Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- P

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
1			pachydermatous
	3159.345	limbs, between the dugong, which is a	pachydermatous animal, and the whale, and between both
5			pachyderms
	2514.965	groups. Cuvier ranked the Ruminants and	Pachyderms, as the two most distinct orders of
	2514.1161	two orders; and has placed certain	pachyderms in the same sub-order with ruminants
	2536.542	as has occurred with ruminants and	pachyderms. Yet he who objected to call the
	3087.398	close affinity between Ruminants and	Pachyderms. Robert Brown has strongly insisted on
	4252.33	on relations of ruminants and	pachyderms, 329. —, on fossil birds of New Zealand
14			pacific
	2379.1309	that if, for instance, the bed of the	Pacific Ocean were now converted into a
	2651.527	we meet in the eastern islands of the	Pacific, with another and totally distinct
	2651.944	islands of the tropical parts of the	Pacific, we encounter no impassable barriers
	2651.1338	and Western America and the eastern	Pacific islands, yet many fish range from the
	2651.1384	islands, yet many fish range from the	Pacific into the Indian Ocean, and many shells
	2651.1472	common to the eastern islands of the	Pacific [page] 349 CHAP. XI. GEOGRAPHICAL
	2725.197	the natives of the coral-islands in the	Pacific, procure [page] 361 CHAP. XI. MEANS OF
	2783.846	and by the extreme northern part of the	Pacific. During the Glacial period, when the in
	2811.164	lat. 36º-37º, and on the shores of the	Pacific, where the climate is now so different
	2966.350	the land-shells of the islands of the	Pacific. Now it is notorious that land-shells
	2972.608	of these volcanic islands in the	Pacific, distant several hundred miles from the
	4261.0	of cephalopods and spiders, 442. P.	Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 348. Paley on no
	5116.76	Cruise among the Islands of the Western	Pacific, including the Fejees, and others
	5706.44	H. L.) Journal of a Passage from the	Pacific to the Atlantic, crossing the Andes in
1			packed
	679.199	surface, with ten thousand sharp wedges	packed close together and driven inwards by
1			paddiana
	6098.99	Hope, and St. Helena. By Author of "	PADDIANA." Post 8vo. 9s. 6d. WAAGEN'S (DR
1			paddle
	3203.623	for digging, the leg of the horse, the	paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the
3			paddles
	3215.615	the limits of possibility. In the	paddles of the extinct gigantic sea-lizards
	3289.419	to act as hands, in another as	paddles, in another as wings; and on the above
	3289.1020	thus been converted into hands, or	paddles, or wings. Whatever influence long
1			paganism
	5728.86	Birth of Christ to the Extinction of	Paganism in the Roman Empire. 3 Vols. 8vo. 36s
3			pages
	2233.431	is their preservation, far better than	pages of detail. Nor is their rarity
	2514.785	With respect to the Vertebrata, whole	pages could be filled with striking
	6070.88	as to save the trouble of turning the	Pages backwards and forwards. Royal 8vo. 2s
1			paget's
	5874.0	Metre. Third Edition. 12mo. 4s.	PAGET'S (JOHN) Hungary and Transylvania. With
5			pains
	659.667	known animals, and I have taken some	pains to estimate its probable minimum rate
	1938.546	mountains of Chile." I have taken some	pains to ascertain the degree of fertility of
	1964.421	of plants. I have taken much	pains to ascertain how far the rules apply to
	2942.194	great oceans are studded. I have taken	pains to verify this assertion, and I have
	3524.1293	Nature may be said to have taken	pains to reveal, by rudimentary organs and by
1			painter
	1813.239	diffused by the bees-as delicately as a	painter could have done with his brush-by atoms
6			painters
	4964.50	G. B.) Notices of the Early Flemish	Painters; Their Lives and Works. Woodcuts. Post
	5030.44	J. A.) Notices of the Early Flemish	Painters; their Lives and Works. Woodcuts. Post
	5302.11	Vols. Post8vo. 30s. —— ITALIAN	PAINTERS: (A SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF
	5518.46	S (MRS.) Memoirs of the Early Italian	Painters, and of the Progress of Italian
	5582.35	s. LESLIES (C. R.) Handbook for Young	Painters. With Illustra- tions. Post 8vo. 10s
	6148.53	A Biographical Dictionary of Italian	Painters: with a Table of the Contemporary
6			painting
	5072.38	EASTLAKE (SIR CHARLES) The Schools of	Painting in Italy. From the Earliest times. From
	5518.87	and of the Progress of Italian	Painting in Italy. Tenth Edition. With
	5562.47	Dr. FRANZ) Handbook to the History of	Painting (the Italian Schools). Translated from
	5722.33	s. MERRIFIELD (MRS.) on the Arts of	Painting in Oil, Miniature, Mosaic, and Glass
	6150.13	a LADY. Post8vo. 6s. 6d. —— Epochs of	Painting Characterised; a Sketch of the History
	6150.64	a Sketch of the History of	Painting, showing its gradual and various
1			paintings
	6100.95	an Account of the Chief Collections of	Paintings, Sculpture, Manuscripts, Miniatures, &c
1			paintingspanish
	5288.3	LISBON, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 9s. ——	PAINTINGSPANISH AND FRENCH SCHOOLS. By SIR EDMUND HEAD
3			paintingthe
	5278.3	the Black Sea. Map. Post 8vo. 10s. ——	PAINTINGthe German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools
	5300.3	Map. Post 8vo. (In the Press.) ——	PAINTINGthe Italian Schools. From the German of
	5366.28	vo. 12s. —— (SIR EDMUND) Handbook of	Paintingthe Spanish and French Schools. With
1			pairing
	511.1334	play: in cats, from the difficulty in	pairing them; in donkeys, from only a few being
3			pairs
	3207.101	of an upper lip, mandibles, and two	pairs of maxillæ. Analogous laws govern the
	3251.518	the larvæ in the first stage have three	pairs of legs, a very simple single eye, and
	3251.733	stage of butterflies, they have six	pairs of beautifully constructed natatory
1			palaces
	5138.20	Post 8vo. 9s. FERGUSSON'S (JAMES)	Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored: an
1			palæographic
	5916.73	Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and	Palæographic, with Tables, illustrative of Indian
1			palæonto
	2325.525	of the same formation, would, by most	palæonto- [page] 302 IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP
8			palæontological
	180.243	of denudation — On the poorness of our	palæontological collections — On the intermittence of
	2141.237	of denudation—On the poorness of our	palæontological collections—On the intermittence of
	2223.23	we behold! On the poorness of our	Palæontological collections.—That our palæontological
	2223.61	Palæontological collections.—That our	palæontological collections are very imperfect, is
	2357.188	States; and from the revolution in our	palæontological ideas on many points, which the
	2468.87	throughout the World.—Scarcely any	palæontological discovery is more striking than the
	3782.13	of, 190. Cockroach, 76. Collections,	palæontological, poor, 287. Colour, influenced by
	3928.17	shells in depth, 175. ——on poorness of	palæontological collections, 287. —on continuous
4			palæontologist
	2223.164	every one. The remark of that admirable	palæontologist, the late Edward Forbes, should not be
	2279.1077	it has been observed by more than one	palæontologist, that very thick deposits are usually
	2345.1086	hardly been published, when a skilful	palæontologist, M. Bosquet, sent me a drawing of a
	2514.850	striking illustrations from our great	palæontologist, Owen, showing how extinct animals fall
12			palæontologists
	2267.174	into another. I am aware that two	palæontologists, whose opinions are worthy of much
	2293.60	excessively slight differences many	palæontologists have founded their species; and they do
	2301.319	this could rarely be effected by	palæontologists. We shall, perhaps, best perceive the
	2323.667	to the principles followed by many	palæontologists, be ranked as new and distinct species
	2331.176	formations, has been urged by several	palæontologists, for instance, by Agassiz, Pictet, and
	2351.40	The case most frequently insisted on by	palæontologists of the apparently sudden appearance of
	2351.335	one sub-stage further back; and some	palæontologists believe that certain much older fishes
	2385.497	by the fact that all the most eminent	palæontologists, namely Cuvier, Owen, Agassiz, Barrande
	2542.873	by the concurrent evidence of our best	palæontologists seems frequently to be the case. Thus
	2550.986	discovered, were at once recognised by	palæontologists as intermediate in character between
	2558.172	is the fact, insisted on by all	palæontologists, that fossils from two consecutive
	2624.245	yet ill-defined sentiment, felt by many	palæontologists, that organisation on the whole has
4			palæontology
	2351.984	and by running through Pictet's	Palæontology it will be seen that very few species
	2610.70	all the other great leading facts in	palæontology seem to me simply to follow on the
	2626.292	the other hand, all the chief laws of	palæontology plainly proclaim, as it seems to me
	5870.112	the course of Lectures on Osteology and	Palæontology of the class Mammalia, delivered at the
16			palæozoic
	2184.0	and this is the result:— Feet.	Palæozoic strata (not including igneous beds
	2209.228	that which has removed masses of our	palæozoic strata, in parts ten thousand feet in
	2229.81	which lived during the Secondary and	Palæozoic periods, it is superfluous to state
	2233.710	to the age of our secondary or	palæozoic formations. But the imperfection in
	2273.129	appeared somewhat earlier in the	palæozoic beds of North America than in those of
	2375.189	known to afford even a remnant of any	palæozoic or secondary formation. Hence we may
	2375.267	we may perhaps infer, that during the	palæozoic and secondary periods, neither
	2375.408	now extend; for had they existed there,	palæozoic and secondary formations would in all
	2438.253	disappeared before the close of the	palæozoic period. No fixed law seems to determine
	2460.118	as of Trilobites at the close of the	palæozoic period and of Ammonites at the close of
	2472.731	of the world. In the several successive	palæozoic formations of Russia, Western Europe
	2472.1169	in the stages of the widely separated	palæozoic and tertiary periods, would still be
	2486.69	referring to the parallelism of the	palæozoic forms of life in various parts of
	2518.172	that he is every day taught that	palæozoic animals, though belonging to the same
	2570.482	a secondary fauna by an eocene, and a	palæozoic fauna by a secondary fauna. I do not
	3672.20	of species, 325. ——on parallelism of	palæozoic formations, 328. —on affinities of
1			palate
	3524.678	by disuse or by the tongue and	palate having been fitted by natural selection
3			palestine
	5310.13	c. Map. Post Svo. 15s. —— SYRIA AND	PALESTINE; the Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the
	5908.27	vo. 21s. ——— HANDBOOK FOR SYRIA AND	PALESTINE: including an Account of the Geography
	6042.10	Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. Sinai and	Palestine, in Connexion with their History. Fifth
2			paley
	1598.169	of each. No organ will be formed, as	Paley has remarked, for the purpose of
	4262.0	P. Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 348.	Paley on no organ formed to give pain
3			pallas
	1323.823	in dark-coloured asses. The koulan of	Pallas is said to have been seen with a double
	1952.33	A doctrine which originated with	Pallas, has been [page] 254 HYBRIDISM. CHAP
	4263.0	on no organ formed to give pain, 201.	Pallas on the fertility of the wild stocks of
1			palmyra
	5906.62	Five Years in Damascus. With Travels to	Palmyra, Lebanon, and other Scripture Sites
1			palpi
	1167.1381	in the length of the antennæ or	palpi, as a compensation for blindness
1			paltry
	2221.429	richest geological museums, and what a	paltry display we behold! On the poorness of
2			pampas
	5346.67	Notes of some Rapid Journeys across the	Pampas and over the Andes. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d
	5464.20	CHARLES ST. JOHN. JOURNEYS ACROSS THE	PAMPAS. By SIR F. B. HEAD. GATHERINGS FROM
1			panama
	2651.287	the narrow, but impassable, isthmus of	Panama. Westward of the shores of America, a
1			papal
	5292.38	CENTRAL ITALYSOUTH TUSCANY and the	PAPAL STATES. Map. Post 8vo. 7s. —— ROMEAND
7			paper
	2693.903	that lately advanced in an ingenious	paper by Mr. Wallace, in which he concludes
	3127.113	is shown, as far as is possible on	paper, in the diagram, but in much too simple
	3195.143	Edwards has lately insisted, in an able	paper, on the high importance of looking to
	5578.125	Thousand. Plates. 8vo. 21s. Or Fine	Paper, 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s. ——— Popular Account
	5930.183	Corrections. Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or Fine	Paper, with Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. RENNIE
	6016.87	third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or Fine	Paper, with Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 5s
	6116.179	Plates. 3 vols. 8vo, 45s., or Large	Paper. 3 Vols. 4to. WELLINGTON'S (THE DUKE
7			papers
	4984.17	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. CORNWALLIS (THE)	Papers and Correspondence during the American
	4984.149	and Peace of Amiens. From Family	Papers, &c. Edited by CHARLES ROSS. Second
	5120.61	Being a Selection from the LITERARY	PAPERS which have appeared in that Journal
	5225.16	vo. 6s. [page] 14 GRENVILLE (THE)	PAPERS. Being the Public and Private
	5608.16	Plans. Post 8vo. 6s. LEXINGTON (THE)	PAPERS; or, Some Account of the Courts of
	5622.121	Balcarres. With Extracts from Official	Papers and Personal Narratives. Second Edition
	6120.48	Letters, Despatches, and other	Papers relating to India. Edited by his SON
2			papilionaceous
	872.748	closely enclosed, as in the great	papilionaceous or pea-family; but in several, perhaps
	872.1093	So necessary are the visits of bees to	papilionaceous flowers, that I have found, by
1			papilla
	3331.1011	but can we suppose that the minute	papilla, which often represents the pistil in
1			parachute
	1450.429	expanse of skin, which serves as a	parachute and allows them to glide through the
1			paradise
	822.148	The rock-thrush of Guiana, birds of	Paradise, and some others, congregate; and
1			paradox
	3159.1467	We can also understand the apparent	paradox, that the very same characters are
1			paragraphs
	2506.580	the causes explained in the foregoing	paragraphs, the same general succession in the
4			paraguay
	713.163	the existence of cattle. Perhaps	Paraguay offers the most curious instance of
	713.416	this is caused by the greater number in	Paraguay of a certain fly, which lays its eggs
	713.747	or beasts of prey) were to increase in	Paraguay, the flies would decrease—then cattle
	4264.0	wild stocks of domestic animals, 253.	Paraguay, cattle destroyed by flies
16			parallel
	1257.864	in polymorphic groups, we see a nearly	parallel natural case; for in such cases natural
	1329.251	a small dun Welch pony with three short	parallel stripes on each shoulder. In the north
	1345.1644	for centuries, species; and how exactly	parallel is the case with that of the species of
	1546.896	different families and orders, offers a	parallel case of difficulty. Other cases could
	1775.75	with their centres placed in two	parallel layers; with the centre of each sphere
	1775.357	the adjoining spheres in the other and	parallel layer; then, if planes of intersection
	2014.281	distinct cases run to a certain extent	parallel. Something analogous occurs in grafting
	2126.1278	should all run, to a certain extent,	parallel with the systematic affinity of the
	2474.222	change at distant points in the same	parallel manner. We may doubt whether they have
	2488.23	inhabitants. This great fact of the	parallel succession of the forms of life
	2492.714	do find, a less strict degree of	parallel succession in the productions of the
	2500.29	survive. Thus, as it seems to me, the	parallel, and, taken in a large sense
	2512.463	would falsely appear to be strictly	parallel; nevertheless the species would not all
	2576.186	of extinct forms is in some degree	parallel to the embryological development of
	2651.648	range far northward and southward, in	parallel lines not far from each other, under
	3392.633	parallelism is supported by another	parallel, but directly opposite, class of facts
1			paralleled
	2637.1038	in the Old World which cannot be	paralleled in the New-at least as closely as the
22			parallelism
	172.349	of first crosses and of hybrids —	Parallelism between the effects of changed
	1972.136	are generally very sterile; but the	parallelism between the difficulty of making a
	2016.225	yet that there is a rude degree of	parallelism in the results of grafting and [page
	2042.51	fanciful, but I suspect that a similar	parallelism extends to an allied yet very different
	2048.651	I cannot persuade myself that this	parallelism is an accident or an illusion. Both
	2126.450	disturbed. This view is supported by a	parallelism of another kind;—namely, that the
	2472.807	Europe and North America, a similar	parallelism in the forms of life has been observed
	2472.1086	be kept wholly out of view, the general	parallelism in the successive forms of life, in the
	2486.50	and d'Archiac. After referring to the	parallelism of the palæozoic forms of life in
	2508.179	France, is able to draw a close general	parallelism between the successive stages in the
	2508.790	shows that there is a striking general	parallelism in the successive Silurian deposits of
	2641.185	fauna or flora. Notwithstanding this	parallelism in the conditions of the Old and New
	3040.62	often insisted, there is a striking	parallelism in the laws of life throughout time and
	3165.255	understand how it is that a numerical	parallelism has sometimes been observed between the
	3165.365	classes. A naturalist, struck by a	parallelism of this nature in any one class, by
	3165.589	arbitrary), could easily extend the	parallelism over a wide range; and thus the
	3392.597	of two distinct organisations. This	parallelism is supported by another parallel, but
	3498.426	see why there should be so striking a	parallelism in the distribution of organic beings
	3613.5	on the embryos of vertebrata, 439. ——on	parallelism of embryological development and
	3672.5	on the succession of species, 325. ——on	parallelism of palæozoic formations, 328. —on
	3932.4	during glacial period, 366, —on	parallelism in time and space, 409. Forests
	4147.6	of Europe and North America, 323. —, on	parallelism of tertiary formations, 328. ——, on
1			parallel-sided
	1803.72	first cell is excavated out of a little	parallel-sided wall of wax, is not, as far as I have
1			paralysed
	1725.614	makes its own burrow and stores it with	paralysed prey for its own larvæ to feed on, yet
4			paramount
	417.637	pigeons as were the old Romans. The	paramount importance of these considerations in
	2960.853	modified, in accordance with the	paramount importance of the relation of organism
	3075.1677	with their product the seed, are of	paramount importance! We must not, therefore, in
	3512.586	why adaptive characters, though of	paramount importance to the being, are of hardly
5			parasite
	250.1415	to account for the structure of this	parasite, with its relations to several distinct
	635.1130	a little less plainly in the humblest	parasite which clings [page] 61 CHAP. III
	699.533	comes in a sort of struggle between the	parasite and its prey. On the other hand, in
	731.56	one organic being on another, as of a	parasite on its prey, lies generally between
	741.453	in that of the legs and claws of the	parasite which clings to the hair on the tiger's
3			parasites
	651.375	these trees, for if too many of these	parasites grow on the same tree, it will languish
	1825.546	may be dependent on the number of its	parasites or other enemies, or on quite distinct
	4265.0	cattle destroyed by flies, 72.	Parasites, 217. Partridge, dirt on feet
14			parasitic
	166.213	instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and	parasitic bees — Slave-making ants — Hive-bee
	699.330	so-called epidemics appear to be due to	parasitic worms, which have from some cause
	1231.443	given: namely, that when a cirripede is	parasitic within another and is thus protected
	1231.834	great nerves and muscles; but in the	parasitic and protected Proteolepas, the whole
	1231.1072	when rendered superfluous by the	parasitic habits of the Proteolepas, though
	1647.203	instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and	parasitic bees—Slave-making ants—Hive-bee, its
	1725.14	lost and wasted eggs. Many bees are	parasitic, and always lay their eggs in the nests
	1725.241	modified in accordance with their	parasitic habits; for they do not possess the
	1725.447	of Sphegidæ (wasp-like insects) are	parasitic on other species; and M. Fabre has
	1725.804	the prize, and becomes for the occasion	parasitic. In this case, as with the supposed
	3251.420	scale than the larva, as with certain	parasitic crustaceans. To refer once again to
	3690.3	humble, cells of, 225. —,	parasitic, 218. Beetles, wingless, in Madeira
	3896.14	in moles, 137. F. Fabre, M., on	parasitic sphex, 218. Falconer, Dr., on
	4423.7	increase in size of cattle, 35. Sphex,	parasitic, 218. Spiders, development of
2			parcel
	1743.768	rear as slaves. I then dug up a small	parcel of the pupæ of F. fusca from another
	1747.50	time I laid on the same place a small	parcel of the pupæ of another species, F
1			parcels
	2729.206	embedded in the roots of trees, small	parcels of earth are very frequently enclosed
1			pared
	2205.22	RECORD. worn by the waves and	pared all round into perpendicular cliffs of
91			parent
	146.647	on the descendants from a common	parent — Explains the Grouping of all organic
	303.204	case we see that the treatment of the	parent has affected a bud or offset, and not
	303.588	been affected by the treatment of the	parent prior to the act of conception. These
	311.480	less, and walking more, than its wild	parent. The great and inherited development of
	331.526	at which it first appeared in the	parent. I believe this rule to be of the
	351.949	vary on an average as largely as the	parent species of our existing domesticated
	359.608	latter have had more than one wild	parent. With respect to horses, from reasons
	419.291	could ever have descended from a common	parent, as any naturalist could in coming to a
	463.144	to surpass in fleetness and size the	parent Arab stock, so that the latter, by the
	491.718	methodical selection. Perhaps the	parent bird of all fantails had only fourteen
	574.439	which it differs very slightly from its	parent to one in which it differs more, to the
	576.387	flourish so as to exceed in numbers the	parent species, it would then rank as the
	576.519	come to supplant and exterminate the	parent species; or both might co-exist, and
	810.25	SELECTION. young in relation to the	parent, and of the parent in relation to the
	810.44	in relation to the parent, and of the	parent in relation to the young. In social
	970.1108	this variety again to differ from its	parent in the very same character and in a
	976.1433	from each other and from their common	parent. But how, it may be asked, can any
	1024.296	advantages which made their common	parent (A) more numerous than most of the
	1026.472	and more considerably from their common	parent (A). We may continue the process by
	1026.828	descendants, proceeding from the common	parent (A), will generally go on increasing in
	1034.164	of the same advantages which made their	parent successful in life, they will generally
	1040.276	from each other and from their common	parent. If we suppose the amount of change
	1048.484	their predecessors and their original	parent. For it should be remembered that the
	1052.136	quite new station, in which child and	parent do not come into competition, both may
	1068.301	a single species, the supposed single	parent of our several new sub-genera and
	1078.538	and from inheritance from a different	parent, will differ widely from the three
	1173.407	same genus have descended from a single	parent, if this view be correct
	1297.874	pigeon having inherited from a common	parent the same constitution and tendency to
	1297.1215	produced by cultivation from a common	parent: if this be not so, the case will then
	1303.151	these marks are characteristic of the	parent rock-pigeon, I presume that no one will
	1311.97	theory, to have descended from a common	parent, it might be expected that they would
	1349.191	differently constructed, the common	parent of our domestic horse, whether or not
	1361.1144	developed organ has become the	parent of many modified descendants-which on
	1361.1475	the same constitution from a common	parent and exposed to similar influences will
	1392.257	to exterminate, its own less improved	parent or other less-favoured forms with which
	1392.495	from some other unknown form, both the	parent and all the transitional varieties will
	1400.839	species have descended from a common	parent; and during the process of modification
	1400.1005	and exterminated its original	parent and all the transitional varieties
	1432.391	representative species and their common	parent, must formerly have existed in each
	1440.315	so often remarked, to exterminate the	parent forms and the intermediate links
	1695.548	traces of the instincts of either	parent: for example, Le Roy describes a dog
	1837.50	similarity by inheritance from a common	parent, and must therefore believe that they
	1920.168	them from a cross with either pure	parent, for six or seven, and in one case for
	1950.474	bred in this country with either pure	parent, and in one single instance they have
	1966.954	even with the pollen of either pure	parent, a single fertile seed: but in some of
	1992.1014	its external resemblance to either pure	parent. Considering the several rules now
	1994.655	resemble in external appearance either	parent. And lastly, that the facility of
	2040.336	resemble closely either pure	parent. Nor do I pretend that the foregoing
	2102.830	in successive generations with either	parent. These several remarks are apparently
	2110.355	bred animals closely resembling one	parent, the resemblances seem chiefly confined
	2110.717	to the perfect character of either	parent would be more likely to occur with
	2155.225	but between each and an unknown common	parent. The common parent will have had in its
	2155.244	an unknown common parent. The common	parent will have had in its whole organisation
	2155.624	closely compared the structure of the	parent with that of its modified descendants
	2157.444	and organism, between child and	parent, will render this a very rare event
	2420.756	from our present fantail; but if the	parent rock-pigeon were also destroyed, and in
	2556.749	order of their disappearance; for the	parent rock-pigeon now lives; and many
	2699.9	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI. a single	parent. But in the majority of cases, namely
	2699.448	at each stage, to descent from a single	parent. To illustrate what I mean: our English
	2811.825	boulders transported far from their	parent source. We do not know that the
	2892.128	my theory, are descended from a common	parent and must have proceeded from a single
	2916.168	species have descended from a single	parent; and therefore have all proceeded from
	3010.1051	a genus having descended from a single	parent, though now distributed to the most
	3010.1277	for it is necessary that the unmodified	parent should range widely, undergoing
	3012.153	must have branched off from a common	parent at a remote epoch; so that in such
	3063.705	descended from one ancient but unseen	parent, and, consequently, have inherited
	3063.972	hand, which diverged from a common	parent at the fifth stage of descent. These
	3117.351	which have been inherited from a common	parent, and, in so far, all true
	3123.391	A, be ranked in the same genus with the	parent A; or those from I, with the parent I
	3123.427	the parent A; or those from I, with the	parent I. But the existing genus F14 may be
	3123.1026	something in common from their common	parent, as will all the descendants from I; so
	3151.442	only by its inheritance from a common	parent. We may err in this respect in regard
	3185.9	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. a common	parent, together with their retention by
	3185.258	are connected together. For the common	parent of a whole family of species, now
	3191.748	eleven genera and their primordial	parent, and every intermediate link in each
	3197.601	different they may be from their	parent; and I believe this element of descent
	3197.926	between the descendants from a common	parent, expressed by the terms genera
	3263.941	by the conditions to which either	parent, or their ancestors, have been exposed
	3263.1252	from the reproductive element of one	parent. Or again, as when the horns of cross
	3263.1364	by the shape of the horns of either	parent. For the welfare of a very young animal
	3263.1522	as it is nourished and protected by its	parent, it must be quite unimportant whether
	3269.143	age any variation first appears in the	parent, it tends to reappear at a
	3269.585	corresponding age in the offspring and	parent. I am far from meaning that this is
	3269.802	an earlier age in the child than in the	parent. These two principles, if their truth
	3295.1129	degree different from those of their	parent, and consequently to be constructed in
	3412.555	be able to recognise a species as the	parent of any one or more species if we were
	3412.715	links between their past or	parent and present states; and these many
	3484.765	genus having descended from a common	parent, and having inherited much in common
	3572.17	XIV. CONCLUSION. scended from one	parent, and have migrated from some one
	3785.15	attacks by flies, 198. Columba livia,	parent of domestic pigeons, 23. Colymbetes
	4135.31	on resemblance of child to	parent, 275. Lund and Clausen on fossils of
3			parentage
	1695.669	and this dog showed a trace of its wild	parentage only in one way, by not coming in a
	3123.1314	or less completely lost traces of their	parentage, in this case, their places in a
	3351.741	follow on the view of the common	parentage of those forms which are considered by
1			parental
	319.545	in some small degree from that of the	parental type. Any variation which is not
1			parent-are
	1357.1395	same genus branched off from a common	parent-are more variable than generic characters
1			parent—explains
	764.627	on the descendants from a common	parent—Explains the Grouping of all organic beings
12			parent-form
	836.950	either supplant or coexist with the	parent-form of wolf. Or, again, the wolves
	1500.303	descendants from the same original	parent-form, in order to see what gradations are
	2094.992	producing offspring identical with the	parent-form. Now hybrids in the first generation
	2096.135	liable than hybrids to revert to either	parent-form; but this, if it be true, is certainly
	2102.759	mongrels can be reduced to either pure	parent-form, by repeated crosses in successive
	2155.535	we should be unable to recognise the	parent-form of any two or more species, even if we
	2420.851	have every reason to believe that the	parent-form will generally be supplanted and [page
	2528.863	lines of descent diverging from the	parent-form A, will form an order; for all will
	3141.838	because they closely resemble the	parent-form, but because they are descended from it
	3295.20	CHAP. XIII. resemble the mature	parent-form. We have seen that this is the rule of
	3307.506	more or less obscured, of the common	parent-form of each great class of animals
	3426.312	to reproduce offspring exactly like the	parent-form. Variability is governed by many
6			parent-forms
	1141.397	use or disuse, for we know not the	parent-forms; but many animals have structures which
	2147.129	the places of and exterminate their	parent-forms. But just in proportion as this process
	2299.298	do not spread widely and supplant their	parent-forms until they have been modified and
	2323.436	would slowly spread and supplant their	parent-forms. When such varieties returned to their
	2335.242	of species from some one or some few	parent-forms; and in the succeeding formation such
	3173.345	groups. A few old and intermediate	parent-forms having occasionally transmitted to the
1			parent-genus
	3123.547	and it will then rank with the	parent-genus F; just as some few still living
63			parents
	295.1069	offspring not perfectly like their	parents or variable. Sterility has been said
	305.142	other, though both the young and the	parents, as Müller has remarked, have
	365.1635	some degree intermediate between their	parents; and if we [page] 20 DOMESTIC PIGEONS
	403.652	breed, and there is a tendency in both	parents to revert to a character, which has
	532.153	appear in the offspring from the same	parents, or which may be presumed to have thus
	558.410	showing that they descend from common	parents, and consequently must be ranked as
	588.582	those advantages that enabled their	parents to become dominant over their
	970.864	varieties, the supposed prototypes and	parents of future well-marked species, present
	970.1040	to differ in some character from its	parents, and the offspring of this variety
	1020.403	to the same conditions which made their	parents variable, [page] 118 NATURAL SELECTION
	1024.151	vary in nearly the same manner as their	parents varied. Moreover, these two varieties
	1056.949	and thus exterminated, not only their	parents (A) and (I), but likewise some of the
	1056.1052	which were most nearly related to their	parents. Hence very few of the original species
	1070.652	in character from the type of their	parents, the new species (F14) will not be
	1119.522	as to make the child like its	parents. But the much greater variability, as
	1119.794	of the conditions of life, to which the	parents and their more remote ancestors have
	1123.48	being functionally disturbed in the	parents, I chiefly attribute the varying or
	1305.677	has not been crossed, but in which both	parents have lost some character which their
	1351.470	in their stripes, not their own	parents, but other species of the genus. To
	1353.201	more or less, from the same part in the	parents. But whenever we have the means of
	1843.241	an insect differing greatly from its	parents, yet absolutely sterile; so that it
	1859.693	long-continued selection of the fertile	parents which produced most neuters with the
	1871.87	selection, by acting on the fertile	parents, could form a species which should
	1871.685	through the natural selection of the	parents which generated them; until none with
	1873.171	from each other and from their	parents, has originated. We can see how useful
	1908.97	believed to have descended from common	parents, when intercrossed, and likewise the
	1948.135	raised at the same time from different	parents, so as to avoid the ill effects of
	1950.603	who raised two hybrids from the same	parents but from different hatches; and from
	1992.372	character between their two	parents, always closely resemble one of them
	1992.623	intermediate in structure between their	parents, exceptional and abnormal individuals
	1992.730	closely resemble one of their pure	parents; and these hybrids are almost always
	2000.1017	of the first union between their	parents, seems to be a strange arrangement
	2026.919	and living in a country where their two	parents can live, they are generally placed
	2094.100	seem to me at all surprising. For the	parents of mongrels are varieties, and mostly
	2102.198	and in hybrids to their respective	parents, more especially in hybrids produced
	2110.126	are born closely like one of their	parents; but it can be shown that this does
	2110.1144	laws of resemblance of the child to its	parents are the same, whether the two parents
	2110.1182	parents are the same, whether the two	parents differ much or little from each other
	2500.387	already had some advantage over their	parents or over other species; these again
	2550.247	lived at the fifth stage, and are the	parents of those which became still more
	2596.1243	the six older genera will have been the	parents of the six new genera; the other old
	2675.157	proceeded from one spot, where their	parents were first produced: for, as explained
	2675.342	produced through natural selection from	parents specifically distinct. We are thus
	3024.639	located, have descended from the same	parents, are not insuperable. And we are led to
	3157.255	all probability descended from the same	parents. We can understand, on these views
	3167.172	to which they belong large and their	parents dominant, they are almost sure to
	3191.1103	distinguished from their more immediate	parents; or these parents from their ancient
	3191.1121	their more immediate parents; or these	parents from their ancient and unknown
	3247.611	from each other than do their adult	parents. In most cases, however, the larvæ
	3255.1014	or quite inactive, being fed by their	parents or placed in the midst of proper
	3267.231	length, as long as it was fed by its	parents. Hence, I conclude, that it is quite
	3275.160	they differed just as much as their	parents, and this, judging by the eye, seemed
	3295.343	or closely resembling their	parents from their earliest age, we can see
	3295.692	the same habits of life with their	parents; for in this case, it would be
	3295.861	early age in the same manner with its	parents, in accordance with their similar
	3295.1384	to any conceivable extent from their	parents. Such differences might, also, become
	3301.895	from the same or nearly similar	parents, and are therefore in that degree
	3365.77	its own class or group, from common	parents, and have all been modified in the
	3394.262	group, must have descended from common	parents; and therefore, in however distant and
	3490.190	and kinds of resemblance to their	parents,—in being absorbed into each other by
	3496.340	extinct being the offspring of common	parents. As the groups which have descended
	3510.143	with modification, that the same	parents formerly inhabited both areas; and we
	4351.42	rate of, 63. Resemblance to	parents in mongrels and hybrids, 273. Reversion
1			parents-and
	1365.80	difference in the offspring from their	parents-and a cause for each must exist-it is the
1			parent—say
	325.328	of circumstances, appears in the	parent—say, once amongst several million
1			parents—may
	423.1224	races have descended from the same	parents—may they not learn a lesson of caution
1			parent-source
	3026.101	on my theory must have spread from one	parent-source; if we make the same allowances as
22			parent-species
	285.683	different from, those to which the	parent-species have been exposed under nature. There
	345.208	they have descended from one or several	parent-species. This point, if it could be cleared up
	610.577	certain forms—that is, round their	parent-species? Undoubtedly there is one most
	610.785	compared with each other or with their	parent-species, is much less than that between the
	616.236	a wider range than that of its supposed	parent-species, their denominations ought to be
	1024.471	which made the genus to which the	parent-species belonged, a large genus in its own
	1048.833	of a species, as well as the original	parent-species itself, will generally tend to become
	1068.5	NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV. more	parent-species are supposed to have descended from
	1070.396	from a form which stood between the two	parent-species (A) and (I), now supposed to be extinct
	1914.456	average number produced by both pure	parent-species in a state of nature. But a serious
	1924.313	in great numbers; and as the	parent-species, or other allied hybrids, generally
	1950.1038	are kept for profit, where neither pure	parent-species exists, they must certainly be highly
	1966.1089	by the pollen of one of the pure	parent-species causing the flower of the hybrid to
	1992.480	externally so like one of their pure	parent-species, are with rare exceptions extremely
	2159.83	species have been connected with the	parent-species of each genus, by differences not
	2163.15	OF THE CHAP. IX day; and these	parent-species, now generally extinct, have in their
	2291.957	structure. So that we might obtain the	parent-species and its several modified descendants
	2458.103	cause the extermination of the	parent-species; and if many new forms have been
	3197.210	the many descendants from one dominant	parent-species, explains that great and universal
	3285.239	descended on my theory from some one	parent-species, and of which the several new species
	3289.300	instance, which served as legs in the	parent-species, may become, by a long course of
	3289.666	of the several descendants of the	parent-species will still resemble each other closely
1			parent-species-as
	1930.116	fertile-as fertile as the pure	parent-species-as are Kölreuter and Gärtner that some
4			parent-stocks
	365.999	number of peculiar species as distinct	parent-stocks? So it is in India. Even in the case of
	389.808	crossing two breeds unless one of the	parent-stocks possessed the characteristic enormous
	477.349	with the older varieties or with their	parent-stocks. No one would ever expect to get a
	479.227	and therefore do not know, the wild	parent-stocks of the plants which have been longest
3			paris
	5338.3	ENGLAND. Post 8vo. In Preparation. ——	PARIS. Post 8vo. (In Preparation
	5358.45	of French Sticks; or, Sketches of	Paris. New Edition. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12s
	5876.0	Edition. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 18s.	PARIS' (Dr.) Philosophy in Sport made Science
2			parish
	4820.4	Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. 6d. ———	Parish Priest; His Duties, Acquirements and
	5259.15	Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. HEBER (BISHOP)	Parish Sermons; on the Lessons, the Gospel, or
1			parkyns
	5878.0	Eighth Edition. Woodcuts Post 8vo. 9s.	PARKYNS' (MANSFIELD) Personal Narrative of
1			parliament
	6124.15	GURWOOD. 8vo. 18s. —— Speeches in	Parliament. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42s. WILKIE'S (SIR DAVID
3			partake
	1024.396	of the same country; they will likewise	partake of those more general advantages which
	1034.116	to a large genus, will tend to	partake of the same advantages which made their
	2464.415	will commonly be allied, for they will	partake of some inferiority in common. Thus
1			partakes
	2026.1011	conditions of life. But a hybrid	partakes of only half of the nature and
1			parted
	2886.1077	which from an early period must have	parted river-systems and completely prevented
1			partial
	2789.151	though subjected to large, but	partial oscillations of level, I am strongly
6			partially
	2227.1653	The molluscan genus Chiton offers a	partially analogous case. With respect to the
	2379.35	tear; and would have been at least	partially upheaved by the oscillations of level
	2978.1044	and other southern lands were long ago	partially stocked from a nearly intermediate
	3073.17	CHAP. XIII. cation, which is	partially revealed to us by our classifications
	3179.1208	or nearly all Marsupials, from having	partially retained the character of their common
	3301.1335	of each species and group of species	partially shows us the structure of their less
2			particle
	1530.342	understand the strange fact that every	particle of food and drink which we swallow has
	2729.314	behind them,—so perfectly that not a	particle could be washed away in the longest
31			particular
	42.58	of Divine power, exerted in each	particular case, but by the establishment of
	291.1477	as a little more or less water at some	particular period of growth, will determine
	309.214	size from amount of food, colour from	particular kinds of food and from light, and
	331.408	why a peculiarity should appear at any	particular age, yet that it does tend to appear in
	796.385	destruction of an animal of any	particular colour would produce little effect: we
	804.72	which under domestication appear at any	particular period of life, tend to reappear in the
	842.1168	relation to the size and habits of the	particular insects which visited them, so as to
	1119.317	our ignorance of the cause of each	particular variation. Some authors believe it to
	1177.397	much as, or more than, by adaptation to	particular climates. But whether or not the
	1237.904	have been but little specialised for	particular functions; and as long as the same part
	1237.1328	any shape; whilst a tool for some	particular object had better be of some particular
	1237.1368	particular object had better be of some	particular shape. Natural selection, it should
	1257.793	been but little specialised for any	particular purpose, and perhaps in polymorphic
	1351.203	nature and under domestication, in this	particular manner, so as often to become striped
	1357.843	having been closely specialised to any	particular function, so that their modifications
	1420.159	existing in large numbers; and in this	particular case the intermediate form would be
	1448.435	to lessen the difficulty in any	particular case like that of the bat. Look at the
	1466.51	any structure highly perfected for any	particular habit, as the wings of a bird for
	1584.331	chiefly through sexual selection of a	particular kind, but without here entering on
	1681.416	and southern United States. Fear of any	particular enemy is certainly an instinctive
	1831.517	that they swept their spheres at one	particular distance from each other, than they
	2032.896	can tell, till he tries, whether any	particular animal will breed under confinement or
	2048.365	that greater changes, or changes of a	particular nature, often render organic beings in
	2273.603	sea, but are rare or absent in this	particular deposit. It is an excellent lesson to
	2466.828	account for the extinction of this	particular species or group of species. On the
	2566.294	meant by high and low forms. But in one	particular sense the [page] 337 CHAP. X. STATE OF
	2910.1616	thus takes her seeds from a bed of a	particular nature, and drops them in another
	2960.128	kinds—the richness in endemic forms in	particular classes or sections of classes,—the
	3101.128	defining a group, or in allocating any	particular species. If they find a character
	3267.183	or not it assumed a beak of this	particular length, as long as it was fed by its
	6074.69	Spanish Literature. With Criticisms on	particular Works, and Biographical Notices of
7			particularly
	471.144	domestic animals, yet any one animal	particularly useful to them, for any special purpose
	1249.405	cirripedes; and I may here add, that I	particularly attended to Mr. Waterhouse's remark
	1251.75	in a remarkably small degree, I have	particularly attended to them, and the rule seems to
