertility to the offspring; and on the	other hand, that close interbreeding
	872.140	such as the following, which on any	other view are inexplicable. Every hybridizer
	872.666	almost inevitable. Many flowers, on the	other hand, have their organs of
	872.1355	and not carry pollen from one to the	other, to the great good, as I believe, of
	878.94	pistil, or slowly move one after the	other towards it, the contrivance seems
	878.547	or varieties are planted near each	other, it is hardly possible to raise pure
	878.645	do they naturally cross. In many	other cases, far from there being any aids
	878.1476	by bees, seeds freely. In very many	other cases, though there be no special
	882.502	many cases be mutually useless to each	other! How simply are these facts explained
	884.64	the cabbage, radish, onion, and of some	other plants, be allowed to seed near each
	884.107	plants, be allowed to seed near each	other, a large majority, as I have found, of
	884.305	different varieties growing near each	other, and of these only 78 were true to
	884.516	six stamens, but by those of the many	other flowers on the same plant. How, then
	890.632	their sexes more often separated than	other plants, I find to be the case in this
	890.839	the result was as I anticipated. On the	other hand, Dr. Hooker has recently informed
	898.193	though agreeing closely with each	other in almost their whole organisation, yet
	898.380	do occasionally intercross with	other individuals, the difference between
	908.984	there will be intercrossing with the	other individuals of the same species on the
	912.1025	might subsequently slowly spread to	other districts. On the above principle
	912.1189	as the chance of intercrossing with	other varieties is thus lessened. Even in
	948.579	the mutual relations of many of the	other inhabitants being thus disturbed
	948.950	selection. I do not believe so. On the	other hand, I do believe that natural
	960.221	plants are crowded together than in any	other quarter of the world, some foreign
	964.641	into the severest competition with each	other. Consequently, each new variety or
	968.78	new breeds of cattle, sheep, and	other animals, and varieties of flowers, take
	970.373	them—yet certainly differ from each	other far less than do good and distinct
	976.1405	to diverge in character both from each	other and from their common parent. But how
	982.421	on places at present occupied by	other animals: some of them, for instance
	982.1472	selected which differed from each	other in at all the same manner as distinct
	982.1563	and genera of grasses differ from each	other, a greater number of individual plants
	986.319	when rendered very distinct from each	other, take the rank of species. The truth
	988.642	much these plants differed from each	other. So it is with the plants and insects
	988.1214	into the closest competition with each	other, the advantages of diversification of
	988.1385	the inhabitants, which thus jostle each	other most closely, shall, as a general rule
	996.295	to have gained an advantage over the	other natives; and we may, I think, at least
	1002.653	groups differing but little from each	other, and feebly representing, as Mr
	1004.282	to encroach on places occupied by	other beings. Now let us see how this
	1006.200	species are supposed to resemble each	other in unequal degrees, as is so generally
	1024.338	A) more numerous than most of the	other inhabitants of the same country; they
	1026.425	namely m2 and s2, differing from each	other, and more considerably from their
	1032.327	unoccupied or not perfectly occupied by	other beings; and this will depend on
	1040.248	but perhaps unequally, from each	other and from their common parent. If we
	1046.598	rise to new varieties and species. The	other nine species (marked by capital letters
	1048.299	advantage in the struggle for life over	other forms, there will be a constant
	1048.629	which are most nearly related to each	other in habits, constitution, and structure
	1056.98	genus were supposed to resemble each	other in unequal degrees, as is so generally
	1056.229	related to B, C, and D, than to the	other species; and species (I) more to G, H
	1056.467	had some advantage over most of the	other species of the genus. Their modified
	1056.1264	which were least closely related to the	other nine original species, has transmitted
	1060.374	moreover, will be allied to each	other in a widely different manner. Of the
	1060.740	m14, will be nearly related one to the	other, but from having diverged at the first
	1060.864	will be widely different from the	other five species, and may constitute a sub
	1070.268	In this case, its affinities to the	other fourteen new species will be of a
	1080.242	one form having some advantage over	other forms in the struggle for existence, it
	1090.358	relations of all organic beings to each	other and to their conditions of existence
	1090.1460	males alone, in their struggles with	other males. Whether natural selection has
	1098.698	and space should be related to each	other in group subordinate to group, in the
	1102.87	clustered round points, and these round	other points, and so on in almost endless
	1104.528	of species have tried to overmaster	other species in the great battle for life
	1104.1038	branches, yet survive and bear all the	other branches; so with the species which
	1125.1093	though not elsewhere fleshy. Several	other such cases could be given. The fact of
	1131.31	into the zone of habitation of	other species, often acquiring in a very
	1131.822	colours for a warm sea; but that this	other shell became bright-coloured by
	1135.136	as can well be conceived; and, on the	other hand, of different varieties being
	1147.359	described as not having them. In some	other genera they are present, but in a
	1147.720	and their rudimentary condition in some	other genera, by the long-continued effects
	1153.864	not being blown out to sea; and, on the	other hand, those beetles which most readily
	1165.61	size of the eyes; whereas with all the	other inhabitants of the caves, disuse by
	1167.522	from the general resemblance of the	other inhabitants of North America and Europe
	1167.1314	selection will often have effected	other changes, such as an increase in the
	1167.1536	animals of America, affinities to the	other inhabitants of that continent, and in
	1171.226	of the blind cave-animals to the	other inhabitants of the two continents on
	1171.482	known relationship of most of their	other productions. Far from feeling any
	1177.327	in their ranges by the competition of	other organic beings quite as much as, or
	1183.95	an argument that a large proportion of	other animals, now in a state of nature
	1183.626	and now have a far wider range than any	other rodent, living free under the cold
	1189.265	must, I think, be due to habit. On the	other hand, I can see no reason to doubt that
	1197.230	accumulated through natural selection,	other parts become modified. This is a very
	1211.775	by drawing nourishment from certain	other parts of the flower had caused their
	1219.311	after thousands of generations, some	other and independent modification; and these
	1225.217	nature is forced to economise on the	other side." I think this holds true to a
	1225.1306	same process or by disuse, and, on the	other hand, the actual withdrawal of
	1227.100	have been advanced, and likewise some	other facts, may be merged under a more
	1231.378	examining cirripedes, and of which many	other instances could be given: namely, that
	1231.670	Proteolepas: for the carapace in all	other cirripedes consists of the three highly
	1233.202	without by any means causing some	other part to be largely developed in a
	1245.1248	manner in comparison with the	other species of the same genus. The rule
	1249.1273	the varieties differ more from each	other in the characters of these important
	1249.1331	of these important valves than do	other species of distinct genera. As birds
	1257.340	groups of species have descended from	other species, and have been modified through
	1261.38	variability of all kinds, and, on the	other hand, the power of steady selection to
	1261.578	to us, more to one sex than to the	other, generally to the male sex, as with the
	1263.123	in any one species, compared with the	other species of the same genus, we may
	1263.891	more variability in such parts than in	other parts of the organisation, which have
	1263.1139	to reversion and variability on the	other hand, will in the [page] 154 LAWS OF
	1267.439	comes to be no more variable than any	other structure. It is only in those cases in
	1275.147	which differs from the same part in	other independently-created species of the
	1275.698	the species of a genus resemble each	other, and in which they differ from the
	1275.755	they differ from the species of some	other genus, are called generic characters
	1279.509	should vary at the present day. On the	other hand, the points in which species
	1279.561	the points in which species differ from	other species of the same genus, are called
	1281.60	present subject, I will make only two	other remarks. I think it will be admitted
	1281.269	of the same group differ from each	other more widely in their secondary sexual
	1281.333	secondary sexual characters, than in	other parts of their organisation; compare
	1281.801	rendered as constant and uniform as	other parts of the organisation; for
	1285.449	in their sexual characters, than in	other parts of their structure. It is a
	1287.238	of the same genus differ from each	other. Of this fact I will give in
	1291.145	two sexes of the same species to each	other, or to fit the males and females to
	1291.243	of life, or the males to struggle with	other males for the possession of the females
	1305.192	has been crossed only once by some	other breed, the offspring occasionally show
	1311.280	of its characters another species; this	other species being on my view only a well
	1315.948	variation) which already occur in some	other members of the same group. And this
	1317.154	mocking, as it were, some of the	other species of the same genus. A
	1317.268	given of forms intermediate between two	other forms, which themselves must be
	1317.509	assumed some of the characters of the	other, so as to produce the intermediate form
	1345.342	to that of the general colouring of the	other species of the genus. The appearance of
	1345.451	by any change of form or by any	other new character. We see this tendency to
	1345.786	a bluish colour, with certain bars and	other marks; and when any breed assumes by
	1345.876	variation a bluish tint, these bars and	other marks invariably reappear; but without
	1345.925	invariably reappear; but without any	other change of form or character. When the
	1351.257	so as often to become striped like	other species of the genus; and that each has
	1351.483	stripes, not their own parents, but	other species of the genus. To admit this
	1357.625	developed; and there are very many	other correlations of growth, the nature of
	1361.847	variable in a much higher degree than	other parts; for variation is a long
	1365.396	earth are enabled to struggle with each	other, and the best adapted to survive
	1378.122	why, if species have descended from	other species by insensibly fine gradations
	1380.360	serves as a fly-flapper, and, on the	other hand, organs of [page
	1392.267	its own less improved parent or	other less-favoured forms with which it comes
	1392.466	at each species as descended from some	other unknown form, both the parent and all
	1400.500	as the one becomes rarer and rarer, the	other becomes more and more frequent, till
	1400.564	frequent, till the one replaces the	other. But if we compare these species where
	1400.679	as absolutely distinct from each	other in every detail of structure as are
	1412.535	immensely in numbers, were it not for	other competing species; that nearly all
	1412.727	related in the most important manner to	other organic beings, we must see that the
	1412.923	but in large part on the presence of	other species, on which it depends, or by
	1418.720	when varieties intermediate between two	other forms occur, they are much rarer
	1418.905	conclude that varieties linking two	other varieties together have generally
	1424.1420	will come into close contact with each	other, without the interposition of the
	1430.401	old ones acting and reacting on each	other. So that, in any one region and at any
	1446.44	the frozen waters, and preys like	other polecats on mice and land animals. If a
	1448.12	have very little weight. Here, as on	other occasions, I lie under a heavy
	1450.973	the climate and vegetation change, let	other competing rodents or new beasts of prey
	1456.420	now connect the Galeopithecus with the	other Lemuridæ, yet I can see no difficulty
	1464.688	as we know, to escape being devoured by	other fish? When we see any structure highly
	1470.552	given them a decided advantage over	other animals in the battle for life. Hence
	1472.946	to another, like a kestrel, and at	other times standing stationary on the margin
	1478.127	both of their own species and of the	other species of the same genus, we might
	1484.300	profoundly modified. On the	other hand, the acutest observer by examining
	1486.493	on the surface of the sea. On the	other hand, grebes and coots are eminently
	1492.444	and thus gain an advantage over some	other inhabitant of the country, it will
	1502.107	coated with pigment, and without any	other mechanism; and from this low stage
	1502.468	there is a lens-shaped swelling. In	other crustaceans the transparent cones which
	1506.433	not more than in the case of many	other structures) in believing that natural
	1514.175	placed at different distances from each	other, and with the surfaces of each layer
	1522.1265	the process of modification by the	other organ; and then this other organ might
	1522.1292	by the other organ; and then this	other organ might be modified for some other
	1522.1331	other organ might be modified for some	other and quite distinct purpose, or be quite
	1536.317	Balanidæ or sessile cirripedes, on the	other hand, have no ovigerous frena, the eggs
	1536.591	homologous with the branchiæ of the	other family; indeed, they graduate into each
	1536.637	family; indeed, they graduate into each	other. Therefore I do not doubt that little
	1546.644	have been specially related to each	other. Nor does geology at all lead to the
	1546.925	offers a parallel case of difficulty.	Other cases could be given; for instance in
	1560.851	and existence of cattle and	other animals in South America absolutely
	1568.751	has primarily arisen from the above or	other unknown causes, it may at first have
	1586.711	of one part will often have entailed on	other parts diversified changes of no direct
	1586.874	from correlation of growth, or from	other unknown cause, may reappear from the
	1592.319	structures for the direct injury of	other species, as we see in the fang of the
	1596.30	CAN DO. sited in the living bodies of	other insects. If it could be proved that any
	1596.840	not space here to enter on this and	other such cases. Natural selection will
	1600.106	as, or slightly more perfect than, the	other inhabitants of the same country with
	1604.484	may easily err on both sides, that some	other contrivances are less perfect. Can we
	1606.844	useless to the community for any	other end, and which are ultimately
	1610.379	the flowers of the orchis and of many	other plants are fertilised through insect
	1618.137	of life could not graduate into each	other; that a bat, for instance, could not
	1626.224	been perfected whilst aided by the	other, must often have largely facilitated
	1649.543	the diversities of instinct and of the	other mental qualities of animals within the
	1651.268	to migrate and to lay her eggs in	other birds' nests. An action, which we
	1657.447	Habits easily become associated with	other habits, and with certain periods of
	1657.590	constant throughout life. Several	other points of resemblance between instincts
	1669.1190	c.; in which case either one or the	other instinct might be preserved by natural
	1675.1471	perfect; but as details on this and	other such points are not indispensable, they
	1681.591	the sight of fear of the same enemy in	other animals. But fear of man is slowly
	1689.607	will sometimes point and even back	other dogs the very first time that they are
	1701.142	which will stand and hunt best. On the	other hand, habit alone in some cases has
	1703.768	domestic animals. How rarely, on the	other hand, do our civilised dogs, even when
	1703.1107	by inheritance our dogs. On the	other hand, young chickens have lost, wholly
	1709.405	such inherited mental changes; in	other cases compulsory habit has done nothing
	1711.290	leads the cuckoo to lay her eggs in	other birds' nests; the slave-making instinct
	1717.722	cuckoo occasionally lays her eggs in	other birds' nests; but I hear on the high
	1717.932	known occasionally to lay their eggs in	other birds' nests. Now let us suppose that
	1717.1702	turn would be apt to lay their eggs in	other birds' nests, and thus be successful in
	1721.61	that, according to Dr. Gray and to some	other observers, the European cuckoo has not
	1723.51	habit of birds laying their eggs in	other birds' nests, either of the same or of
	1725.75	lay their eggs in the nests of bees of	other kinds. This case is more remarkable
	1725.460	wasp-like insects) are parasitic on	other species; and M. Fabre has lately shown
	1731.440	courageous in capturing slaves, do no	other work. They are incapable of making
	1731.1239	facts? If we had not known of any	other slave-making ant, it would have been
	1737.63	indebted for information on this and	other subjects. Although fully trusting to
	1737.1734	household slaves. The masters, on the	other hand, may be constantly seen bringing
	1747.369	and I have seen it ferociously attack	other ants. In one instance I found to my
	1755.465	slaves. Formica sanguinea, on the	other hand, possesses much fewer slaves, and
	1757.169	will, as I have seen, carry off pupæ of	other species, if scattered near their nests
	1767.576	irregular rounded cells of wax. At the	other end of the series we have the cells of
	1767.1734	made at that degree of nearness to each	other, that they would have intersected or
	1767.1794	have intersected or broken into each	other, if the spheres had been completed; but
	1771.186	as the cell adjoins two, three or more	other cells. When one cell comes into contact
	1771.243	one cell comes into contact with three	other cells, which, from the spheres being
	1773.118	at some given distance from each	other, and had made them of equal sizes and
	1775.347	centres of the adjoining spheres in the	other and parallel layer; then, if planes of
	1787.617	their work at such a distance from each	other, that by the time the basins had
	1787.879	basins intersected or broke into each	other. As soon as this occurred, the bees
	1789.208	to excavate little basins near to each	other, in the same way as before; but the
	1789.410	experiment, would have broken into each	other from the opposite sides. The bees
	1793.388	of wax. In parts, only little bits, in	other parts, large portions of a rhombic
	1801.230	at the proper distance from each	other, by excavating at the same rate, and by