	1251.323	the great variability in plants made it	particularly difficult to compare their relative
	1339.146	common mule from the ass and horse is	particularly apt to have bars on its legs. I once
	1980.1120	found that N. acuminata, which is not a	particularly distinct species, obstinately failed to
	5136.66	and Researches in Asia Minor, more	particularly in the Province of Lydia. New Edition
1			partitions
	1522.1078	and being divided by highly vascular	partitions. In these cases, one of the two organs
17			partly
	285.842	Knight, that this variability may be	partly connected with excess of food. It seems
	485.522	breeds might be formed. This, perhaps,	partly explains what has been remarked by some
	491.654	would become through long-continued,	partly unconscious and partly methodical
	491.677	long-continued, partly unconscious and	partly methodical selection. Perhaps the
	772.906	the case of an island, or of a country	partly surrounded by barriers, into which new
	1269.861	genera. I believe this explanation is	partly, yet only indirectly, true; I shall
	1323.158	in several species of the same genus,	partly under domestication and partly under
	1323.189	genus, partly under domestication and	partly under nature. It is a case apparently
	1612.455	a multitude of intermediate gradations,	partly because the process of natural
	1612.590	one time, only on a very few forms; and	partly because the very process of natural
	1681.122	is with the nests of birds, which vary	partly in dependence on the situations chosen
	1709.104	and natural instincts have been lost	partly by habit, and partly by man selecting
	1709.125	have been lost partly by habit, and	partly by man selecting and accumulating
	2104.109	is here excessively complicated,	partly owing to the existence of secondary
	2657.20	of longitude. A third great fact,	partly included in the foregoing statements
	2743.697	I suspected that these islands had been	partly stocked by ice-borne seeds, during the
	3081.104	world. Perhaps from this cause it has	partly arisen, that almost all naturalists lay
1			partner
	822.354	at last choose the most attractive	partner. Those who have closely attended to
1			partook
	2590.614	what it now is. North America formerly	partook strongly of the present character of
3			partridge
	1486.817	nearly as terrestrial as the quail or	partridge. In such cases, and many others could
	2737.202	argillaceous earth from one foot of a	partridge, and in this earth there was a pebble
	4266.0	destroyed by flies, 72. Parasites, 217.	Partridge, dirt on feet, 362. Parts greatly
1			partridges
	687.296	to be little doubt that the stock of	partridges, grouse, and hares on any large estate
164			parts
	152.284	lowly organised structures variable —	Parts developed in an unusual manner are
	208.413	members of the same class, between	parts of the same individual — Embryology
	313.340	the correlations between quite distinct	parts are very curious; and many instances
	317.719	certainly unconsciously modify other	parts of the structure, owing to the
	393.300	breeds have been transported to all	parts of the world, and, therefore, some of
	395.206	habits, voice, colouring, and in most	parts of their structure, with the wild rock
	395.302	are certainly highly abnormal in other	parts of their structure: we may look in vain
	487.426	and relatively so slight in internal	parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or
	505.442	remarked, with respect to the sheep of	parts of Yorkshire, that "as they generally
	532.735	what naturalists consider unimportant	parts; but I could show by a long catalogue
	532.794	show by a long catalogue of facts, that	parts which must be called important, whether
	532.1089	cases of variability, even in important	parts of structure, which he could collect on
	661.387	kinds which have run wild in several	parts of the world: if the statements of the
	713.93	of the Scotch fir; but in several	parts of the world insects determine the
	717.26	TO INCREASE. indeed I have observed in	parts of South America) the vegetation: this
	737.352	see this in the recent extension over	parts of the United States of one species of
	737.496	recent increase of the missel-thrush in	parts of Scotland has caused the decrease of
	796.0	page] 85 CHAP. IV. NATURAL SELECTION.	parts of the Continent persons are warned not
	856.389	depends on bees visiting and moving	parts of the corolla, so as to push the
	1090.27	SUMMARY. vary at all in the several	parts of their organisation, and I think this
	1141.175	strengthens and enlarges certain	parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that
	1149.456	facts, namely, that beetles in many	parts of the world are very frequently blown
	1183.566	have been transported by man to many	parts of the world, and now have a far wider
	1197.236	through natural selection, other	parts become modified. This is a very
	1197.628	organisation of the adult. The several	parts of the body which are homologous, and
	1199.11	by natural selection. Homologous	parts, as has been remarked by some authors
	1199.168	common than the union of homologous	parts in normal structures, as the union of
	1203.44	petals of the corolla into a tube. Hard	parts seem to affect the form of adjoining
	1203.92	to affect the form of adjoining soft	parts; it is believed by some authors that
	1211.133	often accompanied with the abortion of	parts of the flower. But, in some Compositous
	1211.279	the ovary itself, with its accessory	parts, differs, as has been described by
	1211.781	drawing nourishment from certain other	parts of the flower had caused their abortion
	1237.445	have further remarked that multiple	parts are also very liable to variation in
	1237.841	in this case means that the several	parts of the organisation have been but
	1239.12	and for its advantage. Rudimentary	parts, it has been stated by some authors
	1243.12	OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. rudimentary	parts are left to the free play of the
	1257.229	independently created, with all its	parts as we now see them, I can see no
	1263.877	still to find more variability in such	parts than in other parts of the organisation
	1263.897	variability in such parts than in other	parts of the organisation, which have
	1269.746	generic, because they are taken from	parts of less physiological importance than
	1275.230	same genus, be more variable than those	parts which are closely alike in the several
	1275.483	still often continuing to vary in those	parts of their structure which have varied
	1279.876	at least more variable than those	parts of the organisation which have for a
	1281.339	sexual characters, than in other	parts of their organisation; compare, for
	1281.807	as constant and uniform as other	parts of the organisation; for secondary
	1285.455	their sexual characters, than in other	parts of their structure. It is a remarkable
	1287.146	generally displayed in the very same	parts of the organisation in which the
	1293.746	are generally displayed in the same	parts of the organisation,—are all principles
	1293.966	they have inherited much in common,—to	parts which have recently and largely varied
	1293.1057	more likely still to go on varying than	parts which have long been inherited and have
	1293.1359	and to variations in the same	parts having been accumulated by natural and
	1317.593	But the best evidence is afforded by	parts or organs of an important and uniform
	1331.1060	Malay Archipelago in the south. In all	parts of the world these stripes occur far
	1337.240	race, &c., inhabiting the most distant	parts of the world. Now let us turn to the
	1357.143	potent in their effects. Homologous	parts tend to vary in the same way, and
	1357.194	to vary in the same way, and homologous	parts tend to cohere. Modifications in hard
	1357.238	tend to cohere. Modifications in hard	parts and in external parts sometimes affect
	1357.260	in hard parts and in external	parts sometimes affect softer and internal
	1357.303	sometimes affect softer and internal	parts. When one part is largely developed
	1357.402	to draw nourishment from the adjoining	parts; and every part of the structure which
	1357.571	at an early age will generally affect	parts subsequently developed; and there are
	1357.721	utterly unable to understand. Multiple	parts are variable in number and in structure
	1357.794	in structure, perhaps arising from such	parts not having been closely specialised to
	1357.1578	remarks we have referred to special	parts or organs being still variable, because
	1361.314	the same group. Variability in the same	parts of the organisation has generally been
	1361.853	in a much higher degree than other	parts; for variation is a long-continued and
	1484.246	is essentially a petrel, but with many	parts of its organisation profoundly modified
	1530.296	Owen's interesting description of these	parts, understand the strange fact that every
	1550.186	in very nearly the same manner two	parts in two organic beings, which owe but
	1552.708	should this be so? Why should all the	parts and organs of many independent beings
	1558.35	understanding the origin of simple	parts, of which the importance does not seem
	1586.717	part will often have entailed on other	parts diversified changes of no direct use
	1630.126	of another; though it may well produce	parts, organs, and excretions highly useful
	1638.581	acts by either now adapting the varying	parts of each being to its organic and
	1689.67	also be enabled to see the respective	parts which habit and the selection of so
	1733.124	This species is found in the southern	parts of England, and its habits have been
	1787.388	appearing to the eye perfectly true or	parts of a sphere, and of about the diameter
	1793.360	opposite sides of the ridge of wax. In	parts, only little bits, in other parts
	1793.394	In parts, only little bits, in other	parts, large portions of a rhombic plate had
	1819.539	the proper relative distance from the	parts of the cells just begun, sweeping
	1885.182	species, when inhabiting distant	parts of the world and living under
	1950.964	these crossed geese are kept in various	parts of the country; and as they are kept
	1976.144	more especially in the structure of	parts which are of high physiological
	2038.422	or mutual relation of the different	parts and organs one to another, or to the
	2177.339	of each formation in different	parts of Great Britain; and this is the
	2209.249	masses of our palæozoic strata, in	parts ten thousand feet in thickness, as
	2235.576	is in North America, and in many other	parts of the world. The most skilful
	2255.184	have been accumulated in the shallow	parts, which are the most favourable to life
	2259.119	of the land and of the adjoining shoal	parts of the sea will be increased, and new
	2265.237	varieties in the upper and lower	parts of the same formation, but, as they are
	2273.1439	geographical changes occurred in other	parts of America during this space of time
	2279.77	two forms in the upper and lower	parts of the same formation, the deposit must
	2351.1506	were converted into land, the tropical	parts of the Indian Ocean would form a large
	2379.1788	the surface. The immense areas in some	parts of the world, for instance in South
	2468.287	can be recognised in many distant	parts of the world, under the most different
	2474.73	to the marine inhabitants of distant	parts of the world: we have not sufficient
	2482.92	in the above large sense, at distant	parts of the world, has greatly struck those
	2486.104	the palæozoic forms of life in various	parts of Europe, they add, "If struck by this
	2506.6	GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. CHAP. X. other	parts of the world. As we have reason to
	2584.348	of the armadillo, found in several	parts of La Plata; and Professor Owen has
	2586.182	the present climate of Australia and of	parts of South America under the same
	2637.462	truth: for if we exclude the northern	parts where the circumpolar land is almost
	2637.715	American continent, from the central	parts of the United States to its extreme
	2643.163	latitudes 25º and 35º, we shall find	parts extremely similar in all their
	2645.360	Old Worlds, excepting in the northern	parts, where the land almost joins, and where
	2651.931	the eastern islands of the tropical	parts of the Pacific, we encounter no
	2755.523	Pyrenees, and in the extreme northern	parts of Europe; but it is far more
	2761.942	fauna and flora, covering the central	parts of Europe, as far [page] 367 CHAP. XI
	2793.125	in a modified condition, in the central	parts of Europe and the United States. On
	2793.695	these warmer periods the northern	parts of the Old and New Worlds will have
	2803.400	if we compare, for instance, certain	parts of South America with the southern
	2823.408	been discovered in the intertropical	parts of Africa. On the Himalaya, and on the
	2833.80	species and forms found in the southern	parts of the southern hemisphere, and on the
	2839.749	at the Cape of Good Hope, and in	parts of temperate Australia. As we know that
	2948.181	small mammals, for they occur in many	parts of the world on very small islands, if
	2984.1634	Archipelago which are found in other	parts of the world (laying on one side for
	2990.728	many species, both those found in other	parts of the world and those confined to the
	3055.397	members of the same class, between	parts of the same individual—EMBRYOLOGY, laws
	3075.365	in ancient times thought) that those	parts of the structure which determined the
	3077.65	classifying, trust to resemblances in	parts of the organisation, however important
	3081.1269	importance, "like that of all their	parts, not only in this but, as I apprehend
	3089.61	be given of characters derived from	parts which must be considered of very
	3089.556	in certain Algæ-mere pubescence on	parts of the flower in grasses-the nature of
	3147.1085	or even sometimes better than, other	parts of the organisation. We [page
	3203.258	of type;" or by saying that the several	parts and organs in the different species of
	3203.900	connexion in homologous organs: the	parts may change to almost any extent in form
	3211.223	by correlation of growth other	parts of the organisation. In changes of this
	3211.361	the original pattern, or to transpose	parts. The bones of a limb might be shortened
	3211.824	the relative connexion of the several	parts. If we suppose that the ancient
	3215.97	and two pair of maxillæ, these	parts being perhaps very simple in form; and
	3215.445	by the complete abortion of certain	parts, by the soldering together of other
	3215.487	by the soldering together of other	parts, and by the doubling or multiplication
	3217.166	of a class, but of the different	parts or organs in the same individual. Most
	3217.355	relative connexion with—the elemental	parts of a certain number of vertebræ. The
	3223.598	extremely complex mouth formed of many	parts, consequently always have fewer legs
	3225.765	of leaves. We have formerly seen that	parts many times repeated are eminently
	3229.351	need not wonder at discovering in such	parts or organs, a certain degree of
	3231.61	molluscs, though we can homologise the	parts of one species with those of another
	3255.428	not have been sketched out with all the	parts in proper proportion, as soon as any
	3255.785	character is manifested long before the	parts of the embryo are completed;" and again
	3257.165	between the embryo and the adult;—of	parts in the same indivividual embryo, which
	3309.53	atrophied, or aborted organs.—Organs or	parts in this strange condition, bearing the
	3329.86	size relatively to the adjoining	parts in the embryo, than in the adult; so
	3331.200	power which tells us plainly that most	parts and organs are exquisitely adapted for
	3337.460	We often see rudiments of various	parts in monsters. But I doubt whether any of
	3345.255	systematists have found rudimentary	parts as useful as, or even sometimes more
	3345.311	as, or even sometimes more useful than,	parts of high physiological importance
	3357.159	of a class; or to the homologous	parts constructed on the same pattern in each
	3359.293	an individual embryo of the homologous	parts, which when matured will become widely
	3359.461	species of a class of the homologous	parts or organs, though fitted in the adult
	3394.318	in however distant and isolated	parts of the world they are now found, they
	3476.547	when one part has been modified other	parts are necessarily modified. In both
	3516.70	why characters derived from rudimentary	parts, though of no service to the being, are
	3518.577	the view of the gradual modification of	parts or organs, which were alike in the
	3524.1078	how utterly inexplicable it is that	parts, like the teeth in the embryonic calf
	3969.41	Isidore, on variability of repeated	parts, 149. ———, on correlation in
	3972.17	on correlation, 144. ———, on variable	parts being often monstrous
	4267.0	Partridge, dirt on feet, 362.	Parts greatly developed, variable
	4553.24	on greatly developed	parts being variable, 150. —, on the cells of
	5122.76	Charles Butler, on tfhe Theological	parts of his Book of the Roman Catholic
	5122.197	Dr. Milner and Dr. Lingard, and on some	parts of the Evidence of Dr. Doyle. Second
	5412.42	AND COLONIAL LIBRARY. Complete in 70	Parts. Post 8vo, 2s.6d. each, or bound in
	5900.75	late Charles Butler, on the Theological	parts of his "Book of the Roman Catholic
	5900.198	Dr. Milner and Dr. Lingard, and on some	parts of the Evidence of Dr. Doyle. Second
3			parturition
	1574.1406	as a beautiful adaptation for aiding	parturition, and no doubt they facilitate, or may
	1574.1704	and has been taken advantage of in the	parturition of the higher animals. We are
	3223.280	of the separate pieces in the act of	parturition of mammals, will by no means explain
2			parus
	1472.1088	In our own country the larger titmouse (	Parus major) may be [page] 184 DIFFICULTIES
	4268.32	degrees of utility of, 201.	Parus major, 183. Passiflora, 251. Peaches in
8			passage
	568.458	the mind with the idea of an actual	passage. Hence I look at individual
	574.114	to sub-species, and to species. The	passage from one stage of difference to another
	574.361	faith in this view; and I attribute the	passage of a variety, from a state in which it
	2869.27	life. Sir C. Lyell in a striking	passage has speculated, in language almost
	3089.273	whether or not there is an open	passage from the nostrils to the mouth, the
	5052.75	of Military Bridges, and the	Passage of Rivers in Military Operations. Third
	5706.27	vo. 1s. 6d. MAWES (H. L.) Journal of a	Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic
	5744.56	Russian Campaigns on the Danube and the	Passage of the Balkan, 1828–9. Plans. 8vo. 14s
4			passages
	435.373	If I had space I could quote numerous	passages to this effect from highly competent
	455.412	of the Roman classical writers. From	passages in Genesis, it is clear that the colour
	455.650	they formerly did so, as is attested by	passages in Pliny. The savages in South Africa
	6112.56	Incorporating the most interesting	passages from his Private and Public
12			passed
	455.87	were often imported, and laws were	passed to prevent their exportation: the
	467.155	through which they have insensibly	passed, and come to differ so greatly from the
	1520.0	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI.	passed, we should have to look to very ancient
	1675.1529	are not indispensable, they may be here	passed over. As some degree of variation in
	2265.306	but, as they are rare, they may be here	passed over. Although each formation has
	2345.47	another instance, which from having	passed under my own eyes has much struck me
	2602.256	number of generations which must have	passed away even during a single formation
	2651.482	of another kind, and as soon as this is	passed we meet in the eastern islands of the
	2677.875	that the space could not be easily	passed over by migration, the fact is given as
	2683.383	explain how the same species could have	passed from one point to the other. But the
	2735.1459	either rejected the seeds in pellets or	passed them in their excrement; and several of
	3394.412	course of successive generations have	passed from some one part to the others. We
2			passiflora
	1936.535	case of some other genera, as Lobelia,	Passiflora and Verbascum. Although the plants in
	4269.0	of utility of, 201. Parus major, 183.	Passiflora, 251. Peaches in United States
4			passing
	707.682	more than is generally seen in	passing from one quite different soil to
	2259.27	conclusion. One remark is here worth a	passing notice. During periods of elevation the
	2610.0	or may lie buried under the ocean.	Passing from these difficulties, all the other
	2731.427	seen an instance of nutritious seeds	passing through the intestines of a bird; but
1			pasture
	429.688	either for cultivated land or mountain	pasture, with the wool of one breed good for
1			pastures
	1560.1074	would be able to range into new	pastures and thus gain a great advantage. It is
1			patches
	1211.1407	flower of the truss often loses the	patches of darker colour in the two upper
1			paternity
	3560.165	relationship, community of type,	paternity, morphology, adaptive characters
1			pathological
	4628.4	Tenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. ———	Pathological and Practical Researches on the
1			pathology
	5710.12	Woodcuts. 12mo. 1s. MAYOS (DR.)	Pathology of the Human Mind. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d
1			patience
	3448.277	and inherited? Why, if man can by	patience select variations most useful to
1			patiently
	234.494	perhaps be made out on this question by	patiently accumulating and reflecting on all
2			patrick
	4902.77	Gentleman: a Memoir of the late	Patrick Fraser Tytler, author of "The History
	6088.8	Post 8vo. In Preparation. TYTLER (	PATRICK FRASER), A Memoir of. By his Friend
11			pattern
	3203.710	should all be constructed on the same	pattern, and should include the same bones, in
	3209.75	attempt to explain this similarity of	pattern in members of the same class, by
	3211.336	or no tendency to modify the original	pattern, or to transpose parts. The bones of a
	3211.975	constructed on the existing general	pattern, for whatever purpose they served, we
	3215.306	it is conceivable that the general	pattern of an organ might become so much
	3215.724	suctorial crustaceans, the general	pattern seems to have been thus to a certain
	3223.858	be all constructed on the same	pattern? On the theory of natural selection
	3357.28	SUMMARY. whether we look to the same	pattern displayed in the homologous organs, to
	3357.189	parts constructed on the same	pattern in each individual animal and plant
	3518.350	modifications. The similarity of	pattern in the wing and leg of a bat, though
	3546.817	structures are formed on the same	pattern, and at an embryonic age the species
3			paul's
	5324.64	a Circle of 30 Miles round St.	Paul's. Maps. Post 8vo. (In preparation
	5540.37	JOWETT'S (Rev. B.) Commentary on St.	Paul's Epistles to the Thessalonians
	6038.21	Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. —— Commentary on St.	Paul's Epistles to the Corinthians, with Notes
1			pause
	1560.738	as driving away flies; yet we should	pause before being too positive even in this
6			peace
	4984.120	in India, —Union with Ireland, and	Peace of Amiens. From Family Papers, &c
	5104.30	ENGLAND (HISTORY OF) from the	Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles
	5104.54	OF) from the Peace of Utrecht to the	Peace of Versailles, 1713—83. By LORD MAHON
	5654.43	LORD) History of England, from the	Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles
	5654.67	from the Peace of Utrecht to the	Peace of Versailles, 1713-83. Library Edition
	5660.54	British India from its Origin till the	Peace of 1783. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. ———History
1			peaceful
	818.46	birds, the contest is often of a more	peaceful character. All those who have attended
1			peach
	2010.95	different varieties of the apricot and	peach on certain varieties of the plum. As
2			peaches
	796.979	another disease attacks yellow-fleshed	peaches far more than those with other coloured
	4270.0	Parus major, 183. Passiflora, 251.	Peaches in United States, 85. Pear, grafts of
3			peacock
	511.1202	distinct breeds of the cat, the donkey,	peacock, goose, &c., may be attributed in main
	822.532	Sir R. Heron has described how one pied	peacock was eminently attractive to all his hen
	6152.64	and Miscellaneous Works,edited by DEAN	PEACOCK and JOHN LEITCH. Portrait and Plates
2			peacocks
	511.1451	attention paid to their breeding; in	peacocks, from not being very easily reared and
	4022.18	eating seed, 387. Heron, Sir R., on	peacocks, 89. Heusinger on white animals not
1			pea-family
	872.766	as in the great papilionaceous or	pea-family; but in several, perhaps in all, such
2			peaks
	2657.1227	type of structure. We ascend the lofty	peaks of the Cordillera and we find an alpine
	2823.782	of the genera collected on the loftier	peaks of Java raises a picture of a
1			pears
	423.339	species. Van Mons, in his treatise on	pears and apples, shows how utterly he
1			peaty
	792.369	heather, and the black-grouse that of	peaty earth, we must believe that these tints
1			pebble
	2737.243	and in this earth there was a	pebble quite as large as [page] 363 CHAP. XI
3			pebbles
	2171.168	only when they are charged with sand or	pebbles; for there is reason to believe that
	2171.508	and then are more quickly ground into	pebbles, sand, or mud. But how often do we see
	2173.509	from being formed of worn and rounded	pebbles, each of which bears the stamp of time
48			peculiar
	365.534	Britain eleven wild species of sheep	peculiar to it! When we bear in mind that
	365.603	in mind that Britain has now hardly one	peculiar mammal, and France but few distinct
	365.769	of these kingdoms possesses several	peculiar breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., we must
	365.970	countries do not possess a number of	peculiar species as distinct parent-stocks? So
	552.383	number rank it as an undoubted species	peculiar to Great Britain. A wide distance
	719.311	by insects, and consequently, from its	peculiar structure, never can set a seed. Many
	784.713	each selected character in some	peculiar and fitting manner; he feeds a long and
	784.869	backed or long-legged quadruped in any	peculiar manner; he exposes sheep with long and
	926.355	by barriers, or from having very	peculiar physical conditions, the total number
	988.1052	it (supposing it not to be in any way	peculiar in its nature), and may be said to be
	1183.1376	of constitution, brought, under	peculiar circumstances, into play. How much of
	1185.50	the acclimatisation of species to any	peculiar climate is due to mere habit, and how
	1442.53	and transitions of organic beings with	peculiar habits and structure.—It has been asked
	1689.1410	and then slowly crawl forward with a	peculiar gait; and another kind of wolf rushing
	1709.197	during successive generations,	peculiar mental habits and actions, which at
	1885.453	lines its nest with mud, in the same	peculiar manner as does our British thrush: how
	2002.296	crossed. The differences being of so	peculiar and limited a nature, [page] 261 CHAP
	2235.844	piles of sediment, charged with new and	peculiar forms of life, had elsewhere been
	2241.491	west coast, which is inhabited by a	peculiar marine fauna, tertiary beds are so
	2241.596	no record of several successive and	peculiar marine faunas will probably be
	2337.134	to adapt an organism to some new and	peculiar line of life, for instance to fly
	2367.575	Silurian system, abounding with new and	peculiar species. Traces of life have been
	2458.1086	be preserved, from being fitted to some	peculiar line of life, or from inhabiting some
	2637.1221	to any small spot, having conditions	peculiar in only a slight [page] 347 CHAP. XI
	2641.139	World, yet these are not inhabited by a	peculiar fauna or flora. Notwithstanding this
	2657.1606	the inhabitants, though they may be all	peculiar species, are essentially American. We
	2819.535	of equatorial America a host of	peculiar species belonging to European genera
	2823.138	and some few representatives of the	peculiar flora of the Cape of Good Hope occur
	2863.1019	The facts seem to me to indicate that	peculiar and very distinct species have migrated
	2863.1331	covered with ice, supported a highly	peculiar and isolated flora. I suspect that
	2867.360	have become slightly tinted by the same	peculiar forms of vegetable life. Sir C. Lyell
	2924.847	nearly all the species of one class are	peculiar, those of another class, or of another
	2924.926	another section of the same class, are	peculiar; and this difference seems to depend on
	2924.1227	two out of the eleven marine birds, are	peculiar; and it is obvious that [page
	2928.226	South America, and which has a very	peculiar soil, does not possess one endemic land
	2928.505	island. Madeira does not possess one	peculiar bird, and many European and African
	2928.1056	is inhabited by a wonderful number of	peculiar land-shells, whereas not one species of
	2948.1127	and Mauritius, all possess their	peculiar bats. Why, it may be asked, has the
	2994.1627	we may infer that the mocking-thrush	peculiar to Charles Island is at least as well
	2994.1712	fitted for its home as is the species	peculiar to Chatham Island. Sir C. Lyell and Mr
	3038.174	a great number should be endemic or	peculiar; and why, in relation to the means of
	3038.575	most isolated islands possess their own	peculiar species of aërial mammals or bats. We
	3245.95	in the embryos of the vertebrata the	peculiar loop-like course of the arteries near
	3434.522	by the effects of a succession of	peculiar seasons, and by the results of
	3504.158	but of these, that many should be	peculiar. We can clearly see why those animals
	3504.352	and why, on the other hand, new and	peculiar species of bats, which can traverse the
	3508.19	CHAP. XIV. as the presence of	peculiar species of bats, and the absence of all
	4484.27	rare, 172. Trees on islands belong to	peculiar orders, 392. —with separated sexes
8			peculiarities
	317.67	deaf; colour and constitutional	peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable
	327.531	of some little importance to us, that	peculiarities appearing in the males of our domestic
	331.37	not be otherwise: thus the inherited	peculiarities in the horns of cattle could appear
	331.129	in the offspring when nearly mature;	peculiarities in the silkworm are known to appear at
	766.326	in what an endless number of strange	peculiarities our domestic productions, and, in a
	812.30	Sexual Selection.—Inasmuch as	peculiarities often appear under domestication in one
	828.207	differences to this agency: for we see	peculiarities arising and becoming attached to the
	3269.285	at corresponding ages, for instance,	peculiarities in the caterpillar, cocoon, or imago
6			peculiarity
	317.654	on selecting, and thus augmenting, any	peculiarity, he will almost certainly unconsciously
	327.78	unknown; no one can say why the same	peculiarity in different individuals of the same
	327.348	other much more remote ancestor; why a	peculiarity is often transmitted from one sex to
	327.774	is that, at whatever period of life a	peculiarity first appears, it tends to appear in
	331.375	when there is no apparent reason why a	peculiarity should appear at any particular age
	331.692	confined to the first appearance of the	peculiarity, and not to its primary cause, which
1			peculiarly
	2942.632	indeed it seems that islands are	peculiarly well fitted for these animals; for
5			pedigree
	417.186	pass, that they can reckon up their	pedigree and race." Pigeons were much valued by
	437.108	prices given for animals with a good	pedigree; and these have now been exported to
	3127.612	genealogical in its arrangement, like a	pedigree; but the degrees of modification which
	3129.124	of languages. If we possessed a perfect	pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement
	3135.1352	varieties, I apprehend if we had a real	pedigree, a genealogical classification would be
2			pedigrees
	3147.717	best systematists. We have no written	pedigrees; we have to make out community of
	3566.704	definite object in view. We possess no	pedigrees or armorial bearings; and we have to
4			pedunculated
	560.809	be quoted to show that the sessile and	pedunculated oaks are either good and distinct
	1532.169	that I will give one more instance.	Pedunculated cirripedes have two minute folds of
	1536.966	of their adhesive glands. If all	pedunculated cirripedes had become extinct, and they
	3247.1017	two main divisions of cirripedes, the	pedunculated and sessile, which differ widely in
1			peel's
	5880.0	Abyssinia. Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s.	PEEL'S (SIR ROBT.) MEMOIRS. Left in MSS
3			peerage
	5860.31	s. 6d. NICOLAS' (SIR HARRIS) Historic	Peerage of England. Exhibiting, under
	5860.152	and Present State of every Title of	Peerage which has existed in this Country since
	5860.258	a New Edition of the "Synopsis of the	Peerage." Revised, Corrected, and Continued to
1			peile
	4636.72	Edited, with Notes. By Rev. W.	PEILE, D.D. Second Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo. 9s
1			peile's
	5882.0	Vols. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. each.	PEILE'S (REV. DR.) Agamemnon and Choephorœ of
1			peking
	5938.73	Years' Residence at the Court of	Peking, in the Service of the Emperor of China
1			pelago
	2984.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XII.	pelago, though specifically distinct, to be
4			pelargonium
	477.257	the varieties of the heartsease, rose,	pelargonium, dahlia, and other plants, when
	1938.169	how complicated a manner the species of	Pelargonium, Fuchsia, Calceolaria, Petunia
	4275.0	grafts of, 261. [page] 499 INDEX.	PELARGONIUM. Pelargonium, flowers of
	4277.0	page] 499 INDEX. PELARGONIUM.	Pelargonium, flowers of, 145. ——, sterility of
1			pelargoniums
	1211.1340	I have recently observed in some garden	pelargoniums, that the central flower of the truss
1			pelicans
	2735.1364	bodies to fishing-eagles, storks, and	pelicans; these birds after an interval of many
1			pellet
	2904.1096	probably reject from its stomach a	pellet containing the seeds of the Nelumbium
3			pellets
	2735.700	from twelve to twenty hours, disgorge	pellets, which, as I know from experiments made
	2735.1448	hours, either rejected the seeds in	pellets or passed them in their excrement; and
	2904.517	power of germination, when rejected in	pellets or in excrement, many hours afterwards
1			peloponnesiaca
	5596.2	With Map and Appendix. 4to 63s. ——	Peloponnesiaca: A Supplement to Travels in the Morea
2			peloria
	1211.1192	to the axis are oftenest subject to	peloria, and become regular. I may add, as an
	4280.0	of, 251. Pelvis of women, 144,	Peloria, 145. Period, glacial, 365. Petrels
6			pelvis
	1203.169	that the diversity in the shape of the	pelvis in birds causes the remarkable
	1203.285	Others believe that the shape of the	pelvis in the human mother influences by
	1580.538	more, and possibly even the form of the	pelvis; and then by the law of homologous
	1580.677	be affected. The shape, also, of the	pelvis might affect by pressure the shape of
	3309.436	other snakes there are rudiments of the	pelvis and hind limbs. Some of the cases of
	4279.0	flowers of, 145. ——, sterility of, 251.	Pelvis of women, 144, Peloria, 145. Period
1			penang
	5844.39	NEWBOLD'S (LIEUT.) Straits of Malacca,	Penang, and Singapore. 2 Vols.8vo. 26s
2			pencil
	872.1441	plant. Bees will act like a camel-hair	pencil, and it is quite sufficient just to
	5758.22	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. MUNDYS (GEN.) Pen and	Pencil Sketches during a Tour in India. Third
1			pencils
	1502.586	properly act only by excluding lateral	pencils of light, are convex at their upper
1			pends
	2147.0	IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP. IX.	pends on the very process of natural
1			pendulum
	4756.13	STRAIGHT LINES. 4to. 5s. 33. SABINE'S	PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS to DETERMINE THE FIGURE OF
1			penetrate
	2022.825	the pollen-tubes protrude, they do not	penetrate the stigmatic surface. Again, the
1			penetrated
	2839.1678	and dominant temperate forms might have	penetrated the native ranks and have reached or
1			penguin
	1462.192	and front legs on the land, like the	penguin; as sails, like the ostrich; and
6			peninsula
	2472.96	at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the	peninsula of India. For at these distant points
	2823.485	on the isolated mountain-ranges of the	peninsula of India, on the heights of Ceylon, and
	2823.1094	Hooker, extend along the heights of the	peninsula of Malacca, and are thinly scattered
	4842.133	to circulate the Scriptures in the	Peninsula. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 27s., or Popular
	5310.28	Svo. 15s. —— SYRIA AND PALESTINE; the	Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the Syrian Desert
	5908.139	and Inhabitants of these Countries, the	Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the Syrian Desert
1			peninsular
	5836.53	WM.) English Battles and Sieges of the	Peninsular "War. Third Edition. Portrait. Post 8vo
1			penn's
	5884.0	Second Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo. 9s. each.	PENN'S (RICHARD) Maxims and Hints for an
1			penrose's
	5886.0	New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 1s.	PENROSE'S (REV. JOHN) Faith and Practice; an
7			people
	413.979	with the utmost care, and loved by many	people. They have been domesticated for
	505.501	that "as they generally belong to poor	people, and are mostly in small lots, they
	511.1395	from only a few being kept by poor	people, and little attention paid to their
	669.192	would require a few more years to	people, under favourable [page] 66 HIGH RATE
	2616.132	vary, will in the long run tend to	people the world with allied, but modified
	5084.172	and Present Civilisation of the	People. Fourth Thousand. Map and Woodcuts. 8vo
	5848.164	in connection with the Condition of the	People. 4 Vols. 8vo. The work may be had
1			people's
	4922.20	Fcap. 8vo. 30s. ——— Poetical Works.	People's Edition. Portrait and Steel Engravings
5			peopled
	1084.1587	period, the earth may have been as well	peopled with many species of many genera
	2221.213	world, the land and the water has been	peopled by hosts of living forms. What an
	2590.397	know that Europe in ancient times was	peopled by numerous marsupials; and I have
	2886.910	period, and when the surface was	peopled by existing land and fresh-water shells
	3365.0	is [page] 458 SUMMARY. CHAP. XIII.	peopled, have all descended, each within its
8			perceive
	41.19	can at least go so far as this-we can	perceive that events are brought about not by
	339.154	closely allied together, we generally	perceive in each domestic race, as already
	1763.928	necessary angles and planes, or even	perceive when they are correctly made. But the
	2301.360	We shall, perhaps, best	perceive the improbability of our being enabled
	3185.1027	the various affinities which they	perceive between the many living and extinct
	3211.1033	purpose they served, we can at once	perceive the plain signification of the
	3247.822	even the illustrious Cuvier did not	perceive that a barnacle was, as it certainly is
	3532.542	million years; it cannot add up and	perceive the full effects of many slight
3			perceived
	2444.64	my astonishment! Professor Owen soon	perceived that the tooth, though so like that of
	2444.1241	we assuredly should not have	perceived the fact, yet the fossil horse would
	2466.493	check is always in action, yet seldom	perceived by us, the whole economy of nature will
1			perceives
	493.111	to catch the fancier's eye: he	perceives extremely small differences, and it is
1			perceiving
	1795.144	on the two sides of a strip of wax,	perceiving when they have gnawed the wax away to
1			percentage
	2402.290	blanks between them, and to make the	percentage system of lost and new forms more
2			perched
	1753.0	CHAP. VII. SLAVE-MAKING INSTINCT.	perched motionless with its own pupa in its
	2759.527	scored flanks, polished surfaces, and	perched boulders, of the icy streams with which
1			perching
	389.965	that is, not breeding or willingly	perching on trees. But besides C. livia, with
1			percival
	4928.130	Engravings, from original Drawings by	PERCIVAL SKELTON. Fcap.4to. 21s. ——— With
1			percolation
	2227.1018	upraised generally be dissolved by the	percolation of rain-water. I suspect that but few
2			perennial
	1982.387	cotyledons, can be crossed. Annual and	perennial plants, deciduous and evergreen trees
	2843.122	the tropics which is so destructive to	perennial plants from a temperate climate. On the
78			perfect
	160.426	Organs not in all cases absolutely	perfect — The law of Unity of Type and of the
	256.122	and that these had been produced	perfect as we now see them; but this assumption
	333.740	so could not tell whether or not nearly	perfect reversion had ensued. It would be quite
	343.439	these exceptions (and with that of the	perfect fertility of varieties when crossed,—a
	381.1168	are variable. The period at which the	perfect plumage is acquired varies, as does the
	413.503	countries, we can make an almost	perfect series between the extremes of
	429.1384	the breeds were suddenly produced as	perfect and as useful as we now see them
	435.988	they had chalked out upon a wall a form	perfect in itself, and then had given it
	856.831	other, modified and adapted in the most	perfect manner to each other, by the continued
	1394.375	in the record being incomparably less	perfect than is generally supposed; the
	1454.530	of this process of natural selection, a	perfect so-called flying squirrel was produced
	1462.713	by which birds have acquired their	perfect power of flight; but they serve, at
	1494.426	me, that if numerous gradations from a	perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect
	1494.812	then the difficulty of believing that a	perfect and complex eye could be formed by
	1506.635	membrane, into an optical instrument as	perfect as is possessed by any member of the
	1508.233	and to admit that a structure even as	perfect as the eye of an eagle might be formed
	1558.273	head, as in the case of an organ as	perfect and complex as the eye. In the first
	1600.59	only to make each organic being as	perfect as, or slightly more perfect than, the
	1600.88	being as perfect as, or slightly more	perfect than, the other inhabitants of the same
	1600.319	of New Zealand, for instance, are	perfect one compared with another; but they are
	1604.258	is said, on high authority, not to be	perfect even in that most perfect organ, the
	1604.284	not to be perfect even in that most	perfect organ, the eye. If our reason leads us
	1604.512	that some other contrivances are less	perfect. Can we consider the sting of the wasp
	1604.576	the sting of the wasp or of the bee as	perfect, which, when used against many
	1610.457	agency, can we consider as equally	perfect the elaboration by our fir-trees of
	1622.37	Although the belief that an organ so	perfect as the eye could have been formed by
	1675.1435	cannot be considered as absolutely	perfect; but as details on this and other such
	1773.265	structure would probably have been as	perfect as the comb of the hive-bee
	1781.196	would make a structure as wonderfully	perfect as that of the hive-bee. We must
	1821.298	all tending towards the present	perfect plan of construction, could have
	1829.21	NEUTER INSECTS. would make a comb as	perfect as that of the hive-bee. Beyond this
	1829.203	as far as we can see, is absolutely	perfect in economising wax. Thus, as I believe
	1839.1025	respect between the workers and the	perfect females, would have been far better
	1859.1339	the same nest: I have myself compared	perfect gradations of this kind. It often
	1877.168	and manufactured instruments, a	perfect division of labour could be effected
	1883.615	instincts are not always absolutely	perfect and are liable to mistakes;—that no
	1906.62	their organs of reproduction in a	perfect condition, yet when intercrossed they
	1906.343	though the organs themselves are	perfect in structure, as far as the microscope
	1906.473	which go to form the embryo are	perfect; in the second case they are either not
	1918.316	it is most difficult to say where	perfect fertility ends and sterility begins. I
	1930.745	fecundation." So that we here have	perfect, or even more than commonly perfect
	1930.781	perfect, or even more than commonly	perfect, fertility in a first cross between two
	1966.121	and of hybrids, graduates from zero to	perfect fertility. It is surprising in how many
	1966.573	stigma of some one species, yields a	perfect gradation in the number of seeds
	1970.152	and greater number of seeds up to	perfect fertility. Hybrids from two species
	1994.231	their fertility graduates from zero to	perfect fertility, or even to fertility under
	2014.219	which have their reproductive organs	perfect; yet these two distinct cases run to a
	2022.303	the male and female sexual elements are	perfect, whereas in hybrids they are imperfect
	2054.250	in external appearance, cross with	perfect facility, and yield perfectly fertile
	2056.498	distinct species. Nevertheless the	perfect fertility of so many domestic varieties
	2110.689	Consequently, sudden reversions to the	perfect character of either parent would be
	2122.91	which have their reproductive systems	perfect, seems [page] 277 CHAP. VIII. SUMMARY
	2128.220	fertile. Nor is this nearly general and	perfect fertility surprising, when we remember
	2155.710	unless at the same time we had a nearly	perfect chain of the intermediate links. It is
	2267.987	throughout Europe been correlated with	perfect accuracy. With marine animals of all
	2279.18	to the present day. In order to get a	perfect gradation between two forms in the
	2301.58	that at the present day, with	perfect specimens for examination, two forms
	2315.732	geological record would then be least	perfect. It may be doubted whether the
	2345.427	tidal limits to 50 fathoms; from the	perfect manner in which specimens are preserved
	2345.1137	M. Bosquet, sent me a drawing of a	perfect specimen of an unmistakeable sessile
	2385.1033	natural geological record in any degree	perfect, and who do not attach much weight to
	2514.690	extinct alone, the series is far less	perfect than if we combine both into one
	2556.133	and disappearance of the species was	perfect, we have no reason to believe that
	2626.150	record cannot be proved to be much more	perfect, the main objections to the theory of
	2731.687	of small birds, and these seemed	perfect, and some of them, which I tried