	1801.372	allowing the spheres to break into each	other. Now bees, as may be clearly seen by
	1813.574	at the same relative distance from each	other, all trying to sweep equal spheres, and
	1815.367	proper place, projecting beyond the	other completed cells. It suffices that the
	1815.488	proper relative distances from each	other and from the walls of the last
	1819.795	first to one point, and then to five	other points, at the proper relative
	1819.879	from the central point and from each	other, strike the planes of intersection, and
	1825.559	on the number of its parasites or	other enemies, or on quite distinct causes
	1825.1541	of each cell would serve to bound	other cells, and much wax would be saved
	1831.347	spheres at a given distance from each	other in a double layer, and to build up and
	1831.547	at one particular distance from each	other, than they know what are the several
	1839.231	but not much greater than that of any	other striking modification of structure; for
	1839.315	it can be shown that some insects and	other articulate animals in a state of nature
	1839.1118	by the hive-bee. If a working ant or	other neuter insect had been an animal in the
	1845.637	breeds have longer horns than in	other breeds, in comparison with the horns of
	1853.181	females and males, but from each	other, sometimes to an almost incredible
	1853.340	do not generally graduate into each	other, but are perfectly well defined; being
	1853.407	defined; being as distinct from each	other, as are any two species of the same
	1859.1164	several British ants differ from each	other in size and sometimes in colour; and
	1865.15	well-developed ocelli. I may give one	other case: so confidently did I expect to
	1869.512	yet they graduate insensibly into each	other, as does the widely-different structure
	1873.150	nest, both widely different from each	other and from their parents, has originated
	1883.553	of my judgment, annihilate it. On the	other hand, the fact that instincts are not
	1883.712	been produced for the exclusive good of	other animals, but that each animal takes
	1885.47	is, also, strengthened by some few	other facts in regard to instincts; as by
	1885.670	a habit wholly unlike that of any	other known bird. Finally, it may not be a
	1896.265	a special endowment, but incidental on	other differences—Causes of the sterility of
	1898.871	endowed quality, but is incidental on	other acquired differences. In treating this
	1906.160	few or no offspring. Hybrids, on the	other hand, have their reproductive organs
	1914.177	s ten cases. But in these and in many	other cases, Gärtner is obliged carefully to
	1914.716	being brought to it by insects from	other plants. Nearly all the plants
	1914.1664	came to the same conclusion in several	other analogous cases; it seems to me that we
	1914.1754	well be permitted to doubt whether many	other species are really so sterile, when
	1918.155	away so insensibly, and, on the	other hand, that the fertility of pure
	1918.1198	degree as is the evidence derived from	other constitutional and structural
	1924.56	lessens fertility, and, on the	other hand, that an occasional cross with a
	1924.332	numbers; and as the parent-species, or	other allied hybrids, generally grow in the
	1932.921	a compound hybrid descended from three	other and distinct species: the result was
	1936.421	result has, also, been confirmed by	other observers in the case of Hippeastrum
	1936.509	its sub-genera, and in the case of some	other genera, as Lobelia, Passiflora and
	1936.725	were perfectly good with respect to	other species, yet as they were functionally
	1942.491	are allowed to freely cross with each	other, and the injurious influence of close
	1942.805	stigmas plenty of pollen brought from	other flowers. In regard to animals, much
	1944.195	of animals are as distinct from each	other, as are the genera of plants, then we
	1944.727	canary-bird has been crossed with nine	other finches, but as not one of these nine
	1972.500	hybrids are remarkably sterile. On the	other hand, there are species which can be
	1980.236	in distinct families; and on the	other hand, by very closely allied species
	1980.548	with extreme difficulty; and on the	other hand of very distinct species which
	1980.1055	crossed than the species of almost any	other genus; but Gärtner found that N
	1980.1227	to be fertilised by, no less than eight	other species of Nicotiana. Very many
	1986.554	in their whole organisation. On the	other hand, these cases clearly show that the
	1986.1176	M. jalappa, and utterly failed. Several	other equally striking cases could be given
	1988.8	occasionally in a high degree. Several	other singular rules could be given from
	1992.77	a remarkable power of crossing with	other species; other species of the same
	1992.92	power of crossing with other species;	other species of the same genus have a
	1992.806	always utterly sterile, even when the	other hybrids raised from seed from the same
	1998.30	VIII. degree of resemblance to each	other. This latter statement is clearly
	1998.169	for according as the one species or the	other is used as the father or the mother
	2000.537	yet produce very sterile hybrids; and	other species cross with extreme difficulty
	2002.38	The foregoing rules and facts, on the	other hand, appear to me clearly to indicate
	2006.141	act on the female sexual element of the	other, but not in a reversed direction. It
	2006.292	I mean by sterility being incidental on	other differences, and not a specially
	2006.984	of two plants, one being woody and the	other herbaceous, one being evergreen and the
	2006.1030	herbaceous, one being evergreen and the	other deciduous, and adaptation to widely
	2006.1329	to quite distinct families; and, on the	other hand, closely allied species, and
	2006.1638	family have been grafted together, in	other cases species of the same genus will
	2006.1698	of the same genus will not take on each	other. The pear can be grafted far more
	2014.538	grafted were rendered barren. On the	other hand, certain species of Sorbus, when
	2014.593	species of Sorbus, when grafted on	other species, yielded twice as much fruit as
	2020.145	with which trees can be grafted on each	other as incidental on unknown differences in
	2032.669	tend to produce sterile hybrids. On the	other hand, one species in a group will
	2038.31	VIII. be inappreciable by us; in the	other case, or that of hybrids, the external
	2040.710	of life having been disturbed, in the	other case from the organisation having been
	2048.118	benefit all organic beings, and on the	other hand, that slight crosses, that is
	2054.209	however much they may differ from each	other in external appearance, cross with
	2056.210	Spitz dog unites more easily than	other dogs with foxes, or that certain South
	2056.574	varieties, differing widely from each	other in appearance, for instance of the
	2056.753	are, which, though resembling each	other most closely, are utterly sterile when
	2060.910	in the reproductive system, or	other constitutional differences correlated
	2066.110	from hostile witnesses, who in all	other cases consider fertility and sterility
	2066.327	with red seeds, growing near each	other in his garden; and although these
	2066.496	of the one with the pollen of the	other; but only a single head produced any
	2074.276	these varieties of Verbascum present no	other difference besides the mere colour of
	2074.393	be raised from the seed of the	other. From observations which I have made
	2078.221	a widely distinct species, than are the	other varieties. He experimentised on five
	2078.639	those which were produced from the four	other varieties when crossed with N
	2086.204	when crossed may be compared in several	other respects. Gärtner, whose strong wish
	2086.506	offspring of varieties. And, on the	other hand, they agree most closely in very
	2096.303	although most closely allied to each	other, are [page] 274 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII
	2100.73	hybrids are widely different from each	other; whereas if two very distinct varieties
	2102.123	hybrid and mongrel plants. On the	other hand, the resemblance in mongrels and
	2102.636	cross, generally resemble each	other closely; and so it is with mongrels
	2104.281	more strongly in one sex than in the	other, both when one species is crossed with
	2110.1222	parents differ much or little from each	other, namely in the union of individuals of
	2112.61	of fertility and sterility, in all	other respects there seems to be a general
	2132.112	in the reproductive system. In all	other respects, excluding fertility, there is
	2143.649	important manner on the presence of	other already defined organic forms, than on
	2153.141	from this species or from some	other allied species, such as C. oenas. So
	2155.466	perhaps more than they differ from each	other. Hence in all such cases, we should be
	2157.93	forms might have descended from the	other; for instance, a horse from a tapir
	2173.450	formed at a quicker rate than many	other deposits, yet, from being formed of
	2205.417	on one side, or thrown down on the	other, to the height or depth of thousands of
	2207.444	the pile of rocks on the one or	other side having been smoothly swept away
	2209.25	of eternity. I am tempted to give one	other case, the well-known one of the
	2213.1506	of the fallen fragments. On the	other hand, I do not believe that any line of
	2219.168	reduce the above estimate. On the	other hand, during oscillations of level
	2221.341	cannot grasp, must have succeeded each	other in the long roll of years! Now turn to
	2227.1473	found fossil in Sicily, whereas not one	other species has hitherto been found in any
	2235.188	formations being separated from each	other by wide intervals of time. When we see
	2235.570	so it is in North America, and in many	other parts of the world. The most skilful
	2241.138	that is, have not followed each	other in close sequence. Scarcely any fact
	2247.481	supply of sediment nearly balance each	other, the sea will remain shallow and
	2255.59	before they had time to decay. On the	other hand, as long as the bed of the sea
	2259.391	blank in the geological record. On the	other hand, during subsidence, the inhabited
	2269.102	amount of migration during climatal and	other changes; and when we see a species
	2273.1433	vast geographical changes occurred in	other parts of America during this space of
	2285.758	have occurred in its accumulation. In	other cases we have the plainest evidence in
	2285.1180	root-bearing strata, one above the	other, at no less than sixty-eight different
	2297.40	yet are far more closely allied to each	other than are the species found in more
	2299.4	return in the following chapter. One	other consideration is worth notice: with
	2299.796	varieties; so that with shells and	other marine animals, it is probably those
	2305.401	their European representatives, and by	other conchologists as only varieties, are
	2315.279	subsidence would be separated from each	other by enormous intervals, during which the
	2325.407	some more distantly related to each	other; and these links, let them be ever so
	2337.291	thus acquired a great advantage over	other organisms, a comparatively short time
	2355.180	of Africa or Australia, and thus reach	other and distant seas. From these and
	2357.88	from our ignorance of the geology of	other countries beyond the confines of Europe
	2367.302	the dawn of life on this planet.	Other highly competent judges, as Lyell and
	2379.353	of which we have any record; and on the	other hand, that where continents now exist
	2385.1106	weight to the facts and arguments of	other kinds given in this volume, will
	2398.358	affinities of extinct species to each	other and to living species—On the state of
	2408.483	of this genus; whereas most of the	other Silurian Molluscs and all the
	2412.787	more especially on the nature of the	other inhabitants with which the varying
	2424.139	breed, could be raised from any	other species of pigeon, or even from the
	2424.181	species of pigeon, or even from the	other well-established races of the domestic
	2432.965	turn produce by equally slow steps	other species, and so on, like the branching
	2440.418	of Mastodon, Megatherium, Toxodon, and	other extinct monsters, which all co-existed
	2444.677	felt certain from the analogy of all	other mammals, even of the slow-breeding
	2452.578	horn cattle, and takes the place of	other breeds in other countries. Thus the
	2452.594	and takes the place of other breeds in	other countries. Thus the appearance of new
	2454.141	the forms which are most like each	other in all respects. [page] 321 CHAP. X
	2458.955	class, which yield their places to	other species which have been modified and
	2472.532	as mere superficial sculpture. Moreover	other forms, which are not found in the Chalk
	2486.430	to mere changes in marine currents or	other causes more or less local and temporary
	2486.684	to changes of currents, climate, or	other physical conditions, as the cause of
	2488.306	or have some advantage over the	other forms in their own country, would
	2492.108	to a certain extent the territories of	other species, should be those which would
	2494.1068	from one birthplace and some from the	other might be victorious. But in the course
	2498.145	they would cause the extinction of	other and inferior forms; and as these
	2500.403	advantage over their parents or over	other species; these again spreading, varying
	2502.13	tend to correspond. There is one	other remark connected with this subject
	2506.0	GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. CHAP. X.	other parts of the world. As we have reason
	2506.762	more time in the one region than in the	other for modification, extinction, and
	2512.84	with a blank interval in the	other,—and if in both regions the species
	2514.45	Affinities of extinct Species to each	other, and to living forms.—Let us now look
	2520.694	at the present day from each	other by a dozen characters, the ancient
	2520.936	period made some small approach to each	other. It is a common belief that the more
	2522.159	groups now widely separated from each	other. This remark no doubt must be
	2536.276	be rendered less distinct from each	other. If, for instance, the genera a1, a5, a
	2536.1132	be united into one family; and the two	other families (namely, a14 to f14 now
	2536.1299	would be less distinct from each	other than they were before the [page
	2540.115	of the two families to differ from each	other by a dozen characters, in this case the
	2542.680	make some slight approach to each	other; so that the older members should
	2542.742	members should differ less from each	other in some of their characters than do the
	2544.140	of the extinct forms of life to each	other and to living forms, seem to me
	2544.254	And they are wholly inexplicable on any	other view. On this same theory, it is
	2556.38	supposing for an instant, in this and	other such cases, that the record of the
	2558.271	are far more closely related to each	other, than are the fossils from two remote
	2570.161	advantage in the struggle for life over	other and preceding forms. If under a nearly
	2570.350	inhabitants of the same or some	other quarter, the eocene fauna or flora
	2570.1293	exterminate many of the natives. On the	other hand, from what we see now occurring in
	2576.472	which have branched off from each	other within comparatively recent times. For
	2578.400	a slight degree less distinct from each	other than are the typical members of the
	2584.1292	it is not well displayed by them.	Other cases could be added, as the relation
	2590.12	SUCCESSION. CHAP. X. and, on the	other hand, by similarity of conditions, for
	2590.280	in Australia; or that Edentata and	other American types should have been solely
	2596.72	I suppose that the megatherium and	other allied huge monsters have left behind
	2596.419	which are closely allied in size and in	other characters to the species still living
	2596.812	next succeeding formation there be six	other allied or representative genera with
	2596.1026	constituting the six new genera. The	other seven species of the old genera have
	2596.1278	the parents of the six new genera; the	other old species and the other whole genera
	2596.1304	genera; the other old species and the	other whole genera having become utterly
	2610.41	from these difficulties, all the	other great leading facts in palæontology
	2622.308	are more closely allied to each	other, than are those of remote formations
	2626.258	greatly diminished or disappear. On the	other hand, all the chief laws of
	2637.251	be accounted for by their climatal and	other physical conditions. Of late, almost
	2643.529	more closely related to each	other, than they are to the productions of
	2645.759	are almost as much isolated from each	other as is possible. On each continent, also
	2651.681	in parallel lines not far from each	other, under corresponding climates; but from
	2651.753	but from being separated from each	other by impassable barriers, either of land
	2651.844	sea, they are wholly distinct. On the	other hand, proceeding still further westward
	2657.506	yet clearly related, replace each	other. He hears from closely allied, yet
	2657.1430	of the American type. Innumerable	other instances could be given. If we look to
	2663.189	the case of varieties nearly like each	other. The dissimilarity of the inhabitants
	2669.438	stand in direct competition with each	other, migrate in a body into a new and
	2669.706	organisms into new relations with each	other, and in a lesser degree with the
	2671.593	of migration is possible. But in many	other cases, in which we have reason to
	2677.795	two points so distant from each	other, or with an interval of such a nature
	2677.1072	mammals, than perhaps in any	other organic beings; and, accordingly, we
	2681.664	have not been able to migrate to the	other side. Some few families, many sub
	2681.963	are most closely related to each	other, are generally local, or confined to
	2683.40	Hence it seems to me, as it has to many	other naturalists, that the view of each
	2683.412	could have passed from one point to the	other. But the geographical and climatal
	2693.65	some former period immigrants from this	other region, my theory will be strengthened
	2695.502	which will never have blended with	other individuals or varieties, but will have
	2695.564	but will have supplanted each	other; so that, at each successive stage of
	2699.547	slightly from the horses of every	other breed; but they do not owe their
	2703.37	Means of Dispersal.—Sir C. Lyell and	other authors have ably treated this subject
	2703.835	productions to pass from one to the	other. [page] 357 CHAP. XI. MEANS OF
	2707.263	and Europe likewise with America.	Other authors have thus hypothetically
	2707.1033	them within the recent period to each	other and to the several intervening oceanic
	2711.10	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI. with each	other, and with the many existing oceanic
	2711.428	and the depth of the sea,—these and	other such facts seem to me opposed to the
	2711.1042	islands would have been formed, like	other mountain-summits, of granite
	2711.1120	schists, old fossiliferous or	other such rocks, instead of consisting of
	2723.505	action of the salt-water. On the	other hand he did not previously dry the