	3095.1032	belonging to the Malpighiaceæ, bear	perfect and degraded flowers; in the latter, as
	3129.116	case of languages. If we possessed a	perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical
	3145.376	and ask what should be done if a	perfect kangaroo were seen to come out of the
	3195.3	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. so	perfect a collection: nevertheless, in certain
	3247.281	to its conditions of life is just as	perfect and as beautiful as in the adult animal
	3301.168	indeed, if our collections were nearly	perfect, the only possible arrangement, would
	3315.1211	this shows that the rudiment and the	perfect pistil are essentially alike in nature
	3392.207	the organs on both sides are in a	perfect condition. As we continually see that
	3424.271	between the simplest and the most	perfect organs; it cannot be pretended that we
	3470.500	not, as far as we can judge, absolutely	perfect; and if some of them be abhorrent to
	3488.279	at some instincts being apparently not	perfect and liable to mistakes, and at many
	3530.728	proof, that the geological record is so	perfect that it would have afforded us plain
	4216.33	New Zealand, productions of, not	perfect, 201. —, naturalised products of
19			perfected
	266.618	or a simple organ can be changed and	perfected into a highly developed being or
	635.988	organic being to another being, been	perfected? We see these beautiful co-adaptations
	946.202	in each to become well modified and	perfected. When, by renewed elevation, the
	1084.33	IV. group, the later and more highly	perfected sub-groups, from branching out and
	1420.468	on my theory to be converted and	perfected into two distinct species, the two
	1466.33	fish? When we see any structure highly	perfected for any particular habit, as the wings
	1500.72	which an organ in any species has been	perfected, we ought to look exclusively to its
	1500.826	stages, by which the eye has been	perfected. In the Articulata we can commence a
	1510.105	We know that this instrument has been	perfected by the long-continued efforts of the
	1522.1160	organs might with ease be modified and	perfected so as to perform all the work by itself
	1562.140	and, after having been slowly	perfected at a [page] 196 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1606.215	and which has been modified but not	perfected for its present purpose, with the
	1626.194	the same function, the one having been	perfected whilst aided by the other, must often
	1723.662	American ostrich has not as yet been	perfected; for a surprising number of eggs lie
	1731.1355	wonderful an instinct could have been	perfected. Formica sanguinea was likewise first
	2299.345	forms until they have been modified and	perfected in some considerable degree. According
	3197.814	system being, in so far as it has been	perfected, genealogical in its arrangement, with
	3378.309	organs and instincts should have been	perfected, not by means superior to, though
	3382.101	gradations many structures have been	perfected, more especially amongst broken and
30			perfection
	160.279	of their allies — Organs of extreme	perfection — Means of transition — Cases of
	250.582	been modified, so as to acquire that	perfection of structure and coadaptation which
	483.482	continued selection up to a standard of	perfection comparable with that given to the
	493.603	or deviations from the standard of	perfection of each breed. The common goose has not
	908.215	breed, have a nearly common standard of	perfection, and all try to get and breed from the
	1257.1634	difficult to breed them nearly to	perfection, and frequently individuals are born
	1384.96	as yet fully understand the inimitable	perfection? Thirdly, can instincts be acquired
	1392.612	by the very process of formation and	perfection of the new form. But, as by this
	1466.302	been supplanted by the very process of	perfection through natural selection. Furthermore
	1470.490	of flight had come to a high stage of	perfection, so as to have given them a decided
	1494.18	the habits of auks. Organs of extreme	perfection and complication.—To suppose that the
	1496.39	page] 187 CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF EXTREME	PERFECTION. selection, though insuperable by our
	1502.300	we reach a moderately high stage of	perfection. In certain crustaceans, for instance
	1512.39	page] 189 CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF EXTREME	PERFECTION. part of this layer to be continually
	1600.227	And we see that this is the degree of	perfection attained under nature. The endemic
	1604.80	selection will not produce absolute	perfection, nor do we always meet, as far as we
	1622.380	of any conceivable degree of	perfection through natural selection. In the cases
	1630.444	another, and consequently will produce	perfection, or strength in the battle for life
	1634.158	been severer, and thus the standard of	perfection will have been rendered higher. Natural
	1634.257	will not necessarily produce absolute	perfection; nor, as far as we can judge by our
	1634.336	by our limited faculties, can absolute	perfection be everywhere found. On the theory of
	1767.1056	side. In the series between the extreme	perfection of the cells of the hive-bee and the
	1829.75	of the hive-bee. Beyond this stage of	perfection in architecture, natural selection
	2331.805	But we continually over-rate the	perfection of the geological record, and falsely
	2851.645	and competition to a higher stage of	perfection or dominating power, than the southern
	3378.664	namely,—that gradations in the	perfection of any organ or instinct, which we may
	3470.118	only in relation to the degree of	perfection of their associates; so that we need
	3470.1072	that more cases of the want of absolute	perfection have not been observed. The complex
	3586.1243	will tend to progress towards	perfection. It is interesting to contemplate an
	4237.18	pollen of, 193, Organs of extreme	perfection, 186, ——, electric, of fishes, 192. —of
1			perfection—means
	1374.267	those of their allies—Organs of extreme	perfection—Means of transition—Cases of difficulty
58			perfectly
	295.727	taken young from a state of nature,	perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of
	295.1048	regularly, and producing offspring not	perfectly like their parents or variable
	399.720	outer tail-feathers, sometimes concur	perfectly developed. Moreover, when two birds
	405.84	all the domestic breeds of pigeons are	perfectly fertile. I can state this from my own
	405.331	clearly distinct being themselves	perfectly fertile. Some authors believe that long
	405.796	now are, should yield offspring	perfectly fertile, inter se, seems to me rash in
	411.455	crossed; the mongrel offspring being	perfectly fertile;—from these several reasons
	552.826	competent judges as varieties, have so	perfectly the character of species that they are
	695.149	of plants in our gardens which can	perfectly well endure our climate, but which
	743.112	its numbers? We know that it can	perfectly well withstand a little more heat or
	778.1405	all the native inhabitants are now so	perfectly adapted to each other and to the
	884.390	kind, and some even of these were not	perfectly true. Yet the pistil of each cabbage
	896.178	with the organs of reproduction so	perfectly enclosed within the body, that access
	908.540	with some place in its polity not so	perfectly occupied as might be, natural selection
	952.41	action of natural selection accords	perfectly well with what geology tells us of the
	1002.223	of any land, the more widely and	perfectly the animals and plants are diversified
	1002.488	could hardly compete with a set more	perfectly diversified in structure. It may be
	1032.305	which are either unoccupied or not	perfectly occupied by other beings; and this will
	1153.732	wings having been ever so little less	perfectly developed or from indolent habit, will
	1167.1235	will on this view have more or less	perfectly obliterated its eyes, and natural
	1179.363	most different climates but of being	perfectly [page] 141 CHAP. V. ACCLIMATISATION
	1233.308	conversely, that natural selection may	perfectly well succeed in largely developing any
	1406.714	the difficulty; for I believe that many	perfectly defined species have been formed on
	1456.586	same steps as in the case of the less	perfectly gliding squirrels; and that each grade
	1464.419	fins, might have been modified into	perfectly winged animals. If this had been
	1763.724	of wax of the true form, though this is	perfectly effected by a crowd of bees working in
	1767.1883	is never permitted, the bees building	perfectly flat walls of wax between the spheres
	1771.112	portion and of two, three, or more	perfectly flat surfaces, according as the cell
	1781.421	so to a certain extent, and seeing what	perfectly cylindrical burrows in wood many
	1781.1005	unites the points of intersection by	perfectly flat surfaces. We have further to
	1787.370	shallow basins, appearing to the eye	perfectly true or parts of a sphere, and of about
	1795.849	had been completed, and had become	perfectly flat: it was absolutely impossible
	1831.270	having by slow degrees, more and more	perfectly, led the bees to sweep equal spheres at
	1853.355	graduate into each other, but are	perfectly well defined; being as distinct from
	1859.1247	that the extreme forms can sometimes be	perfectly linked together by individuals taken
	1930.75	in his conclusion that some hybrids are	perfectly fertile-as fertile as the pure parent
	1932.491	that their own pollen was found to be	perfectly good, for it fertilised distinct
	1936.611	plants in these experiments appeared	perfectly healthy, and although both the ovules
	1936.694	and pollen of the same flower were	perfectly good with respect to other species, yet
	1938.452	in general habit, "reproduced itself as	perfectly as if it had been a natural species
	1938.677	and I am assured that many of them are	perfectly fertile. Mr. C. Noble, for instance
	1944.447	sterile. I doubt whether any case of a	perfectly fertile hybrid animal can be considered
	1944.921	or that their hybrids, should be	perfectly fertile. Again, with respect to the
	1950.69	thoroughly well-authenticated cases of	perfectly fertile hybrid animals, I have some
	1950.262	P. torquatus and with P. versicolor are	perfectly fertile. The hybrids from the common
	2054.278	cross with perfect facility, and yield	perfectly fertile offspring. I fully admit that
	2066.849	plants thus raised were themselves	perfectly fertile; so that even Gärtner did not
	2078.426	and he found their mongrel offspring	perfectly fertile. But one of these five
	2116.36	astonishing fact. But it harmonises	perfectly with the view that there is no
	2351.1555	the Indian Ocean would form a large and	perfectly enclosed basin, in which any great
	2520.318	valid. But I apprehend that in a	perfectly natural classification many fossil
	2602.692	latter the record will have been least	perfectly kept; that each single formation has
	2729.293	their interstices and behind them,—so	perfectly that not a particle could be washed
	2773.270	views, grounded as they are on the	perfectly well-ascertained occurrence of a former
	2922.546	from various sources far more fully and	perfectly than has nature. Although in oceanic
	2966.1179	it in sea-water for twenty days, and it	perfectly recovered. As this species has a thick
	2988.638	would find the best-fitted ground more	perfectly occupied by distinct plants in one
	3317.130	the more important purpose; and remain	perfectly efficient for the other. Thus in plants
1			perfect—the
	1374.404	Organs not in all cases absolutely	perfect—The law of Unity of Type and of the
5			perform
	822.243	display their gorgeous plumage and	perform strange antics before the females
	1237.962	and as long as the same part has to	perform diversified work, we can perhaps see
	1522.742	steps. Two distinct organs sometimes	perform simultaneously the same function in the
	1522.1179	ease be modified and perfected so as to	perform all the work by itself, being aided
	1651.360	require experience to enable us to	perform, when performed by an animal, more
12			performed
	1522.608	thus gained, a part or organ, which had	performed two functions, for one function alone
	1622.804	breathing lung. The same organ having	performed [page] 205 CHAP. VI. SUMMARY
	1626.128	and two very distinct organs having	performed at the same time the same function, the
	1651.374	to enable us to perform, when	performed by an animal, more especially by a very
	1651.468	one, without any experience, and when	performed by many individuals in the same way
	1651.560	their knowing for what purpose it is	performed, is usually said to be instinctive
	1657.211	under which an instinctive action is	performed, but not of its origin. How
	1657.289	unconsciously many habitual actions are	performed, indeed not rarely in direct opposition
	1689.840	dogs. I cannot see that these actions,	performed without experience by the young, and in
	1689.933	the same manner by each individual,	performed with eager delight by each breed, and
	1697.309	action which, as I have witnessed, is	performed by young birds, that have never seen a
	1793.547	state of things, had not been neatly	performed. The bees must have worked at very
2			performing
	1522.202	the lower animals of the same organ	performing at the same time wholly distinct
	1671.268	instances of an animal apparently	performing an action for the sole good of another
1			performs
	1675.1142	believe that any animal in the world	performs an action for the exclusive good of
74			perhaps
	234.454	to me, in 1837, that something might	perhaps be made out on this question by
	309.259	kinds of food and from light, and	perhaps the thickness of fur from climate
	325.779	be freely admitted to be inheritable.	Perhaps the correct way of viewing the whole
	357.189	some of the breeds closely resemble,	perhaps are identical with, those still
	405.212	distinct breeds. Now, it is difficult,	perhaps impossible, to bring forward one case
	425.165	allied species. Some little effect may,	perhaps, be attributed to the direct action of
	449.933	in other points; this is hardly ever,	perhaps never, the case. The laws of
	485.513	two sub-breeds might be formed. This,	perhaps, partly explains what has been remarked
	491.706	and partly methodical selection.	Perhaps the parent bird of all fantails had
	491.941	tail-feathers have been counted.	Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate
	499.1125	unconscious selection will always tend,—	perhaps more at one period than at another, as
	499.1209	as the breed rises or falls in fashion,—	perhaps more in one district than in another
	588.226	them, incipient species. And this,	perhaps, might have been anticipated; for, as
	713.155	determine the existence of cattle.	Perhaps Paraguay offers the most curious
	770.562	would be left a fluctuating element, as	perhaps we see in the species called
	816.1311	mandibles of other males. The war is,	perhaps, severest between the males of
	872.794	or pea-family; but in several,	perhaps in all, such flowers, there is a very
	900.553	each birth; in many others it occurs	perhaps only at long intervals; but in none, as
	936.8	history of the organic world. We can,	perhaps, on these views, understand some facts
	940.17	TO NATURAL SELECTION. mination. Hence,	perhaps, it comes that the flora of Madeira
	982.604	trees, frequenting water, and some	perhaps becoming less carnivorous. The more
	994.311	for their own country. It might, also,	perhaps have been expected that naturalised
	1040.219	will have come to differ largely, but	perhaps unequally, from each other and from
	1125.183	small in the case of animals, but	perhaps rather more in that of plants. We may
	1159.212	reduction from disuse, but aided	perhaps by natural selection. In South America
	1183.417	and arctic wolf or wild dog may	perhaps be mingled in our domestic breeds. The
	1237.995	has to perform diversified work, we can	perhaps see why it should remain variable, that
	1257.817	for any particular purpose, and	perhaps in polymorphic groups, we see a nearly
	1305.103	after having been lost for many,	perhaps for hundreds of generations. But when a
	1349.132	see an animal striped like a zebra, but	perhaps otherwise very differently constructed
	1357.346	When one part is largely developed,	perhaps it tends to draw nourishment from the
	1357.768	variable in number and in structure,	perhaps arising from such parts not having been
	1456.1077	the tail, including the hind-legs, we	perhaps see traces of an apparatus originally
	1462.608	wing-structure here alluded to, which	perhaps may all have resulted from disuse
	1566.445	betray their aquatic origin, may	perhaps be thus accounted for. A well-developed
	1606.333	galls subsequently intensified, we can	perhaps understand how it is that the use of
	1711.10	have acted together. We shall,	perhaps, best understand how instincts in a
	1723.167	uncommon with the Gallinaceæ; and this	perhaps explains the origin of a singular
	1743.939	and carried off by the tyrants, who	perhaps fancied that, after all, they had been
	1767.186	cells; and the following view may,	perhaps, be considered only as a modification
	1865.321	Anomma) of West Africa. The reader will	perhaps best appreciate the amount of
	1956.586	from several wild stocks; yet, with	perhaps the exception of certain indigenous
	2092.180	successive generations of mongrels is,	perhaps, greater than in hybrids. This greater
	2147.517	graduated organic chain; and this,	perhaps, is the most obvious and gravest
	2155.426	differed considerably from both, even	perhaps more than they differ from each other
	2219.380	of the sea: when deeply submerged for	perhaps equally long periods, it would
	2267.66	mark a very long lapse of years, each	perhaps is short compared with the period
	2285.1452	but have disappeared and reappeared,	perhaps many times, during the same geological
	2285.1763	between them, but abrupt, though	perhaps very slight, changes of form. It is
	2301.346	effected by palæontologists. We shall,	perhaps, best perceive the improbability of our
	2323.577	state, in a nearly uniform, though	perhaps extremely slight degree, they would
	2335.60	our consecutive formations,—longer	perhaps in some cases than the time required
	2375.236	or secondary formation. Hence we may	perhaps infer, that during the palæozoic and
	2383.117	some special explanation; and we may	perhaps believe that we see in these large
	2412.1297	birds have remained unaltered. We can	perhaps understand the apparently quicker rate
	2418.103	long and equal periods of time, may,	perhaps, be nearly the same; but as the
	2602.812	that the duration of each formation is,	perhaps, short compared with the average
	2677.1057	limited in terrestrial mammals, than	perhaps in any other organic beings; and
	2723.931	in our experiments. Therefore it would	perhaps be safer to assume that the seeds of
	2839.615	extinction; how much no one can say;	perhaps formerly the tropics supported as many
	2839.1828	been greatly favoured by high land, and	perhaps [page] 378 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	2867.171	of existing and now sunken islands, and	perhaps at the commencement of the Glacial
	2892.928	from the other. But another agency is	perhaps more effectual: I suspended a duck's
	2910.677	We should, also, remember that some,	perhaps many, fresh-water productions are low
	2928.1239	we can see that their eggs or larvæ,	perhaps attached to seaweed or floating timber
	3081.73	being in relation to the outer world.	Perhaps from this cause it has partly arisen
	3111.54	has often been used, though	perhaps not quite logically, in classification
	3165.209	of land, air, and water,—we can	perhaps understand how it is that a numerical
	3215.109	two pair of maxillæ, these parts being	perhaps very simple in form; and then natural
	3263.24	modification. It is commonly assumed,	perhaps from monstrosities often affecting the
	3295.996	not undergoing any metamorphosis is	perhaps requisite. If, on the other hand, it
	3307.296	period in the life of each, though	perhaps caused at the earliest, and being
	3468.220	these facts cease to be strange, or	perhaps might even have been anticipated. As
	3574.1044	is almost independent of altered and	perhaps suddenly altered physical conditions
257			period
	192.315	means — Dispersal during the Glacial	period co-extensive with the world
	234.801	then seemed to me probable: from that	period to the present day I have steadily
	291.29	It has been disputed at what	period of life the causes of variability
	291.141	act; whether during the early or late	period of development of the embryo, or at the
	291.1488	more or less water at some particular	period of growth, will determine whether or
	311.46	also has a decided influence, as in the	period of flowering with plants when
	327.757	may be trusted, is that, at whatever	period of life a peculiarity first appears, it
	331.485	to appear in the offspring at the same	period at which it first appeared in the
	381.1148	of structure which are variable. The	period at which the perfect plumage is
	417.564	them astonishingly." About this same	period the Dutch were as eager about pigeons
	455.499	of domestic animals was at that early	period attended to. Savages now sometimes
	477.1272	But the gardeners of the classical	period, who cultivated the best pear they
	499.1145	will always tend,—perhaps more at one	period than at another, as the breed rises or
	653.224	must suffer destruction during some	period of its life, and during some season or
	661.720	common throughout whole islands in a	period of less than ten years. Several [page
	667.399	must be checked by destruction at some	period of life. Our familiarity with the
	673.750	to make up for much destruction at some	period of life; and this period in the great
	673.775	at some period of life; and this	period in the great majority of cases is an
	675.256	that each lives by a struggle at some	period of its life; that heavy destruction
	693.554	suffering enormous destruction at some	period of its life, from enemies or from
	755.25	EXISTENCE. ratio; that each at some	period of its life, during some season of the
	792.522	Grouse, if not destroyed at some	period of their lives, would increase in
	804.83	domestication appear at any particular	period of life, tend to reappear in the
	804.145	reappear in the offspring at the same	period;—for instance, in the seeds of the many
	804.1616	on other modifications at a different	period of life, shall not be in the least
	830.810	their prey at this or at some other	period of the year, when they might be
	906.265	for the appearance within any given	period of profitable variations, will
	906.541	she does not grant an indefinite	period; for as all organic beings are striving
	930.281	prove capable of enduring for a long	period, and of spreading widely. Throughout a
	942.558	continent, and the inhabitants, at this	period numerous in individuals and kinds, will
	962.120	chance of producing within any given	period favourable variations. We have evidence
	962.413	modified or improved within any given	period, and they will consequently be beaten
	976.528	Again, we may suppose that at an early	period one man preferred swifter horses
	1046.683	of our original genus, may for a long	period continue transmitting unaltered
	1060.591	f14, from having diverged at an earlier	period from a5, will be in some degree
	1084.497	least extinction, will for a long	period continue to increase. But which groups
	1084.963	that of the species living at any one	period, extremely few will transmit
	1084.1547	yet at the most remote geological	period, the earth may have been as well
	1104.313	succession of extinct species. At each	period of growth all the growing twigs have
	1173.60	is hereditary with plants, as in the	period of flowering, in the amount of rain
	1197.701	and which, at an early embryonic	period, are alike, seem liable to vary in an
	1225.60	Goethe propounded, at about the same	period, their law of compensation or
	1263.252	amount of modification, since the	period when the species branched off from the
	1263.335	common progenitor of the genus. This	period will seldom be remote in any extreme
	1263.446	endure for more than one geological	period. An extraordinary amount of
	1263.771	so great and long-continued within a	period not excessively remote, we might, as a
	1263.962	which have remained for a much longer	period nearly constant. And this, I am
	1267.356	according to my theory, for an immense	period in nearly the same state; and thus it
	1275.553	have varied within a moderately recent	period, and which have thus come to differ. Or
	1279.255	have been inherited from a remote	period, since that period when the species
	1279.274	from a remote period, since that	period when the species first branched off
	1279.701	varied and come to differ within the	period of the branching off of the species
	1279.929	organisation which have for a very long	period remained constant. In connexion with
	1357.1525	and have not differed within this same	period. In these remarks we have referred to
	1406.142	it has been continuous during a long	period. Geology would lead us to believe that
	1424.142	have a better chance, within any given	period, of presenting further favourable
	1426.99	defined objects, and do not at any one	period present an inextricable chaos of
	1432.73	often have existed within the recent	period in isolated portions, in which many
	1470.118	rarely have been developed at an early	period in great numbers and under many
	1516.581	first formed at an extremely remote	period, since which all the many members of
	1530.1107	that organs which at a very ancient	period served for respiration have been
	1566.7	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. former	period, have been transmitted in nearly the
	1612.346	We have seen that species at any one	period are not indefinitely variable, and are
	1689.1809	transmitted for an incomparably shorter	period, under less fixed conditions of life
	1695.499	blended together, and for a long	period exhibit traces of the instincts of
	1717.419	as she has to migrate at a very early	period; and the first hatched young would
	1845.308	not only to one sex, but to that short	period alone when the reproductive system is
	2006.807	in the hardness of their wood, in the	period of the flow or nature of their sap, &c
	2026.341	developed, and then perish at an early	period. This latter alternative has not been
	2026.1317	be liable to perish at an early	period; more especially as all very young
	2157.282	one form had remained for a very long	period unaltered, whilst its descendants had
	2213.89	up the Weald within so limited a	period as since the latter part of the Chalk
	2219.514	So that in all probability a far longer	period than 300 million years has elapsed
	2219.595	since the latter part of the Secondary	period. I have made these few remarks because
	2227.1609	Chthamalus existed during the chalk	period. The molluscan genus Chiton offers a
	2241.324	several hundred feet within the recent	period, than the absence of any recent
	2241.431	to last for even a short geological	period. Along the whole west coast, which is
	2267.101	each perhaps is short compared with the	period requisite to change one species into
	2273.747	of Europe during the Glacial	period, which forms only a part of one whole
	2273.803	only a part of one whole geological	period; and likewise to reflect on the great
	2273.982	all included within this same glacial	period. Yet it may be doubted whether in any
	2273.1169	the same area during the whole of this	period. It is not, for instance, probable that
	2273.1271	during the whole of the glacial	period near the mouth of the Mississippi
	2273.1599	during some part of the glacial	period shall have been upraised, organic
	2277.63	had been less than that of the glacial	period, instead of having been really far
	2279.165	gone on accumulating for a very long	period, in order to have given sufficient time
	2279.503	can only be accumulated during a	period of subsidence; and to keep the depth
	2285.353	which must have required an enormous	period for their accumulation; yet no one
	2285.1393	lived on the same spot during the whole	period of deposition, but have disappeared and
	2285.1499	many times, during the same geological	period. So that if such species were to
	2285.1611	modification during any one geological	period, a section would not probably include
	2305.59	for instance, geologists at some future	period will be able to prove, that our
	2317.56	whether the duration of any one great	period of subsidence over the whole or part of
	2321.258	It is, also, probable that each great	period of subsidence would be interrupted by
	2343.388	time before the close of the secondary	period. I may give another instance, which
	2349.91	cirripedes existed during the secondary	period; and these cirripedes might have been
	2351.177	fishes, low down in the Chalk	period. This group includes the large majority
	2351.844	throughout the world at this same	period. It is almost superfluous to remark
	2379.306	oceans have extended from the remotest	period of which we have any record; and on the
	2379.512	of level, since the earliest silurian	period. The coloured map appended to my volume
	2379.1042	have changed in the lapse of ages? At a	period immeasurably antecedent to the silurian
	2408.1516	of M. Barrande, which intrude for a	period in the midst of an older formation, and
	2438.263	before the close of the palæozoic	period. No fixed law seems to determine the
	2438.963	towards the close of the secondary	period, has been wonderfully sudden. The
	2440.514	living shells at a very late geological	period, I was filled with astonishment; for
	2444.1060	or several contingencies, and at what	period of the horse's life, and in what degree
	2460.128	at the close of the palæozoic	period and of Ammonites at the close of the
	2460.182	Ammonites at the close of the secondary	period, we must remember what has been already
	2480.384	lived in Europe during the pleistocene	period (an enormously remote period as
	2480.413	period (an enormously remote	period as measured by years, including the
	2494.895	two great regions had been for a long	period favourably circumstanced in an equal
	2506.505	during nearly, but not exactly the same	period, we should find in both, from the
	2520.896	though formerly quite distinct, at that	period made some small approach to each other
	2532.98	life, and yet retain throughout a vast	period the same general characteristics. This
	2540.182	in this case the genera, at the early	period marked VI., would differ by a lesser
	2546.63	is evident that the fauna of any great	period in the earth's history will be inter
	2550.731	the fauna of each geological	period undoubtedly is intermediate in
	2552.78	the statement, that the fauna of each	period as a whole is nearly intermediate in
	2562.365	of climate during the pleistocene	period, which includes the whole glacial
	2562.406	which includes the whole glacial	period, and note how little the specific forms
	2592.295	quarter, during the next succeeding	period of time, closely allied though in some
	2608.553	now extend they have for an enormous	period extended, and where our oscillating
	2608.690	epoch; but that long before that	period, the world may have presented a wholly
	2624.35	The inhabitants of each successive	period in the world's history have beaten
	2635.305	means—Dispersal during the Glacial	period co-extensive with the world. IN
	2669.907	from an enormously remote geological	period, so certain species have migrated over
	2693.37	has probably received at some former	period immigrants from this other region, my
	2703.697	sea now extends, land may at a former	period have connected islands or possibly even
	2707.82	of level, have occurred within the	period of existing organisms. Edward Forbes
	2707.791	geographical changes within the	period of existing species. It seems to me
	2707.1018	to have united them within the recent	period to each other and to the several
	2707.1762	ever be proved that within the recent	period continents which are now quite separate
	2711.543	revolutions within the recent	period, as are necessitated on the view
	2717.1317	the 18 floated for a very much longer	period. So that as 64/87 seeds germinated
	2743.315	by Lyell; and during the Glacial	period from one part of the now temperate
	2751.40	page] 365 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. of transport, immigrants from Europe
	2755.29	survive. Dispersal during the Glacial	period.—The identity of many plants and
	2759.86	called vivid attention to the Glacial	period, which, as we shall immediately see
	2759.286	that within a very recent geological	period, central Europe and North America
	2759.904	coast-ice, plainly reveal a former cold	period. The former influence of the glacial
	2761.253	readily, by supposing a new glacial	period to come slowly on, and then pass away
	2763.40	page] 367 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. south as the Alps and Pyrenees, and
	2765.394	world. We may suppose that the Glacial	period came on a little earlier or later in
	2773.328	occurrence of a former Glacial	period, seem to me to explain in so
	2775.34	If the climate, since the Glacial	period, has ever been in any degree warmer
	2775.283	productions will at a very late	period have marched a little further north
	2775.478	to this intercalated slightly warmer	period, since the Glacial period. The arctic
	2775.504	warmer period, since the Glacial	period. The arctic forms, during their long
	2779.40	page] 369 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. ferent; for it is not likely that all
	2781.363	epoch, and which during its coldest	period will have been temporarily driven down
	2783.75	actually took place during the Glacial	period, I assumed that at its commencement the
	2783.650	at the commencement of the Glacial	period. At the present day, the sub-arctic and
	2783.874	part of the Pacific. During the Glacial	period, when the in- [page] 370 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2787.337	believe that during the newer Pliocene	period, before the Glacial epoch, and whilst
	2787.616	of latitude 60º, during the Pliocene	period lived further north under the Polar
	2787.1205	of the Old and New Worlds, at a	period anterior to the Glacial epoch
	2789.286	during some earlier and still warmer	period, such as the older Pliocene period, a
	2789.321	period, such as the older Pliocene	period, a large number of the same plants and
	2791.40	page] 371 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. mencement of the Glacial period. We
	2793.25	PERIOD. mencement of the Glacial	period. We now see, as I believe, their
	2795.52	decreasing warmth of the Pliocene	period, as soon as the species in common
	2795.734	isolated, within a much more recent	period, on the several mountain-ranges and on
	2801.143	the Pliocene or even a somewhat earlier	period, was nearly uniform along the
	2805.62	our more immediate subject, the Glacial	period. I am convinced that Forbes's view
	2807.40	page] 373 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. may be largely extended. In Europe we
	2809.77	have the plainest evidence of the cold	period, from the western shores of Britain to
	2817.22	CHAP. XI. the latest geological	period. We have, also, excellent evidence
	2817.401	it was, during a part at least of the	period, actually simultaneous throughout the
	2817.871	of the whole world was at this	period simultaneously cooler. But it would
	2821.40	page] 375 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. ing to genera characteristic of the
	2835.206	part of it, was during the Glacial	period simulta- [page] 377 CHAP. XI. DURING
	2837.40	page] 377 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. neously much colder than at present
	2839.49	colder than at present. The Glacial	period, as measured by years, must have been
	2839.225	spread within a few centuries, this	period will have been ample for any amount of
	2843.762	even the lowlands of the tropics at the	period when the cold was most intense,—when
	2843.953	at the foot of the Pyrenees. At this	period of extreme cold, I believe that the
	2843.1159	thousand feet. During this the coldest	period, I suppose that large spaces of the
	2845.137	migrated during the Glacial	period from the northern and southern
	2847.40	page] 379 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. homes; but the forms, chiefly
	2851.759	became commingled during the Glacial	period, the northern forms were enabled to
	2855.553	mountains: no doubt before the Glacial	period they were stocked with endemic Alpine
	2855.1087	mountains before the Glacial	period must have been completely isolated; and
	2859.40	page] 381 CHAP. XI. DURING THE GLACIAL	PERIOD. why certain species have been
	2863.413	that towards the close of the Glacial	period, icebergs, as suggested by Lyell, have
	2863.890	since the commencement of the Glacial	period for their migration, and for their
	2863.1209	hemisphere, to a former and warmer	period, before the commencement of the Glacial
	2863.1256	before the commencement of the Glacial	period, when the antarctic lands, now covered
	2867.214	at the commencement of the Glacial	period, by icebergs. By these means, as I
	2869.498	be said to have flowed during one short	period from the north and from the south, and
	2886.578	to slight changes within the recent	period in the level of the land, having caused
	2886.877	land within a very recent geological	period, and when the surface was peopled by
	2886.1060	mountain-ranges, which from an early	period must have parted river-systems and
	2916.510	to the belief that within the recent	period all existing islands have been nearly
	2958.192	continuously united within a recent	period to the mainland than islands separated
	2978.1225	before the commencement of the Glacial	period. The affinity, which, though feeble, I
	2990.419	to suppose that they have at any former	period been continuously united. The currents
	3004.686	the foregoing view, that at some former	period there has been intercommunication or
	3006.115	at the present time or at some former	period under different physical conditions
	3024.101	certainly occurred within the recent	period, and of other similar changes which may
	3024.178	which may have occurred within the same	period; if we remember how profoundly ignorant
	3028.149	the influence of the modern Glacial	period, which I am fully convinced
	3044.404	for by migration at some former	period under different conditions or by
	3044.689	species, belonging either to a certain	period of time, or to a certain area, are
	3063.1204	hand, which diverged at a still earlier	period. And all these genera, descended from
	3119.860	which existed at an unknown anterior	period. Species of three of these genera (A, F
	3123.913	present time, but at each successive	period of descent. All the modified
	3123.1148	of descendants, at each successive	period. If, however, we choose to suppose that
	3247.133	and has to provide for itself. The	period of activity may come on earlier or
	3255.614	groups, the embryo does not at any	period differ widely from the adult: thus Owen
	3257.292	diverse purposes, being at this early	period of growth alike;—of embryos of
	3261.22	EMBRYOLOGY. embryo becomes at any	period of life active and has to provide for
	3263.94	affecting the embryo at a very early	period, that slight variations necessarily
	3263.164	necessarily appear at an equally early	period. But we have little evidence on this
	3263.635	will be. The question is not, at what	period of life any variation has been caused
	3263.693	variation has been caused, but at what	period it is fully displayed. The cause may
	3263.1039	an effect thus caused at a very early	period, even before the formation of the
	3267.432	may have supervened at a not very early	period of life; and some direct evidence from
	3267.651	may have appeared at an extremely early	period. I have stated in the first chapter
	3283.616	generally first appeared at an early	period of life, and have been inherited by the
	3283.702	offspring at a corresponding not early	period. But the case of the short-faced
	3283.940	must either have appeared at an earlier	period than usual, or, if not so, the
	3289.958	much modification at a rather late	period of life, and having thus been converted
	3291.129	we are wholly ignorant, at a very early	period of life, or each step might be
	3291.191	step might be inherited at an earlier	period than that at which it first appeared
	3305.84	having been inherited at an earlier	period than that at which they first appeared
	3305.381	back in time, may remain for a long	period, or for ever, incapable of
	3307.261	one ancient progenitor, at a very early	period in the life of each, though perhaps
	3307.377	inherited at a corresponding not early	period. Embryology rises greatly in interest
	3343.144	by natural selection. At whatever	period of life disuse or selection reduces an
	3343.726	age, but at an extremely early	period of life (as we have good reason to
	3359.107	generally supervening at a very early	period of life, and being inherited at a
	3359.162	and being inherited at a corresponding	period, we can understand the great leading
	3359.874	selection, it will generally be at that	period of life when the being has to provide
	3398.851	has been the influence of the Glacial	period on the distribution both of the same
	3398.1249	have been possible during a very long	period; and consequently the difficulty of the
	3404.125	on a wide area, which has during a long	period remained continuous, and of which the
	3404.516	are undergoing change at any one	period; and all changes are slowly effected. I
	3406.156	of the world, and at each successive	period between the extinct and still older
	3442.623	can produce within a short	period a great result by adding up mere
	3482.163	without change for an enormous	period. It is inexplicable on the theory of
	3482.876	it has been inherited for a very long	period; for in this case it will have been
	3502.545	understand, by the aid of the Glacial	period, the identity of some few plants, and
	3502.1026	different, if they have been for a long	period completely separated from each other
	3518.781	inherited at a corresponding not early	period of life, we can clearly see why the
	3524.926	ages have been inherited from a remote	period to the present day. On the view of each
	3568.152	genera, have within a not very remote	period de- [page] 487 CHAP. XIV. CONCLUSION
	3578.230	in a body might remain for a long	period unchanged, whilst within this same
	3578.272	unchanged, whilst within this same	period, several of these species, by migrating
	3610.16	succession, 338. —on the glacial	period, 366. ——on embryological characters
	3838.17	means of, 356. ——during glacial	period, 365. Distribution, geographical
	3883.14	rate of increase, 64. —, of glacial	period, 141. Embryology, 439. Existence
	3931.32	on distribution during glacial	period, 366, —on parallelism in time and space
	3977.8	Giraffe, tail of, 195. Glacial	period, 365. Gmelin on distribution
	4281.0	Pelvis of women, 144, Peloria, 145.	Period, glacial, 365. Petrels, habits of
	5024.23	Vols. 8vo. 21s. —— Essays on the Early	Period of the French Revolution. Reprinted
	5225.130	Friends and Contemporaries, during a	period of 30 years. Including his DIARY OF
	5942.11	Edition. Vol. 1. 8vo. 16s. ——— Second	Period, from A.D. 590 to the Concordat of
2			periodical
	689.85	the average numbers of a species, and	periodical seasons of extreme cold or drought, I
	2038.367	occurring in the development, or	periodical action, or mutual relation of the
2			periodically
	641.1003	individuals of any species which are	periodically born, but a small number can survive. I
	2928.434	great annual migrations, visit either	periodically or occasionally this island. Madeira
76			periods
	357.702	to say how long before these ancient	periods, savages, like those of Tierra del
	455.10	SELECTION. CHAP. I. barbarous	periods of English history choice animals were
	538.719	from Brachiopod shells, at former	periods of time. These facts seem to be very
	554.533	they flower at slightly different	periods; they grow in somewhat different
	576.206	may endure as varieties for very long	periods, as has been shown to be the case by Mr
	717.554	face of nature remains uniform for long	periods of time, though assuredly the merest
	725.73	different checks, acting at different	periods of life, and during different seasons
	788.229	by nature during whole geological	periods. Can we wonder, then, that nature's
	906.457	of success. Though nature grants vast	periods of time for the work of natural
	942.327	which consequently will exist for long	periods in a broken condition, will be the most
	1018.759	they all supposed to endure for equal	periods. Only those variations which are in
	1104.1114	which lived during long-past geological	periods, very few now have living and modified
	1406.274	islands even during the later tertiary	periods; and in such islands distinct species
	1418.1098	should not endure for very long	periods;—why as a general rule they should be
	1638.693	by having adapted them during long-past	periods of time: the adaptations being aided in
	1657.478	with other habits, and with certain	periods of time and states of the body. When
	1669.1053	having different instincts at different	periods of life, or at different seasons of the
	1689.405	with certain frames of mind or	periods of time. But let us look to the
	2060.1179	acts uniformly and slowly during vast	periods of time on the whole organisation, in
	2165.682	vast have been the past	periods of time, may at once close this volume
	2199.333	most geologists, enormously long blank	periods. So that the lofty pile of sedimentary
	2219.401	submerged for perhaps equally long	periods, it would, likewise, have escaped the
	2229.91	during the Secondary and Palæozoic	periods, it is superfluous to state that our
	2233.119	known belonging to either of these vast	periods, with one exception discovered by Sir C
	2235.742	never have suspected that during the	periods which were blank and barren in his own
	2251.320	been formed over wide spaces during	periods of subsidence, but only where the
	2255.287	this have happened during the alternate	periods of elevation; or, to speak more
	2259.50	is here worth a passing notice. During	periods of elevation the area of the land and
	2259.318	varieties and species; but during such	periods there will generally be a blank in the
	2259.729	be formed; and it is during these very	periods of subsidence, that our great deposits
	2315.199	formations lie in the past, only during	periods of subsidence. These periods of
	2315.228	during periods of subsidence. These	periods of subsidence would be separated from
	2315.551	the shores of South America. During the	periods of subsidence there would probably be
	2315.633	be much extinction of life; during the	periods of elevation, there would be much
	2321.395	would intervene during such lengthy	periods; and in these cases the inhabitants of
	2345.673	cirripedes existed during the secondary	periods, they would certainly have been
	2365.115	Silurian stratum was deposited, long	periods elapsed, as long as, or probably far
	2365.281	during these vast, yet quite unknown,	periods of time, the world swarmed with living
	2367.68	find records of these vast primordial	periods, I can give no satisfactory answer
	2367.843	the former existence of life at these	periods. But the difficulty of understanding
	2375.291	that during the palæozoic and secondary	periods, neither continents nor continental
	2379.163	intervened during these enormously long	periods. If then we may infer anything from
	2418.81	amount of change, during long and equal	periods of time, may, perhaps, be nearly the
	2434.344	having been swept away at successive	periods by catastrophes, is very generally
	2438.94	groups of species last for very unequal	periods; some groups, as we have seen, having
	2452.1032	at least during the later geological	periods, so that looking to later times we may
	2472.1192	widely separated palæozoic and tertiary	periods, would still be manifest, and the
	2502.174	formations were deposited during	periods of subsidence; and that blank intervals
	2502.259	of vast duration occurred during the	periods when the bed of the sea was either
	2512.0	X. AFFINITIES OF EXTINCT SPECIES.	periods,—a formation in one region often
	2534.297	supposed to have perished at different	periods, and some to have endured to the
	2542.578	which have within known geological	periods undergone much modification, should in
	2552.382	affinities and then according to their	periods of existence, do not accord in
	2564.531	at the commencement and close of these	periods; but we ought to find after intervals
	2584.33	areas, during the later tertiary	periods.—Mr. Clift many years ago showed that
	2590.124	types in each during the later tertiary	periods. Nor can it be pretended that it is an
	2602.563	been more extinction during the	periods of subsidence, and more variation
	2602.616	and more variation during the	periods of elevation, and during the latter the
	2610.687	numbers slowly, and endure for unequal	periods of time; for the process of
	2624.573	same areas during the later geological	periods ceases to be mysterious, and is simply
	2663.576	effected with more or less ease, at	periods more or less remote;—on the nature and
	2671.310	have undergone during whole geological	periods but little modification, there is not
	2793.674	present time; for during these warmer	periods the northern parts of the Old and New
	3026.242	of life change most slowly, enormous	periods of time being thus granted for their
	3398.157	the same specific form for very long	periods, enormously long as measured by years
	3398.316	the same species; for during very long	periods of time there will always be a good
	3398.685	have affected the earth during modern	periods; and such changes will obviously have
	3416.607	bed of the sea. During the alternate	periods of elevation and of stationary level
	3416.698	will be blank. During these latter	periods there will probably be more variability
	3416.775	in the forms of life; during	periods of subsidence, more extinction. With
	3426.686	modifications can be inherited for long	periods. As long as the conditions of life
	3502.1259	source or from each other, at various	periods and in different proportions, the
	3544.181	they really believe that at innumerable	periods in the earth's history certain
	3578.509	as a measure of time. During early	periods of the earth's history, when the forms
	5058.131	of that Garrison from the Earliest	Periods. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. DRYDENS (JOHN
	5100.74	of India—the Hindoo and Mahomedan	Periods. Fourth Edition. With an Index. Map
7			perish
	810.894	best short-beaked tumbler-pigeons more	perish in the egg than are able to get out of
	810.1325	all with weak beaks would inevitably	perish: or, more delicate and more easily
	1149.512	are very frequently blown to sea and	perish; that the beetles in Madeira, as
	1610.50	her daughters as soon as born, or to	perish herself in the combat; for undoubtedly
	2026.322	an embryo may be developed, and then	perish at an early period. This latter
	2026.1298	and consequently be liable to	perish at an early period; more especially as
	2761.694	by barriers, in which case they would	perish. The mountains would become covered
4			perished
	685.181	turf (three feet by four) nine species	perished from the other species being allowed to
	1731.956	not even feed themselves, and many	perished of hunger. Huber then introduced a
	1936.9	CHAP. VIII. STERILITY. few days	perished entirely, whereas the pod impregnated
	2534.275	some of which are supposed to have	perished at different periods, and some to have
15			permanent
	369.1208	can I find a single case on record of a	permanent race having been thus formed. On the
	570.302	are in any degree more distinct and	permanent, as steps leading to more [page
	574.25	CHAP. II. strongly marked and more	permanent varieties; and at these latter, as
	588.316	in order to become in any degree	permanent, necessarily have to struggle with the
	602.87	species are only strongly marked and	permanent varieties; for wherever many species of
	1131.199	of all kinds are only well-marked and	permanent varieties. Thus the species of shells
	1197.1235	it might probably have been rendered	permanent by natural selection. Homologous parts
	1311.334	being on my view only a well-marked and	permanent variety. But characters thus gained
	1430.551	of structure in some degree	permanent; and this assuredly we do see
	1729.66	selection making an occasional habit	permanent, if of advantage to the species, and if
	1761.171	selection be strengthened and rendered	permanent for the very different purpose of
	3450.54	species are only strongly marked and	permanent varieties, and that each species first
	3478.620	characters have become in a high degree	permanent, we can understand this fact; for they
	3490.35	If species be only well-marked and	permanent varieties, we can at once see why their
	3516.417	the lines of descent by the most	permanent characters, however slight their vital
2			permanently
	457.541	but he has no wish or expectation of	permanently altering the breed. Nevertheless I
	542.399	doubtful and closely-allied forms have	permanently retained their characters in their own
2			permission
	830.130	natural selection acts, I must beg	permission to give one or two imaginary
	6168.150	in any form requires written	permission. Contact: Dr John van Wyhe
3			permits
	582.637	of the varying species. Dr. Hooker	permits me to add, that after having carefully
	798.94	species, which, as far as our ignorance	permits us to judge, seem to be quite
	942.125	as the extreme intricacy of the subject	permits. I conclude, looking to the future
7			permitted
	371.590	several eminent fanciers, and have been	permitted to join two [page] 21 CHAP. I
	1767.1854	had been completed; but this is never	permitted, the bees building perfectly flat walls
	1914.1722	it seems to me that we may well be	permitted to doubt whether many other species are
	2000.798	has the production of hybrids been	permitted? to grant to species the special power
	2683.261	under past and present conditions	permitted, is the most probable. Undoubtedly many
	2773.621	other evidence, that a colder climate	permitted their former migration across the low
	3197.1157	far more than others; why we are	permitted to use rudimentary and useless organs
1			permitting
	2592.627	and after great geographical changes,	permitting much inter-migration, the feebler will
1			perpendicular
	2205.43	by the waves and pared all round into	perpendicular cliffs of one or two thousand feet in
3			perpetually
	343.1091	this source of doubt could not so	perpetually recur. It has often been stated that
	711.421	and little trees, which had been	perpetually browsed down by the cattle. In one
	956.938	the number of specific forms goes on	perpetually and almost indefinitely increasing
1			perpetuity
	900.645	can self-fertilisation go on for	perpetuity. Circumstances favourable to Natural
2			perplexed
	562.110	unknown to him, he is at first much	perplexed to determine what differences to
	2892.239	the world. Their distribution at first	perplexed me much, as their ova are not likely to
5			perplexing
	258.370	disappointed; in this and in all other	perplexing cases I have invariably found that our
	538.86	which seems to me extremely	perplexing: I refer to those genera which have
	538.764	of time. These facts seem to be very	perplexing, for they seem to show that this kind
	582.889	here is with much brevity, is rather	perplexing, and allusions cannot be avoided to the
	1006.66	aid us in understanding this rather	perplexing subject. Let A to L represent the
1			perry's
	5890.0	direction of the Dilettanti Society.)	PERRY'S (SIR ERSKINE) Bird's-Eye View of India
1			persecuted
	1681.875	for the large birds have been most	persecuted by man. We may safely attribute the
1			persepolis
	5138.43	S (JAMES) Palaces of Nineveh and	Persepolis Restored: an Essay on Ancient Assyrian
1			perseverance
	441.850	his lifetime to it with indomitable	perseverance, he will succeed, and may make great
1			persevering
	1980.780	genus, as Silene, in which the most	persevering efforts have failed to produce between
6			persia
	371.376	India, and by the Hon. C. Murray from	Persia. Many treatises in different languages
	467.70	as now existing in Britain, India, and	Persia, we can, I think, clearly trace the
	4996.72	on the Frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and	Persia. Third Edition, Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s
	5143.38	FERRIER'S (T. P.) Caravan Journeys in	Persia, Affghanistan, Herat, Turkistan, and
	5440.12	WEST INDIES. By M.G.LEWIS. SKETCHES OF	PERSIA. By SIR JOHN MALCOLM. THE FRENCH IN
	5680.32	MALCOLMS (SIR JOHN) Sketches of	Persia. Third Edition. Post 8vo. 6s. MANSELS
1			persian
	5138.97	an Essay on Ancient Assyrian and	Persian Architecture. With 45 Woodcuts. 8vo
1			person
	1657.774	another by a sort of rhythm; if a	person be interrupted in a song, or in
7			personal
	234.919	I may be excused for entering on these	personal details, as I give them to show that I
	4846.49	Life of Thomas Stothard, R.A. With	Personal Reminiscences. Illustrated with
	5622.132	With Extracts from Official Papers and	Personal Narratives. Second Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo
	5858.88	of the Forest of Dean, derived from	Personal Observation and other Sources, Public
	5878.21	Post 8vo. 9s. PARKYNS' (MANSFIELD)	Personal Narrative of Three Years' Residence and
	6050.37	STOTHARD'S (THOS., R. A.) Life. With	Personal Reminiscences. By Mrs. BRAY. With
	6100.182	c. &c., in this Country. Obtained from	Personal Inspection during Visits to England
1			personally
	244.173	very many naturalists, some of them	personally unknown to me. I cannot, however
4			persons
	796.23	SELECTION. parts of the Continent	persons are warned not to keep white pigeons
	4830.130	BRITISH CONSTITUTION and the RIGHTS OF	PERSONS. By R. MALCOLM KERR,, LLD. Post 8vo. 9s
	5124.62	of TALES and STORIES for Young	Persons. From the German. By J. E. TAYLOR
	6066.57	Ring. A Collection of Stories for Young	Persons. From the German. With Illustrations by
1			persuade
	2048.625	sterile in some degree. I cannot	persuade myself that this parallelism is an
1			pertinacious
	429.910	ways; when we compare the game-cock, so	pertinacious in battle, with other breeds so little
1			pestilence
	968.389	writer) "as if by some murderous	pestilence." Divergence of Character.—The
1			pestn
	5708.72	and the Miseries of Fishing. By RICHARD	PESTN. New Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo. 1s
8			petals
	842.277	be excreted by the inner bases of the	petals of a flower. In this case insects in
	1203.4	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. the	petals of the corolla into a tube. Hard parts
	1211.1449	of darker colour in the two upper	petals; and that when this occurs, the
	1211.1580	absent from only one of the two upper	petals, the nectary is only much shortened
	3217.684	the relative position of the sepals,	petals, stamens, and pistils, as well as their
	3223.722	simpler mouths? Why should the sepals,	petals, stamens, and pistils in any individual
	3315.839	plants of the same species the	petals sometimes occur as mere rudiments, and
	3518.467	in the jaws and legs of a crab,—in the	petals, stamens, and pistils of a flower, is
5			peter
	4864.28	Published. GOLDSMITHS WORKS. Edited by	PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. Vignettes. 4 Vols
	4868.47	LIVES OF THE ENGLISH POETS. Edited by	PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A. 3 Vols. 22s. 6d
	5006.5	Second Edition. Maps. 8vo. 15s. ——— (	PETER) London—Past and Present. A Handbook to
	5200.107	revised by the Author. Edited by	PETER CUNNINGHAM. Vignettes. 4 Vols. 8vo. 30s
	5534.69	English Poets. A New Edition. Edited by	PETER CUNNINGHAM. 3 vols. 8vo. 22s. 6d
2			petræa
	5568.42	LEON DE) Journey through Arabia	Petræa, to Mount Sinai, and the Excavated City
	5568.92	Mount Sinai, and the Excavated City of	Petræa,the Edom of the Prophecies. Second
3			petrel
	673.200	more numerous of the two: the Fulmar	petrel lays but one egg, yet it is believed to
	1484.224	nevertheless, it is essentially a	petrel, but with many parts of its
	3464.369	feed on sub-aquatic insects; and that a	petrel should have been created with habits
4			petrels
	1480.0	woodpecker which never climbs a tree!	Petrels are the most aërial and oceanic of
	1492.921	there should be diving thrushes, and	petrels with the habits of auks. Organs of
	1620.379	woodpeckers, diving thrushes, and	petrels with the habits of auks. Although the
	4282.0	Peloria, 145. Period, glacial, 365.	Petrels, habits of, 184. Phasianus, fertility
1			petunia
	1938.204	of Pelargonium, Fuchsia, Calceolaria,	Petunia, Rhododendron, &c., have been crossed
2			phascolomys
	3179.1379	as Mr. Waterhouse has remarked, the	phascolomys resembles most nearly, not any one
	3179.1575	is only analogical, owing to the	phascolomys having become adapted to habits like
2			phasianus
	1950.197	vaginalis and Reevesii, and from	Phasianus colchicus with P. torquatus and with P
	4283.0	glacial, 365. Petrels, habits of, 184.	Phasianus, fertility of hybrids, 253. Pheasant
1			pheasant
	4284.0	Phasianus, fertility of hybrids, 253.	Pheasant, young, wild, 216. Philippi on tertiary
1			pheasants
	1707.6	page] 216 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. young	pheasants, though reared under a hen. It is not
2			phenomena
	2486.249	there discover a series of analogous	phenomena, it will appear certain that all these
	6086.191	on their Motion, Structure, and General	Phenomena. Post 8vo. In Preparation. TYTLER
3			philip
	4622.19	ABBOTT'S (REV. J.)	Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a Church of
	5066.21	Post 8vo. 9s. DURHAMS (ADMIRAL SIR	PHILIP) Naval Life and Services. By CAPT
	5768.58	Naval Life and Services of Admiral Sir	Philip Durham. 8vo. 5s. 6d. MURRAYS RAILWAY
2			philippe
	5177.74	by the Gauls to the Death of Louis	Philippe. By Mrs. MARKHAM. 56th Thousand
	5690.76	by the Gauls, to the Death of Louis	Philippe. 58th Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo. 6s
2			philippi
	2402.653	If we may trust the observations of	Philippi in Sicily, the successive changes in
	4285.0	Pheasant, young, wild, 216.	Philippi on tertiary species in Sicily
1			phillips
	5892.0	Provinces, Nepaul, &c. Fcap. 8vo, 5s.	PHILLIPS' (JOHN) Memoirs of William Smith, LL.D
2			philosopher
	4850.43	More Worlds than One. The Creed of the	Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian. Seventh
	5038.63	in Travel; or, Last Days of a	Philosopher. Fifth Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 6s
1			philosophers
	234.372	has been called by one of our greatest	philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me
2			philosophical
	536.198	branching of the stem of a tree. This	philosophical naturalist, I may add, has also quite
	5251.32	s. 6d. HAMPDEN'S (BISHOP) Essay on the	Philosophical Evidence of Christianity, or the
1			philosophically
	645.215	De Candolle and Lyell have largely and	philosophically shown that all organic beings are
4			philosophy
	50.49	in the book of God's works; divinity or	philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an
	4626.3	Edition. Fcap.8vo. 6s. 6d. ———	Philosophy of the Moral Feelings. Tenth Edition
	5876.13	Vols. 8vo. 18s. PARIS' (Dr.)	Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest; or
	5876.94	or, the First Principles of Natural	Philosophy inculcated by aid of the Toys and
1			philpott's
	5900.0	with 36 Plates. 8vo. 15s. [page] 27	PHILPOTT'S (BISHOP) Letters to the late Charles
2			phipps
	5902.0	Dr. Doyle. Second Edition. 8vo, 16s.	PHIPPS' (HON. EDMUND) Memoir, Correspondence
	6110.112	Diaries and Remains. By the HON. EDMUND	PHIPPS. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s. WATT'S
1			phosphate
	3331.1309	calf by the excretion of precious	phosphate of lime? When a man's fingers have been
2			phosphatic
	2367.710	called primordial zone. The presence of	phosphatic nodules and bituminous matter in some
	4227.9	of Rhododendron, 251. Nodules,	phosphatic, in azoic rocks, 307, PEAR. O. Oak
1			phyllodineous
	3239.1277	or furze, and the first leaves of the	phyllodineous acaceas, are pinnate or divided like
50			physical
	192.67	be accounted for by differences in	physical conditions — Importance of barriers
	256.293	beings to each other and to their	physical conditions of life, untouched and
	526.1120	a modification directly due to the	physical conditions of life; and "variations" in
	574.255	the long-continued action of different	physical conditions in two different regions
	584.178	as they become exposed to diverse	physical conditions, and as they come into
	653.672	of distinct species, or with the	physical conditions of life. It is the doctrine
	766.701	beings to each other and to their	physical conditions of life. Can it, then, be
	772.114	the case of a country undergoing some	physical change, for instance, of climate. The
	778.776	Nor do I believe that any great	physical change, as of climate, or any unusual
	778.1448	adapted to each other and to the	physical conditions under which they live, that
	922.668	of better adapted organisms, after any	physical change, such as of climate or elevation
	926.364	barriers, or from having very peculiar	physical conditions, the total number of the
	942.874	species will thus be checked: after	physical changes of any kind, immigration will
	948.302	of such places will often depend on	physical changes, which are generally very slow
	954.273	beings, one with another and with their	physical conditions of life, which may be
	1412.237	To those who look at climate and the	physical conditions of life as the all-important
	1412.865	depends on insensibly changing	physical conditions, but in large part on the
	1586.464	of no direct use to their possessors.	Physical conditions probably have had some
	1590.1212	allowance for the direct action of	physical conditions) may be viewed, either as
	2022.501	causes. There must sometimes be a	physical impossibility in the male element
	2143.521	and continuous area with graduated	physical conditions. I endeavoured to show, that
	2412.710	of breeding, on the slowly changing	physical conditions of the country, and more
	2486.690	changes of currents, climate, or other	physical conditions, as the cause of these great
	2486.1028	how slight is the relation between the	physical conditions of various countries, and
	2562.19	CHAP. X. formations, by the	physical conditions of the ancient areas having
	2586.287	account, on the one hand, by dissimilar	physical conditions for the dissimilarity of the
	2635.67	be accounted for by differences in	physical conditions—Importance of barriers
	2637.257	for by their climatal and other	physical conditions. Of late, almost every
	2661.197	and water, and independent of their	physical conditions. The naturalist must feel
	2663.386	to the direct influence of different	physical conditions. The degree of dissimilarity
	2669.757	in a lesser degree with the surrounding	physical conditions. As we have seen in the last
	2717.1763	power of germination. In Johnston's	Physical Atlas, the average rate of the several
	2803.325	correspondence with the nearly similar	physical conditions of the areas; for if we
	2803.522	closely corresponding in all their	physical conditions, but with their inhabitants
	2918.497	independently of any difference in	physical conditions has caused so great a
	2934.71	are generally accounted for by the	physical conditions of the islands; but this
	2942.578	cannot be accounted for by their	physical conditions; indeed it seems that
	2984.1273	deeply-seated error of considering the	physical conditions of a country as the most
	2998.917	of Australia have nearly the same	physical conditions, and are united by
	3006.138	at some former period under different	physical conditions, and the existence at remote
	3032.1102	why two areas having nearly the same	physical conditions should often be inhabited by
	3032.1687	regions, independently of their	physical conditions, infinitely diversified
	3426.448	disuse, and by the direct action of the	physical conditions of life. There is much
	3438.569	slight a degree to the surrounding	physical conditions, will turn the balance
	3442.64	that each land has undergone great	physical changes, we might have expected that
	3472.182	so-called specific forms. In both cases	physical conditions seem to have produced but
	3502.898	Although two areas may present the same	physical conditions of life, we need feel no
	3574.1069	of altered and perhaps suddenly altered	physical conditions, namely, the mutual relation
	6018.20	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. SOMERVILLE'S (MARY)	Physical Geography. Fourth Edition.Portrait
	6020.21	Post 8vo. 9s. ——— Connexion of the	Physical Sciences. Ninth Edition. Woodcuts. Post
1			physically
	896.312	distinct individual can be shown to be	physically impossible. Cirripedes long appeared to
20			physiological
	321.176	of slight and those of considerable	physiological importance, is endless. Dr. Prosper
	532.855	important, whether viewed under a	physiological or classificatory point of view
	846.1693	advantage of what has been called the "	physiological division of labour;" hence we may
	998.108	is, in fact, the same as that of the	physiological division of labour in the organs of the
	1269.760	they are taken from parts of less	physiological importance than those commonly used for
	1273.705	often becomes variable, though its	physiological importance may remain the same
	1976.168	structure of parts which are of high	physiological importance and which differ little in
	3081.214	resemblances in organs of high vital or	physiological importance. No doubt this view of the
	3081.654	their conditions of life. That the mere	physiological importance of an organ does not
	3081.873	reason to suppose, has nearly the same	physiological value, its classificatory value is
	3085.210	of the same order are of unequal	physiological importance. Any number of instances
	3087.72	or atrophied organs are of high	physiological or vital importance; yet, undoubtedly
	3089.109	must be considered of very trifling	physiological importance, but which are universally
	3095.350	in several characters, both of high	physiological importance and of almost universal
	3101.33	XIII. not trouble themselves about the	physiological value of the characters which they use
	3153.596	same class. As we find organs of high	physiological importance—those which serve to
	3197.1228	useless organs, or others of trifling	physiological importance; why, in comparing one group
	3345.325	more useful than, parts of high	physiological importance. Rudimentary organs may be
	3841.40	Divergence of character, 111. Division,	physiological, of labour, 115. Dogs, hairless, with
	3878.19	species of, 339. Edwards, Milne, on	physiological divisions of labour, 115. —, on
2			physiologist
	1002.18	SELECTION. CHAP. IV. Milne Edwards. No	physiologist doubts that a stomach by being adapted
	3331.828	the scheme of nature? An eminent	physiologist accounts for the presence of
3			physiologists
	303.301	pollen. But it is the opinion of most	physiologists that there is no essential difference
	1528.120	as a complement to the swimbladder. All	physiologists admit that the swimbladder is
	3217.211	or organs in the same individual. Most	physiologists believe that the bones of the skull are
1			pianoforte
	1661.266	If Mozart, instead of playing the	pianoforte at three years old with wonderfully
5			picked
	395.767	but that he intentionally or by chance	picked out extraordinarily abnormal species
	505.1716	As soon, however, as gardeners	picked out individual plants with slightly
	505.1835	raised seedlings from them, and again	picked out the best seedlings and bred from
	1723.765	plains, so that in one day's hunting I	picked up no less than twenty lost and wasted
	2731.591	turkey. In the course of two months, I	picked up in my garden 12 kinds of seeds, out
8			pictet
	2331.219	for instance, by Agassiz,	Pictet, and by none more forcibly than by
	2351.263	of existing species. Lately, Professor	Pictet has carried their existence one sub
	2408.915	rule. The amount of organic change, as	Pictet has remarked, does not strictly
	2426.446	few, so few, that E. Forbes,	Pictet, and Woodward (though all strongly
	2558.327	the fossils from two remote formations.	Pictet gives as a well-known instance, the
	2558.577	seems to have shaken Professor	Pictet in his firm belief in the immutability
	2576.259	of recent forms. I must follow	Pictet and Huxley in thinking that the truth
	4286.0	on tertiary species in Sicily, 312.	Pictet, Prof., on groups of species suddenly
1			pictet's
	2351.975	of the equator; and by running through	Pictet's Palæontology it will be seen that very
1			pictorial
	6142.11	Plates. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. —— Greece:	Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical, with a
6			picture
	435.1432	on a table and are studied, like a	picture by a connoisseur; this is done three
	2209.569	meet and close, one can safely	picture to [page] 286 IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP
	2578.46	embryo comes to be left as a sort of	picture, preserved by nature, of the ancient
	2823.805	on the loftier peaks of Java raises a	picture of a collection made on a hill in
	3307.460	when we thus look at the embryo as a	picture, more or less obscured, of the common
	3566.1119	fossils, will aid us in forming a	picture of the ancient forms of life
1			pictures
	5614.156	With a Descriptive Account of the	Pictures, and Origin of the Collection
1			picturing
	2149.197	looking at any two species, to avoid	picturing to myself, forms directly intermediate
6			piece
	681.1157	by various enemies; for instance, on a	piece of ground three feet long and two wide
	982.1706	would succeed in living on the same	piece of ground. And we well know that each
	988.381	For instance, I found that a	piece of turf, three feet by four in size
	988.983	plants which live close round any small	piece of ground, could live on it (supposing
	1789.53	the hive, instead of a thick, square	piece of wax, a thin and narrow, knife-edged
	2910.1530	from one to another and often distant	piece of water. Nature, like a careful
4			pieces
	1813.775	in cases of difficulty, as when two	pieces of comb met at an angle, how often the
	2584.285	to an uneducated eye, in the gigantic	pieces of armour like those of the armadillo
	3223.167	and such extraordinarily shaped	pieces of bone? As Owen has remarked, the
	3223.259	from the yielding of the separate	pieces in the act of parturition of mammals
3			piedmont
	5090.35	d. ——— Second Campaign of Radetzky in	Piedmont. The Defence of Temeswar and the Camp
	5280.37	SWITZERLANDthe Alps of Savoy, and	Piedmont. Maps. Post 8vo. 9s. —— FRANCENormandy
	5554.119	and less frequented "Vals" of Northern	Piedmont, from the Tarentaise to the Gries. With
2			pierce
	836.1393	I may add, that, according to Mr.	Pierce, there are two varieties of the wolf
	4291.0	on embryological succession, 338.	Pierce, Mr., on varieties of wolves
3			pierre
	1655.92	are universal. A little dose, as	Pierre Huber expresses it, of judgment or
	1731.109	in the Formica (Polyerges) rufescens by	Pierre Huber, a better observer even than his
	1767.1231	carefully described and figured by	Pierre Huber. The Melipona itself is
27			pigeon
	371.30	formed. On the Breeds of the Domestic	Pigeon.—Believing that it is always best to
	375.14	I. DOMESTIC PIGEONS. of the London	Pigeon Clubs. The diversity of the breeds is
	375.1792	number in all members of the great	pigeon family; and these feathers are kept
	423.174	laugh you to scorn. I have never met a	pigeon, or poultry, or duck, or rabbit fancier
	425.429	and bloodhound, a carrier and tumbler	pigeon. One of the most remarkable features in
	463.469	By comparing the accounts given in old	pigeon treatises of carriers [page
	491.117	try to make a fantail, till he saw a	pigeon with a tail developed in some slight
	491.216	manner, or a pouter till he saw a	pigeon with a crop of somewhat unusual size
	491.531	incorrect. The man who first selected a	pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never
	491.610	dreamed what the descendants of that	pigeon would become through long-continued
	566.91	he will become impressed, just like the	pigeon or poultry-fancier before alluded to
	784.777	he feeds a long and a short beaked	pigeon on the same food; he does not exercise
	810.1044	had to make the beak of a full-grown	pigeon very short for the bird's own advantage
	976.106	analogous. A fancier is struck by a	pigeon having a slightly shorter beak; another
	976.176	beak; another fancier is struck by a	pigeon having a rather longer beak; and on the
	1257.1264	to variation. Look at the breeds of the	pigeon; see what a prodigious amount of
	1297.836	are due to the several races of the	pigeon having inherited from a common parent
	1345.678	of pigeons: they are descended from a	pigeon (including two or three sub-species or
	1697.358	by young birds, that have never seen a	pigeon tumble. We may believe that some one
	1697.402	tumble. We may believe that some one	pigeon showed a slight tendency to this
	2056.615	in appearance, for instance of the	pigeon or of the cabbage, is a remarkable fact
	2424.156	be raised from any other species of	pigeon, or even from the other well
	2424.226	well-established races of the domestic	pigeon, for the newly-formed fantail would be
	2556.535	and extinct races of the domestic	pigeon were arranged as well as they could be
	2729.881	but some taken out of the crop of a	pigeon, which had floated on artificial salt
	3277.78	that the several domestic breeds of	Pigeon have descended from one wild species, I
	3476.985	as the several domestic breeds of	pigeon have descended from the blue and barred
1			pigeon-fancier
	441.1081	requisite to become even a skilful	pigeon-fancier. The same principles are followed by
56			pigeons
	126.245	from one or more Species — Domestic	Pigeons, their Differences and Origin
	283.231	from one or more Species—Domestic	Pigeons, their Differences and Origin—Principle
	317.452	as is asserted, long or many horns;	pigeons with feathered feet have skin between
	317.516	have skin between their outer toes;	pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and
	367.19	parents; and if we [page] 20 DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. CHAP. I. account for our several
	369.762	and sometimes (as I have found with	pigeons) extremely uniform, and everything
	371.146	after deliberation, taken up domestic	pigeons. I have kept every breed which I could
	371.445	languages have been published on	pigeons, and some of them are very important
	373.28	join two [page] 21 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. of the London Pigeon Clubs. The
	377.19	the head and tail [page] 22 DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. CHAP. I. touch; the oil-gland is
	383.31	other. Altogether at least a score of	pigeons might be chosen, which if shown to an
	385.28	place [page] 23 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. the English carrier, the short-faced
	389.51	differences are between the breeds of	pigeons, I am fully convinced that the common
	391.19	been exterminated [page] 24 DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. CHAP. I. even on several of the
	393.748	of the multiple origin of our	pigeons, it must be assumed that at least seven
	397.28	degree. [page] 25 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. Some facts in regard to the colouring
	399.41	facts in regard to the colouring of	pigeons well deserve consideration. The rock
	401.19	Or, secondly, [page] 26 DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. CHAP. I. that each breed, even the
	405.72	from between all the domestic breeds of	pigeons are perfectly fertile. I can state this
	409.28	supposed [page] 27 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. species of pigeons to breed freely
	411.11	CHAP. I. DOMESTIC PIGEONS. species of	pigeons to breed freely under domestication
	413.901	come to treat of selection. Fourthly,	pigeons have been watched, and tended with the
	413.1101	the world; the earliest known record of	pigeons is in the fifth Ægyptian dynasty, about
	413.1237	Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that	pigeons are given in a bill [page] 28 DOMESTIC
	415.19	are given in a bill [page] 28 DOMESTIC	PIGEONS. CHAP. I. of fare in the previous
	417.113	Pliny, immense prices were given for	pigeons; "nay, they are come to this pass, that
	417.206	can reckon up their pedigree and race."	Pigeons were much valued by Akber Khan in India
	417.299	the year 1600; never less than 20,000	pigeons were taken with the court. "The
	417.601	period the Dutch were as eager about	pigeons as were the old Romans. The paramount
	417.734	the immense amount of variation which	pigeons have undergone, will be obvious when we
	417.1001	distinct breeds, that male and female	pigeons can be easily mated for life; and thus
	419.49	the probable origin of domestic	pigeons at some, yet quite insufficient, length
	419.124	length; because when I first kept	pigeons and watched the several kinds, knowing
	435.1116	Sebright, used to say, with respect to	pigeons, that "he would produce any given
	493.530	might, and indeed do now, arise amongst	pigeons, which are rejected as faults or
	511.367	than one breed of the same species.	Pigeons can be mated for life, and this is a
	511.613	and formation of new breeds.	Pigeons, I may add, can be propagated in great
	796.60	persons are warned not to keep white	pigeons, as being the most liable to
	1205.436	feet and skin between the outer toes in	pigeons, and the presence of more or less down
	1297.309	races. The most distinct breeds of	pigeons, in countries most widely apart
	1299.5	closely related acts of creation. With	pigeons, however, we have another case, namely
	1345.643	the case of the several breeds of	pigeons: they are descended from a pigeon
	1345.1566	than in the old. Call the breeds of	pigeons, some of which have bred true for
	2149.550	illustration: the fantail and pouter	pigeons have both descended from the rock
	3135.319	are requisite, as we have seen with	pigeons. The origin of the existence of groups
	3135.1663	greatest number of points. In tumbler	pigeons, though some sub-varieties differ from
	3277.140	from one wild species, I compared young	pigeons of various breeds, within twelve hours
	3283.172	Fanciers select their horses, dogs, and	pigeons, for breeding, when they are nearly
	3283.428	just given, more especially that of	pigeons, seem to show that the characteristic
	3289.174	just as we have seen in the case of	pigeons. We may extend this view to whole
	3721.20	tumblers, 214. —, on hawks killing	pigeons, 362. Brewer, Dr., on American cuckoo
	3785.34	Columba livia, parent of domestic	pigeons, 23. Colymbetes, 386. Compensation of
	4292.0	Mr., on varieties of wolves, 91.	Pigeons with feathered feet and skin between
	4353.5	Reversion, law of inheritance, 14. ——in	pigeons to blue colour, 160. Rhododendron
	4375.20	animals, 20. ——, on selection of	pigeons, 31. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of
	4497.8	blind, 137. VIOLA. Tumbler	pigeons, habits of, hereditary, 214. ——, young
3			pigment
	1502.82	with an optic nerve merely coated with	pigment, and without any other mechanism; and
	1502.528	transparent cones which are coated by	pigment, and which properly act only by
	1506.559	of an optic nerve merely coated with	pigment and invested by transparent membrane
5			piles
	2165.1030	for years examine for himself great	piles of superimposed strata, and watch the
	2235.804	and barren in his own country, great	piles of sediment, charged with new and
	2367.908	of understanding the absence of vast	piles of fossiliferous strata, which on my
	2711.1168	rocks, instead of consisting of mere	piles of volcanic matter. I must now say a
	3406.709	stages? Why do we not find great	piles of strata beneath the Silurian system
2			pilgrimage
	4928.18	s. 6d Each volume. —— Childe Harolds	Pilgrimage. A New and beautifully printed Edition
	5096.3	Von Clausewitz. Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d. ——	Pilgrimage, and other Poems. Crown 4to. 24s
1			piling
	1807.891	left in the middle; the masons always	piling up the cut-away cement, and adding
1			pimpernel
	2054.633	species. For instance, the blue and red	pimpernel, the primrose and cowslip, which are
1			pimpernels
	1914.1497	as he found the common red and blue	pimpernels (Anagallis arvensis and cœrulea), which
1			pine-apple
	3135.751	not to class two varieties of the	pine-apple together, merely because their fruit
1			pines
	1177.650	or becoming acclimatised: thus the	pines and rhododendrons, raised from seed
1			pinnate
	3239.1304	of the phyllodineous acaceas, are	pinnate or divided like the ordinary leaves of
14			pistil
	846.635	quantity of pollen, and a rudimentary	pistil; other holly-trees bear only female
	846.711	female flowers; these have a full-sized	pistil, and four stamens with shrivelled
	872.555	as the plant's own anthers and	pistil generally stand so close together that
	878.57	of a flower suddenly spring towards the	pistil, or slowly move one after the other
	884.414	these were not perfectly true. Yet the	pistil of each cabbage-flower is surrounded
	2022.607	would be the case with a plant having a	pistil too long for the pollen-tubes to reach
	3315.998	male flowers often have a rudiment of a	pistil; and Kölreuter found that by crossing
	3315.1111	species, the rudiment of the	pistil in the hybrid offspring was much
	3315.1219	shows that the rudiment and the perfect	pistil are essentially alike in nature. An
	3317.199	Thus in plants, the office of the	pistil is to allow the pollen-tubes to reach
	3317.297	in the ovarium at its base. The	pistil consists of a stigma [page
	3321.110	of course cannot be fecundated, have a	pistil, which is in a rudimentary state, for
	3331.1047	papilla, which often represents the	pistil in male flowers, and which is formed
	4300.0	killed by hawks, 362. —, young of, 445.	Pistil, rudimentary, 451. Plants, poisonous
6			pistils
	842.1110	also, which had their stamens and	pistils placed, in relation to the size and
	846.1856	one flower or on one whole plant, and	pistils alone in [page] 94 NATURAL SELECTION
	3217.705	of the sepals, petals, stamens, and	pistils, as well as their intimate structure
	3223.743	should the sepals, petals, stamens, and	pistils in any individual flower, though fitted
	3233.136	as metamorphosed legs; the stamens and	pistils of flowers as metamorphosed leaves; but
	3518.488	of a crab,—in the petals, stamens, and	pistils of a flower, is likewise intelligible
1			pknn's
	5832.0	LIFE. 2s. REJECTED ADDRESSES. 1s.	PKNN'S HINTS OW ANGLING. 1s. MUSIC AND DRESS
56			place
	383.260	believe that any ornithologist would	place [page] 23 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC PIGEONS
	673.1319	be ensured to germinate in a fitting	place. So that in all cases, the average
	693.620	or from competitors for the same	place and food; and if these enemies or
	737.614	hear of one species of rat taking the	place of another species under the most
	737.942	forms, which fill nearly the same	place in the economy of nature; but probably
	866.13	considerations alone. In the first	place, I have collected so large a body of
	906.622	it may be said, to seize on each	place in the economy of nature, if any one
	908.513	for within a confined area, with some	place in its polity not so perfectly occupied
	908.739	so as better to fill up the unoccupied	place. But if the area be large, its several
	912.879	so that whatever intercrossing took	place would be chiefly between the
	920.130	that occasional intercrosses take	place with all animals and with all plants
	920.193	and with all plants. Even if these take	place only at long intervals, I am convinced
	968.128	and varieties of flowers, take the	place of older and inferior kinds. In
	970.180	several important facts. In the first	place, varieties, even strongly-marked ones
	1034.498	will, it is probable, often take the	place of, and so destroy, the earlier and
	1123.208	to be affected before that union takes	place which is to form a new being. In the
	1392.197	in a fully-stocked country to take the	place of, and finally to exterminate, its own
	1400.359	evidently filling nearly the same	place in the natural economy of the land
	1406.13	in large part explained. In the first	place we should be extremely cautious in
	1424.1272	or plain breed will soon take the	place of the less improved hill breed; and
	1426.358	variations chance to occur, and until a	place in the natural [page] 178 DIFFICULTIES
	1442.579	is well adapted in its habits to its	place in nature. Look at the Mustela vison of
	1492.49	cause a being of one type to take the	place of one of another type; but this seems
	1492.498	of the country, it will seize on the	place of that inhabitant, however different
	1492.565	different it may be from its own	place. Hence it will cause him no surprise
	1552.814	been separately created for its proper	place in nature, be so invariably linked
	1560.13	and complex as the eye. In the first	place, we are much too ignorant in regard to
	1568.14	double quickly enough. In the second	place, we may sometimes attribute importance
	1586.1297	being assuredly is well fitted for its	place in nature, many structures now have no
	1737.1044	masters in carrying them away to a	place of safety. Hence, it is clear, that the
	1743.860	put them down on a bare spot near the	place of combat; they were eagerly seized
	1747.36	At the same time I laid on the same	place a small parcel of the pupæ of another
	1815.17	at first rejected. When bees have a	place on which they can stand in their proper
	1815.338	a new hexagon, in its strictly proper	place, projecting beyond the other completed
	1815.908	a rough wall in its proper	place between two just-com- [page] 233 CHAP
	1857.195	secretes a sort of honey, supplying the	place of that excreted by the aphides, or the
	2060.39	at first appears. It can, in the first	place, be clearly shown that mere external
	2060.261	to domestic varieties. In the second	place, some eminent naturalists believe that
	2149.13	of the geological record. In the first	place it should always be borne in mind what
	2323.303	generally be local or confined to one	place, but if possessed of any decided
	2420.290	instances) to fill the exact	place of another species in the economy of
	2444.1352	and rarer, and finally extinct;—its	place being seized on by some more successful
	2452.569	our short-horn cattle, and takes the	place of other breeds in other countries
	2458.555	some one group will have seized on the	place occupied by a species belonging to a
	2717.672	of 94 plants with ripe fruit, and to	place them on sea water. The majority sank
	2735.1229	the seeds might be transported from	place to place. I forced many kinds of seeds
	2735.1238	might be transported from place to	place. I forced many kinds of seeds into the
	2783.50	what, as I believe, actually took	place during the Glacial period, I assumed
	2795.304	productions are concerned, took	place long ages ago. And as the plants and
	2886.1541	means for much migration. In the second	place, salt-water fish can with care be
	2910.590	have a better chance of seizing on a	place, than in the case of terrestrial
	2930.215	gigantic wingless birds, take the	place of mammals. In the plants of the
	3010.1362	during its diffusion, and should	place itself under diverse conditions
	3075.441	the habits of life, and the general	place of each being in the economy of nature
	3251.1052	active powers of swimming, a proper	place on which to become attached and to
	3468.167	each to any unoccupied or ill-occupied	place in nature, these facts cease to be
26			placed
	435.1390	men follow it as a trade: the sheep are	placed on a table and are studied, like a
	505.841	requires that the species should be	placed under favourable conditions of life, so
	590.133	all those in the larger genera being	placed on one side, and all those in the
	749.55	can see that when a plant or animal is	placed in a new country amongst new
	784.556	exercised by her; and the being is	placed under well-suited conditions of life
	842.1118	which had their stamens and pistils	placed, in relation to the size and habits of
	850.64	plant. In plants under culture and	placed under new conditions of life, sometimes
	882.374	surface of the same flower, though	placed so close together, as if for the very
	1514.135	of different densities and thicknesses,	placed at different distances from each other
	1669.1115	different seasons of the year, or when	placed under different circumstances, &c.; in
	1767.635	we have the cells of the hive-bee,	placed in a double layer: each cell, as is