	2723.1273	could hardly be transported by any	other means; and Alph. de Candolle has shown
	2743.490	in comparison with the plants of	other oceanic islands nearer to the mainland
	2743.940	found large fragments of granite and	other rocks, which do not occur in the
	2745.72	means of transport, and that several	other means, which without doubt remain to be
	2753.44	immigrants from Europe or any	other continent, that a poorly-stocked island
	2755.119	mountain-summits, separated from each	other by hundreds of miles of lowlands, where
	2755.370	their having migrated from one to the	other. It is indeed a remarkable fact to see
	2773.484	of Europe and America, that when in	other regions we find the same species on
	2773.583	summits, we may almost conclude without	other evidence, that a colder climate
	2781.119	on mountain ranges distant from each	other, and have survived there ever since
	2783.778	and New Worlds are separated from each	other by the Atlantic Ocean and by the
	2793.609	were more closely related to each	other than they are at the present time; for
	2795.219	have been completely cut off from each	other. This separation, as far as the more
	2795.513	had to compete with them; and in the	other great region, with those of the Old
	2801.620	s admirable work), of some fish and	other marine animals, in the Mediterranean
	2823.634	the same or representing each	other, and at the same time representing
	2823.1180	on the one hand over India and on the	other as far north as Japan. On the southern
	2825.95	discovered several European species;	other species, not introduced by man, occur
	2829.94	distinct, though related to each	other in a most remarkable manner. This
	2831.402	Britain, its antipode, than to any	other part of the world." Sir J. Richardson
	2839.338	slowly on, all the tropical plants and	other productions will have retreated from
	2839.1118	suffered to a certain extent. On the	other hand, the temperate productions, after
	2843.172	plants from a temperate climate. On the	other hand, the most humid and hottest
	2855.260	part of Europe, though hides, wool, and	other objects likely to carry seeds have been
	2863.623	confined to the south, at these and	other distant points of the southern
	2880.51	river-systems are separated from each	other by barriers of land, it might have been
	2886.650	having caused rivers to flow into each	other. Instances, also, could be given of
	2892.899	one with fresh-water shells from the	other. But another agency is perhaps more
	2892.1693	sea to an oceanic island or to any	other distant point. Sir Charles Lyell also
	2904.0	of the smaller fresh-water animals.	Other and unknown agencies probably have also
	2904.146	kinds of seeds, though they reject many	other kinds after having swallowed them; even
	2904.291	water-lily and Potamogeton. Herons and	other birds, century after century, have gone
	2904.394	fish; they then take flight and go to	other waters, or are blown across the sea
	2916.826	of dispersal; but shall consider some	other facts, which bear on the truth of the
	2918.755	numbers, and the comparison in some	other respects is not quite fair. We have
	2922.89	they have on New Zealand and on every	other oceanic island which can be named. In
	2928.88	easily than land-birds. Bermuda, on the	other hand, which lies at about the same
	2928.816	have become mutually adapted to each	other; and when settled in their new homes
	2930.108	places are apparently occupied by the	other inhabitants; in the Galapagos Islands
	2936.439	be transported to an island by some	other means; and the plant then becoming
	2936.1285	taller and taller and overtopping the	other plants. If so, natural selection would
	2948.695	of endemic species belonging to	other classes; and on continents it is
	2948.799	and disappear at a quicker rate than	other and lower animals. Though terrestrial
	2948.1217	creative force produced bats and no	other mammals on remote islands? On my view
	2954.1142	time to follow up this subject in all	other quarters of the world; but as far as I
	2972.404	voice, was manifest. So it is with the	other animals, and with nearly all the plants
	2972.1245	in all these respects. On the	other hand, there is a considerable degree of
	2978.168	those of the nearest continent, or of	other near islands. The exceptions are few
	2978.708	the nearest mainland, than to any	other region: and this is what might have
	2978.1009	both New Zealand, South America, and	other southern lands were long ago partially
	2984.500	an incomparably closer degree to each	other than to the inhabitants of any other
	2984.537	other than to the inhabitants of any	other part of the world. And this is just
	2984.663	the islands are situated so near each	other that they would almost certainly
	2984.765	the same original source, or from each	other. But this dissimilarity between the
	2984.981	islands situated within sight of each	other, having the same geological nature, the
	2984.1412	be disputed that the nature of the	other inhabitants, with which each has to
	2984.1628	Archipelago which are found in	other parts of the world (laying on one side
	2990.208	islands have not quickly spread to the	other islands. But the islands, though in
	2990.264	the islands, though in sight of each	other, are separated by deep arms of the sea
	2990.629	more effectually separated from each	other than they appear to be on a map
	2990.722	good many species, both those found in	other parts of the world and those confined
	2998.644	spread from island to island. In many	other instances, as in the several districts
	3004.358	the caves of America and of Europe.	Other analogous facts could be given. And it
	3006.210	at remote points of the world of	other species allied to it, is shown in
	3024.116	within the recent period, and of	other similar changes which may have occurred
	3032.1515	or less direct competition with each	other and with the aborigines; and according
	3038.374	should have all its species common to	other quarters of the world. We can see why
	3038.944	should be closely related to each	other, and likewise be related, but less
	3038.1031	to those of the nearest continent or	other source whence immigrants were probably
	3038.1140	in two areas, however distant from each	other, there should be a correlation, in the
	3044.1735	they will generally stand to each	other in time and space; in both cases the
	3057.75	beings are found to resemble each	other in descending degrees, so that they can
	3057.1022	of inheritance, tend to produce	other new and dominant [page
	3075.285	together the forms most like each	other. It might have been thought (and was in
	3095.114	on their being correlated with several	other characters of more or less importance
	3109.506	belonging to this, and to no	other class of the Articulata. Geographical
	3119.147	due subordination and relation to the	other groups, must be strictly genealogical
	3123.138	and in different degrees from each	other. The forms descended from A, now broken
	3123.725	organic beings all related to each	other in the same degree in blood, has come
	3135.256	with our domestic productions, several	other grades of difference are requisite, as
	3139.332	allied in blood and alike in some	other respects. If it could be proved that
	3139.513	much he might differ in colour and	other important characters from negroes
	3141.573	however much they may differ from each	other and from the adult; as he likewise
	3145.236	bears, and what should we do with the	other species? The supposition is of course
	3145.522	with bears; but then assuredly all the	other species of the kangaroo family would
	3147.1079	good as, or even sometimes better than,	other parts of the organisation. We [page
	3165.471	or sinking the value of the groups in	other classes (and all our experience shows
	3173.857	are generally very distinct from each	other, which again implies extinction. The
	3179.1055	of its ancient progenitor than have	other Rodents; and therefore it will not be
	3179.1312	of an early member of the group. On the	other hand, of all Marsupials, as Mr
	3185.513	will consequently be related to each	other by circuitous lines of affinity of
	3187.272	other—for instance, of birds from all	other vertebrate animals—by the belief that
	3187.470	with the early progenitors of the	other vertebrate classes. There has been less
	3187.635	There has been still less in some	other classes, as in that of the Crustacea
	3191.305	each group could be distinguished from	other groups, as all would blend together by
	3203.114	of their habits of life, resemble each	other in the general plan of their
	3211.217	affecting by correlation of growth	other parts of the organisation. In changes
	3215.481	parts, by the soldering together of	other parts, and by the doubling or
	3217.1019	in embryonic crustaceans and in many	other animals, and in flowers, that organs
	3231.459	of any one part, as we find in the	other great classes of the animal and
	3233.377	been metamorphosed, not one from the	other, but from some common element
	3239.583	flies, beetles, &c., resemble each	other much more closely than do the mature
	3239.899	allied genera, often resemble each	other in their first and second plumage; as
	3241.106	animals of the same class resemble each	other, often have no direct relation to their
	3247.585	quite as much, or even more, from each	other than do their adult parents. In most
	3251.1850	and is destitute of mouth, stomach, or	other organ of importance, excepting for
	3255.573	of animals and in certain members of	other groups, the embryo does not at any
	3257.419	but not universally, resembling each	other;—of the structure of the embryo not