	1775.61	spheres be described with their centres	placed in two parallel layers; with the centre
	1813.360	from the spot on which it had been	placed, and worked into the growing edges of
	1815.119	for instance, on a slip of wood,	placed directly under the middle of a comb
	1966.322	pollen from a plant of one family is	placed on the stigma of a plant of a distinct
	2022.727	that when pollen of one species is	placed on the stigma of a distantly allied
	2026.956	parents can live, they are generally	placed under suitable conditions of life. But
	2032.1125	Lastly, when organic beings are	placed during several generations under
	2034.41	we see that when organic beings are	placed under new and unnatural conditions, and
	2040.466	is offered why an organism, when	placed under unnatural conditions, is rendered
	2514.1146	of these two orders; and has	placed certain pachyderms in the same sub
	2723.99	but in a much better manner, for he	placed the seeds in a box in the actual sea
	2839.1223	the equator, though they will have been	placed under somewhat new conditions, will
	3255.1025	inactive, being fed by their parents or	placed in the midst of proper nutriment, yet
	3277.707	birds of these several breeds were	placed in a row, though most of them could be
	3484.864	how it is that allied species, when	placed under considerably different conditions
47			places
	393.567	state, has become feral in several	places. Again, all recent experience shows
	772.1021	not freely enter, we should then have	places in the economy of nature which would
	776.0	page] 82 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV.	places would have been seized on by intruders
	778.917	necessary to produce new and unoccupied	places for natural selection to fill up by
	816.423	those which are best fitted for their	places in nature, will leave most progeny. But
	922.748	of the land, &c.; and thus new	places in the natural economy of the country
	934.456	with many others. Hence more new	places will be formed, and the competition to
	946.20	CHAP. IV. vented, so that new	places in the polity of each island will have
	948.111	Its action depends on there being	places in the polity of nature, which can be
	948.274	of some kind. The existence of such	places will often depend on physical changes
	956.1206	have thus increased, for the number of	places in the polity of nature is not
	978.339	to seize on many and widely diversified	places in the polity of nature, and so be
	982.391	by its varying descendants seizing on	places at present occupied by other animals
	982.743	our carnivorous animal became, the more	places they would be enabled to occupy. What
	1004.263	and are thus enabled to encroach on	places occupied by other beings. Now let us
	1032.263	act according to the nature of the	places which are either unoccupied or not
	1032.515	one species can be rendered, the more	places they will be enabled to seize on, and
	1046.380	of filling new and widely different	places in the polity of nature: hence in the
	1056.776	to have become adapted to many related	places in the natural economy of their country
	1056.900	probable that they will have taken the	places of, and thus exterminated, not only
	1084.98	branching out and seizing on many new	places in the polity of Nature, will
	1291.50	the several species to their several	places in the economy of nature, and likewise
	1430.117	more of its inhabitants. And such new	places will depend on slow changes of climate
	2147.97	new varieties continually take the	places of and exterminate their parent-forms
	2201.59	which the strata have in many	places suffered, independently of the rate of
	2301.244	specimens have been collected from many	places; and in the case of fossil species this
	2458.747	intruder, many will have to yield their	places; and it will generally be allied forms
	2458.945	to a distinct class, which yield their	places to other species which have been
	2464.369	and the forms which thus yield their	places will commonly be allied, for they will
	2500.526	which are beaten and which yield their	places to the new and victorious forms, will
	2528.1483	enabled to seize on many and different	places in the economy of nature. Therefore it
	2570.1002	over New Zealand, and have seized on	places which must have been previously
	2570.1602	number would be enabled to seize on	places now occupied by our native plants and
	2616.236	will generally succeed in taking the	places of those groups of species which are
	2663.1174	have the best chance of seizing on new	places, when they spread into new countries
	2707.1201	sea, which may have served as halting	places for plants and for many animals during
	2761.536	and arctic productions would take their	places. The inhabitants of the more temperate
	2928.920	been kept by the others to their proper	places and habits, and will consequently have
	2930.70	deficient in certain classes, and their	places are apparently occupied by the other
	2994.466	are equally well fitted for their own	places in nature, both probably will hold
	2994.518	both probably will hold their own	places and keep separate for almost any length
	3061.272	to occupy as many and as different	places as possible in the economy of nature
	3123.1345	of their parentage, in this case, their	places in a natural classification will have
	3167.259	widely, and to seize on more and more	places in the economy of nature. The larger
	3456.310	to seize on many and widely different	places in the economy of nature, there will be
	5006.127	Works of Art, Public Buildings, and	Places connected with interesting and
	5698.40	MARYLANDS (J. H.) Reverence due to Holy	Places. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s
2			placing
	878.1280	it never sets a seed, though by	placing pollen from one flower on the stigma of
	3075.243	enunciating general propositions and of	placing together the forms most like each other
10			plain
	602.13	LARGE GENERA. CHAP. II. facts are of	plain signification on the view that species
	1424.1241	consequently the improved mountain or	plain breed will soon take the place of the
	2972.857	Archipelago, and nowhere else, bear so	plain a stamp of affinity to those created in
	3211.1046	served, we can at once perceive the	plain signification of the homologous
	3233.821	avoid employing language having this	plain signification. On my view [page
	3406.326	collection of fossil remains afford	plain evidence of the gradation and mutation
	3524.1234	should thus so frequently bear the	plain stamp of inutility! Nature may be said
	3530.767	perfect that it would have afforded us	plain evidence of the mutation of species, if
	3560.293	to be metaphorical, and will have a	plain signification. When we no longer look
	4824.4	Fathers. Second Edition. 8vo. 15s. ———	Plain Sermons Preached to a Country
4			plainer
	1345.1485	the horse-genus the stripes are either	plainer or appear more commonly in the young
	1486.200	not at all in agreement. What can be	plainer than that the webbed feet of ducks and
	1486.607	only bordered by membrane. What seems	plainer than that the long toes of grallatores
	3313.56	certain embryonic birds. Nothing can be	plainer than that wings are formed for flight
5			plainest
	1323.385	it has been asserted that these are	plainest in the foal, and from inquiries which I
	1331.444	is sometimes striped. The stripes are	plainest in the foal; and sometimes quite
	2285.782	In other cases we have the	plainest evidence in great fossilised trees
	2385.443	the gravest nature. We see this in the	plainest manner by the fact that all the most
	2809.47	largely extended. In Europe we have the	plainest evidence of the cold period, from the
43			plainly
	477.143	blended together by crossing, may	plainly be recognised in the increased size and
	602.963	fatal to my theory; inasmuch as geology	plainly tells us that small genera have in the
	635.1042	see these beautiful co-adaptations most	plainly in the woodpecker and missletoe; and
	635.1106	and missletoe; and only a little less	plainly in the humblest parasite which clings
	707.1427	important an element enclosure is, I	plainly saw near Farnham, in Surrey. Here there
	784.1297	enough to catch his eye, or to be	plainly useful to him. Under nature, the
	788.441	complex conditions of life, and should	plainly bear the stamp of far higher
	956.1109	increased, geology shows us	plainly; and indeed we can see reason why they
	1092.365	acted in the world's history, geology	plainly declares. Natural selection, also
	1119.274	but it serves to acknowledge	plainly our ignorance of the cause of each
	1139.549	however slight, until they become	plainly developed and appreciable by us
	1249.39	more rarely to them. The rule being so	plainly applicable in the case of secondary
	1323.1157	on the shoulder. The quagga, though so	plainly barred like a zebra over the body, is
	1339.533	ass and zebra, the legs were much more	plainly barred than the rest of the body; and
	1339.816	by a black Arabian sire, were much more	plainly barred across the legs than is even the
	1478.926	voice, and undulatory flight, told me	plainly of its close blood-relationship to our
	1703.1270	in them, in the same way as it is so	plainly instinctive in [page] 216 INSTINCT
	1863.173	ocelli), which though small can be	plainly distinguished, whereas the smaller
	1883.925	well as to corporeal structure, and is	plainly explicable on the foregoing views, but
	2046.165	During the convalescence of animals, we	plainly see that great benefit is derived from
	2205.297	ocean. The same story is still more	plainly told by faults,—those great cracks
	2251.29	All geological facts tell us	plainly that each area has undergone numerous
	2626.305	all the chief laws of palæontology	plainly proclaim, as it seems to me, that
	2657.1160	to the same order of Rodents, but they	plainly display an American type of structure
	2693.521	though modified, would still be	plainly related by inheritance to the
	2759.424	by fire do not tell their tale more	plainly, than do the mountains of Scotland and
	2759.875	by drifted icebergs and coast-ice,	plainly reveal a former cold period. The
	2849.782	many of these wanderers, though still	plainly related by inheritance to their
	2978.780	have been expected; but it is also	plainly related to South America, which
	3000.165	when not identically the same, yet are	plainly related to the inhabitants of that
	3109.30	descent. Our classifications are often	plainly influenced by chains of affinities
	3109.379	the species at both ends, from being	plainly allied to others, and these to others
	3217.487	vertebrate and articulate classes are	plainly homologous. We see the same law in
	3239.1085	or spotted in lines; and stripes can be	plainly distinguished in the whelp of the lion
	3263.476	will ultimately turn out. We see this	plainly in our own children; we cannot always
	3331.182	the same reasoning power which tells us	plainly that most parts and organs are
	3361.108	this chapter, seem to me to proclaim so	plainly, that the innumerable species, genera
	3418.351	long enough intervals of time, geology	plainly declares that all species have changed
	3442.11	will lead to victory. As geology	plainly proclaims that each land has undergone
	3446.232	and slight varieties; or between more	plainly marked varieties and sub-species, and
	3462.359	this theory simply intelligible. We can	plainly see why nature is prodigal in variety
	3502.313	inhabitants within each great class are	plainly related; for they will generally be
	3546.568	Organs in a rudimentary condition	plainly show that an early progenitor had the
1			plainness
	3331.283	certain purposes, tells us with equal	plainness that these rudimentary or atrophied
14			plains
	511.304	savages or the inhabitants of open	plains rarely possess more than one breed of
	665.46	plants now most numerous over the wide	plains of La Plata, clothing square leagues of
	1424.862	hilly tract; and a third to wide	plains at the base; and that the inhabitants
	1424.1092	holders on the mountains or on the	plains improving their breeds more quickly
	1478.722	chase insects on the wing; and on the	plains of La Plata, where not a tree grows
	1723.726	number of eggs lie strewed over the	plains, so that in one day's hunting I picked
	2637.883	arid deserts, lofty mountains, grassy	plains, forests, marshes, lakes, and great
	2657.709	coloured in nearly the same manner. The	plains near the Straits of Magellan are
	2657.820	American ostrich), and northward the	plains of La Plata by another species of the
	2657.992	under the same latitude. On these same	plains of La Plata, we see the agouti and
	2761.813	Alpine inhabitants would descend to the	plains. By the time that the cold had reached
	2781.416	been temporarily driven down to the	plains; they will, also, have been exposed to
	2783.431	same on the lower mountains and on the	plains of North America and Europe; and it may
	3032.747	South America, the inhabitants of the	plains and mountains, of the forests, marshes
4			plane
	1771.596	of the hive-bee, so here, the three	plane surfaces in any one cell necessarily
	1799.218	done) into its proper intermediate	plane, and thus flatten it. From the
	1807.28	HIVE-BEE. position-that is, along the	plane of intersection between two adjoining
	1825.1850	disappear, and would all be replaced by	plane surfaces; and the Melipona [page
1			planed
	2205.545	of the land has been so completely	planed down by the action of the sea, that no
10			planes
	1763.912	can make all the necessary angles and	planes, or even perceive when they are
	1775.382	the other and parallel layer; then, if	planes of intersection between the several
	1793.262	the eye could judge, exactly along the	planes of imaginary intersection between the
	1793.851	by stopping work along the intermediate	planes or planes of intersection. Considering
	1793.861	work along the intermediate planes or	planes of intersection. Considering how
	1807.288	corresponding in position to the	planes of the rhombic basal plates of future
	1813.663	building up, or leaving ungnawed, the	planes of intersection between these spheres
	1819.630	cylinders, and building up intermediate	planes. It is even conceivable that an insect
	1819.897	point and from each other, strike the	planes of intersection, and so make an
	1831.419	build up and excavate the wax along the	planes of intersection. The bees, of course
2			planet
	2367.294	stratum the dawn of life on this	planet. Other highly competent judges, as
	3592.551	or into one; and that, whilst this	planet has gone cycling on according to the
4			planets
	3331.649	thought sufficient to say that because	planets revolve in elliptic courses round the
	3331.744	follow the same course round the	planets, for the sake of symmetry, and to
	4698.40	REDUCTION OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF	PLANETS, 1750 to 1830. Royal 4to. 50s
	4734.52	DISTANCES of the MOON'S CENTRE from the	PLANETS. 1822, 3s.; 1823, 4s. 6d. 1824 to
3			plans
	4960.79	the War in Russia and Germany, 1812-13.	Plans. 8vo. 14s. —— Military Operations in
	5606.99	By a STAFF OFFICER. Popular Edition.	Plans. Post 8vo. 6s. LEXINGTON (THE) PAPERS
	5744.87	and the Passage of the Balkan, 1828–9.	Plans. 8vo. 14s. MONASTERY AND THE MOUNTAIN
64			plant
	250.1558	or of habit, or of the volition of the	plant itself. The author of the 'Vestiges of
	256.65	given birth to a woodpecker, and some	plant to the misseltoe, and that these had
	291.1540	will determine whether or not the	plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the
	299.205	character from that of the rest of the	plant. [page] 10 VARIATION CHAP. I. Such
	477.454	or dahlia from the seed of a wild	plant. No one would expect to raise a first
	483.237	man, has afforded us a single	plant worth culture. It is not that these
	505.1174	point of all, is, that the animal or	plant should be so highly useful to man, or
	505.1566	began to attend closely to this	plant. No doubt the strawberry had always
	560.285	with the fact, that if any animal or	plant in a state of nature be highly useful
	647.373	which shall get food and live. But a	plant on the edge of a desert is said to
	651.2	CHAP. III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. A	plant which annually produces a thousand
	659.387	has calculated that if an annual	plant produced only two seeds—and there is no
	659.433	produced only two seeds—and there is no	plant so unproductive as this—and their
	667.34	In a state of nature almost every	plant produces seed, and amongst animals
	673.1384	the average number of any animal or	plant depends only indirectly on the number
	701.1091	in such cases, we may believe, that a	plant could exist only where the conditions
	743.10	vigorously all around. Look at a	plant in the midst of its range, why does it
	747.136	if we wished in imagination to give the	plant the power of increasing in number, we
	747.409	would clearly be an advantage to our	plant; but we have reason to believe that
	749.36	Hence, also, we can see that when a	plant or animal is placed in a new country
	804.672	at a corresponding age. If it profit a	plant to have its seeds more and more widely
	842.1549	appears a simple loss to the	plant; yet if a little pollen were carried
	842.1807	it might still be a great gain to the	plant; and those individuals which produced
	846.9	CHAP. IV. NATURAL SELECTION. When our	plant, by this process of the continued
	846.1484	to our imaginary case: as soon as the	plant had been rendered so highly attractive
	846.1784	that it would be advantageous to a	plant to produce stamens alone in one flower
	846.1845	alone in one flower or on one whole	plant, and pistils alone in [page
	850.29	CHAP. IV. another flower or on another	plant. In plants under culture and placed
	850.383	complete separation of the sexes of our	plant would be advantageous on the principle
	852.88	our imaginary case: we may suppose the	plant of which we have been slowly increasing
	852.184	by continued selection, to be a common	plant; and that certain insects depended in
	872.1402	to the great good, as I believe, of the	plant. Bees will act like a camel-hair pencil
	884.542	of the many other flowers on the same	plant. How, then, comes it that such a vast
	1177.84	to predict whether or not an imported	plant will endure our climate, and from the
	1217.362	can be in any way advantageous to the	plant: yet in the Umbelliferæ these
	1309.889	stamen so often appears, that this	plant must have an inherited tendency to
	1574.694	doubt, is of the highest service to the	plant; but as we see nearly similar hooks on
	1574.896	subsequently taken advantage of by the	plant undergoing further modification and
	1675.0	dock- [page] 211 CHAP. VII. INSTINCT.	plant, and prevented their attendance during
	1914.559	seems to me to be here introduced: a	plant to be hybridised must be castrated, and
	1914.909	often injurious to the fertility of a	plant cannot be doubted; for Gärtner gives in
	1924.1278	flowers, though probably on the same	plant, would be thus effected. Moreover
	1924.1553	a distinct flower, either from the same	plant or from another plant of the same
	1924.1575	from the same plant or from another	plant of the same hybrid nature. And thus
	1930.641	fertilised by C. revolutum produced a	plant, which (he says) I never saw to occur
	1966.299	can here be given. When pollen from a	plant of one family is placed on the stigma
	1966.348	one family is placed on the stigma of a	plant of a distinct family, it exerts no more
	2006.371	endowed quality. As the capacity of one	plant to be grafted or budded on another is
	2022.592	the ovule, as would be the case with a	plant having a pistil too long for the pollen
	2032.950	will breed under confinement or any	plant seed freely under culture; nor can he
	2677.738	by a species is continuous; and when a	plant or animal inhabits two points so
	2713.210	In botanical works, this or that	plant is stated to be ill adapted for wide
	2717.962	planted they germinated; an asparagus	plant with ripe berries floated for 23 days
	2898.1463	months, pulling up and counting each	plant as it grew; the plants were [page
	2904.695	Alph. de Candolle's remarks on this	plant, I thought that its distribution must
	2936.460	an island by some other means; and the	plant then becoming slightly modified, but
	2936.1018	oceanic islands; and an herbaceous	plant, though it would have no chance of
	2988.195	transport—a seed, for instance, of one	plant having been brought to one island, and
	2988.256	to one island, and that of another	plant to another island. Hence when in former
	2988.578	with different sets of organisms: a	plant, for instance, would find the best
	3209.442	Creator to construct each animal and	plant. The explanation is manifest on the
	3323.451	implies, that we find in an animal or	plant no trace of an organ, which analogy
	3357.227	pattern in each individual animal and	plant. On the principle of successive slight
	5173.129	Descriptions of the Culture of the Tea	Plant. Third Edition. "Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post
5			plant's
	429.65	not indeed to the animal's or	plant's own good, but to man's use or fancy
	872.531	of exposure, more especially as the	plant's own anthers and pistil generally stand
	876.124	for if you bring on the same brush a	plant's own pollen and pollen from another
	884.953	the case is directly the reverse, for a	plant's own pollen is always prepotent over
	1966.783	of fertility, beyond that which the	plant's own pollen will produce. So in hybrids
1			plantagenets
	5163.8	IV. Daniel De Foe. II. The	Plantagenets and the Tudors. V. Sir Richard Steele
1			plantaginea
	1938.368	from Calceolaria integrifolia and	plantaginea, species most widely dissimilar in
2			plantations
	707.889	grasses and carices) flourished in the	plantations, which could not be found on the heath
	707.1049	birds were very common in the	plantations, which were not to be seen on the heath
6			planted
	707.536	twenty-five years previously and	planted with Scotch fir. The change in the
	707.604	change in the native vegetation of the	planted part of the heath was most remarkable
	711.63	these young trees had not been sown or	planted, I was so much surprised at their
	711.284	see a single Scotch fir, except the old	planted clumps. But on looking closely between
	878.529	closely-allied forms or varieties are	planted near each other, it is hardly possible
	2717.924	floated for 90 days and afterwards when	planted they germinated; an asparagus plant
1			plantigrades
	295.272	confinement, with the exception of the	plantigrades or bear family; whereas, carnivorous
334			plants
	140.140	increase of naturalised animals and	plants — Nature of the checks to increase
	140.310	Complex relations of all animals and	plants throughout nature — Struggle for life
	258.244	domesticated animals and of cultivated	plants would offer the best chance of making
	285.91	or sub-variety of our older cultivated	plants and animals, one of the first points
	285.332	we reflect on the vast diversity of the	plants and animals which have been cultivated
	289.105	cultivation. Our oldest cultivated	plants, such as wheat, still often yield new
	291.1296	instincts; but how many cultivated	plants display the utmost vigour, and yet
	295.399	ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic	plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the
	295.552	hand, we see domesticated animals and	plants, though often weak and sickly, yet
	297.453	thus affected; so will some animals and	plants withstand domestication or cultivation
	299.47	list could easily be given of "sporting	plants;" by this term gardeners mean a single
	305.812	though apparently more in the case of	plants. Under this point of view, Mr. Buckman
	305.882	Mr. Buckman's recent experiments on	plants seem extremely valuable. When all or
	311.71	as in the period of flowering with	plants when transported from one climate to
	317.160	could be given amongst animals and	plants. From the facts collected by Heusinger
	319.217	published on some of our old cultivated	plants, as on the hyacinth, potato, even the
	339.78	or races of our domestic animals and	plants, and compare them with species closely
	343.825	races, either amongst animals or	plants, which have not been ranked by some
	351.76	chosen for domestication animals and	plants having an extraordinary inherent
	351.670	cannot doubt that if other animals and	plants, equal in number to our domesticated
	353.62	our anciently domesticated animals and	plants, I do not think it is possible to come
	419.564	domestic animals and the cultivators of	plants, with whom I have ever conversed, or
	429.1158	orchard, and flower-garden races of	plants, most useful to man at different
	443.589	or thirty years ago. When a race of	plants is once pretty well established, the
	443.671	seed-raisers do not pick out the best	plants, but merely go over their seed-beds
	443.758	pull up the "rogues," as they call the	plants that deviate from the proper standard
	449.13	worst animals to breed. In regard to	plants, there is another means of observing
	455.229	may be compared to the "roguing" of	plants by nurserymen. The principle of
	473.3	as of less value than their dogs. In	plants the same gradual process of improvement
	477.288	rose, pelargonium, dahlia, and other	plants, when compared with the older varieties
	479.43	amount of change in our cultivated	plants, thus slowly and unconsciously
	479.248	not know, the wild parent-stocks of the	plants which have been longest cultivated in
	483.22	BY MAN. CHAP. I. or modify most of our	plants up to their present standard of
	483.381	the aboriginal stocks of any useful	plants, but that the native plants have not
	483.409	any useful plants, but that the native	plants have not been improved by continued
	483.527	comparable with that given to the	plants in countries anciently civilised. In
	505.637	from raising large stocks of the same	plants, are generally far more successful than
	505.1738	as gardeners picked out individual	plants with slightly larger, earlier, or
	515.61	of our Domestic Races of animals and	plants. I believe that the conditions of life
	515.1222	both in regard to animals and to those	plants which are propagated by seed. In plants
	515.1262	plants which are propagated by seed. In	plants which are temporarily propagated by
	515.1562	sterility of hybrids; but the cases of	plants not propagated by seed are of little
	530.0	CHAP. II. VARIATION UNDER NATURE.	plants on Alpine summits, or the thicker fur
	538.390	Rubus, Rosa, and Hieracium amongst	plants, several genera of insects, and several
	548.433	kinds, has marked for me 182 British	plants, which are generally considered as
	554.399	or Primula veris and elatior. These	plants differ considerably in appearance; they
	584.45	De Candolle and others have shown that	plants which have very wide ranges generally
	590.7	over their compatriots. If the	plants inhabiting a country and described in
	590.950	obscurity. Fresh-water and salt-loving	plants have generally very wide ranges and are
	590.1186	to which the species belong. Again,	plants low in the scale of organisation are
	594.41	much more widely diffused than	plants higher in the scale; and here again
	594.167	genera. The cause of lowly-organised	plants ranging widely will be discussed in our
	598.59	this anticipation I have arranged the	plants of twelve countries, and the
	608.78	Now Fries has remarked in regard to	plants, and Westwood in regard to insects
	616.555	in the well-sifted London Catalogue of	plants (4th edition) 63 plants which are
	616.579	Catalogue of plants (4th edition) 63	plants which are therein ranked as species
	633.294	Complex relations of all animals and	plants throughout nature—Struggle for life
	635.519	three hundred doubtful forms of British	plants are entitled to hold, if the existence
	645.309	to severe competition. In regard to	plants, no one has treated this subject with
	651.145	be more truly said to struggle with the	plants of the same and other kinds which
	651.708	to struggle with other fruit-bearing	plants, in order to tempt birds to devour and
	651.808	its seeds rather than those of other	plants. In these several senses, which pass
	659.564	twenty years there would be a million	plants. The elephant is reckoned to be the
	661.615	been quite incredible. So it is with	plants: cases could be given of introduced
	661.658	cases could be given of introduced	plants which have become common throughout
	665.7	III. HIGH RATE OF INCREASE. of the	plants now most numerous over the wide plains
	665.138	almost to the exclusion of all other	plants, have been introduced from Europe; and
	665.194	introduced from Europe; and there are	plants which now range in India, as I hear
	665.458	that the fertility of these animals or	plants has been suddenly and temporarily
	667.164	we may confidently assert, that all	plants and animals are tending to increase at
	681.856	this is not invariably the case. With	plants there is a vast destruction of seeds
	681.1063	already thickly stocked with other	plants. Seedlings, also, are destroyed in vast
	681.1267	there could be no choking from other	plants, I marked all the seedlings of our
	685.18	INCREASE. CHAP. III. the more vigorous	plants gradually kill the less vigorous
	685.79	the less vigorous, though fully grown,	plants: thus out of twenty species growing on
	695.117	clearly see in the prodigious number of	plants in our gardens which can perfectly well
	695.260	for they cannot compete with our native	plants, nor resist destruction by our native
	701.616	get seed from a few wheat or other such	plants in a garden; I have in this case lost
	701.844	in nature, such as that of very rare	plants being sometimes extremely abundant in
	701.948	they do occur; and that of some social	plants being social, that is, abounding in
	707.829	wholly changed, but twelve species of	plants (not counting grasses and carices
	719.51	to give one more instance showing how	plants and animals, most remote in the scale
	719.378	set a seed. Many of our orchidaceous	plants absolutely require the visits of moths
	725.432	districts. When we look at the	plants and bushes clothing an entangled bank
	729.324	seeds and seedlings, or on the other	plants which first clothed the ground and thus
	729.582	action and reaction of the innumerable	plants and animals which have determined, in
	735.420	varieties of any one of our domestic	plants or animals have so exactly the same
	741.816	being already thickly clothed by other	plants; so that the seeds may be widely
	741.1154	laid up within the seeds of many	plants seems at first sight to have no sort of
	741.1219	to have no sort of relation to other	plants. But from the strong growth of young
	741.1263	But from the strong growth of young	plants produced from such seeds (as peas and
	741.1488	seedling, whilst struggling with other	plants growing vigorously all around. Look at
	747.462	have reason to believe that only a few	plants or animals range so far, that they are
	796.556	with the faintest trace of black. In	plants the down on the fruit and the colour of
	804.235	of our culinary and agricultural	plants; in the caterpillar and cocoon stages
	838.45	now take a more complex case. Certain	plants excrete a sweet juice, apparently for
	846.471	step in the separation of the sexes of	plants, presently to be alluded to. Some holly
	850.39	another flower or on another plant. In	plants under culture and placed under new
	864.106	digression. In the case of animals and	plants with separated sexes, it is of course
	864.1083	habitually pair, and a vast majority of	plants are hermaphrodites. What reason, it may
	866.154	of breeders, that with animals and	plants a cross between different varieties, or
	882.199	of that flower is ready, so that these	plants have in fact separated sexes, and must
	884.70	radish, onion, and of some other	plants, be allowed to seed near each other, a
	884.257	raised 233 seedling cabbages from some	plants of different varieties growing near
	890.638	sexes more often separated than other	plants, I find to be the case in this country
	892.318	so strong a contrast with terrestrial	plants, on the view of an occasional cross
	892.577	insects and of the wind in the case of	plants, by which an occasional cross could be
	898.96	that, in the case of both animals and	plants, species of the same family and even of
	912.1125	getting seed from a large body of	plants of the same variety, as the chance of
	920.166	place with all animals and with all	plants. Even if these take place only at long
	960.181	of Good Hope, where more species of	plants are crowded together than in any other
	960.262	quarter of the world, some foreign	plants have become naturalised, without
	982.945	can do nothing. So it will be with	plants. It has been experimentally proved
	982.1136	genera of grasses, a greater number of	plants and a greater weight of dry herbage can
	982.1601	other, a greater number of individual	plants of this species of grass, including its
	988.522	conditions, supported twenty species of	plants, and these belonged to eighteen genera
	988.616	orders, which shows how much these	plants differed from each other. So it is with
	988.667	from each other. So it is with the	plants and insects on small and uniform islets
	988.813	can raise most food by a rotation of	plants belonging to the most different orders
	988.943	rotation. Most of the animals and	plants which live close round any small piece
	994.0	CHAP. IV. DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER.	plants through man's agency in foreign lands
	994.83	It might have been expected that the	plants which have succeeded in becoming
	994.355	have been expected that naturalised	plants would have belonged to a few groups
	994.846	United States,' 260 naturalised	plants are enumerated, and these belong to
	994.936	We thus see that these naturalised	plants are of a highly diversified nature
	996.33	By considering the nature of the	plants or animals which have struggled
	1002.249	widely and perfectly the animals and	plants are diversified for different habits of
	1098.635	familiarity—that all animals and all	plants throughout all time and space should be
	1123.270	a new being. In the case of "sporting"	plants, the bud, which in its earliest
	1125.214	but perhaps rather more in that of	plants. We may, at least, safely conclude that
	1125.970	colours. Moquin-Tandon gives a list of	plants which when growing near the sea-shore
	1131.581	knows, are often brassy or lurid.	Plants which live exclusively on the sea-side
	1173.42	Habit is hereditary with	plants, as in the period of flowering, in the
	1173.718	or conversely. So again, many succulent	plants cannot endure a damp climate. But the
	1177.138	our climate, and from the number of	plants and animals brought from warmer
	1177.519	have evidence, in the case of some few	plants, of their becoming, to a certain extent
	1177.1017	Mr. H. C. Watson on European species of	plants brought from the Azores to England. In
	1189.496	treatises on many kinds of cultivated	plants, certain varieties are said to
	1199.104	cohere; this is often seen in monstrous	plants; and nothing is more common than the
	1207.283	in some Compositous and Umbelliferous	plants. Every one knows the [page] 145 CHAP
	1211.179	of the flower. But, in some Compositous	plants, the seeds also differ in shape and
	1213.262	advantageous in the fertilisation of	plants of [page] 146 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP
	1219.962	which opened; so that the individual	plants producing [page] 147 CHAP. V
	1251.206	I cannot make out that it applies to	plants, and this would seriously have shaken
	1251.308	truth, had not the great variability in	plants made it particularly difficult to
	1269.212	If some species in a large genus of	plants had blue flowers and some had red, the
	1297.1128	of the Swedish turnip and Ruta baga,	plants which several botanists rank as
	1297.1551	in the enlarged stems of these three	plants, not to the vera causa of community of
	1472.674	insects which now feed on exotic	plants, or exclusively on artificial
	1486.702	for walking over swamps and floating	plants, yet the water-hen is nearly as aquatic
	1546.969	cases could be given; for instance in	plants, the very curious contrivance of a mass
	1546.1179	as remote as possible amongst flowering	plants. In all these cases of two very
	1580.1414	the liability to be poisoned by certain	plants; so that colour would be thus subjected
	1600.420	before the advancing legions of	plants [page] 202 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1610.385	flowers of the orchis and of many other	plants are fertilised through insect agency
	1877.1070	as it proves that with animals, as with	plants, any amount of modification in
	1906.290	the state of the male element in both	plants and animals; though the organs
	1914.722	brought to it by insects from other	plants. Nearly all the plants experimentised
	1914.745	from other plants. Nearly all the	plants experimentised on by Gärtner were
	1914.991	in his table about a score of cases of	plants which he castrated, and artificially
	1914.1205	the manipulation) half of these twenty	plants had their fertility in some degree
	1932.101	fact, namely, that there are individual	plants, as with certain species of Lobelia
	1932.319	than by their own pollen. For these	plants have been found to yield seed to the
	1932.570	species. So that certain individual	plants and all the individuals of certain
	1936.574	Passiflora and Verbascum. Although the	plants in these experiments appeared perfectly
	1936.832	self-action, we must infer that the	plants were in an unnatural state
	1944.81	have been carefully tried than with	plants. If our systematic arrangements can be
	1944.223	from each other, as are the genera of	plants, then we may infer that animals more
	1944.354	more easily crossed than in the case of	plants; but the hybrids themselves are, I
	1958.70	facts on the intercrossing of	plants and animals, it may be concluded that
	1964.395	admirable work on the hybridisation of	plants. I have taken much pains to ascertain
	1982.173	species crossing. It can be shown that	plants most widely different in habit and
	1982.397	can be crossed. Annual and perennial	plants, deciduous and evergreen trees, plants
	1982.436	plants, deciduous and evergreen trees,	plants inhabiting different stations and
	2006.648	in the laws of growth of the two	plants. We can sometimes see the reason why
	2006.952	Great diversity in the size of two	plants, one being woody and the other
	2028.233	showing that when animals and	plants are removed from their natural
	2032.538	for whole groups of animals and	plants are rendered impotent by the same
	2046.270	in the habits of life. Again, both with	plants and animals, there is abundant evidence
	2060.687	consideration, new races of animals and	plants are produced under domestication by man
	2066.367	other in his garden; and although these	plants have separated sexes, they never
	2066.654	could not have been injurious, as the	plants have separated sexes. No one, I believe
	2066.814	is important to notice that the hybrid	plants thus raised were themselves perfectly
	2102.108	point out, between hybrid and mongrel	plants. On the other hand, the resemblance in
	2102.468	so I believe it to be with varieties of	plants. With animals one variety certainly
	2102.571	power over another variety. Hybrid	plants produced from a reciprocal cross
	2299.58	is worth notice: with animals and	plants that can propagate rapidly and are not
	2299.691	wide range; and we have seen that with	plants it is those which have the widest range
	2488.563	distinct evidence on this head, in the	plants which are dominant, that is, which are
	2570.1090	we may believe, if all the animals and	plants of Great Britain were set free in New
	2570.1636	on places now occupied by our native	plants and animals. Under this point of view
	2681.61	a multitude of European animals and	plants have become naturalised in America and
	2681.145	Australia; and some of the aboriginal	plants are identically the same at these
	2681.330	not been able to migrate, whereas some	plants, from their varied means of dispersal
	2707.1212	may have served as halting places for	plants and for many animals during their
	2713.169	I shall here confine myself to	plants. In botanical works, this or that plant
	2717.466	to me that floods might wash down	plants or branches, and that these might be
	2717.641	was led to dry stems and branches of 94	plants with ripe fruit, and to place them on
	2717.1229	Altogether out of the 94 dried	plants, 18 floated for above 28 days, and some
	2717.1403	an immersion of 28 days; and as 18/94	plants with ripe fruit (but not all the same
	2717.1633	may conclude that the seeds of 14/100	plants of any country might be floated by sea
	2721.48	on this average, the seeds of 14/100	plants belonging to one country might be
	2723.222	exposed to the air like really floating	plants. He tried 98 seeds, mostly different
	2723.332	large fruits and likewise seeds from	plants which live near the sea; and this would
	2723.546	hand he did not previously dry the	plants or branches with the fruit; and this
	2723.790	of germination. But I do not doubt that	plants exposed to the waves would float for a
	2723.989	assume that the seeds of about 10/100	plants of a flora, after having been dried
	2723.1205	than the small, is interesting; as	plants with large seeds or fruit could hardly
	2723.1328	Alph. de Candolle has shown that such	plants generally have restricted ranges. But
	2729.488	years old, three dicotyledonous	plants germinated: I am certain of the
	2735.1137	find, eat seeds of many land and water	plants: fish are frequently devoured by birds
	2743.432	from the large number of the species of	plants common to Europe, in comparison with
	2743.480	to Europe, in comparison with the	plants of other oceanic islands nearer to the
	2743.1196	brought thither the seeds of northern	plants. Considering that the several above
	2749.53	I think be a marvellous fact if many	plants had not thus become widely transported
	2755.58	Glacial period.—The identity of many	plants and animals, on mountain-summits
	2755.435	fact to see so many of the same	plants living on the snowy regions of the Alps
	2755.580	but it is far more remarkable, that the	plants on the White Mountains, in the United
	2765.147	would likewise be covered by arctic	plants and animals, and these would be nearly
	2769.44	we can understand the identity of many	plants at points so immensely remote as on the
	2769.190	understand the fact that the Alpine	plants of each mountain-range are more
	2769.456	been due south and north. The Alpine	plants, for example, of Scotland, as remarked
	2773.84	are more especially allied to the	plants of northern Scandinavia; those of the
	2781.701	for if we compare the present Alpine	plants and animals of the several great
	2789.356	period, a large number of the same	plants and animals inhabited the almost
	2789.440	circumpolar land; and that these	plants and animals, both in the Old and New
	2795.336	took place long ages ago. And as the	plants and animals migrated southward, they
	2799.52	Asa Gray has lately shown that more	plants are identical than was formerly
	2809.569	action in New Zealand; and the same	plants, found on widely separated mountains in
	2819.292	forty and fifty of the flowering	plants of Tierra del Fuego, forming no
	2823.571	and on the volcanic cones of Java, many	plants occur, either identically the same or
	2823.675	and at the same time representing	plants of Europe, not found in the intervening
	2823.945	forms are clearly represented by	plants growing on the summits of the mountains
	2825.434	facts are given in regard to the	plants of that large island. Hence we see that
	2825.507	we see that throughout the world, the	plants growing on the more lofty mountains
	2831.31	manner. This brief abstract applies to	plants alone: some strictly analogous facts
	2839.165	over what vast spaces some naturalised	plants and animals have spread within a few
	2839.327	cold came slowly on, all the tropical	plants and other productions will have
	2839.548	we are not now concerned. The tropical	plants probably suffered much extinction; how
	2839.809	As we know that many tropical	plants and animals can withstand a
	2839.1324	And it is certain that many temperate	plants, if protected from the inroads of
	2843.132	which is so destructive to perennial	plants from a temperate climate. On the other
	2843.502	by Dr. Hooker, that all the flowering	plants, about forty-six in number, common to
	2845.45	as I believe, a considerable number of	plants, a few terrestrial animals, and some
	2851.152	to Australia, that many more identical	plants and allied forms have apparently
	2892.699	weed, I have twice seen these little	plants adhering to its back; and it has
	2898.16	gale no one can tell. With respect to	plants, it has long been known what enormous
	2898.266	in large groups of terrestrial	plants, which have only a very few aquatic
	2898.1485	and counting each plant as it grew; the	plants were [page] 387 CHAP. XII. FRESH-WATER
	2902.243	not transport the seeds of fresh-water	plants to vast distances, and if consequently
	2902.308	and if consequently the range of these	plants was not very great. The same agency may
	2910.1212	the wide distribution of fresh-water	plants and of the lower animals, whether
	2918.155	Alph. de Candolle admits this for	plants, and Wollaston for insects. If we look
	2918.319	of latitude, and compare its flowering	plants, only 750 in number, with those on an
	2918.606	the uniform county of Cambridge has 847	plants, and the little island of Anglesea
	2918.690	but a few ferns and a few introduced	plants are included in these numbers, and the
	2922.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XII.	plants; yet many have become naturalised on it
	2922.192	reason to believe that the naturalised	plants and animals have nearly or quite
	2922.404	a sufficient number of the best adapted	plants and animals have not been created on
	2930.240	take the place of mammals. In the	plants of the Galapagos Islands, Dr. Hooker
	2936.173	by mammals, some of the endemic	plants have beautifully hooked seeds; yet few
	2936.1190	and having to compete with herbaceous	plants alone, might readily gain an advantage
	2936.1291	and taller and overtopping the other	plants. If so, natural selection would often
	2936.1377	to add to the stature of herbaceous	plants when growing on an island, to whatever
	2960.337	proportions of certain orders of	plants,—herbaceous forms having been developed
	2972.443	other animals, and with nearly all the	plants, as shown by Dr. Hooker in his
	2978.256	most of them can be explained. Thus the	plants of Kerguelen Land, though standing
	2978.624	disappears. New Zealand in its endemic	plants is much more closely related to
	2978.1494	but this affinity is confined to the	plants, and will, I do not doubt, be some day
	2988.669	more perfectly occupied by distinct	plants in one island than in another, and it
	2998.1045	number of distinct mammals, birds, and	plants. The principle which determines the
	3000.530	in so far as the same forms, chiefly of	plants, have spread widely throughout the
	3000.737	humming-birds, Alpine rodents, Alpine	plants, &c., all of strictly American forms
	3016.680	by Alph. de Candolle in regard to	plants, namely, that the lower any group of
	3075.1442	for an essential character." So with	plants, how remarkable it is that the organs
	3095.988	too slight to be defined. Certain	plants, belonging to the Malpighiaceæ, bear
	3103.668	The same fact holds good with flowering	plants, of which the two main divisions have
	3113.346	value. Instances could be given amongst	plants and insects, of a group of forms, first
	3179.1764	of the affinities of distinct orders of	plants. On the principle of the
	3207.227	So it is with the flowers of	plants. Nothing can be more hopeless than to
	3217.857	arranged in a spire. In monstrous	plants, we often get direct evidence of the
	3225.296	external appendages; and in flowering	plants, we see a series of successive spiral
	3225.700	and the unknown progenitor of flowering	plants, many spiral whorls of leaves. We have
	3239.1193	rarely see something of this kind in	plants: thus the embryonic leaves of the ulex
	3315.808	developed and give milk. In individual	plants of the same species the petals
	3315.925	sometimes in a well-developed state. In	plants with separated sexes, the male flowers
	3315.1053	found that by crossing such male	plants with an hermaphrodite species, the
	3317.173	efficient for the other. Thus in	plants, the office of the pistil is to allow
	3432.274	manner. He thus adapts animals and	plants for his own benefit or pleasure. He may
	3502.578	period, the identity of some few	plants, and the close alliance of many others
	3510.643	derived. We see this in nearly all the	plants and animals of the Galapagos
	3510.794	in the most striking manner to the	plants and animals of the neighbouring
	3544.441	numerous kinds of animals and	plants created as eggs or seed, or as full
	3550.130	most only four or five progenitors, and	plants from an equal or lesser number
	3552.83	to the belief that all animals and	plants have descended from some one prototype
	3552.440	the same poison often similarly affects	plants and animals; or that the poison
	3588.70	an entangled bank, clothed with many	plants of many kinds, with birds singing on
	3603.11	A. ABERRANT groups, 429. Abyssinia,	plants of, 375. Acclimatisation
	3648.11	Artichoke, Jerusalem, 142. Ascension,	plants of, 389. Asclepias, pollen of
	3660.12	extinct animals of, 339. —, European	plants in, 375. Azara on flies destroying
	3666.27	B. Babington, Mr., on British	plants, 48. Balancement of growth, 147. Bamboo
	3693.25	tarsi, 135. Bentham, Mr., on British	plants, 48. —, on classification
	3726.24	Buckman on variation in	plants, 10. Buzareingues on sterility of
	3738.19	Verde islands, 398. Cape of Good Hope,	plants of, 110, 375. Carrier-pigeons killed by
	3753.8	Cetacea, teeth and hair, 144. Ceylon,	plants of, 375. Chalk formation
	3825.18	affinities, 430. ——, Alph., on low	plants, widely dispersed, 406. ——, —, on
	3826.25	on widely-ranging	plants being variable, 53. —, —, on
	3830.25	rare, 175. —, —, on distribution of	plants with large seeds, 360. —, —, on
	3832.22	Australia, 379. ——, —, on fresh-water	plants, 386. —, —, on insular plants
	3833.17	water plants, 386. —, —, on insular	plants, 389. Degradation of coast-rocks
	3897.36	Falconer, Dr., on naturalization of	plants in India, 65. —, on fossil crocodile
	3992.18	United States, 100. —, on naturalised	plants in the United States, 115. ——, on
	3994.14	varieties, 176. ——, on Alpine	plants, 365. ——, Dr. J. E., on striped mule
	4015.13	changes in vegetation, 72, Heer, O., on	plants of Madeira, 107. Helix pomatia
	4022.83	white animals not poisoned by certain	plants, 12. Hewitt, Mr., on sterility of first
	4025.3	Himalaya, glaciers of, 373. —,	plants of, 375. Hippeastrum, 250. Holly-trees
	4039.6	at the base of the Himalaya, 378. —, on	plants of Tierra del Fuego, 374, 378. —, on
	4040.17	del Fuego, 374, 378. —, on Australian	plants, 375, 399. —, on relations of flora of
	4043.10	Antarctic lands, 381, 399. —, on the	plants of the Galapagos, 391, 398. Hooks on
	4094.6	J. Japan, productions of, 372. Java,	plants of, 375. Jones, Mr. J. M., on the birds
	4161.9	on analogical characters, 427. Madeira,	plants of, 107. ——, beetles of, wingless
	4200.26	Moquin-Tandon on sea-side	plants, 132. Morphology, 434. Mozart, musical
	4205.37	Müller, Dr. F., on Alpine Australian	plants, 375. Murchison, Sir R., on the
	4215.57	Nautilus, Silurian, 306. Nectar of	plants, 92. Nectaries, how formed
	4222.13	of, 376. ——, algæ of, 376. —, number of	plants of, 389. —, flora of, 399. Nicotiana
	4300.26	of, 445. Pistil, rudimentary, 451.	Plants, poisonous, not affecting certain
	4305.51	of range, have to struggle with other	plants, 77. —, nectar of, 92, ——, fleshy, on
	4319.42	similar effect of, on animals and	plants, 484. Pollen of fir-trees, 203, Poole
	4340.10	Arab, 35. ——, English, 356. Ramond on	plants of Pyrenees, 368. Ramsay, Prof., on
	4426.10	dog crossed with fox, 268. Sports in	plants, 9. Sprengel, C. C., on crossing
	4476.3	Tierra del Fuego, dogs of, 215. —,	plants of, 374, 378. Timber-drift, 360. Time
	4557.52	H. C., on range of varieties of British	plants, 58. ——, on acclimatisation, 140. —, on
	4560.14	on flora of Azores, 363. ——, on Alpine	plants, 367, 376. ——, on rarity of
	5640.66	Introduction to the Natural System of	Plants. Second Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo
1			plants—nature
	633.134	increase of naturalised animals and	plants—Nature of the checks to increase—Competition
4			plastic
	319.478	whole organisation seems to have become	plastic, and tends to depart in some small
	435.282	s organisation as something quite	plastic, which they can model almost as they
	766.553	organisation becomes in some degree	plastic. Let it be borne in mind how infinitely
	1123.92	I chiefly attribute the varying or	plastic condition of the offspring. The male
13			plata
	665.59	numerous over the wide plains of La	Plata, clothing square leagues of surface
	1478.735	on the wing; and on the plains of La	Plata, where not a tree grows, there is a
	2440.326	than I have done. When I found in La	Plata the tooth of a horse embedded with the
	2474.374	had been brought to Europe from La	Plata, without any information in regard to
	2584.360	armadillo, found in several parts of La	Plata; and Professor Owen has shown in the
	2657.833	and northward the plains of La	Plata by another species of the same genus
	2657.1005	latitude. On these same plains of La	Plata, we see the agouti and bizcacha
	2855.59	productions cover the ground in La	Plata, and in a lesser degree in Australia
	2855.382	the last two or three centuries from La	Plata, and during the last thirty or forty
	3746.27	trees, 71. ——destroyed by flies in La	Plata, 72. ——, breeds of, locally extinct
	4047.46	rudimentary, 454. Horse, fossil, in La	Plata, 318. Horses destroyed by flies in La
	4048.32	Horses destroyed by flies in La	Plata, 72. —, striped, 163. —, proportions of
	4251.26	organs, 192. ——, on fossil horse of La	Plata, 319. —, on relations of ruminants and
4			plate
	1793.429	parts, large portions of a rhombic	plate had been left between the opposed
	1795.808	the cell, and I found that the rhombic	plate had been completed, and had become
	1795.943	extreme thinness of the little rhombic	plate, that they could have effected [page
	1801.732	the same time, but only the one rhombic	plate which stands on the extreme growing
44			plates
	1793.143	flat bottoms, formed by thin little	plates of the vermilion wax having been left
	1793.784	to have succeeded in thus leaving flat	plates between the basins, by stopping work
	1801.793	the extreme growing margin, or the two	plates, as the case may be; and they never
	1801.876	complete the upper edges of the rhombic	plates, until the hexagonal walls are
	1807.316	to the planes of the rhombic basal	plates of future cells. But the rough wall of
	1807.1346	hundredth of an inch in thickness; the	plates of the pyramidal basis being about
	1831.646	prisms and of the basal rhombic	plates. The motive power of the process of
	4722.46	S PRINCIPLES OF HIS TIME-KEEPER.	PLATES. 1767. 4to. 5s. 18. HUTTON'S TABLES OF
	4914.79	By THOMAS MOORE,. Cabinet Edition.	Plates. 6 Vole. Fcap. 8vo. 18s. — — —Life
	4920.37	Poetical Works. Cabinet Edition.	Plates. 10 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 30s. ——— Poetical
	4968.85	Brother and Sister. By OTTO SPECKTER.	Plates. 16mo. 5s. CLARENDON (LORD CHANCELLOR
	4988.40	and Poetical Works. Cabinet Edition.	Plates. 8 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 24s. ——— and
	4990.41	and Poetical Works. Popular Edition.	Plates. One Volume. Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d
	5042.96	extant Local Remains of Etruscan Art.	Plates. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42s. [page] 10 DOG
	5050.94	Practice of Gunnery. Fourth Edition.	Plates. 8vo. 21s. —— Treatise on the
	5052.132	in Military Operations. Third Edition.	Plates. 8vo. 21s. —— Naval Warfare with Steam
	5116.159	by the Polynesian Negro Races.	Plates. 8vo. 16s. ESKIMAUX (THE) and English
	5134.137	to Texas and the Frontiers of Mexico.	Plates. 2 Vols. 8vo. 26s. FELLOWS' (SIR
	5136.118	in the Province of Lydia. New Edition.	Plates. Post 8vo. 9s. FERGUSSON'S (JAMES
	5233.92	the Summer of 1851. Second Edition.	Plates. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. GUSTAVUS VASA
	5253.59	VERNON) Sketch of Madeira; with Map and	Plates. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. HART'S ARMY LIST
	5398.135	in Search of Sir John Franklin.	Plates, 8vo. 14s. HORACE (Works of). Edited
	5406.64	Voyage to Texas and the Gulf of Mexico.	Plates. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21s. C [page
	5568.148	of the Prophecies. Second Edition. With	Plates. 8vo. 18s. LANES (E. W.) Arabian
	5576.292	the Ancient Assyrians. Sixth Edition.	Plates and Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 36s
	5578.99	to Assyria. Fourteenth Thousand.	Plates. 8vo. 21s. Or Fine Paper, 2 Vols. 8vo
	5588.135	the Demi of Attica. Second Edition.	Plates. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s. ——Travels in
	5630.318	Eastern Ocean. Thirtieth Thousand. Map,	Plates, and Index. 8vo. 21s. LIYONIAN TALES
	5652.0	States, 1841-46. Second Edition.	Plates. 4 Vols. Post 8vo. 24s. MAHONS (LORD
	5684.118	by the Microscope. Second Edition.	Plates. 16mo. 6s. MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC
	5700.164	a List of Monograms. Second Edition.	Plates and Woodcuts. 8vo. 31s. 6d. MATTHIÆS
	5736.19	Crown 8vo. 30s. ———Poetical Works.	Plates. 3 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18s. ——— Fall of
	5758.77	during a Tour in India. Third Edition.	Plates. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. MUNRO'S (GENERAL
	5764.113	Illustrated. With Coloured Maps,	Plates, Sections, &c. 2 Vols. Royal 4to
	5766.98	Organic Remains. Third Edition. Map and	Plates. 8vo. 42s. MURRAYS (CAPT. A.) Naval
	5888.166	at Athens, from a Survey. With 40	Plates. Folio, 5l. 5s. (Published under the
	5894.84	and the Mountain-Limestone District.	Plates 4 to. Part I., 20s. -Part II., 30s
	5896.152	of the Country. Second Edition, with 36	Plates. 8vo. 15s. [page] 27 PHILPOTT'S
	5950.116	Regions during the years 1839-43.	Plates. 2 Vols.8vo. 36s. RUNDELLS (MRS
	6052.77	of Italy, in the Middle Ages.	Plates. 8vo. 21s. STRIFE FOR THE MASTERY. Two
	6116.143	his Friends. Edited by J. P. MUIRHEAD.	Plates. 3 vols. 8vo, 45s., or Large Paper
	6130.107	and Remarks on the Slavonic Nations.	Plates and Woodcuts. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42s
	6140.77	Journal of a Tour. Third Edition.	Plates. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. —— Greece
	6152.102	PEACOCK and JOHN LEITCH. Portrait and	Plates. 4 Vols. 8vo. 15s. each. BRADBURY AND
15			played
	487.76	part which selection by man has	played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is
	515.829	of species, aboriginally distinct, has	played an important part in the origin of our
	1048.132	namely that of extinction, will have	played an important part. As in each fully
	1195.38	use, and disuse, have, in some cases,	played a considerable part in the modification
	1406.872	condition of areas now continuous has	played an important part in the formation of
	1586.615	Correlation of growth has no doubt	played a most important part, and a useful
	1661.334	with wonderfully little practice, had	played a tune with no practice at all, he
	1689.143	of so-called accidental variations have	played in modifying the mental qualities of
	2602.900	of specific forms; that migration has	played an important part in the first
	2608.54	important a part migration must have	played, when the formations of any one great
	2904.46	and unknown agencies probably have also	played a part. I have stated that fresh-water
	2998.740	continent, pre-occupation has probably	played an important part in checking the
	3187.55	we have seen in the fourth chapter, has	played an important part in defining and
	3476.471	correlation of growth seems to have	played a most important part, so that when one
	3492.397	of whole groups of species, which has	played so conspicuous a part in the history of
1			playing
	1661.254	be distinguished. If Mozart, instead of	playing the pianoforte at three years old with
6			plays
	511.245	In this respect enclosure of the land	plays a part. Wandering savages or the
	689.8	elephant protected by its dam. Climate	plays an important part in determining the
	916.14	to pair together. Intercrossing	plays a very important part in nature in
	1803.296	We see how important a part excavation	plays in the construction of the cells; but
	3103.346	than that of the adult, which alone	plays its full part in the economy of nature
	5726.19	Map. 8vo. 10s. 6d. MITCHELLS (THOMAS)	Plays of Aristophanes. With English Notes
2			please
	435.327	which they can model almost as they	please. If I had space I could quote numerous
	1763.815	dark hive. Grant whatever instincts you	please, and it seems at first quite
3			pleased
	532.1253	that systematists are far from	pleased at finding variability in important
	1488.98	will say, that in these cases it has	pleased the [page] 186 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	3209.393	only say that so it is;—that it has so	pleased the Creator to construct each animal
1			pleases
	435.847	into life whatever form and mould he	pleases." Lord Somerville, speaking of what
1			pleasing
	505.166	But as variations manifestly useful or	pleasing to man appear only occasionally, the
3			pleasure
	511.1623	feathers, and more especially from no	pleasure having been felt in the display of
	2060.803	power of selection, for his own use and	pleasure: he neither wishes to select, nor could
	3432.304	and plants for his own benefit or	pleasure. He may do this methodically, or he may
4			pleistocene
	2480.372	those that lived in Europe during the	pleistocene period (an enormously remote period as
	2480.638	able to say whether the existing or the	pleistocene inhabitants of Europe resembled most
	2480.1317	namely, the upper pliocene, the	pleistocene and strictly modern beds, of Europe
	2562.353	vicissitudes of climate during the	pleistocene period, which includes the whole
5			plenty
	701.197	preservation. Thus we can easily raise	plenty of corn and rape-seed, &c., in our
	878.1346	on the stigma of another, I raised	plenty of seedlings; and whilst another
	1731.794	of them without a slave, but with	plenty of the food which they like best, and
	1942.775	for he will find on their stigmas	plenty of pollen brought from other flowers
	3337.93	rudimentary organs is simple. We have	plenty of cases of rudimentary organs in our
2			pliny
	417.76	the time of the Romans, as we hear from	Pliny, immense prices were given for pigeons
	455.662	did so, as is attested by passages in	Pliny. The savages in South Africa match
1			pliny's
	477.703	in classical times, appears, from	Pliny's description, to have been a fruit of
6			pliocene
	2480.1303	marine formations, namely, the upper	pliocene, the pleistocene and strictly modern
	2787.328	reason to believe that during the newer	Pliocene period, before the Glacial epoch, and
	2787.607	the climate of latitude 60º, during the	Pliocene period lived further north under the
	2789.312	still warmer period, such as the older	Pliocene period, a large number of the same
	2795.43	the slowly decreasing warmth of the	Pliocene period, as soon as the species in
	2801.107	of a marine fauna, which during the	Pliocene or even a somewhat earlier period, was
10			plumage
	381.1176	The period at which the perfect	plumage is acquired varies, as does the state
	822.231	successive males display their gorgeous	plumage and perform strange antics before the
	822.1123	well-known laws with respect to the	plumage of male and female birds, in comparison
	822.1180	female birds, in comparison with the	plumage of the young, can be explained on the
	822.1234	young, can be explained on the view of	plumage having been chiefly modified by sexual
	1205.554	with the future colour of their	plumage; or, again, the relation between the
	1309.369	a tendency in each generation in the	plumage to assume this colour. This view is
	1845.379	system is active, as in the nuptial	plumage of many birds, and in the hooked jaws
	3239.931	each other in their first and second	plumage; as we see in the spotted feathers in
	4310.0	low in scale, widely distributed, 406.	Plumage, laws of change in sexes of birds
3			plumed
	639.120	which dives through the water; in the	plumed seed which is wafted by the gentlest
	741.531	tiger's body. But in the beautifully	plumed seed of the dandelion, and in the
	741.712	of air and water. Yet the advantage of	plumed seeds no doubt stands in the closest
2			plumer
	5902.89	and Unpublished Diaries of Robert	Plumer Ward. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s. POPE
	6110.15	Woodcuts. 16mo. 5s. WARD'S (ROBERT	PLUMER) Memoir, Correspondence, Literary and
3			plums
	796.868	than those with down; that purple	plums suffer far more from a certain disease
	796.925	more from a certain disease than yellow	plums; whereas another disease attacks yellow
	4311.0	laws of change in sexes of birds, 89.	Plums in the United States, 85. Pointer dog
1			plumule
	3107.68	and on the mode of development of the	plumule and radicle. In our discussion on
1			plymouth
	4856.251	s. 6d. Glasgow, 1840, 15s.	Plymouth, 1841, 13s. 6d. Manchester, 1842, 10s
1			pneumaticus
	1522.1013	this latter organ having a ductus	pneumaticus for its supply, and being divided by
1			pocket
	4926.20	Crown 8vo. 9s. ——— Poetical Works.	Pocket Edition, Containing Childe Harold
3			poems
	4926.89	Harold; Dramas, 2 Vols.; Tales and	Poems; Miscellanies, 2 Vols.; Beppo and Don
	5002.20	vo. 42s. [page] 9 CUNNINGHAMS (ALLAN)	Poems and Songs. Now first collected and
	5096.25	vo. 10s. 6d. —— Pilgrimage, and other	Poems. Crown 4to. 24s. —— Essays on History
10			poetical
	4870.7	F.S.A. 3 Vols. 22s. 6d. BYRONS	POETICAL WORKS. Edited, with Notes. 6 vols. 45s
	4918.4	One Volume, royal 8vo. 12s. ———	Poetical Works. Library Edition. Portrait
	4920.4	Portrait. 6 Vols. Demy 8vo. 45s. ———	Poetical Works. Cabinet Edition. Plates. 10 Vols
	4922.4	Plates. 10 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 30s. ———	Poetical Works. People's Edition. Portrait and
	4924.4	Steel Engravings. Royal 8vo. 9s. ———	Poetical Works. Travelling Edition. Printed in
	4926.4	type. Portrait. Crown 8vo. 9s. ———	Poetical Works. Pocket Edition, Containing
	4988.7	SON. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. ———and	Poetical Works. Cabinet Edition. Plates. 8 Vols
	4990.8	Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 24s. ——— and	Poetical Works. Popular Edition. Plates. One
	5266.3	Year. Twelfth Edition. 16mo. 2s. ——	Poetical Works. Fifth Edition. Portrait. Fcap
	5736.3	Edition. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo. 30s. ———	Poetical Works. Plates. 3 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 18s
2			poetry
	4932.16	Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. BYRON Beauties.	Poetry and Prose. A Reading Book for Youth
	4956.77	British Poets. With an Essay on English	Poetry. Post 8vo. 6s. CASTLEREAGH (THE
7			poets
	4868.30	s. JOHNSONS LIVES OF THE ENGLISH	POETS. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A
	4956.45	THOS.) Short Lives of the British	Poets. With an Essay on English Poetry. Post
	4978.66	to the Study of the Greek Classic	Poets. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d
	5014.29	Lives of Eminent English	Poets. By SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D. Edited with
	5102.42	REY. W.) Lives of Eminent British	Poets. From Chaucer to Wordsworth. 4 Vols
	5494.19	OF HENRY STEFFENS. SHORT LIVES OF THE	POETS. By THOMAS CAMPBELL. HISTORICAL ESSAYS
	5534.37	Lives of the most eminent English	Poets. A New Edition. Edited by PETER
40			point
	242.730	I am well aware that scarcely a single	point is discussed in this volume on which
	305.831	more in the case of plants. Under this	point of view, Mr. Buckman's recent
	345.229	one or several parent-species. This	point, if it could be cleared up, would be
	449.868	which differ largely in some one	point do not differ at all in other points
	505.1137	But probably the most important	point of all, is, that the animal or plant
	532.887	under a physiological or classificatory	point of view, sometimes vary in the
	536.582	which does not vary; and, under this	point of view, no instance of an important
	536.678	will ever be found: but under any other	point of view many instances assuredly can be
	538.13	assuredly can be given. There is one	point connected with individual differences
	610.633	Undoubtedly there is one most important	point of difference between varieties and
	616.19	between species. There is one other	point which seems to me worth notice
	711.486	by the cattle. In one square yard, at a	point some hundred yards distant from one of
	896.420	of very great difficulty under this	point of view; but I have been enabled, by a
	1068.232	sub-branches downwards towards a single	point; this point representing a single
	1068.244	downwards towards a single point; this	point representing a single species, the
	1689.587	a striking instance) will sometimes	point and even back other dogs the very first
	1689.1526	of deer, and driving them to a distant	point, we should assuredly call these actions
	1697.790	would have thought of training a dog to	point, had not some one dog naturally shown a
	1767.1646	an irregular mass. But the important	point to notice, is that these cells are
	1781.521	apparently by turning round on a fixed	point. We must suppose the Melipona to
	1819.698	that an insect might, by fixing on a	point at which to commence a cell, and then
	1819.771	and then moving outside, first to one	point, and then to five other points, at the
	1819.859	relative distances from the central	point and from each other, strike the planes
	1869.608	I speak confidently on this latter	point, as Mr. Lubbock made drawings for me
	1982.24	be given. No one has been able to	point out what kind, or what amount, of
	2102.70	differences, which Gärtner is able to	point out, between hybrid and mongrel plants
	2357.480	for five minutes on some one barren	point in Australia, and then to discuss the
	2432.290	begin at its lower end, not in a sharp	point, but abruptly; it then gradually
	2570.1667	native plants and animals. Under this	point of view, the productions of Great
	2637.766	United States to its extreme southern	point, we meet with the most diversified
	2643.244	yet it would not be possible to	point out three faunas and floras more
	2677.315	possibly have migrated from some one	point to the several distant and isolated
	2683.399	same species could have passed from one	point to the other. But the geographical and
	2689.79	enabled at the same time to consider a	point equally important for us, namely
	2817.133	time, as measured by years, at each	point. The cold may have come on, or have
	2817.198	come on, or have ceased, earlier at one	point of the globe than at another, but
	2892.1707	oceanic island or to any other distant	point. Sir Charles Lyell also [page
	2978.1104	a nearly intermediate though distant	point, namely from the antarctic islands
	3534.265	during a long course of years, from a	point of view directly opposite to mine. It
	3554.835	to deserve a specific name. This latter	point will become a far more essential con
3			pointed
	413.1167	dynasty, about 3000 B.C., as was	pointed out to me by Professor Lepsius; but Mr
	1657.656	between instincts and habits could be	pointed out. As in repeating a well-known song
	2641.60	small areas in the Old World could be	pointed out hotter than any in the New World
7			pointer
	461.968	from it. It is known that the English	pointer has been greatly changed within the
	461.1269	that, though the old Spanish	pointer certainly came from Spain, Mr. Borrow
	461.1387	him, any native dog in Spain like our	pointer. By a similar process of selection
	1038.276	the English race-horse and English	pointer have apparently both gone on slowly
	1689.1024	the end being known,—for the young	pointer can no more know that he points to aid
	3715.28	pad of, 88. Borrow, Mr., on the Spanish	pointer, 35. Bory St. Vincent on Batrachians
	4312.0	Plums in the United States, 85.	Pointer dog, origin of, 35. —, habits of
2			pointers
	457.402	Thus, a man who intends keeping	pointers naturally tries to get as good dogs as
	1689.522	dogs: it cannot be doubted that young	pointers (I have myself seen a striking instance
70			points
	285.128	plants and animals, one of the first	points which strikes us, is, that they
	319.323	really surprising to note the endless	points in structure and constitution in which
	381.1104	of skin between the toes, are all	points of structure which are variable. The
	413.197	in habits and in a great number of	points of structure with all the domestic
	449.904	one point do not differ at all in other	points; this is hardly ever, perhaps never
	491.1136	all fanciers, as it is not one of the	points of the breed. Nor let it be thought
	499.980	will be a slow process. As soon as the	points of value of the new sub-breed are once
	538.949	these polymorphic genera variations in	points of structure which are of no service or
	681.748	to the reader's mind some of the chief	points. Eggs or very young animals seem
	711.136	at their numbers that I went to several	points of view, whence I could examine
	798.25	succeed. In looking at many small	points of difference between species, which
	1062.160	A), standing nearly at the extreme	points of the original genus, the six
	1102.63	but seem rather to be clustered round	points, and these round other points, and so
	1102.93	round points, and these round other	points, and so on in almost endless cycles. On
	1257.1112	is, that in our domestic animals those	points, which at the present time are
	1257.1476	of our fantails, &c., these being the	points now mainly attended to by English
	1275.641	state the case in another manner:—the	points in which all the species of a genus
	1279.525	the present day. On the other hand, the	points in which species differ from other
	1657.596	constant throughout life. Several other	points of resemblance between instincts and
	1675.1482	but as details on this and other such	points are not indispensable, they may be here
	1689.1057	young pointer can no more know that he	points to aid his master, than the white
	1781.979	largely; and then she unites the	points of intersection by perfectly flat
	1819.801	to one point, and then to five other	points, at the proper relative distances from
	1865.87	expect to find gradations in important	points of structure between the different
	2032.123	and that of hybrids, there are many	points of similarity. In both cases the
	2155.359	the tapir and to the horse; but in some	points of structure may have differed
	2291.908	intermediate between them in all	points of structure. So that we might obtain
	2357.218	in our palæontological ideas on many	points, which the discoveries of even the last
	2472.137	of India. For at these distant	points, the organic remains in certain beds
	2472.485	characterised in such trifling	points as mere superficial sculpture. Moreover
	2472.684	are similarly absent at these distant	points of the world. In the several successive
	2474.203	and of fresh water change at distant	points in the same parallel manner. We may
	2536.153	formations, were discovered at several	points low down in the series, the three
	2657.186	themselves are distinct at different	points and stations. It is a law of the widest
	2677.142	have been created at one or more	points of the earth's surface. Undoubtedly
	2677.357	to the several distant and isolated	points, where now found. Nevertheless the
	2677.767	and when a plant or animal inhabits two	points so distant from each other, or with an
	2677.1180	of the same mammal inhabiting distant	points of the world. No geologist will feel
	2677.1414	species can be produced at two separate	points, why do we not find a single mammal
	2681.194	identically the same at these distant	points of the northern and southern
	2687.366	now living at distant and separated	points; nor do I for a moment pretend that any
	2687.658	distant mountain-ranges, and at distant	points in the arctic and antarctic regions
	2687.996	same species at distant and isolated	points of the earth's surface, can in many
	2707.640	of the same species to the most distant	points, and removes many a difficulty: but to
	2755.288	of the same species living at distant	points, without the apparent possibility of
	2755.923	created at several distinct	points; and we might have remained [page
	2769.54	the identity of many plants at	points so immensely remote as on the mountains
	2809.308	affected. Along the Himalaya, at	points 900 miles apart, glaciers have left the
	2813.93	at these several far distant	points on opposite sides of the world. But we
	2819.425	Europe, enormously remote as these two	points are; and there are many closely allied
	2863.293	the occurrence of identical species at	points so enormously remote as Kerguelen Land
	2863.637	the south, at these and other distant	points of the southern hemisphere, is, on my
	2867.28	CHAP. XI. widely dispersed to various	points of the southern hemisphere by
	2886.1248	water fish occurring at very distant	points of the world, no doubt there are many
	2898.1287	spoonfuls of mud from three different	points, beneath water, on the edge of a little
	2916.312	time they have come to inhabit distant	points of the globe. I have already stated
	3006.187	conditions, and the existence at remote	points of the world of other species allied to
	3010.1101	now distributed to the most remote	points of the world, we ought to find, and I
	3044.609	and groups of species have their	points of maximum development. Groups of
	3095.931	on an appreciation of many trifling	points of resemblance, too slight to be
	3095.1405	in a number of the most important	points of structure from the proper type of
	3135.1644	were allied in the greatest number of	points. In tumbler pigeons, though some sub
	3151.497	err in this respect in regard to single	points of structure, but when several
	3179.251	related to Marsupials; but in the	points in which it approaches this order, its
	3179.386	species more than to another. As the	points of affinity of the bizcacha to
	3241.4	ordinary leaves of the leguminosæ. The	points of structure, in which the embryos of
	3263.240	on this head—indeed the evidence rather	points the other way; for it is notorious that
	3277.850	in the above specified several	points were incomparably less than in the full
	3277.930	full-grown birds. Some characteristic	points of difference—for instance, that of the
	3490.274	successive crosses, and in other such	points,—as do the crossed offspring of
5			poison
	1606.259	for its present purpose, with the	poison originally adapted to cause galls
	3552.409	a circumstance as that the same	poison often similarly affects plants and
	3552.472	affects plants and animals; or that the	poison secreted by the gall-fly produces
	4314.0	dog, origin of, 35. —, habits of, 213.	Poison not affecting certain coloured animals
	4319.0	coloured animals, 12. ROBINIA,	Poison, similar effect of, on animals and
2			poisoned
	1580.1394	with colour, as is the liability to be	poisoned by certain plants; so that colour would
	4022.63	Heusinger on white animals not	poisoned by certain plants, 12. Hewitt, Mr., on
1			poison-fang
	1596.452	is admitted that the rattlesnake has a	poison-fang for its own defence and for the
1			poisonous
	4300.34	Pistil, rudimentary, 451. Plants,	poisonous, not affecting certain coloured animals
1			poisons
	317.316	individuals by certain vegetable	poisons. Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth
1			pokers
	5354.15	Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Stokers and	Pokers; or, the London and North-Western
6			polar
	2783.167	productions were as uniform round the	polar regions as they are at the present day
	2787.653	period lived further north under the	Polar Circle, in latitude 66º-67º; and that
	2787.840	at a globe, we shall see that under the	Polar Circle there is almost continuous land
	2795.156	and Old Worlds, migrated south of the	Polar Circle, they must have been completely
	2801.205	along the continuous shores of the	Polar Circle, will account, on the theory of
	2833.292	recently remarked, "In receding from	polar towards equatorial latitudes, the
1			polecats
	1446.50	the frozen waters, and preys like other	polecats on mice and land animals. If a
1			policy
	4952.63	An Outline of a proposed Government and	Policy. 8vo. 12s. [page] 8 CAMPBELLS (THOS
1			polished
	2759.504	and Wales, with their scored flanks,	polished surfaces, and perched boulders, of the
11			political
	5108.21	mo. 6s. —— As IT is: Social,	Political, and Industrial, in the 19th Century
	5225.173	of 30 years. Including his DIARY OF	POLITICAL EVENTS while First Lord of the Treasury
	5536.43	S (WM.) England as it is: Social,	Political, and Industrial, in the Middle of the
	5542.76	of his Lectures and Tracts on	Political Economy. With a Prefatory Notice. By
	5676.49	J. R.) Collected Edition of Ricardos	Political Works. With Notes and Memoir. Second
	5874.82	Remarks on their Condition, Social,	Political, and Economical. Third Edition
	5924.18	THE). 8vo. 6S. RANKE'S (LEOPOLD)	Political and Ecclesiastical History of the Popes
	5934.18	Post 8vo. 5s. RICARDO'S (DAVID)	Political Works, With a Notice of his Life and
	5948.35	s. ROMILLY'S (SIR SAMUEL) Memoirs and	Political Diary. By his SONS. Third Edition
	6014.81	including MR. GRENVILLE'S DIARY OF	POLITICAL EVENTS, while First Lord of the
	6078.22	ESQ. 8vo. 14S. TREMENHEERE'S (H. S.)	Political Experience of the Ancients, in its
8			polity
	908.526	a confined area, with some place in its	polity not so perfectly occupied as might be
	946.34	IV. vented, so that new places in the	polity of each island will have to be filled
	948.125	depends on there being places in the	polity of nature, which can be better occupied
	956.1220	for the number of places in the	polity of nature is not indefinitely great
	978.353	and widely diversified places in the	polity of nature, and so be enabled to
	1046.394	new and widely different places in the	polity of nature: hence in the diagram I have
	1084.112	and seizing on many new places in the	polity of Nature, will constantly tend to
	1430.0	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI.	polity of the country can be better filled by
77			pollen
	250.1314	the agency of certain insects to bring	pollen from one flower to the other, it is
	295.411	fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have	pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact
	303.263	a bud or offset, and not the ovules or	pollen. But it is the opinion of most
	303.523	be largely attributed to the ovules or	pollen, or to both, having been affected by
	842.362	the nectar would get dusted with	pollen, and would certainly often transport
	842.410	and would certainly often transport the	pollen from one flower to the stigma of
	842.1262	in any degree the transportal of their	pollen from flower to flower, would likewise
	842.1416	flowers for the sake of collecting	pollen instead of nectar; and as pollen is
	842.1449	pollen instead of nectar; and as	pollen is formed for the sole object of
	842.1572	loss to the plant; yet if a little	pollen were carried, at first occasionally and
	842.1746	effected, although nine-tenths of the	pollen were destroyed, it might still be a
	842.1865	which produced more and more	pollen, and had larger and larger anthers
	846.227	on their part, regularly carry	pollen from flower to flower; and that they
	846.609	producing rather a small quantity of	pollen, and a rudimentary pistil; other holly
	846.785	anthers, in which not a grain of	pollen can be detected. Having found a female
	846.1048	grains, and on some a profusion of	pollen. As the wind had set for several days
	846.1131	from the female to the male tree, the	pollen could not thus have been carried. The
	846.1372	by the bees, accidentally dusted with	pollen, having flown from tree to tree in
	846.1545	so highly attractive to insects that	pollen was regularly carried from flower to
	850.270	slight a degree under nature, then as	pollen is already carried regularly from
	856.429	parts of the corolla, so as to push the	pollen on to the stigmatic surface. Hence
	872.440	the fullest freedom for the entrance of	pollen from another individual will explain
	872.995	this, they either push the flower's own	pollen on the stigma, or bring pollen from
	872.1026	s own pollen on the stigma, or bring	pollen from another flower. So necessary are
	872.1332	from flower to flower, and not carry	pollen from one to the other, to the great
	876.136	bring on the same brush a plant's own	pollen and pollen from another species, the
	876.147	the same brush a plant's own pollen and	pollen from another species, the former will
	876.331	Gärtner, any influence from the foreign	pollen. When the stamens of a flower suddenly
	878.873	prevent the stigma receiving	pollen from its own flower: for instance, in
	878.1288	it never sets a seed, though by placing	pollen from one flower on the stigma of
	878.1591	stigma of a flower receiving its own	pollen, yet, as [page] 99 CHAP. IV. OF
	882.153	or the stigma is ready before the	pollen of that flower is ready, so that these
	882.318	are these facts! How strange that the	pollen and stigmatic surface of the same
	884.665	I suspect that it must arise from the	pollen of a distinct variety having a
	884.740	a prepotent effect over a flower's own	pollen; and that this is part of the general
	884.965	directly the reverse, for a plant's own	pollen is always prepotent over foreign pollen
	884.1005	pollen is always prepotent over foreign	pollen; but to this subject we shall return in
	886.89	flowers, it may be objected that	pollen could seldom be carried from tree to
	890.407	on the same tree, we can see that	pollen must be regularly carried from flower
	890.501	and this will give a better chance of	pollen being occasionally carried from tree to
	1610.517	by our fir-trees of dense clouds of	pollen, in order that a few granules may be
	1914.673	must be secluded in order to prevent	pollen being brought to it by insects from
	1914.1061	artificially fertilised with their own	pollen, and (excluding all cases such as the
	1924.558	each generation by their own individual	pollen; and I am convinced that this would be
	1924.851	be artificially fertilised with hybrid	pollen of the same kind, their fertility
	1924.1039	Now, in artificial fertilisation	pollen is as often taken by chance (as I know
	1924.1501	in each generation a cross with the	pollen from a distinct flower, either from the
	1932.243	be far more easily fertilised by the	pollen of another and distinct species, than
	1932.301	and distinct species, than by their own	pollen. For these plants have been found to
	1932.363	have been found to yield seed to the	pollen of a distinct species, though quite
	1932.429	though quite sterile with their own	pollen, notwithstanding that their own pollen
	1932.468	pollen, notwithstanding that their own	pollen was found to be perfectly good, for it
	1932.814	fertilised by Herbert with their own	pollen, and the fourth was subsequently
	1932.872	was subsequently fertilised by the	pollen of a compound hybrid descended from
	1936.63	whereas the pod impregnated by the	pollen of the hybrid made vigorous growth and
	1936.663	and although both the ovules and	pollen of the same flower were perfectly good
	1942.733	hybrid rhododendrons, which produce no	pollen, for he will find on their stigmas
	1942.785	he will find on their stigmas plenty of	pollen brought from other flowers. In regard
	1966.285	of the facts can here be given. When	pollen from a plant of one family is placed on
	1966.475	this absolute zero of fertility, the	pollen of different species of the same genus
	1966.795	beyond that which the plant's own	pollen will produce. So in hybrids themselves
	1966.932	never would produce, even with the	pollen of either pure parent, a single fertile
	1966.1063	of fertility may be detected, by the	pollen of one of the pure parent-species
	1982.315	every part of the flower, even in the	pollen, in the fruit, and in the cotyledons
	1986.917	jalappa can easily be fertilised by the	pollen of M. longiflora, and the hybrids thus
	1986.1126	reciprocally M. longiflora with the	pollen of M. jalappa, and utterly failed
	2014.811	more freely when fertilised with the	pollen of distinct species, than when self
	2014.880	when self-fertilised with their own	pollen. We thus see, that although there is a
	2022.702	It has also been observed that when	pollen of one species is placed on the stigma
	2066.482	thirteen flowers of the one with the	pollen of the other; but only a single head
	2070.420	coloured varieties when fertilised with	pollen from their own coloured flowers
	3321.307	for the purpose of brushing the	pollen out of the surrounding anthers. Again
	3470.786	sisters; at the astonishing waste of	pollen by our fir-trees; at the instinctive
	3649.11	Ascension, plants of, 389. Asclepias,	pollen of, 193. Asparagus, 359. Aspicarpa
	3914.4	Fir-trees destroyed by cattle, 71. ——,	pollen of, 203. Fish, flying
	4236.8	of, 50. Onites apelles, 135. Orchis,	pollen of, 193, Organs of extreme perfection
	4320.0	effect of, on animals and plants, 484.	Pollen of fir-trees, 203, Poole, Col., on
1			pollen-collecting
	1725.287	habits; for they do not possess the	pollen-collecting apparatus which would be necessary if
1			pollen-devouring
	842.1643	and then habitually, by the	pollen-devouring insects from flower to flower, and a
2			pollen-grains
	846.1006	on all, without exception, there were	pollen-grains, and on some a profusion of pollen. As
	1546.1019	very curious contrivance of a mass of	pollen-grains, borne on a foot-stalk with a sticky
1			pollen-granules
	878.1035	every one of the infinitely numerous	pollen-granules are swept out of the conjoined anthers
1			pollen-masses
	719.440	the visits of moths to remove their	pollen-masses and thus to fertilise them. I have
3			pollen-tubes
	2022.631	plant having a pistil too long for the	pollen-tubes to reach the ovarium. It has also been
	2022.790	a distantly allied species, though the	pollen-tubes protrude, they do not penetrate the
	3317.222	office of the pistil is to allow the	pollen-tubes to reach the ovules protected in the
1			polyandrous
	1237.236	vertebræ in snakes, and the stamens in	polyandrous flowers) the number is variable
1			polyerges
	1731.85	was first discovered in the Formica (	Polyerges) rufescens by Pierre Huber, a better
1			polygamous
	816.1350	perhaps, severest between the males of	polygamous animals, and these seem oftenest
10			polymorphic
	538.169	sometimes been called "protean" or "	polymorphic," in which the species present an
	538.474	genera of Brachiopod shells. In most	polymorphic genera some of the species have fixed
	538.566	definite characters. Genera which are	polymorphic in one country seem to be, with some
	538.631	seem to be, with some few exceptions,	polymorphic in other countries, and likewise
	538.916	to suspect that we see in these	polymorphic genera variations in points of
	548.719	he has entirely omitted several highly	polymorphic genera. Under genera, including the
	548.772	Under genera, including the most	polymorphic forms, Mr. Babington gives 251 species
	770.599	as perhaps we see in the species called	polymorphic. We shall best understand the probable
	1257.828	any particular purpose, and perhaps in	polymorphic groups, we see a nearly parallel
	4415.9	King Charles's breed, 35. Species,	polymorphic, 46. ——, common, variable, 53. —in
2			polynesian
	5116.135	the Fejees, and others inhabited by the	Polynesian Negro Races. Plates. 8vo. 16s
	5229.20	EDWARDS. 12mo. 3s. GREY'S (SIR GEORGE)	Polynesian Mythology, and Ancient Traditional
2			pomatia
	2966.1090	days: one of these shells was the Helix	pomatia, and after it had again hybernated I
	4016.6	O., on plants of Madeira, 107. Helix	pomatia, 397. Helosciadium, 359. Hemionus
1			pompeii
	5296.22	Post 8vo. 9s. —— SOUTH ITALYNaples,	Pompeii, Herculaneum, Vesuvius, &c. Map. Post
1			pond's
	4750.4	used with the N.A. 1781. 8vo. 5s. 30.	POND'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1811 to
3			ponds
	988.731	and uniform islets; and so in small	ponds of fresh water. Farmers find that they
	2898.631	which frequent the muddy edges of	ponds, if suddenly flushed, would be the most
	2898.1108	are aware how charged the mud of	ponds is with seeds: I have tried several
1			ponies
	1337.168	as the heavy Belgian cart-horse, Welch	ponies, cobs, the lanky Kattywar race, &c
1			ponticum
	1942.14	HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. between Rhod.	Ponticum and Catawbiense, and that this hybrid
2			pontificate
	5730.69	including that of the Popes to the	Pontificate of Nicholas V. Second Edition. 6 Vols