	3263.251	indeed the evidence rather points the	other way; for it is notorious that breeders
	3267.526	animals supports this view. But in	other cases it is quite possible that each
	3275.89	far their puppies differed from each	other: I was told by breeders that they
	3277.777	them could be distinguished from each	other, yet their proportional differences in
	3281.160	of the wild rock-pigeon and of the	other breeds, in all its proportions, almost
	3289.94	will manifestly tend to resemble each	other much more closely than do the adults
	3289.706	parent-species will still resemble each	other closely, for they will not have been
	3289.1124	use on the one hand, and disuse on the	other, may have in modifying an organ, such
	3295.1026	is perhaps requisite. If, on the	other hand, it profited the young to follow
	3301.723	they may at present differ from each	other in structure and habits, if they pass
	3309.396	lobe of the lungs is rudimentary; in	other snakes there are rudiments of the
	3315.160	of the same species) resembling each	other most closely in all respects, one of
	3317.158	and remain perfectly efficient for the	other. Thus in plants, the office of the
	3321.258	and is clothed with hairs as in	other compositæ, for the purpose of brushing
	3321.610	into a nascent breathing organ or lung.	Other similar instances could be given
	3323.114	to vary in degree of development and in	other respects. Moreover, in closely allied
	3351.676	and characters of true affinity; and	other such rules;—all naturally follow on the
	3359.358	will become widely different from each	other in structure and function; and the
	3365.220	view, even if it were unsupported by	other facts or arguments. [page] 459 CHAP
	3392.1071	forms, lessen fertility; and on the	other hand, lesser changes in the conditions
	3404.182	and of which the climate and	other conditions of life change insensibly in
	3412.1665	Local varieties will not spread into	other and distant regions until they are
	3416.380	formations are separated from each	other by enormous blank intervals of time
	3418.638	being much more closely related to each	other, than are the fossils from formations
	3418.700	from formations distant from each	other in time. Such is the sum of the
	3426.23	modification. Now let us turn to the	other side of the argument. Under
	3426.930	infinite number of generations. On the	other hand we have evidence that variability
	3438.88	into the closest competition with each	other, the struggle will generally be most
	3454.495	of varieties; for they differ from each	other by a less amount of difference than do
	3454.705	are clustered in little groups round	other species—in which respects they resemble
	3464.5	created, no man can explain. Many	other facts are, as it seems to me
	3464.492	an auk or grebe! and so on in endless	other cases. But on the view of each [page
	3470.956	the live bodies of caterpillars; and at	other such cases. The wonder indeed is, on
	3476.541	so that when one part has been modified	other parts are necessarily modified. In both
	3478.173	of the same genus differ from each	other, be more variable than the generic
	3478.360	in any one species of a genus, if the	other species, supposed to have been created
	3478.823	to be specifically distinct from each	other; [page] 474 RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV
	3482.760	and yet not be more variable than any	other structure, if the part be common to
	3488.341	mistakes, and at many instincts causing	other animals to suffer. If species be only
	3490.227	parents,—in being absorbed into each	other by successive crosses, and in other
	3490.263	other by successive crosses, and in	other such points,—as do the crossed
	3490.344	of acknowledged varieties. On the	other hand, these would be strange facts if
	3496.1104	Australia, of edentata in America, and	other such cases,—is intelligible, for within
	3502.1064	period completely separated from each	other; for as the relation of organism to
	3502.1241	from some third source or from each	other, at various periods and in different
	3504.332	oceanic islands; and why, on the	other hand, new and peculiar species of bats
	3508.68	species of bats, and the absence of all	other mammals, on oceanic islands, are
	3510.722	of Juan Fernandez, and of the	other American islands being related in the
	3510.899	of the Cape de Verde archipelago and	other African islands to the African mainland
	3518.215	and of the elephant,—and innumerable	other such facts, at once explain themselves
	3532.94	that one species has given birth to	other and distinct species, is that we are
	3540.145	genus are not real species; but that	other species are real, that is, have been
	3540.615	they refuse to extend the same view to	other and very slightly different forms
	3546.884	age the species closely resemble each	other. Therefore I cannot doubt that the
	3554.685	sufficiently constant and distinct from	other forms, to be capable of definition; and
	3560.4	essence of the term species. The	other and more general departments of natural
	3588.291	forms, so different from each	other, and dependent on each other in so
	3588.320	from each other, and dependent on each	other in so complex a manner, have all been
	3855.17	Driver-ant, 240. Drones killed by	other bees, 202. Duck, domestic, wings of
	3940.57	in large genera being closely allied to	other species, 57. Frigate-bird, 185. Frogs
	4305.45	midst of range, have to struggle with	other plants, 77. —, nectar of
	4344.23	of increase, 63. Rats, supplanting each	other, 76. —, acclimatisation of
	4886.46	LORD) Journey through Albania and	other Provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia
	5096.19	Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d. —— Pilgrimage, and	other Poems. Crown 4to. 24s. —— Essays on
	5858.113	derived from Personal Observation and	other Sources, Public, Private, Legendary
	5906.84	With Travels to Palmyra, Lebanon, and	other Scripture Sites. Map and Woodcuts
	6118.95	Campaigns. Compiled from Official and	other Authentic Documents, By COL. GUBWOOD, C
	6120.42	Supplementary Letters, Despatches, and	other Papers relating to India. Edited by his
2			other's
	2566.225	have not as yet defined to each	other's satisfaction what is meant by high and
	2994.230	of closely allied species invading each	other's territory, when put into free
1			other—for
	3187.234	distinctness of whole classes from each	other—for instance, of birds from all other
1			other—have
	3233.619	in the one case and legs in the	other—have actually been modified into skulls or
71			others
	375.863	breeds of runts have very long necks,	others very long wings and tails, others
	375.897	others very long wings and tails,	others singularly short tails. The barb is
	463.283	weights they carry. Lord Spencer and	others have shown how the cattle of England
	511.1125	some domestic animals vary less than	others, yet the rarity or absence of distinct
	542.601	can unite two forms together by	others having intermediate characters, he
	548.1434	years ago, when comparing, and seeing	others compare, the birds from the separate
	584.22	to be discussed. Alph. De Candolle and	others have shown that plants which have very
	731.844	the most fertile, will beat the	others and so yield more seed, and will
	770.130	any advantage, however slight, over	others, would have the best chance of
	772.579	would most seriously affect many of the	others. If the country were open on its
	778.1227	would often give it an advantage over	others; and still further modifications of the
	816.1504	well armed; though to them and to	others, special means of defence may be given
	822.167	of Guiana, birds of Paradise, and some	others, congregate; and successive males
	900.536	necessity for each birth; in many	others it occurs perhaps only at long
	934.182	species become modified and improved,	others will have to be improved in a
	934.433	thus come into competition with many	others. Hence more new places will be formed
	964.145	are formed through natural selection,	others will become rarer and rarer, and
	976.765	some breeders, and of stronger ones by	others, the differences would become greater
	1002.707	representing, as Mr. Waterhouse and	others have remarked, our carnivorous
	1056.292	I) more to G, H, K, L, than to the	others. These two species (A) and (I), were
	1161.772	have been enlarged, and the wings of	others have been reduced by natural selection
	1167.338	been expected; but, as Schiodte and	others have remarked, this is not the case
	1189.573	withstand certain climates better than	others: this is very strikingly shown in works
	1189.743	recommended for the northern, and	others for the southern States; and as most of
	1189.1790	some seedlings appeared to be than	others. On the whole, I think we may conclude
	1203.248	in the shape of their kidneys.	Others believe that the shape of the pelvis in
	1205.179	very frequently, and that	others rarely coexist, without our being able
	1323.969	of it, as stated by Mr. Blyth and	others, occasionally appear: and I have been
	1412.612	all either prey on or serve as prey for	others; in short, that each organic being is
	1412.1236	depending as it does on the range of	others, will tend to be sharply defined
	1450.131	tails only slightly flattened, and from	others, as Sir J. Richardson has remarked
	1478.650	which feed largely on fruit, and	others with elongated wings which chase
	1486.852	or partridge. In such cases, and many	others could be given, habits have changed
	1540.361	have been produced; but, as Owen and	others have remarked, [page] 193 CHAP. VI
	1671.205	been produced for the exclusive good of	others. One of the strongest instances of an
	1675.1279	to take advantage of the instincts of	others, as each takes advantage of the weaker
	1675.1345	of the weaker bodily structure of	others. So again, in some few cases, certain
	1883.784	takes advantage of the instincts of	others;—that the canon in natural history, of
	2026.269	why certain trees cannot be grafted on	others. Lastly, an embryo may be developed
	2293.303	the very fine species of D'Orbigny and	others into the rank of varieties; and on this
	2385.939	these great authorities, to whom, with	others, we owe all our knowledge. Those who
	2412.313	is quite independent of that of all	others. Whether such variability be taken
	2412.967	same identical form much longer than	others; or, if changing, that it should change
	2759.41	this same belief, had not Agassiz and	others called vivid attention to the Glacial
	2799.202	rank as geographical races, and	others as distinct species; and a host of
	2833.588	as specifically distinct, by	others as varieties; but some are certainly
	2857.403	the reason why certain species and not	others have migrated; [page] 381 CHAP. XI
	2861.87	given rise to new groups of forms, and	others have remained unaltered. We cannot hope
	2892.540	which I have observed—and no doubt many	others remain to be observed—throw some light
	2928.897	each kind will have been kept by the	others to their proper places and habits, and
	2994.117	spread from some one island to the	others. But we often take, I think, an
	3032.1358	which allowed certain forms and not	others to enter, either in greater or lesser
	3044.966	some organisms differ little, whilst	others belonging to a different class, or to a
	3101.246	number of forms, and not common to	others, they use it as one of high value; if
	3101.571	are always found correlated with	others, though no apparent bond of connexion
	3109.397	both ends, from being plainly allied to	others, and these to others, and so onwards
	3109.418	plainly allied to others, and these to	others, and so onwards, can be recognised as
	3113.256	best botanists, such as Mr. Bentham and	others, have strongly insisted on their
	3129.566	given rise to few new languages, whilst	others (owing to the spreading and subsequent
	3135.1714	some sub-varieties differ from the	others [page] 424 CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII
	3159.228	has been ably followed by Macleay and	others. The resemblance, in the shape of the
	3197.1138	certain resemblances far more than	others; why we are permitted to use
	3197.1209	use rudimentary and useless organs, or	others of trifling physiological importance
	3215.535	by the doubling or multiplication of	others,—variations which we know to be within
	3337.1171	might become injurious under	others, as with the wings of beetles living on
	3394.445	have passed from some one part to the	others. We are often wholly unable [page
	3502.617	plants, and the close alliance of many	others, on the most distant mountains, under
	3512.524	are far more serviceable than	others for classification;—why adaptive
	3578.0	of [page] 488 CONCLUSION. CHAP. XIV.	others; it follows, that the amount of organic
	4565.60	in large genera being closely allied to	others, 57. ——on the tarsi of Engidæ, 157. —on
	5116.111	Pacific, including the Fejees, and	others inhabited by the Polynesian Negro Races
10			otherwise
	331.7	page] 14 VARIATION. CHAP. I. not be	otherwise: thus the inherited peculiarities in
	653.287	during some season or occasional year,	otherwise, on the principle of geometrical
	735.6	FOR EXISTENCE. CHAP. III. tion,	otherwise the weaker kinds will steadily decrease
	922.449	individuals of the same species, which	otherwise would have inhabited the surrounding
	982.882	all animals—that is, if they vary—for	otherwise natural selection can do nothing. So it
	1349.140	striped like a zebra, but perhaps	otherwise very differently constructed, the
	1508.91	treatise that large bodies of facts,	otherwise inexplicable, can be explained by the
	1883.975	on the foregoing views, but is	otherwise inexplicable,—all tend to corroborate
	1966.1163	of the hybrid to wither earlier than it	otherwise would have done; and the early
	2307.161	some few groups less wide than they	otherwise would have been, yet has done scarcely
2			otter
	1442.685	has webbed feet and which resembles an	otter in its fur, short legs, and form of
	4244.0	American, two species of, 349.	Otter, habits of, how acquired, 179. Ouzel
40			ought
	272.7	and a few concluding remarks. No one	ought to feel surprise at much remaining as
	596.356	many varieties or incipient species	ought, as a general rule, to be now forming
	602.257	of species has been active, we	ought generally to find the manufactory still
	616.272	parent-species, their denominations	ought to be reversed. But there is also
	796.315	once acquired, true and constant. Nor	ought we to think that the occasional
	928.686	the production of new organic forms, we	ought to make the comparison within equal
	1004.38	After the foregoing discussion, which	ought to have been much amplified, we may, I
	1183.1252	or sub-tropical in their habits,	ought not to be looked at as anomalies, but
	1267.572	and extraordinarily great that we	ought to find the generative variability, as
	1315.774	new but analogous variations, yet we	ought, on my theory, sometimes to find the
	1400.98	inhabit the same territory we surely	ought to find at the present time many
	1400.1093	its past and present states. Hence we	ought not to expect at the [page
	1412.324	elements of distribution, these facts	ought to cause surprise, as climate and
	1430.459	any one region and at any one time, we	ought only to see a few species presenting
	1500.86	in any species has been perfected, we	ought to look exclusively to its lineal
	1508.158	be explained by the theory of descent,	ought not to hesitate to go further, and to
	1508.384	of the transitional grades. His reason	ought to conquer his imagination; though I
	1510.456	the eye to an optical instrument, we	ought in imagination to take a thick layer of
	1580.1840	arisen through ordinary generation, we	ought not to lay too much stress on our
	1606.962	sisters? It may be difficult, but we	ought to admire the savage instinctive hatred
	1669.162	in the case of corporeal structures, we	ought to find in nature, not the actual
	1669.352	lineal ancestors of each species-but we	ought to find in the collateral lines of
	1669.441	some evidence of such gradations; or we	ought at least to be able to show that
	1677.191	as many instances as possible	ought to have been here given; but want of
	1859.842	the desired character. On this view we	ought occasionally to find neuter-insects of
	2060.480	sterile; and if this be so, we surely	ought not to expect to find sterility both
	2293.419	of change which on my theory we	ought to find. Moreover, if we look to rather
	2325.316	long and branching chain of life. We	ought only to look for a few links, some more
	2367.1145	obliterated by metamorphic action, we	ought to find only small remnants of the
	2367.1236	next succeeding them in age, and these	ought to be very generally in [page
	2564.324	between successive formations, we	ought not to expect to find, as I attempted
	2564.547	and close of these periods; but we	ought to find after intervals, very long as
	2687.70	and of so grave a nature, that we	ought to give up the belief, rendered
	3010.1125	the most remote points of the world, we	ought to find, and I believe as a general
	3145.26	But it may be asked, what	ought we to do, if it could be proved that
	3145.159	course of modification, from a bear?	Ought we to rank this one species with bears
	3382.296	Natura non facit saltum," that we	ought to be extremely cautious in saying that
	3390.149	tends to eliminate sterility, we	ought not to expect it also to produce
	3398.220	as measured by years, too much stress	ought not to be laid on the occasional wide
	3470.404	productions from another land. Nor	ought we to marvel if all the contrivances in
1			ounces
	2898.1377	this mud when dry weighed only 6 3/4	ounces; I kept it covered up in my study for
1			oural
	2809.127	the western shores of Britain to the	Oural range, and southward to the Pyrenees
2			ourang-outang
	1245.362	to the length of the arms of the	ourang-outang, that he has come to a nearly similar
	4248.33	on variable length of arms in	ourang-outang, 150. ——, on the swim-bladder of fishes
6			ourselves
	755.225	on this struggle, we may console	ourselves with the full belief, that the war of
	928.519	But we may thus greatly deceive	ourselves, for to ascertain whether a small
	1651.308	other birds' nests. An action, which we	ourselves should require experience to enable us
	2227.319	view, when we tacitly admit to	ourselves that sediment is being deposited over
	2305.0	page] 299 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD.	ourselves whether, for instance, geologists at
	2444.388	classes, in all countries. If we ask	ourselves why this or that species is rare, we
15			outer
	317.504	feathered feet have skin between their	outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have
	399.263	dark bar, with the bases of the	outer feathers externally edged with white
	399.682	marks, even to the white edging of the	outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur
	1018.1064	variations (represented by the	outer dotted lines) being preserved and
	1167.704	by successive generations from the	outer world into the deeper and deeper
	1205.422	the feathered feet and skin between the	outer toes in pigeons, and the presence of
	1207.221	than that of the difference between the	outer and inner flowers in some Compositous