	5940.88	Church, From the Apostolic Age to the	Pontificate of Gregory the Great, A.D. 590. Second
7			poole
	1323.1034	and I have been informed by Colonel	Poole that the foals of this species are
	1331.115	striped, that, as I hear from Colonel	Poole, who examined the breed for the Indian
	1331.519	quite disappear in old horses. Colonel	Poole has seen both gray and bay Kattywar
	1343.15	OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. to ask Colonel	Poole whether such face-stripes ever occur in
	4321.0	plants, 484. Pollen of fir-trees, 203,	Poole, Col., on striped hemionus
	4644.133	A New Edition. Edited by E. STANLEY	POOLE. With 600 Woodcuts. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s
	5570.118	A New Edition. Edited by E. STANLEY	POOLE. With 600 Woodcuts. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s
1			poorly-stocked
	2753.68	Europe or any other continent, that a	poorly-stocked island, though standing more remote
4			poorness
	180.227	deposition and of denudation — On the	poorness of our palæontological collections — On
	2141.221	of deposition and of denudation—On the	poorness of our palæontological collections—On
	2223.7	a paltry display we behold! On the	poorness of our Palæontological collections
	3928.5	range of shells in depth, 175. ——on	poorness of palæontological collections
1			pope's
	5904.0	Ward. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s.	POPE'S (ALEXANDER) WORKS. An entirely New
3			popes
	4652.42	Translation of Ranke's History of the	Popes of Rome. Third Edition. 2 Vols. 8vo
	5730.56	Christianity; including that of the	Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V
	5924.62	and Ecclesiastical History of the	Popes of Rome, during the Sixteenth and
16			popular
	4630.24	Fcap.8vo. 6s. ACLAND'S (REV. CHARLES)	Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of
	4842.171	Peninsula. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 27s., or	Popular Edition 16mo, 6s. ——— Zincali, or the
	4844.113	Language. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18s., or	Popular Edition, 16mo, 6s. BRAY'S (MRS.) Life
	4912.114	his Son. Fifth Edition. 8vo. 16s.; or,	Popular Edition. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. BYRON'S
	4916.51	Letters, and Journals. By THOMAS MOORE.	Popular Edition. Portrait and Vignette. One
	4990.24	vo. 24s. ——— and Poetical Works.	Popular Edition. Plates. One Volume. Royal 8vo
	5104.139	Library Edition, 7 Vols. 8vo, 93s.; or,	Popular Edition, 7 Vols. Post 8vo. 35s
	5141.46	of Architecture. Being a Concise and	Popular Account of the Different Styles
	5342.37	ARCHITECTURE. Being a Concise and	Popular Account of the Different Styles
	5580.4	Or Fine Paper, 2 Vols. 8vo. 30s. ———	Popular Account of Nineveh. 15th Edition. With
	5606.82	War in the Crimea. By a STAFF OFFICER.	Popular Edition. Plans. Post 8vo. 6s
	5634.127	Illustrated Edition. 4to. 21s. Or,	Popular Edition. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ———Life of
	5640.20	Fcap. 8vo. 5s. ———Modern Botany; a	Popular Introduction to the Natural System of
	5656.0	Library Edition. 7 Vols. 8vo. 93s.	Popular Edition. 7 "Vols. Post 8vo. 35s
	5750.35	s. ———Life and Letters of Lord Byron.	Popular Edition. With Portrait and Vignette
	6128.24	vo. 42s. WILKINSON'S (SIR J. G.)	Popular Account of the Private Life, Manners
2			porcelain
	4812.48	SAMUEL) History of Ancient Pottery and	Porcelain: Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, Roman, and
	5700.61	of Modern and Mediæval Pottery and	Porcelain. With a Description of the Manufacture
4			porpoise
	3203.637	the leg of the horse, the paddle of the	porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be
	3245.502	of a man, wing of a bat, and fin of a	porpoise, are related to similar conditions of
	3255.371	the wing of a bat, or the fin of a	porpoise, should not have been sketched out with
	3518.86	of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the	porpoise, and leg of the horse,—the same number
1			porter's
	5906.0	Edited, with Notes. 8vo, In the Press.	PORTER'S (REV. J. L.) Five Years in Damascus
8			portion
	1432.441	formerly have existed in each broken	portion of the land, but these links will have
	1771.77	cell consists of an outer spherical	portion and of two, three, or more perfectly
	1771.907	spherical portions, and yet each flat	portion forms a part of two cells. Reflecting
	2223.397	on some one spot. Only a small	portion of the surface of the earth has been
	2367.430	We should not forget that only a small	portion of the world is known with accuracy. M
	2598.141	extremely imperfect; that only a small	portion of the globe has been geologically
	2729.387	the longest transport: out of one small	portion of earth thus completely enclosed by
	3412.1321	and distinct species. Only a small	portion of the world has been geologically
5			portions
	1432.92	within the recent period in isolated	portions, in which many forms, more especially
	1434.66	varieties have been formed in different	portions of a strictly continuous area
	1771.879	same thickness as the outer spherical	portions, and yet each flat portion forms a part
	1793.407	only little bits, in other parts, large	portions of a rhombic plate had been left
	4830.44	The Student's Blackstone:) Being those	Portions of the above work which relate to the
3			porto
	2998.0	page] 403 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS.	Porto Santo possess many distinct but
	2998.176	of stone are annually transported from	Porto Santo to Madeira, yet this latter
	2998.255	island has not become colonised by the	Porto Santo species: nevertheless both
41			portrait
	4794.152	From Early Life to Advanced Age.	Portrait. 8vo. 16s. ——— Voyages of Discovery
	4838.65	The Scholar—The Gipsy—and the Priest.	Portrait. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 30s. ——— Romany Eye
	4846.90	Reminiscences. Illustrated with	Portrait and 60 Woodcuts of his chief works. 4to
	4866.76	EMPIRE.Edited by WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D.	Portrait and Maps. 8 Vols. 60s. JOHNSONS LIVES
	4902.21	vo. 8s. 6d. BURGONS (Rev. J. W.)	Portrait of a Christian Gentleman: a Memoir of
	4916.68	By THOMAS MOORE. Popular Edition.	Portrait and Vignette. One Volume, royal 8vo
	4918.37	Poetical Works. Library Edition.	Portrait. 6 Vols. Demy 8vo. 45s. ——— Poetical
	4922.38	Poetical Works. People's Edition.	Portrait and Steel Engravings. Royal 8vo. 9s
	4924.85	in small but beautifully clear type.	Portrait. Crown 8vo. 9s. ——— Poetical Works
	4932.60	and Prose. A Reading Book for Youth.	Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. CALVIN'S (JOHN
	4934.80	his Correspondence. By THOMAS H. DYER.	Portrait. 8vo. 15s. CALLCOTT'S (LADY) Little
	4976.72	of his Table-Talk. Fourth Edition.	Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. ———(HENRY NELSON
	4986.63	Letters, and Journals. By his SON.	Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. ———and Poetical Works
	4998.102	and Critical Remarks on Works of Art.	Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. [page
	5022.145	Edited with Notes. Second Edition.	Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 21s. —— Essays on the
	5062.74	Bishop of Llandaff. Second Edition.	Portrait, 8vo. 10s. 6d. DUFFERINS (LORD
	5068.84	Compiled from authentic Sources.	Portrait. 8vo. 15s. —— History of Modern Europe
	5078.135	By HORACE TWISS. Third Edition.	Portrait. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21s. ELIOTS (HON. W
	5171.88	and Journals of SIR HUDSON LOWE.	Portrait and Maps. 3 Vols. 8vo. 45s. FORTUNE'S
	5235.83	With Extracts from his Correspondence.	Portrait. 8vo. 10s. 6d. HALLAM'S (HENRY
	5266.34	s. —— Poetical Works. Fifth Edition.	Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——— Journey
	5376.160	Notes by MR. CROKER. Second Edition.	Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 21s. HICKMAN'S (WM
	5542.145	Notice. By Rev. W. WHEWELL, D,D.	Portrait. 8vo. 14s. KEN'S (BISHOP) Life. By A
	5544.50	Life. By A LAYMAN. Second Edition.	Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 18s. C 2 [page
	5642.109	at St. Helena. By WILLIAM FORSYTH.	Portrait. 3 ols. 8vo. 45s. 8vo. 45s. LUCKNOW: A
	5750.57	of Lord Byron. Popular Edition. With	Portrait and Vignette. One Volume. Royal 8vo
	5836.85	of the Peninsular "War. Third Edition.	Portrait. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. ——— Life and
	5892.66	William Smith, LL.D. (the Geologist).	Portrait. 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——— Geology of Yorkshire
	5902.102	Diaries of Robert Plumer Ward.	Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s. POPE'S (ALEXANDER
	5930.195	Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or Fine Paper, with	Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. RENNIE'S (JAMES
	5948.80	Diary. By his SONS. Third Edition.	Portrait. 2 Vols. Fcap. 8vo. 12s. ROSS'S (SIR
	5970.87	in Canada. Second Edition.	Portrait. 8vo. 9s.6d. ——— Geology and Extinct
	6004.86	the Roman Empire. Edited, with Notes.	Portrait and Map. 8 Vols. 8vo. 60s. (Murray's
	6016.99	Fcap. 8vo. 1s., or Fine Paper, with	Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. SOMERVILLE'S (MARY
	6048.83	By SAMUEL SMILES. Fifth Edition.	Portrait. 8vo. 16s. STOTHARD'S (THOS., R. A
	6050.80	Reminiscences. By Mrs. BRAY. With	Portrait and 60 Woodcuts. 4to. STREET'S (G. E
	6060.103	G.POULET SCROPE, M.P. Second Edition.	Portrait. 8vo. 9s.6d. SYME'S (JAS.) Principles
	6084.107	Selections from his Correspondence,	Portrait. Third Edition. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 21s
	6110.120	and Remains. By the HON. EDMUND PHIPPS.	Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s. WATT'S (JAMES) Life
	6126.145	Correspondence. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM.	Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. WILKINSON'S (SIR J
	6152.89	edited by DEAN PEACOCK and JOHN LEITCH.	Portrait and Plates. 4 Vols. 8vo. 15s. each
9			portraits
	4836.112	Edited by Mr. CROKER. Third Edition.	Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10s. BORROWS (GEORGE
	4970.86	and Contemporaries, illustrative of	Portraits in his Gallery. By Lady THERESA LEWIS
	4970.135	in his Gallery. By Lady THERESA LEWIS.	Portraits. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. CLAUSEWITZS (CARL
	5020.80	Tour to the Hebrides. Third Edition.	Portraits. Royal 8vo. 15s. —— LORD HERVEYS
	5532.157	by the late MR. CROKER. Third Edition.	Portraits. Royal 8vo. 15s. —— Lives of the most
	5614.96	Chancellor Clarendon, illustrative of	Portraits in his Gallery. With a Descriptive
	5614.196	Pictures, and Origin of the Collection.	Portraits. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s. —— (M. G.) Journal
	5838.142	Correspondence. Second Edition.	Portraits. 4 Vols. Post 8vo. 48s. NAUTICAL
	6112.152	JAMES P. MUIRHEAD, M.A. Second Edition.	Portraits and Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. [page
1			portsmouth
	4768.80	DIFFERENCES of LONGITUDE between DOVER,	PORTSMOUTH, and FALMOUTH. 1823. 4to. 5s
4			portugal
	4900.49	Campaigns of the Duke of Wellington in	Portugal and Spain. 8vo. 8s. 6d. BURGONS (Rev
	4940.19	Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. CARNARVON'S (LORD)	Portugal, Gallicia, and the Basque Provinces
	5286.3	Maps. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 30s. ——	PORTUGAL, LISBON, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 9s
	5486.0	ADVENTURES IN MEXICO. By G. F. RUXTON.	PORTUGAL AND GALLICIA. By LORD CARNARVON. LIFE
1			portuguese
	6068.86	Its Introduction and Progress under the	Portuguese, Dutch, British, and American Missions
12			position
	1203.470	the manner of swallowing determine the	position of several of the most important
	1528.201	is homologous, or "ideally similar," in	position and structure with the lungs of the
	1530.726	marking in the embryo their former	position. But it is conceivable that the now
	1807.272	sometimes be observed, corresponding in	position to the planes of the rhombic basal
	2474.435	in regard to their geological	position, no one would have suspected that they
	2707.953	but not of such vast changes in their	position and extension, as to have united them
	2789.110	remained in nearly the same relative	position, though subjected to large, but partial
	2952.75	new homes in relation to their new	position, and we can understand the presence of
	3103.783	from the embryo,—on the number and	position of the em- [page] 419 CHAP. XIII
	3123.1716	still occupy its proper intermediate	position; for F originally was intermediate in
	3217.660	one, that in a flower the relative	position of the sepals, petals, stamens, and
	3496.85	simply explained by their intermediate	position in the chain of descent. The grand fact
3			positions
	1695.0	dis- [page] 214 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII.	positions are inherited, and how curiously they
	1815.63	on which they can stand in their proper	positions for working,—for instance, on a slip of
	3203.775	the same bones, in the same relative	positions? Geoffroy St. Hilaire has insisted
1			position-that
	1807.0	CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE HIVE-BEE.	position-that is, along the plane of intersection
1			positive
	1560.761	yet we should pause before being too	positive even in this case, for we know that the
7			positively
	1177.1255	and conversely; but we do not	positively know that these animals were strictly
	1863.512	believe, though I dare not assert so	positively, that the workers of intermediate size
	1920.246	for ten generations, yet he asserts	positively that their fertility never increased
	2349.22	RECORD. stratum. Hence we now	positively know that sessile cirripedes existed
	2663.85	that cause which alone, as far as we	positively know, produces organisms quite like, or
	2735.130	devoured a large supply of food, it is	positively asserted that all the grains do not
	3263.349	and various fancy animals, cannot	positively tell, until some time after the animal
19			possess
	357.769	of Tierra del Fuego or Australia, who	possess a semi-domestic dog, may not have
	365.950	as these several countries do not	possess a number of peculiar species as
	457.299	which results from every one trying to	possess and breed from the best individual
	483.337	in species, do not by a strange chance	possess the aboriginal stocks of any useful
	511.318	the inhabitants of open plains rarely	possess more than one breed of the same species
	542.18	DOUBTFUL SPECIES. Those forms which	possess in some considerable degree the
	1177.803	Himalaya, were found in this country to	possess different constitutional powers of
	1293.183	characters, or those which the species	possess in common;—that the frequent extreme
	1725.275	their parasitic habits; for they do not	possess the pollen-collecting apparatus which
	2371.61	But the descriptions which we now	possess of the Silurian deposits over immense
	2385.1367	a changing dialect; of this history we	possess the last volume alone, relating only to
	2542.245	been modified in various degrees. As we	possess only the last volume of the geological
	2928.250	has a very peculiar soil, does not	possess one endemic land bird; and we know from
	2928.493	this island. Madeira does not	possess one peculiar bird, and many European
	2936.735	insular beetles. Again, islands often	possess trees or bushes belonging to orders
	2948.1113	Archipelagoes, and Mauritius, all	possess their peculiar bats. Why, it may be
	2998.12	XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS. Porto Santo	possess many distinct but representative land
	3038.557	whilst the most isolated islands	possess their own peculiar species of aërial
	3566.693	we have a definite object in view. We	possess no pedigrees or armorial bearings; and
13			possessed
	389.822	breeds unless one of the parent-stocks	possessed the characteristic enormous crop? The
	469.723	yet the difference between the sheep	possessed by these two gentlemen is so great that
	810.673	selection; for instance, the great jaws	possessed by certain insects, and used
	1297.448	feathers on the feet,—characters not	possessed by the aboriginal rock-pigeon; these
	1305.733	some character which their progenitor	possessed, the tendency, whether strong or weak
	1506.649	an optical instrument as perfect as is	possessed by any member of the great Articulate
	1781.84	slightly modify the instincts already	possessed by the Melipona, and in themselves not
	2149.606	descended from the rock-pigeon; if we	possessed all the intermediate varieties which
	2323.317	local or confined to one place, but if	possessed of any decided advantage, or when
	2918.855	barren island of Ascension aboriginally	possessed under half-a-dozen flowering [page
	3129.104	by taking the case of languages. If we	possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a
	3225.578	unknown progenitor of the vertebrata	possessed many vertebræ; the unknown progenitor
	3412.652	ever so closely, unless we likewise	possessed many of the intermediate links between
4			possesses
	365.751	c., but that each of these kingdoms	possesses several peculiar breeds of cattle
	1755.477	Formica sanguinea, on the other hand,	possesses much fewer slaves, and in the early
	2948.944	on almost every island. New Zealand	possesses two bats found nowhere else in the
	3283.362	later in life, if the full-grown animal	possesses them. And the cases just given, more
1			possessing
	2677.1326	united to Europe, and consequently	possessing the same quadrupeds. But if the same
7			possession
	493.227	novelty, however slight, in one's own	possession. Nor must the value which would
	782.167	have allowed foreigners to take firm	possession of the land. And as foreigners have
	816.171	but on a struggle between the males for	possession of the females; the result is not death
	816.1145	like Indians in a war-dance, for the	possession of the females; male salmons have been
	1291.263	to struggle with other males for the	possession of the females. Finally, then, I
	2464.215	many species of a new group have taken	possession of a new area, they will have
	3440.97	be a struggle between the males for	possession of the females. The most vigorous
8			possessor
	1456.671	of structure had been useful to its	possessor. Nor can I see any insuperable
	1494.515	simple, each grade being useful to its	possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the
	1586.199	has been produced for the good of its	possessor. They believe that very many structures
	1598.251	pain or for doing an injury to its	possessor. If a fair balance be struck between
	1622.246	in complexity, each good for its	possessor, then, under changing conditions of
	3343.1030	part or structure, if not useful to the	possessor, will be saved as far as is possible
	3378.470	each good for the individual	possessor. Nevertheless, this difficulty, though
	3564.72	many contrivances, each useful to the	possessor, nearly in the same way as when we look
1			possessors
	1586.452	are of no direct use to their	possessors. Physical conditions probably have had
7			possibility
	369.204	c., in the wild state. Moreover, the	possibility of making distinct races by crossing
	1406.366	have been separately formed without the	possibility of intermediate varieties existing in
	1685.4	not speak without good evidence. The	possibility, or even probability, of inherited
	2755.317	at distant points, without the apparent	possibility of their having migrated from one to
	2886.278	A few facts seem to favour the	possibility of their occasional transport by
	3215.595	we know to be within the limits of	possibility. In the paddles of the extinct gigantic
	3217.901	we often get direct evidence of the	possibility of one organ being transformed into
62			possible
	248.133	fifteen years has aided me in every	possible way by his large stores of knowledge
	250.759	such as climate, food, &c., as the only	possible cause of variation. In one very limited
	260.188	of hereditary modification is at least	possible, and, what is equally or more important
	353.91	and plants, I do not think it is	possible to come to any definite conclusion
	872.1265	be prevented. Now, it is scarcely	possible that bees should fly from flower to
	878.567	planted near each other, it is hardly	possible to raise pure seedlings, so largely do
	1380.16	them, well defined? Secondly, is it	possible that an animal having, for instance
	1450.879	of each squirrel is the best that it is	possible to conceive under all natural
	1456.747	difficulty in further believing it	possible that the membrane-connected fingers and
	1462.461	but it is not necessarily the best	possible under all possible conditions. It must
	1462.480	necessarily the best possible under all	possible conditions. It must not be inferred
	1462.813	diversified means of transition are	possible. Seeing that a few members of such
	1494.353	I freely confess, absurd in the highest	possible degree. Yet reason tells me, that if
	1500.163	ancestors; but this is scarcely ever	possible, and we are forced in each case to look
	1500.352	in order to see what gradations are	possible, and for the chance of some gradations
	1510.15	such startling lengths. It is scarcely	possible to avoid comparing the eye to a
	1544.316	argue that no transition of any kind is	possible. The electric organs offer another and
	1546.1152	Asclepias,—genera almost as remote as	possible amongst flowering plants. In all these
	1622.685	metamorphoses in function are at least	possible. For instance, a swim-bladder has
	1663.207	conditions of life, it is at least	possible that slight modifications of instinct
	1669.508	show that gradations of some kind are	possible; and this we certainly can do. I have
	1677.182	natural selection, as many instances as	possible ought to have been here given; but want
	1703.349	by domestication. It is scarcely	possible to doubt that the love of man has
	1757.221	if scattered near their nests, it is	possible that pupæ originally stored as food
	1763.462	the proper shape to hold the greatest	possible amount of honey, with the least
	1763.503	amount of honey, with the least	possible consumption of precious wax in their
	1843.422	progeny. It may well be asked how is it	possible to reconcile this case with the theory
	1859.348	selection, as I believe to be quite	possible, different from the fertile males and
	1942.87	this hybrid "seeds as freely as it is	possible to imagine." Had hybrids, when fairly
	1986.262	crossed. There is often the widest	possible difference in the facility of making
	1998.276	difference, and occasionally the widest	possible difference, in the facility of
	2038.246	blended into one. For it is scarcely	possible that two organisations should be
	2149.1123	their origin, it would not have been	possible to have [page] 281 CHAP. IX
	2157.11	of the intermediate links. It is just	possible by my theory, that one of two living
	2165.296	through natural selection. It is hardly	possible for me even to recall to the reader
	2345.1294	as if to make the case as striking as	possible, this sessile cirripede was a
	2402.128	Lyell has shown that it is hardly	possible to resist the evidence on this head in
	2420.555	progenitors. For instance, it is just	possible, if our fantail-pigeons were all
	2528.1538	of nature. Therefore it is quite	possible, as we have seen in the case of some
	2643.232	their conditions, yet it would not be	possible to point out three faunas and floras
	2645.771	as much isolated from each other as is	possible. On each continent, also, we see the
	2671.571	almost any amount of migration is	possible. But in many other cases, in which we
	2743.1130	mid-ocean islands, and it is at least	possible that they may have brought thither the
	2839.1452	than their own. Hence, it seems to me	possible, bearing in mind that the tropical
	3061.282	as many and as different places as	possible in the economy of nature, there is a
	3069.362	means for enunciating, as briefly as	possible, general propositions,—that is, by one
	3127.101	arrangement is shown, as far as is	possible on paper, in the diagram, but in much
	3127.311	series, it would have been still less	possible to have given a natural arrangement
	3127.383	arrangement; and it is notoriously not	possible to represent in a series, on a flat
	3129.436	arrangement would, I think, be the only	possible one. Yet it might be that some very
	3129.934	to groups; but the proper or even only	possible arrangement would still be genealogical
	3191.495	least a natural arrangement, would be	possible. We shall see this by turning to the
	3251.132	though I am aware that it is hardly	possible to define clearly what is meant by the
	3267.276	Hence, I conclude, that it is quite	possible, that each of the many successive
	3267.550	view. But in other cases it is quite	possible that each successive modification, or
	3301.186	were nearly perfect, the only	possible arrangement, would be genealogical
	3343.782	as we have good reason to believe to be	possible) the rudimentary part would tend to be
	3343.1068	possessor, will be saved as far as is	possible, will probably often come into play
	3359.542	members for purposes as different as	possible. Larvæ are active embryos, which have
	3398.1221	the means of migration will have been	possible during a very long period; and
	3424.204	ignorant we are. We do not know all the	possible transitional gradations between the
	3558.735	of difference between them. It is quite	possible that forms now generally acknowledged
28			possibly
	234.566	on all sorts of facts which could	possibly have any bearing on it. After five
	242.1028	sides of each question; and this cannot	possibly be here done. I much regret that want
	264.174	of each species are born than can	possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is
	333.605	marked domestic varieties could not	possibly live in a wild state. In many cases we
	351.313	productions; but how could a savage	possibly know, when he first tamed an animal
	653.487	more individuals are produced than can	possibly survive, there must in every case be a
	699.375	worms, which have from some cause,	possibly in part through facility of diffusion
	770.52	many more individuals are born than can	possibly survive) that individuals having any
	1211.955	without any difference in the corolla.	Possibly, these several differences may be
	1223.165	dispersal; and this process could not	possibly go on in fruit which did not open. The
	1245.585	I have collected, and which cannot	possibly be here introduced. I can only state my
	1446.180	how an insectivorous quadruped could	possibly have been converted into a flying bat
	1516.76	complex organ existed, which could not	possibly have been formed by numerous
	1538.78	in concluding that any organ could not	possibly have been produced by successive
	1574.1100	putridity; and so it may be, or it may	possibly be due to the direct action of putrid
	1580.508	limbs from exercising them more, and	possibly even the form of the pelvis; and then
	1592.25	of growth. Natural selection cannot	possibly produce any modification in any one
	1661.770	hive-bee and of many ants, could not	possibly have been thus acquired. It will be
	1665.24	structure. No complex instinct can	possibly be produced through [page
	1833.159	we cannot see how an instinct could	possibly have originated; cases, in which no
	1877.1411	sterile members of a community could	possibly have affected the structure or
	1898.593	as the sterility of hybrids could not	possibly be of any advantage to them, and
	2677.278	how the same species could	possibly have migrated from some one point to
	2703.730	former period have connected islands or	possibly even continents together, and thus have
	2755.194	where the Alpine species could not	possibly exist, is one of the most striking
	2994.1566	more eggs are laid there than can	possibly be reared; and we may infer that the
	3434.648	More individuals are born than can	possibly survive. A grain in the balance will
	3532.449	of the coast-waves. The mind cannot	possibly grasp the full meaning of the term of a
10			post8vo
	4638.149	TENNIEL and J. WOLF. 26th Thousand.	Post8vo. 2s. 6d. AGRICULTURAL (THE) JOURNAL
	5090.111	the Camp of the Ban. From the German.	Post8vo. 6s. 6d. —— — Life and Character of
	5296.63	Herculaneum, Vesuvius, &c. Map.	Post8vo. 10s. ——SICILY. Map. Post 8vo. (In the
	5300.115	EASTLAKE, R. A. Woodcuts. 2 Vols.	Post8vo. 30s. —— ITALIAN PAINTERS: (A SHORT
	5312.49	Part 1. Bombay and Madras. Map. 2 Vols.	Post8vo. 24s. —— DENMARKNORWAY and SWEDEN
	5510.137	and continued to 1858. Woodcuts.	Post8vo. 7s.6d. {Uniform with The Student's
	5526.130	Vicinity of Windsor and Eton. Woodcuts.	Post8vo. 12s. —— Scenes and Occupations of
	5538.51	A NATURALIST. Fourth Edition. Woodcuts.	Post8vo. 9s. 6d. JOWETT'S (Rev. B.) Commentary
	6020.65	Sciences. Ninth Edition. Woodcuts.	Post8vo. 9s. SOUTH'S (JOHN F.) Household
	6148.125	Schools of Italy. By a LADY.	Post8vo. 6s. 6d. —— Epochs of Painting
2			posterior
	1450.183	J. Richardson has remarked, with the	posterior part of their bodies rather wide and
	3217.411	number of vertebræ. The anterior and	posterior limbs in each member of the vertebrate
2			postsvo
	4634.57	Letters from Spain, in 1856 and 1857.	PostSvo. 10s. 6d. ÆSCHYLUS. (The Agamemnon and
	5348.71	to the " Quarterly Review." 2 Vols.	PostSvo. 18s. —— Bubbles from the Brunnen of
2			potamogeton
	2904.267	size, as of the yellow water-lily and	Potamogeton. Herons and other birds, century after
	4322.0	Poole, Col., on striped hemionus, 163.	Potamogeton, 387. Prestwich, Mr., on English and
1			potato
	319.245	cultivated plants, as on the hyacinth,	potato, even the dahlia, &c.; and it is really
5			potent
	707.1193	insectivorous birds. Here we see how	potent has been the effect of the introduction
	725.206	or some few being generally the most	potent, but all concurring in determining the
	766.165	of selection, which we have seen is so	potent in the hands of man, apply in nature? I
	1357.107	organs, seem to have been more	potent in their effects. Homologous parts tend
	3398.806	example, I have attempted to show how	potent has been the influence of the Glacial
1			potentiality
	3315.391	organs sometimes retain their	potentiality, and are merely not developed: this
1			potomac
	5134.90	States of North America, from the River	Potomac, to Texas and the Frontiers of Mexico
1			potted
	1914.786	experimentised on by Gärtner were	potted, and apparently were kept in a chamber
3			pottery
	357.561	civilized to have manufactured	pottery existed in the valley of the Nile
	4812.36	d. BIRCH'S (SAMUEL) History of Ancient	Pottery and Porcelain: Egyptian, Assyrian
	5700.49	JOSEPH) History of Modern and Mediæval	Pottery and Porcelain. With a Description of
7			poultry
	337.1277	long and short-horned cattle, and	poultry of various breeds, and esculent
	359.957	any one, thinks that all the breeds of	poultry have proceeded from the common wild
	423.185	to scorn. I have never met a pigeon, or	poultry, or duck, or rabbit fancier, who was
	804.329	of the silkworm; in the eggs of	poultry, and in the colour of the down of their
	1225.715	largely in size and quality. In our	poultry, a large tuft of feathers on the head
	1703.522	kept tame, are most eager to attack	poultry, sheep, and pigs; and this tendency has
	1703.861	require to be taught not to attack	poultry, sheep, and pigs! No doubt they
1			poultry-fancier
	566.101	impressed, just like the pigeon or	poultry-fancier before alluded to, with the amount of
1			poultry-shows
	497.75	been exhibited as distinct at our	poultry-shows. I think these views further explain
1			pound
	1821.681	hive of bees for the secretion of each	pound of wax; so that a prodigious quantity
1			pounds
	1821.604	no less than from twelve to fifteen	pounds of dry sugar are consumed by a hive of
8			pouter
	375.1038	a very short and very broad one. The	pouter has a much elongated body, wings, and
	387.66	faced tumbler, the runt, the barb,	pouter, and fantail in the same genus; more
	389.748	number: how, for instance, could a	pouter be produced by crossing two breeds
	395.562	jacobin; for a crop like that of the	pouter; for tail-feathers like those of the
	491.195	degree in an unusual manner, or a	pouter till he saw a pigeon with a crop of
	1297.627	or even sixteen tail-feathers in the	pouter, may be considered as a variation
	2149.543	a simple illustration: the fantail and	pouter pigeons have both descended from the
	2149.825	intermediate between the fantail and	pouter; none, for instance, combining a tail
1			pouter-pigeon
	491.959	have been counted. Perhaps the first	pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more than
3			pouters
	405.742	as distinct as carriers, tumblers,	pouters, and fantails now are, should yield
	1261.668	of carriers and the enlarged crop of	pouters. Now let us turn to nature. When a
	3277.394	length of leg, in the wild stock, in	pouters, fantails, runts, barbs, dragons
61			power
	42.35	by insulated interpositions of Divine	power, exerted in each particular case, but
	126.460	Circumstances favourable to Man's	power of Selection
	146.28	SELECTION. Natural Selection — its	power compared with man's selection — its
	146.70	compared with man's selection — its	power on characters of trifling importance
	146.119	characters of trifling importance — its	power at all ages and on both sexes — Sexual
	260.268	we shall see how great is the	power of man in accumulating by his Selection
	283.438	Circumstances favourable to Man's	power of Selection. WHEN we look to the
	351.519	of the ass or guinea-fowl, or the small	power of endurance of warmth by the rein-deer
	429.1515	been their history. The key is man's	power of accumulative selection: nature gives
	431.10	for himself useful breeds. The great	power of this principle of selection is not
	501.86	favourable, or the reverse, to man's	power of selection. A high degree of
	515.1882	efficiently, is by far the predominant	Power. [page] 44 VARIATION UNDER NATURE
	641.1214	in order to mark its relation to man's	power of selection. We have seen that man by
	641.1501	as we shall hereafter see, is a	power incessantly ready for action, and is as
	747.146	in imagination to give the plant the	power of increasing in number, we should have
	764.26	SELECTION. Natural Selection—its	power compared with man's selection—its power
	764.66	power compared with man's selection—its	power on characters of trifling importance
	764.113	characters of trifling importance—its	power at all ages and on both sexes—Sexual
	784.1133	varying season, as far as lies in his	power, all his productions. He often begins
	842.835	probably inherit the nectar-excreting	power. Those individual flowers which had the
	954.363	in the long course of time by nature's	power of selection. Extinction.—This subject
	1161.652	some days in the light, some slight	power of vision. In the same manner as in
	1239.326	to natural selection having no	power to check deviations in their structure
	1261.54	all kinds, and, on the other hand, the	power of steady selection to keep the breed
	1462.721	which birds have acquired their perfect	power of flight; but they serve, at least, to
	1484.51	its general habits, in its astonishing	power of diving, its manner of swimming, and
	1514.283	Further we must suppose that there is a	power always intently watching each slight
	1560.910	America absolutely depends on their	power of resisting the attacks of insects: so
	1606.458	s own death: for if on the whole the	power of stinging be useful to the community
	1606.646	If we admire the truly wonderful	power of scent by which the males of many
	1628.772	been acquired by natural selection,—a	power which acts solely by the preservation
	1707.542	hen has almost lost by disuse the	power of flight. Hence, we may conclude
	1711.373	of certain ants; and the comb-making	power of the hive-bee: these two latter
	1831.665	of the basal rhombic plates. The motive	power of the process of natural selection
	1877.859	length, in order to show the	power of natural selection, and likewise
	1992.54	some species have a remarkable	power of crossing with other species; other
	1992.142	of the same genus have a remarkable	power of impressing their likeness on their
	2000.841	to grant to species the special	power of producing hybrids, and then to stop
	2060.763	by man's methodical and unconscious	power of selection, for his own use and
	2102.376	crossed, one has sometimes a prepotent	power of impressing its likeness on the
	2102.536	certainly often has this prepotent	power over another variety. Hybrid plants
	2104.478	maintain that the ass has a prepotent	power over the horse, so that both the mule
	2412.638	being of a beneficial nature, on the	power of intercrossing, on the rate of
	2494.526	be highly favourable, as would be the	power of spreading into new territories. A
	2717.1727	during 28 days, and would retain their	power of germination. In Johnston's Physical
	2735.1533	several of these seeds retained their	power of germination. Certain seeds, however
	2851.670	stage of perfection or dominating	power, than the southern forms. And thus
	2882.9	with those of Britain. But this	power in fresh-water productions of ranging
	2904.478	we have seen that seeds retain their	power of germination, when rejected in
	3006.26	This relation between the	power and extent of migration of a species
	3010.830	to range widely implies not only the	power of crossing barriers, but the more
	3010.881	barriers, but the more important	power of being victorious in distant lands in
	3044.1868	have been accumulated by the same	power of natural selection. [page] 411 CHAP
	3331.161	astonishment: for the same reasoning	power which tells us plainly that most parts
	3337.1076	flight, and have ultimately lost the	power of flying. Again, an organ useful under
	3339.87	insensibly small steps, is within the	power of natural selection; so that an organ
	3448.468	products? What limit can be put to this	power, acting during long ages and rigidly
	3448.657	the bad? I can see no limit to this	power, in slowly and beautifully adapting
	3524.265	existence, and will thus have little	power of acting on an organ during early life
	3580.170	necessary acquirement of each mental	power and capacity by gradation. Light will
	4380.4	nutriment in, 77. ——, winged, 146. ——,	power of resisting salt-water, 358. —in crops
6			powerful
	772.777	inhabitants. Let it be remembered how	powerful the influence of a single introduced
	810.1256	within the egg, which had the most	powerful and hardest beaks, for all with weak
	2703.189	Change of climate must have had a	powerful influence on migration: a region when
	2851.816	forms were enabled to beat the less	powerful southern forms. Just in the same manner
	3434.261	Struggle for Existence, we see the most	powerful and ever-acting means of selection. The
	3448.47	we have under nature variability and a	powerful agent always ready to act and select
1			powerfully-winged
	3010.705	widely, as in the case of certain	powerfully-winged birds, will necessarily range widely
27			powers
	140.77	term used in a wide sense — Geometrical	powers of increase — Rapid increase of
	260.810	follows from their high geometrical	powers of [page] 5 INTRODUCTION. increase
	266.740	the subject of Instinct, or the mental	powers of animals, thirdly, Hybridism, or the
	633.73	term used in a wide sense—Geometrical	powers of increase—Rapid increase of
	954.78	be, if feeble man can do much by his	powers of artificial selection, I can see no
	956.323	But as from the high geometrical	powers of increase of all organic beings, each
	982.223	at its full average. If its natural	powers of increase be allowed to act, it can
	1090.136	there be, owing to the high geometrical	powers of increase of each species, at some
	1167.635	that American animals, having ordinary	powers of vision, slowly migrated by
	1177.836	to possess different constitutional	powers of resisting cold. Mr. Thwaites informs
	1510.374	that the Creator works by intellectual	powers like those of man? If we must compare
	1649.422	with the origin of the primary mental	powers, any more than I have with that of life
	1785.70	selection, her inimitable architectural	powers. But this theory can be tested by
	1851.215	same family. I have such faith in the	powers of selection, that I do not doubt that
	1906.851	beyond the province of our reasoning	powers. The fertility of varieties, that is
	1992.218	their hybrid offspring; but these two	powers do not at all necessarily go together
	2683.191	migrated from that area as far as its	powers of migration and subsistence under past
	2910.1453	by fresh-water birds, which have large	powers of flight, and naturally travel from
	3251.1023	of sense, and to reach by their active	powers of swimming, a proper place on which to
	3289.1243	animal, which has come to its full	powers of activity and has to gain its own
	3343.276	has come to maturity and to its full	powers of action, the principle of inheritance
	3484.444	throws on the admirable architectural	powers of the hive-bee. Habit no doubt
	3592.459	in this view of life, with its several	powers, having been originally breathed into a
	3923.8	of southern hemisphere, 376. Flight,	powers of, how acquired, 182. Flowers
	4202.16	Morphology, 434. Mozart, musical	powers of, 209. Mud, seeds in, 386. Mules
	4624.65	Enquiries concerning the Intellectual	Powers and the Investigation of Truth
	4724.40	HUTTON'S TABLES OF THE PRODUCTS AND	POWERS OF NUMBERS. 1781. Folio. 7s. 6d
10			practical
	560.752	the highest botanical authorities and	practical men can be quoted to show that the
	1918.263	by various circumstances, that for all	practical purposes it is most difficult to say
	1938.4	fertilised, sometimes depends. The	practical experiments of horticulturists, though
	2165.359	recall to the reader, who may not be a	practical geologist, the facts leading the mind
	4628.21	Fcap. 8vo. 4s. ——— Pathological and	Practical Researches on the Diseases of the
	4908.30	vo. 3s. BURRS (G. D.) Instructions in	Practical Surveying, Topographical Plan Drawing
	4982.57	Founded on Principles of Economy and	Practical Knowledge, and adapted for Private
	5048.62	Founded on Principles of Economy and	Practical Knowledge, and adapted for Private
	5742.62	Founded on Principles of Economy and	Practical Knowledge, and adapted for Private
	5756.44	MANUAL (The) for the Use of Farmers. A	Practical Treatise on the Chemical Properties
7			practically
	536.450	never vary; for these same authors	practically rank that character as important (as
	542.538	we know, as have good and true species.	Practically, when a naturalist can unite two forms
	1386.176	leads the bee to make cells, which have	practically anticipated the discoveries of profound
	1418.337	a narrow and lesser area; and	practically, as far as I can make out, this rule
	1763.355	hear from mathematicians that bees have	practically solved a recondite problem, and have
	1809.306	of the first cell. I was able	practically to show this fact, by covering the
	3097.0	are sometimes necessarily founded.	Practically when naturalists are at work, they do
13			practice
	441.51	breeders are strongly opposed to this	practice, except sometimes amongst closely
	441.1037	in the natural capacity and years of	practice requisite to become even a skilful
	451.82	has been reduced to methodical	practice for scarcely more than three-quarters
	972.22	the same genus. As has always been my	practice, let us seek light on [page
	1661.320	three years old with wonderfully little	practice, had played a tune with no practice at
	1661.356	practice, had played a tune with no	practice at all, he might truly be said to have
	3111.222	the utility or even necessity of this	practice in certain groups of birds; and it has
	5050.57	SIR HOWARD) Treatise on the Theory and	Practice of Gunnery. Fourth Edition. Plates. 8vo
	5378.40	HICKMAN'S (WM.) Treatise on the Law and	Practice of Naval Courts Martial. 8vo. 10s. 6d
	5550.68	the Apostles Creed. Extracted from his "	Practice of Divine Love." New Edition. Fcap. 1s
	5552.72	from his "Manual of Prayer" and "	Practice of Divine Love." New Edition. Fcap.8vo
	5886.32	s. PENROSE'S (REV. JOHN) Faith and	Practice; an Exposition of the Principles and
	5952.71	founded on Principles of Economy and	Practice, and adapted for Private Families. New
2			practised
	417.496	the breeds, which method was never	practised before, has improved them astonishingly
	3113.403	of a group of forms, first ranked by	practised naturalists as only a genus, and then
1			prairies
	5956.97	the Wild Tribes and Animals of the	Prairies and Rocky Mountains. Post 8vo. 6s
1			prandi
	5938.163	from the Italian. By FORTUNATO	PRANDI. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ROBERTSON'S (REV. J
3			pratense
	719.873	visit the common red clover (Trifolium	pratense), as other bees cannot reach the nectar
	852.1068	red and incarnate clovers (Trifolium	pratense and incarnatum) do not on a hasty
	4486.10	with separated sexes, 99. Trifolium	pratense, 73, 94. —incarnatum, 94. Trigonia
3			prayer
	4834.15	c. 8vo. 3s. 6d. BOOK OF COMMON	PRAYER. With 1000 Illustrations of Borders
	5552.59	Altar. Extracted from his "Manual of	Prayer" and "Practice of Divine Love." New
	6070.30	vo. 14s. THREE-LEAVED MANUAL OF FAMILY	PRAYER; arranged so as to save the trouble of
1			prayer-book
	5912.0	for Private Instruction. 12mo. 3s. 6d.	PRAYER-BOOK (The Illustrated), with
1			prayers
	5198.20	Edition. Post 8vo. GLADSTONE'S (W. E.)	Prayers arranged from the Liturgy for Family
4			preached
	4824.18	Edition. 8vo. 15s. ——— Plain Sermons	Preached to a Country Congregation. Second
	5261.11	Vols. Post 8vo. 16s. —— Sermons	Preached in England. Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. 6d
	6036.11	Edition. 8vo. 10s. 6d. —— Sermons	preached in Canterbury Cathedral, on the Unity
	6092.29	vo. 21s. VAUGHAN'S (REV. DR.) Sermons	preached in Harrow School. 8vo. 10s. 6d. —— New
1			precautions
	1189.1532	from these seedlings, with the same	precautions, the experiment cannot be said to have
2			preceded
	2550.48	in general character between that which	preceded and that which succeeded it. Thus, the
	5189.71	of the Roman Empire. A New Edition.	Preceded by his Autobiography. Edited with Notes
1			precedes
	2446.319	recent tertiary formations, that rarity	precedes extinction; and we know that this has
10			preceding
	186.518	within the same areas — Summary of	preceding and present chapters
	1612.702	continual supplanting and extinction of	preceding and intermediate gradations. Closely
	2398.500	types within the same areas—Summary of	preceding and present chapters. LET us now see
	2550.488	allow for the entire extinction of some	preceding forms, and for the coming in of quite