	1211.635	the densest heads that the inner and	outer flowers most frequently differ. It
	1211.892	is a difference in the seeds of the	outer and inner florets without any
	1303.45	a bar at the end of the tail, with the	outer feathers externally edged near their
	1771.61	Hence each cell consists of an	outer spherical portion and of two, three, or
	1771.863	but are of the same thickness as the	outer spherical portions, and yet each flat
	3081.60	welfare of the being in relation to the	outer world. Perhaps from this cause it has
	3788.12	of growth, 147. Compositae,	outer and inner florets of, 144. ——, male
	4510.41	young leaves of, 439. Umbelliferæ,	outer and inner florets of, 144. Unity of
5			outline
	375.540	The short-faced tumbler has a beak in	outline almost like that of a finch; and the
	1323.613	certainly very variable in length and	outline. A white ass, but not an albino, has
	1763.119	this subject, but will merely give an	outline of the conclusions at which I have
	1966.240	be shown to exist; but only the barest	outline of the facts can here be given. When
	4952.26	vo. 16s. —— India as it may be. An	Outline of a proposed Government and Policy
1			outlines
	5974.18	Medium 8vo. 30s. SHAW'S (THOS. B.)	Outlines of English Literature, for the Use of
1			outnumbered
	2855.822	productions are nearly equalled or even	outnumbered by the naturalised; and if the natives
2			outside
	1819.424	she work alternately on the inside and	outside of two or three cells commenced at the
	1819.749	to commence a cell, and then moving	outside, first to one point, and then to five
1			ouzel
	4245.0	Otter, habits of, how acquired, 179.	Ouzel, water, 185. Owen, Prof., on birds not
1			ovaria
	3081.1492	differ in having one or more	ovaria, in the existence or absence of albumen
1			ovaries
	1932.974	species: the result was that "the	ovaries of the three first flowers soon ceased
2			ovarium
	2022.657	long for the pollen-tubes to reach the	ovarium. It has also been observed that when
	3317.272	to reach the ovules protected in the	ovarium at its base. The pistil consists of a
1			ovary
	1211.246	in shape and sculpture; and even the	ovary itself, with its accessory parts
1			overcome
	1361.981	such cases not as yet have had time to	overcome the tendency to further variability and
2			overlook
	1098.584	fact—the wonder of which we are apt to	overlook from familiarity—that all animals and
	2608.4	he [page] 343 CHAP. X. SUMMARY. may	overlook how important a part migration must
4			overlooked
	449.1033	the importance of which should never be	overlooked, will ensure some differences; but, as
	485.76	by uncivilised man, it should not be	overlooked that they almost always have to
	2285.698	facts, showing what wide, yet easily	overlooked, intervals have occurred in its
	3113.606	structural differences, at first	overlooked, but because numerous allied species
2			overlying
	2213.436	the Weald, on the flanks of which the	overlying sedimentary deposits might have
	2550.1052	in character between those of the	overlying carboniferous, and underlying Silurian
1			overmaster
	1104.517	and groups of species have tried to	overmaster other species in the great battle for
2			overmastered
	1195.238	largely combined with, and sometimes	overmastered by, the natural selection of innate
	1293.1200	according to the lapse of time,	overmastered the tendency to reversion and to
2			overrate
	914.83	which unite for each birth, we must not	overrate the effects of intercrosses in
	3578.434	become modified; so that we must not	overrate the accuracy of organic change as a
1			over-rate
	2331.791	descendants. But we continually	over-rate the perfection of the geological record
1			overrated
	1173.842	climates under which they live is often	overrated. [page] 140 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V
3			overthrow
	1649.315	readers, as a difficulty sufficient to	overthrow my whole theory. I must premise, that I
	2084.205	does not seem to me sufficient to	overthrow the view which I have taken with
	3424.516	are, in my judgment they do not	overthrow the theory of descent with modification
2			overtop
	1104.398	to branch out on all sides, and to	overtop and kill the surrounding twigs and
	1108.576	and these, if vigorous, branch out and	overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so
1			overtopping
	2936.1269	by growing taller and taller and	overtopping the other plants. If so, natural
1			overweening
	1859.41	will indeed be thought that I have an	overweening confidence in the principle of natural
1			overwhelmed
	3538.827	of prejudice by which this subject is	overwhelmed be removed. Several eminent
1			overwhelming
	558.326	and there is, as it seems to me, an	overwhelming amount of experimental evidence
6			ovigerous
	1536.17	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. called by me the	ovigerous frena, which serve, through the means
	1536.337	cirripedes, on the other hand, have no	ovigerous frena, the eggs lying loose at the
	1536.508	I think no one will dispute that the	ovigerous frena in the one family are strictly
	1536.723	of skin, which originally served as	ovigerous frena, but which, likewise, very
	3768.9	carapace aborted, 148. —, their	ovigerous frena, 192. —, fossil, 304. ——, larvæ
	3938.7	flava, neuter of, 239. Frena,	ovigerous, of cirripedes, 192. Fresh-water
1			ovipositor
	1592.381	in the fang of the adder, and in the	ovipositor of the ichneumon, by which its eggs are
4			ovule
	303.374	difference between a bud and an	ovule in their earliest stages of formation
	1123.366	apparently differ essentially from an	ovule, is alone affected. But why, because
	1930.570	one as an example, namely, that "every	ovule in a pod of Crinum capense fertilised
	2022.557	in the male element reaching the	ovule, as would be the case with a plant
6			ovules
	303.253	affected a bud or offset, and not the	ovules or pollen. But it is the opinion of
	303.513	may be largely attributed to the	ovules or pollen, or to both, having been
	331.763	cause, which may have acted on the	ovules or male element; in nearly the same
	1610.597	be wafted by a chance breeze on to the	ovules? Summary of Chapter.—We have in this
	1936.652	healthy, and although both the	ovules and pollen of the same flower were
	3317.248	to allow the pollen-tubes to reach the	ovules protected in the ovarium at its base
3			owen's
	1237.554	vegetative repetition," to use Prof.	Owen's expression, seems to be a sign of low
	1530.256	We can thus, as I infer from Professor	Owen's interesting description of these parts
	5870.0	Ambassador. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.	OWEN'S (PROFESSOR) Manual of Fossil Mammals
28			owing
	317.743	modify other parts of the structure,	owing to the mysterious laws of the
	641.533	inevitably from the struggle for life.	Owing to this struggle for life, any
	699.16	INCREASE. CHAP. III. When a species,	owing to highly favourable circumstances
	934.625	great areas, though now continuous,	owing to oscillations of level, will often
	1026.252	have produced variety a2, which will,	owing to the principle of divergence, differ
	1060.106	species, will now be fifteen in number.	Owing to the divergent tendency of natural
	1062.225	the six descendants from (I) will,	owing to inheritance, differ considerably
	1084.749	to the future, we may predict that,	owing to the continued and steady increase of
	1090.106	this cannot be disputed; if there be,	owing to the high geometrical powers of
	1171.818	ancient life have not been preserved,	owing to the less severe competition to which
	1225.1367	withdrawal of nutriment from one part	owing to the excess of growth in another and
	1239.253	add that their variability seems to be	owing to their uselessness, and therefore to
	1604.655	attacking animals, cannot be withdrawn,	owing to the backward serratures, and so
	1906.737	has probably been slurred over,	owing to the sterility in both cases being
	1944.574	should, however, be borne in mind that,	owing to few animals breeding freely under
	2104.116	is here excessively complicated, partly	owing to the existence of secondary sexual
	2104.191	sexual characters; but more especially	owing to prepotency in transmitting likeness
	2273.1710	and disappear at different levels,	owing to the migration of species and to
	2486.386	the introduction of new ones, cannot be	owing to mere changes in marine currents or
	2500.313	thus produced being themselves dominant	owing to inheritance, and to having already
	2576.677	that the adult differs from its embryo,	owing to variations supervening at a not
	2602.306	even during a single formation; that,	owing to subsidence being necessary for the
	2954.867	in forming a judgment in some cases	owing to the probable naturalisation of
	3129.574	to few new languages, whilst others (	owing to the spreading and subsequent
	3179.1562	the resemblance is only analogical,	owing to the phascolomys having become
	3305.289	of recent forms, may be true, but yet,	owing to the geological record not extending
	3412.804	could hardly ever expect to discover,	owing to the imperfection of the geological
	3498.155	from one part of the world to another,	owing to former climatal and geographical
2			owner
	469.580	acquainted with the subject that the	owner of either of them has deviated in any
	1630.281	cases at the same time useful to the	owner. Natural selection in each well-stocked
1			oxenham's
	5872.0	Illustrations. 8vo. In the Press.	OXENHAM'S (REV. W.) English Notes for Latin
2			oxford
	4856.43	ASSOCIATION REPORTS. 8vo. York and	Oxford, 1831-32, 13s. 6d. Cambridge, 1833, 12s
	4856.382	s. Southampton, 1846, 15s.	Oxford, 1847, 18s. Swansea, 1848, 9s