	2550.792	intermediate in character, between the	preceding and succeeding faunas. I need give only
	2552.144	intermediate in character between the	preceding and succeeding faunas, that certain
	2570.171	in the struggle for life over other and	preceding forms. If under a nearly similar
	2598.15	blood-descendants. Summary of the	preceding and present Chapters.—I have attempted
	3063.202	less divergent, the less improved, and	preceding forms. I request the reader to turn to
	3574.573	these intervals by a comparison of the	preceding and succeeding organic forms. We must
1			precepts
	5914.0	s.; Calf, 31s. 6d.; Morocco. 42s.	PRECEPTS FOR THE CONDUCT OF LIFE. Exhortations
3			precious
	856.122	offer in vain an abundant supply of	precious nectar to the hive-bee. Thus it might
	1763.527	with the least possible consumption of	precious wax in their construction. It has been
	3331.1300	embryonic calf by the excretion of	precious phosphate of lime? When a man's fingers
1			precipices
	389.1488	the wild state. But birds breeding on	precipices, and good fliers, are unlikely to be
2			precise
	1584.17	OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE. ignorance of the	precise cause of the slight analogous
	3263.580	will be tall or short, or what its	precise features will be. The question is not
4			precisely
	737.1011	but probably in no one case could we	precisely say why one species has been victorious
	2466.580	be utterly obscured. Whenever we can	precisely say why this species is more abundant
	2486.585	Barrande has made forcible remarks to	precisely the same effect. It is, indeed, quite
	2494.179	would cease. We know not at all	precisely what are all the conditions most
1			precision
	1938.78	though not made with scientific	precision, deserve some notice. It is notorious
1			preconceived
	3544.17	XIV. CONCLUSION. the blindness of	preconceived opinion. These authors seem no more
1			precursor
	956.584	Rarity, as geology tells us, is the	precursor to extinction. We can, also, see that
3			predecessors
	1048.452	in each stage of descent their	predecessors and their original parent. For it
	2624.83	the world's history have beaten their	predecessors in the race for life, and are, in so
	3185.649	referred to), mounting up through many	predecessors. As it is difficult to show the blood
1			predestination
	5752.61	Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of	Predestination. 8vo. 14s. ———Primitive Doctrine of
1			predicament
	1717.539	But the American cuckoo is in this	predicament; for she makes her own nest and has
1			predicated
	3141.315	scarcely a single fact can be	predicated in common of the males and
4			predict
	1084.318	Looking to the future, we can	predict that the groups of organic beings which
	1084.579	will ultimately prevail, no man can	predict; for we well know that many groups
	1084.735	more remotely to the future, we may	predict that, owing to the continued and steady
	1177.49	this from our frequent inability to	predict whether or not an imported plant will
1			predominant
	515.1870	but more efficiently, is by far the	predominant Power. [page] 44 VARIATION UNDER
2			pre-existing
	2408.1578	an older formation, and then allow the	pre-existing fauna to reappear; but Lyell's
	2693.1033	both in space and time with a	pre-existing closely allied species." And I now know
3			preface
	4638.50	A New Translation. With Historical	Preface. By Eev, THOMAS JAMES, M.A. With
	5516.72	A New Translation, with Historical	Preface. With 100 Woodcuts by TENKIEL and WOLF
	5682.122	for 1858. Third Edition. with a	Preface. 8vo. 12s. MANTELLS (GIDEON A
2			prefatory
	5542.102	and Tracts on Political Economy. With a	Prefatory Notice. By Rev. W. WHEWELL, D,D
	5872.125	in the Art of Latin Versification, with	Prefatory Rules of Composition in Elegiac Metre
2			prefer
	912.1084	the above principle, nurserymen always	prefer getting seed from a large body of
	1147.608	are ever inherited; and I should	prefer explaining the entire absence of the
1			preferences
	822.461	know that they often take individual	preferences and dislikes: thus Sir R. Heron has
2			preferred
	976.543	suppose that at an early period one man	preferred swifter horses; another stronger and
	3135.1413	classification would be universally	preferred; and it has been attempted by some
1			preferring
	914.407	or from varieties of the same kind	preferring to pair together. Intercrossing plays
2			prehensile
	1231.970	rudiment attached to the bases of the	prehensile antennæ. Now the saving of a large and
	3251.1210	life: their legs are now converted into	prehensile organs; they again obtain a well
1			prehension
	1566.639	purposes, as a fly-flapper, an organ of	prehension, or as an aid in turning, as with the
1			prejudice
	3538.792	for only thus can the load of	prejudice by which this subject is overwhelmed be
3			preliminary
	635.66	of this chapter, I must make a few	preliminary remarks, to show how the struggle for
	1839.669	selection. But I must pass over this	preliminary difficulty. The great difficulty lies
	2687.477	of many such cases. But after some	preliminary remarks, I will discuss a few of the
2			premise
	647.9	of each recurring year. I should	premise that I use the term Struggle for
	1649.349	to overthrow my whole theory. I must	premise, that I have nothing to do with the
1			pre-occupation
	2998.712	districts of the same continent,	pre-occupation has probably played an important part
14			preparation
	4632.99	By Rev. WHITWELL ELWIN. 4 Vols. 8vo. In	Preparation. ADOLPHUS'S (J. L.) Letters from Spain
	4872.3	Edited, with Notes. 6 vols. 45s. In	Preparation. WORKS OF POPE. Edited, with Notes
	5060.101	Edition, entirely revised. 8vo. In	Preparation. DUDLEYS (EARL OF) Letters to the late
	5070.131	the War in the Crimea. 4 Vols. 8vo. In	Preparation. EASTLAKE (SIR CHARLES) The Schools of
	5102.93	Chaucer to Wordsworth. 4 Vols. 8vo. In	Preparation. ENGLAND (HISTORY OF) from the Peace
	5324.92	round St. Paul's. Maps. Post 8vo. (In	preparation.) —— DEVON AND CORNWALL. Maps. Post
	5336.39	CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND. Post 8vo. In	Preparation. —— PARIS. Post 8vo. (In Preparation
	5338.24	Preparation. —— PARIS. Post 8vo. (In	Preparation.) —— FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS. Chiefly from
	5722.106	and Glass; Gilding, Dyeing, arid the	Preparation of Colours and Artificial Gems
	5988.41	Atlas of Ancient Geography. 4to. [In	preparation. ——— Classical Dictionary for the
	5998.79	by JOHN ROBSON, B.A. 8vo. and 12mo. [In	preparation. ——— Mediæval Latin-English Dictionary
	6056.72	and Journals. By JOHN FORSTER. 8vo. In	Preparation. —— Works. Edited, with Notes. By JOHN
	6058.55	with Notes. By JOHN FORSTER. 8VO. In	Preparation. SYDENHAM'S (LORD) Memoirs. With his
	6086.215	and General Phenomena. Post 8vo. In	Preparation. TYTLER (PATRICK FRASER), A Memoir of
1			prepare
	1167.946	not far remote from ordinary forms,	prepare the transition from light to darkness
2			prepared
	864.628	brevity, though I have the materials	prepared for an ample discussion. All vertebrate
	5686.30	mo. 6s. MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY,	Prepared for the Use of Officers and Travellers
1			preparing
	1596.737	the cat curls the end of its tail when	preparing to spring, in order to warn the doomed
1			preponderance
	2379.878	seem to have been formed by a	preponderance, during many oscillations of level, of
3			preponderant
	940.523	of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once	preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some
	2379.980	of elevation; but may not the areas of	preponderant movement have changed in the lapse of
	2851.370	and Abyssinia. I suspect that this	preponderant migration from north to south is due to
4			preposterous
	250.870	see, this may be true; but it is	preposterous to attribute to mere external
	250.1365	one flower to the other, it is equally	preposterous to account for the structure of this
	3145.280	species? The supposition is of course	preposterous; and I might answer by the argumentum
	3145.624	under the bear genus. The whole case is	preposterous; for where there has been close descent
2			prepotency
	2104.200	but more especially owing to	prepotency in transmitting likeness running more
	2104.587	the ass than the horse; but that the	prepotency runs more strongly in the male-ass than
6			prepotent
	876.204	species, the former will have such a	prepotent effect, that it will invariably and
	884.703	pollen of a distinct variety having a	prepotent effect over a flower's own pollen; and
	884.982	for a plant's own pollen is always	prepotent over foreign pollen; but to this
	2102.366	are crossed, one has sometimes a	prepotent power of impressing its likeness on the
	2102.526	one variety certainly often has this	prepotent power over another variety. Hybrid
	2104.468	right, who maintain that the ass has a	prepotent power over the horse, so that both the
27			presence
	381.379	with their relative breadth and the	presence of processes. The size and shape of the
	723.703	Hence it is quite credible that the	presence of a feline animal in large numbers in
	1205.453	the outer toes in pigeons, and the	presence of more or less down on the young birds
	1297.569	or more distinct races. The frequent	presence of fourteen or even sixteen tail
	1311.432	be of an unimportant nature, for the	presence of all important characters will be
	1412.911	conditions, but in large part on the	presence of other species, on which it depends
	1546.329	habits of life, we may attribute its	presence to inheritance from a common ancestor
	1546.797	modified descendants have lost. The	presence of luminous organs in a few insects
	1566.305	is in most aquatic animals, its general	presence and use for many purposes in so many
	1757.411	and do what work they could. If their	presence proved useful to the species which had
	1767.129	cell stands in close relation to the	presence of adjoining cells; and the following
	2143.453	apparently most favourable for their	presence, namely on an extensive and continuous
	2143.637	in a more important manner on the	presence of other already defined organic forms
	2367.698	s so-called primordial zone. The	presence of phosphatic nodules and bituminous
	2801.372	Thus, I think, we can understand the	presence of many existing and tertiary
	2952.111	new position, and we can understand the	presence of endemic bats on islands, with the
	2954.262	from the neighbouring mainland, and the	presence in both of the same mammiferous species
	2960.266	terrestrial mammals notwithstanding the	presence of aërial bats,—the singular
	3038.676	should be some relation between the	presence of mammals, in a more or less modified
	3038.1185	there should be a correlation, in the	presence of identical species, of varieties, of
	3151.350	high value; for we can account for its	presence in so many forms with such different
	3309.540	extremely curious; for instance, the	presence of teeth in fœtal whales, which when
	3309.636	not a tooth in their heads; and the	presence of teeth, which never cut through the
	3331.858	eminent physiologist accounts for the	presence of rudimentary organs, by supposing
	3345.7	of a rudimentary organ. As the	presence of rudimentary organs is thus due to
	3359.1131	difficulties; on the contrary, their	presence might have been even anticipated. The
	3508.7	RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV. as the	presence of peculiar species of bats, and the
161			present
	180.52	of intermediate varieties at the	present day — On the nature of extinct
	186.532	same areas — Summary of preceding and	present chapters .. .. 312-345 CHAPTER XI
	192.4	XI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.	Present distribution cannot be accounted for by
	200.314	modification — Summary of the last and	present chapters. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page
	234.179	and in the geological relations of the	present to the past inhabitants of that
	234.815	to me probable: from that period to the	present day I have steadily pursued the same
	272.449	importance, for they determine the	present welfare, and, as I believe, the future
	343.1399	value; all such valuations being at	present empirical. Moreover, on the view of the
	369.426	of those individual mongrels, which	present any desired character; but that a race
	389.659	for it is impossible to make the	present domestic breeds by the crossing of any
	443.497	flowers, when the flowers of the	present day are compared with drawings made
	449.773	and hairiness, and yet the flowers	present very slight differences. It is not that
	457.7	bad qualities is so obvious. At the	present time, eminent breeders try by
	483.41	modify most of our plants up to their	present standard of usefulness to man, we can
	491.806	feathers somewhat expanded, like the	present Java fantail, or like individuals of
	538.204	or "polymorphic," in which the species	present an inordinate amount of variation; and
	584.90	which have very wide ranges generally	present varieties; and this might have been
	596.168	genera in each country would oftener	present varieties, than the species of the
	598.378	on the side of the larger genera	present varieties, than on the side of the
	598.485	the species of the large genera which	present any varieties, invariably present a
	598.519	which present any varieties, invariably	present a larger average number of varieties
	602.632	been formed, the species of that genus	present a number of varieties, that is of
	622.691	respects the species of large genera	present a strong analogy with varieties. And we
	687.573	all probability, be less game than at	present, although hundreds of thousands of game
	896.369	Cirripedes long appeared to me to	present a case of very great difficulty under
	908.816	several districts will almost certainly	present different conditions of life; and then
	940.850	fossils; they have endured to the	present day, from having inhabited a confined
	970.903	parents of future well-marked species,	present slight and ill-defined differences
	982.401	descendants seizing on places at	present occupied by other animals: some of them
	1018.126	the varying species of the large genera	present a greater number of varieties. We have
	1080.88	of the larger genera which oftenest	present varieties or incipient species. This
	1084.1670	orders, and classes, as at the	present day. Summary of Chapter—If during the
	1104.753	and this connexion of the former and	present buds by ramifying branches may well
	1147.381	them. In some other genera they are	present, but in a rudimentary condition. In the
	1249.975	of one genus, Pyrgoma, these valves	present a marvellous amount of diversification
	1257.1133	animals those points, which at the	present time are undergoing rapid change by
	1267.641	variability, as it may be called, still	present in a high degree. For in this case the
	1279.489	probable that they should vary at the	present day. On the other hand, the points in
	1281.22	constant. In connexion with the	present subject, I will make only two other
	1297.17	V. LAWS OF VARIATION. Distinct species	present analogous variations; and a variety of
	1297.350	in countries most widely apart,	present sub-varieties with reversed feathers on
	1361.1539	influences will naturally tend to	present analogous variations, and these same
	1400.119	we surely ought to find at the	present time many transitional forms. Let us
	1400.1068	varieties between its past and	present states. Hence we ought not to expect at
	1404.0	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI.	present time to meet with numerous transitional
	1406.618	and uniform condition than at	present. But I will pass over this way of
	1426.106	objects, and do not at any one period	present an inextricable chaos of varying and
	1438.286	greater numbers will, in the aggregate,	present more variation, and thus be further
	1466.231	will seldom continue to exist to the	present day, for they will have been supplanted
	1552.113	an organ could have arrived at its	present state; yet, considering that the
	1560.599	this could have been adapted for its	present purpose by successive slight
	1606.233	been modified but not perfected for its	present purpose, with the poison originally
	1628.714	importance that it could not, in its	present state, have been acquired by natural
	1636.178	This canon, if we look only to the	present inhabitants of the world, is not
	1663.130	the welfare of each species, under its	present conditions of life. Under changed
	1737.1592	and has never seen the slaves, though	present in large numbers in August, either
	1737.1839	nest, and food of all kinds. During the	present year, however, in the month [page
	1755.193	the instinctive habits of F. sanguinea	present with those of the F. rufescens. The
	1821.290	instincts, all tending towards the	present perfect plan of construction, could
	1825.1738	and more regular in every way than at	present; for then, as we have seen, the
	1958.241	result; but that it cannot, under our	present state of knowledge, be considered as
	2074.265	Yet these varieties of Verbascum	present no other difference besides the mere
	2076.106	I am inclined to suspect that they	present analogous facts. Kölreuter, whose
	2141.52	of intermediate varieties at the	present day—On the nature of extinct
	2143.379	such links do not commonly occur at the	present day, under the circumstances apparently
	2159.201	varieties of the same species at the	present [page] 282 IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP
	2171.935	promontory, that the cliffs are at the	present time suffering. The appearance of the
	2277.169	from before the glacial epoch to the	present day. In order to get a perfect
	2299.753	have the widest range, that oftenest	present varieties; so that with shells and
	2301.40	It should not be forgotten, that at the	present day, with perfect specimens for
	2307.889	agree with Mr. Godwin-Austen, that the	present condition of the Malay Archipelago
	2325.236	have connected all the past and	present species of the same group into one long
	2351.1415	open from south to north as they are at	present. Even at this day, if the Malay
	2359.958	to which they belong, for they do not	present characters in any degree intermediate
	2365.221	interval from the Silurian age to the	present day; and that during these vast, yet
	2373.12	and metamorphism. The case at	present must remain inexplicable; and may be
	2385.309	the almost entire absence, as at	present known, of fossiliferous formations
	2398.514	the same areas—Summary of preceding and	present chapters. LET us now see whether the
	2420.728	breed hardly distinguishable from our	present fantail; but if the parent rock-pigeon
	2426.1064	from the lowest Silurian stratum to the	present day. We have seen in the last chapter
	2438.192	the earliest known dawn of life to the	present day; some having disappeared before the
	2472.181	the organic remains in certain beds	present an unmistakeable degree of resemblance
	2480.303	the marine animals which live at the	present day in Europe, and all those that lived
	2480.1037	fossiliferous beds deposited at the	present day on the shores of North America
	2486.940	this more clearly when we treat of the	present distribution of organic beings, and
	2518.273	or genera with those living at the	present day, were not at this early epoch
	2520.672	them to be distinguished at the	present day from each other by a dozen
	2534.338	and some to have endured to the	present day. By looking at the diagram we can
	2578.461	members of the same groups at the	present day, it would be vain to look for
	2586.146	be a bold man, who after comparing the	present climate of Australia and of parts of
	2590.638	formerly partook strongly of the	present character of the southern half of the
	2590.765	more closely allied, than it is at	present, to the northern half. In a similar
	2590.962	its mammals to Africa than it is at the	present time. Analogous facts could be given in
	2592.771	immutable in the laws of past and	present distribution. [page] 341 CHAP. X. SAME
	2598.29	Summary of the preceding and	present Chapters.—I have attempted to show that
	2635.4	XI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.	Present distribution cannot be accounted for by
	2683.242	and subsistence under past and	present conditions permitted, is the most
	2711.278	of several lands and even seas to their	present inhabitants,—a certain degree of
	2765.232	the same with those of Europe; for the	present circumpolar inhabitants, which we
	2773.390	explain in so satisfactory a manner the	present distribution of the Alpine and Arctic
	2775.85	ever been in any degree warmer than at	present (as some geologists in the United
	2775.368	subsequently have retreated to their	present homes; but I have met with no
	2781.686	been the case; for if we compare the	present Alpine plants and animals of the
	2781.830	species are identically the same, some	present varieties, some are ranked as doubtful
	2783.200	the polar regions as they are at the	present day. But the foregoing remarks on
	2783.665	of the Glacial period. At the	present day, the sub-arctic and northern
	2787.69	Worlds lived further southwards than at	present, they must have been still more
	2787.497	now, the climate was warmer than at the	present day. Hence we may suppose that the
	2793.636	to each other than they are at the	present time; for during these warmer periods
	2803.118	disjoined, and likewise of the past and	present inhabitants of the temperate lands of
	2811.390	glaciers once extended far below their	present level. In central Chile I was
	2819.159	pole, much light can be thrown on the	present distribution of identical and allied
	2839.28	PERIOD. neously much colder than at	present. The Glacial period, as measured by
	2839.687	as many species as we see at the	present day crowded together at the Cape of
	2851.882	in the same manner as we see at the	present day, [page] 380 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2869.352	selection, a multitude of facts in the	present distribution both of the same and of
	2878.304	modification—Summary of the last and	present chapters. AS lakes and river-systems
	2886.1315	there are many cases which cannot at	present be explained: but some fresh-water fish
	2928.1476	orders of insects in Madeira apparently	present analogous facts. Oceanic islands are
	2962.238	their arrival, could have reached their	present homes. But the probability of many
	2978.1435	a far more remarkable case, and is at	present inexplicable: but this affinity is
	3006.84	migration of a species, either at the	present time or at some former period under
	3020.20	their new homes. Summary of last and	present Chapters.—In these chapters I have
	3040.228	the same with those governing at the	present time the differences in different areas
	3113.174	genera, they seem to be, at least at	present, almost arbitrary. Several of the best
	3119.960	transmitted modified descendants to the	present day, represented by the fifteen genera
	3123.876	remains strictly true, not only at the	present time, but at each successive period of
	3173.239	the more ancient forms of life often	present characters in some slight degree
	3173.397	having occasionally transmitted to the	present day descendants but little modified
	3217.51	and equally curious branch of the	present subject; namely, the comparison not of
	3267.373	by which each species has acquired its	present structure, may have supervened at a not
	3301.698	of animal, however much they may at	present differ from each other in structure and
	3359.1064	organs and their final abortion,	present to us no inexplicable difficulties; on
	3382.415	being, could not have arrived at its	present state by many graduated steps. There
	3400.178	each group by gradations as fine as our	present varieties, it may be asked, Why do we
	3412.726	links between their past or parent and	present states; and these many links we could
	3454.105	now flourish, these same species should	present many varieties; for where the
	3502.881	ocean. Although two areas may	present the same physical conditions of life
	3512.45	as we have seen, that all past and	present organic beings constitute one grand
	3524.940	inherited from a remote period to the	present day. On the view of each organic being
	3554.258	be able to pursue their labours as at	present; but they will not be incessantly
	3558.25	CONCLUSION. sideration than it is at	present; for differences, however slight
	3558.407	or believed, to be connected at the	present day by intermediate gradations, whereas
	3558.549	rejecting the consideration of the	present existence of intermediate gradations
	3572.382	inhabitants of the whole world. Even at	present, by comparing the differences of the
	3578.821	The whole history of the world, as at	present known, although of a length quite
	3582.269	and extinction of the past and	present inhabitants of the world should have
	4796.82	the Arctic Regions, from 1818 to the	present time. Abridged and arranged from the
	4798.34	s. ——— (SIR GEORGE) Ceylon; Past and	Present. Map. Post 8vo. 6s. 6d. ——— (JOHN
	4828.94	England, A New Edition, adapted to the	present state of the law. By R. MALCOLM KERR
	5006.28	vo. 15s. ——— (PETER) London—Past and	Present. A Handbook to the Antiquities
	5084.144	with notices of Natural History, and	Present Civilisation of the People. Fourth
	5187.58	From the Invasion by Marius, to the	present time. On the plan of Mrs. MARKHAM
	5320.29	page] 16 HANDBOOK OF LONDON, PAST AND	PRESENT. Alphabetically arranged. Second
	5692.59	From the Invasion by Marius, to the	present time. 6th Edition. Woodcuts. 12mo. 6s
	5724.161	Documents, from the earliest to the	present time. Second Edition. With Coloured
	5860.120	Arrangement, the Origin, Descent, and	Present State of every Title of Peerage which
	5860.309	Corrected, and Continued to the	Present Time. By WILLIAM COURTHOPE, Somerset
	5918.72	An Historical Summary, continued to the	Present Time. With Map by ABEOWSMITH. Third
	5964.67	on Secular and Domestic Architecture,	Present and Future. Second Edition. 8vo. 9s
	6150.148	from the earliest ages to the	present time. New Edition, Woodcuts. Post 8vo
3			presented
	2329.177	the best preserved geological section	presented, had not the difficulty of our not
	2608.717	before that period, the world may have	presented a wholly different aspect; and that the
	2839.1553	in a suffering state and could not have	presented a firm front against intruders, that a
10			presenting
	856.906	continued preservation of individuals	presenting mutual and slightly favourable
	970.781	innumerable species throughout nature	presenting well-marked differences; whereas
	1424.153	chance, within any given period, of	presenting further favourable variations for
	1424.572	as shown in the second chapter,	presenting on an average a greater number of well
	1430.491	we ought only to see a few species	presenting slight modifications of structure in
	1859.923	of the same species, in the same nest,	presenting gradations of structure; and this we do
	2265.184	cases are on record of the same species	presenting distinct varieties in the upper and
	2701.71	of facts, which I have selected as	presenting the greatest amount of difficulty on
	2916.17	XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS. have selected as	presenting the greatest amount of difficulty, on
	3349.5	page] 456 SUMMARY. CHAP. XIII. from	presenting a strange difficulty, as they assuredly
6			presently
	343.1478	of the origin of genera which I shall	presently give, we have no right to expect often
	349.382	world. I do not believe, as we shall	presently see, that all our dogs have descended
	846.479	the separation of the sexes of plants,	presently to be alluded to. Some holly-trees bear
	864.514	suggested by Andrew Knight. We shall	presently see its importance; but I must here
	2703.344	now be impassable; I shall, however,	presently have to discuss this branch of the
	2741.373	include a few minute seeds? But I shall	presently have to recur to this subject. As
1			presents
	2936.344	wool and fur of quadrupeds. This case	presents no difficulty on my view, for a hooked
24			preservation
	75.0	BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE	PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR
	473.74	of improvement, through the occasional	preservation of the best individuals, whether or not
	641.800	to external nature, will tend to the	preservation of that individual, and will generally
	701.158	is absolutely necessary for its	preservation. Thus we can easily raise plenty of
	701.752	large stock of the same species for its	preservation, explains, I believe, some singular
	770.327	would be rigidly destroyed. This	preservation of favourable variations and the
	836.1137	different prey; and from the continued	preservation of the individuals best fitted for the
	846.49	plant, by this process of the continued	preservation or natural selection of more and more
	856.878	manner to each other, by the continued	preservation of individuals presenting mutual and
	858.531	Natural selection can act only by the	preservation and accumulation of infinitesimally
	956.210	selection acts solely through the	preservation of variations in some way advantageous
	1090.975	characterised. This principle of	preservation, I have called, for the sake of brevity
	1392.92	As natural selection acts solely by the	preservation of profitable modifications, each new
	1454.334	conditions of life, in the continued	preservation of individuals with fuller and fuller
	1554.90	acts by life and death,—by the	preservation of individuals with any favourable
	1558.104	does not seem sufficient to cause the	preservation of successively varying individuals. I
	1628.803	a power which acts solely by the	preservation of profitable variations in the
	1898.691	not have been acquired by the continued	preservation of successive profitable degrees of
	2233.401	truth, how accidental and rare is their	preservation, far better than pages of detail. Nor
	2321.22	RECORD. indispensable for the	preservation of all the transitional gradations
	3378.930	a struggle for existence leading to the	preservation of each profitable deviation of
	3434.141	not have acted under nature. In the	preservation of favoured individuals and races
	3526.159	and are still slowly changing by the	preservation and accumulation of successive slight
	5932.86	are added Chapters on the Ravages, the	Preservation, for Purposes of Study, and the
7			preserve
	908.610	natural selection will always tend to	preserve all the individuals varying in the
	1189.354	selection will continually tend to	preserve those individuals which are born with
	2227.442	a rate sufficiently quick to embed and	preserve fossil remains. Throughout an
	2255.0	IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP. IX.	preserve the remains before they had time to
	2502.399	thrown down quickly enough to embed and	preserve organic remains. During these long and
	3153.642	importance—those which serve to	preserve life under the most diverse conditions
	3456.401	tendency in natural selection to	preserve the most divergent offspring of any one
41			preserved
	337.1656	new characters thus arising shall be	preserved. When we look to the hereditary
	471.217	any special purpose, would be carefully	preserved during famines and other accidents, to
	477.1472	to their having naturally chosen and	preserved the best varieties they could anywhere
	499.1460	small of any record having been	preserved of such slow, varying, and insensible
	641.1130	each slight variation, if useful, is	preserved, by the term of Natural Selection, in
	776.273	altered conditions, would tend to be	preserved; and natural selection would thus have
	788.36	in the struggle for life, and so be	preserved. How fleeting are the wishes and
	830.697	the best chance of surviving, and so be	preserved or selected,—provided always that they
	858.634	modifications, each profitable to the	preserved being; and as modern geology has almost
	1018.831	are in some way profitable will be	preserved or naturally selected. And here the
	1018.1090	by the outer dotted lines) being	preserved and accumulated by natural selection
	1026.100	of their variations will generally be	preserved during the next thousand generations
	1090.815	will have the best chance of being	preserved in the struggle for life; and from the
	1133.454	individuals having been favoured and	preserved during many generations, and how much
	1171.807	wrecks of ancient life have not been	preserved, owing to the less severe competition
	1237.1081	is, why natural selection should have	preserved or rejected each little deviation of
	1398.68	and to their remains being embedded and	preserved to a future age only in masses of
	1440.458	only amongst fossil remains, which are	preserved, as we shall in a future chapter
	1514.617	by the million; and each to be	preserved till a better be produced, and then the
	1669.1214	one or the other instinct might be	preserved by natural selection. And such
	2227.110	prove. No organism wholly soft can be	preserved. Shells and bones will decay and
	2227.1152	between high and low watermark are	preserved. For instance, the several species of
	2241.636	peculiar marine faunas will probably be	preserved to a distant age. A little reflection
	2285.1033	had not the trees chanced to have been	preserved: thus, Messrs. Lyell and Dawson found
	2313.97	productions of the archipelago would be	preserved in an excessively imperfect manner in
	2313.575	bodies from decay, no remains could be	preserved. In our archipelago, I believe that
	2321.137	If such gradations were not fully	preserved, transitional varieties would merely
	2321.547	record of their modifications could be	preserved in any one formation. Very many of the
	2329.148	of the mutations of life, the best	preserved geological section presented, had not
	2345.465	perfect manner in which specimens are	preserved in the oldest tertiary beds; from the
	2345.713	periods, they would certainly have been	preserved and discovered; and as not one species
	2389.5	CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. been	preserved; and of each page, only here and there
	2458.1049	few of the sufferers may often long be	preserved, from being fitted to some peculiar
	2488.490	in a still higher degree in order to be	preserved and to survive. We have distinct
	2578.55	comes to be left as a sort of picture,	preserved by nature, of the ancient and less
	2602.57	of organic beings have been largely	preserved in a fossil state; that the number both
	2602.136	both of specimens and of species,	preserved in our museums, is absolutely as
	2626.527	of variation still acting round us, and	preserved by Natural Selection. [page
	3173.1332	competitors, with a few members	preserved by some unusual coincidence of
	3412.1420	beings of certain classes can be	preserved in a fossil condition, at least in any
	3448.219	complex relations of life, would be	preserved, accumulated, and inherited? Why, if
1			preserves
	499.264	to have had a definite origin. A man	preserves and breeds from an individual with some
5			preserving
	790.160	slightest; rejecting that which is bad,	preserving and adding up all that is good
	792.460	service to these birds and insects in	preserving them from danger. Grouse, if not
	920.990	offspring, solely by natural selection	preserving the same favourable variations
	1663.400	see no difficulty in natural selection	preserving and continually accumulating variations
	3432.376	or he may do it unconsciously by	preserving the individuals most useful to him at
7			press
	964.744	of its formation, will generally	press hardest on its nearest kindred, and
	5278.143	DR. WAAGEN. Woodcuts- Post 8vo. {In the	Press.) —— SWITZERLANDthe Alps of Savoy, and
	5298.33	s. ——SICILY. Map. Post 8vo. (In the	Press.) —— PAINTINGthe Italian Schools. From
	5584.115	of his Cotemporaries. Fcap. 4to. In the	Press. [page] 21 LEAKE'S (COL, W. MARTIN
	5870.238	Street. Illustrations. 8vo. In the	Press. OXENHAM'S (REV. W.) English Notes for
	5904.83	Edited, with Notes. 8vo, In the	Press. PORTER'S (REV. J. L.) Five Years in
	6002.114	History. Woodcuts. Vol. 1. 8vo. [In the	Press. ——— Gibbon's History of the Decline
4			pressed
	830.536	of the year when the wolf is hardest	pressed for food. I can under such
	1821.455	it is known that bees are often hard	pressed to get sufficient nectar; and I am
	2329.349	and close of each formation,	pressed so hardly on my theory. On the sudden
	2379.1593	centre of the earth, and which had been	pressed on by an enormous weight of
4			pressure
	1203.326	in the human mother influences by	pressure the shape of the head of the child. In
	1211.387	have been attributed by some authors to	pressure, and the shape of the seeds in the ray
	1580.700	also, of the pelvis might affect by	pressure the shape of the head of the young in
	2383.34	IX. must have been heated under great	pressure, have always seemed to me to require
2			prestwich
	2508.65	nature have occurred in Europe. Mr.	Prestwich, in his admirable Memoirs on the eocene
	4323.0	hemionus, 163. Potamogeton, 387.	Prestwich, Mr., on English and French eocene
11			presume
	252.50	of the 'Vestiges of Creation' would, I	presume, say that, after a certain unknown
	311.359	the same bones in the wild-duck; and I	presume that this change may be safely
	526.862	into varieties. By a monstrosity I	presume is meant some considerable deviation of
	530.170	few generations? and in this case I	presume that the form would be called a variety
	1237.784	variable than those which are higher. I	presume that lowness in this case means that
	1297.734	of another race, the fantail. I	presume that no one will doubt that all such
	1303.173	of the parent rock-pigeon, I	presume that no one will doubt that this is a
	1351.76	was independently created, will, I	presume, assert that each species has been
	1701.416	ever been selected for tameness; and I	presume that we must attribute the whole of the
	2006.479	for its welfare in a state of nature, I	presume that no one will suppose that this
	3309.234	very general in the males of mammals: I	presume that the "bastard-wing" in birds may be
1			presumed
	532.178	from the same parents, or which may be	presumed to have thus arisen, from being
3			presumption
	717.729	is our ignorance, and so high our	presumption, that we marvel when we hear of the
	1257.0	page] 152 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	presumption is that it is of high importance to
	2466.225	if we must marvel, let it be at our	presumption in imagining for a moment that we
1			presumptive
	349.513	of some other domestic races, there is	presumptive, or even strong, evidence in favour of
1			presumptuous
	1510.293	process. But may not this inference be	presumptuous? Have we any right to assume that the
11			pretend
	357.657	thousand years ago; and who will	pretend to say how long before these ancient
	1353.101	Not in one case out of a hundred can we	pretend to assign any reason why this or that
	1757.65	of F. sanguinea originated I will not	pretend to conjecture. But as ants, which are
	1883.379	have probably come into play. I do not	pretend that the facts given in this chapter
	2040.353	closely either pure parent. Nor do I	pretend that the foregoing remarks go to the
	2265.554	which then lived; but I can by no means	pretend to assign due proportional weight to
	2329.53	as distinct species. But I do not	pretend that I should ever have suspected how
	2687.396	separated points; nor do I for a moment	pretend that any explanation could be offered
	2857.301	remain to be solved. I do not	pretend to indicate the exact lines and means
	3412.947	are probably varieties; but who will	pretend that in future ages so many fossil
	3540.681	forms. Nevertheless they do not	pretend that they can define, or even
2			pretended
	2590.147	later tertiary periods. Nor can it be	pretended that it is an immutable law that
	3424.300	the most perfect organs; it cannot be	pretended that we know all the varied means of
1			pretends
	610.165	related to each other. No naturalist	pretends that all the species of a genus are
3			pretty
	285.889	connected with excess of food. It seems	pretty clear that organic beings must be
	295.213	from the tropics, breed in this country	pretty freely under confinement, with the
	443.604	ago. When a race of plants is once	pretty well established, the seed-raisers do
7			prevail
	1032.73	divergent varieties will invariably	prevail and multiply: a medium form may often
	1084.559	But which groups will ultimately	prevail, no man can predict; for we well know
	2498.82	produced, would tend everywhere to	prevail. As they prevailed, they would cause
	2880.461	an enormous range, but allied species	prevail in a remarkable manner throughout the
	2892.181	have proceeded from a single source,	prevail throughout the world. Their
	3151.198	be covered by hair or feathers-if it	prevail throughout many and different species
	3586.709	dominant groups, which will ultimately	prevail and procreate new and dominant species
3			prevailed
	2498.99	tend everywhere to prevail. As they	prevailed, they would cause the extinction of
	2681.1163	same species, a directly opposite rule	prevailed; and species were not local, but had
	3460.584	see everywhere around us, and which has	prevailed throughout all time. This grand fact of
4			prevailing
	2661.95	in these facts some deep organic bond,	prevailing throughout space and time, over the
	2978.551	and stones on icebergs, drifted by the	prevailing currents, this anomaly disappears. New
	5141.86	Popular Account of the Different Styles	prevailing in all Ages and Countries in the World
	5342.77	Popular Account of the Different Styles	prevailing in all Ages and Countries. By JAMES
1			prevails
	1345.1387	from unknown causes, sometimes	prevails. And we have just seen that in several
1			prevalence
	3095.399	importance and of almost universal	prevalence, and yet leave us in no doubt where it
3			prevalent
	2657.1743	and we find American types then	prevalent on [page] 350 GEOGRAPHICAL
	2749.260	not accidental, nor is the direction of	prevalent gales of wind. It should be observed
	3351.438	set upon characters, if constant and	prevalent, whether of high vital importance, or
15			prevent
	333.811	would be quite necessary, in order to	prevent the effects of intercrossing, that only
	455.97	often imported, and laws were passed to	prevent their exportation: the destruction of
	505.1086	to breed, and this will effectually	prevent selection. But probably the most
	878.844	my own observations, which effectually	prevent the stigma receiving pollen from its
	878.1542	be no special mechanical contrivance to	prevent the stigma of a flower receiving its
	1189.1444	from the few survivors, with care to	prevent accidental crosses, and then again get
	1898.153	the quality of sterility, in order to	prevent the confusion of all organic forms
	1914.665	important, must be secluded in order to	prevent pollen being brought to it by insects
	1964.219	endowed with this quality, in order to	prevent their crossing and blending together in
	1982.122	recognisable character is sufficient to	prevent two species crossing. It can be shown
	2000.105	been endowed with sterility simply to	prevent their becoming confounded in nature? I
	2006.1108	different climates, does not always	prevent the two grafting together. As in
	2120.438	with various degrees of sterility to	prevent them crossing and blending in nature
	2120.633	in being grafted together in order to	prevent them becoming inarched in our forests
	2267.441	difficulties, as it seems to me,	prevent us coming to any just conclusion on
8			prevented
	351.598	deer, or of cold by the common camel,	prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt
	872.1234	greatly diminished if these visits be	prevented. Now, it is scarcely possible that bees
	922.545	circumstanced districts, will be	prevented. But isolation probably acts more
	1675.11	CHAP. VII. INSTINCT. plant, and	prevented their attendance during several hours
	1743.695	nine yards distant; but they were	prevented from getting any pupæ to rear as slaves
	1924.429	the visits of insects must be carefully	prevented during the flowering season: hence
	1942.557	of close interbreeding is thus	prevented. Any one may readily convince himself
	2886.1113	parted river-systems and completely	prevented their inosculation, seems to lead to
2			preventing
	511.56	with separate sexes, facility in	preventing crosses is an important element of
	1536.1197	had originally existed as organs for	preventing the ova from being washed out of the
3			prevents
	244.33	done. I much regret that want of space	prevents my having the satisfaction of
	1677.240	have been here given; but want of space	prevents me. I can only assert, that instincts
	1703.215	to sit on their eggs. Familiarity alone	prevents our seeing how universally and largely
3			previous
	417.15	PIGEONS. CHAP. I. of fare in the	previous dynasty. In the time of the Romans, as
	1649.56	might have been worked into the	previous chapters; but I have thought that it
	2695.4	to generation with modification. The	previous remarks on "single and multiple centres
7			previously
	707.521	had been enclosed twenty-five years	previously and planted with Scotch fir. The change
	2259.232	all circumstances most favourable, as	previously explained, for the formation of new
	2267.633	to infer that it had not elsewhere	previously existed. So again when we find a
	2570.1030	seized on places which must have been	previously occupied, we may believe, if all the
	2618.416	forms, sometimes blending two groups	previously classed as distinct into one; but more
	2723.527	water. On the other hand he did not	previously dry the plants or branches with the
	3141.1127	Myanthus, and Catasetum), which had	previously been ranked as three distinct genera
1			prey—all
	729.201	other animals with birds and beasts of	prey—all striving to increase, and all feeding
2			preyed
	747.266	competitors, or over the animals which	preyed on it. On the confines of its
	836.85	of the animals on which our wolf	preyed, a cub might be born with an innate
4			preys
	741.334	which it has to escape, or on which it	preys. This is obvious in the structure of
	830.223	Let us take the case of a wolf, which	preys on various animals, securing some by
	1442.773	during summer this animal dives for and	preys on fish, but during the long winter
	1446.33	VI. it leaves the frozen waters, and	preys like other polecats on mice and land
2			prices
	417.91	Romans, as we hear from Pliny, immense	prices were given for pigeons; "nay, they are
	437.71	effected is proved by the enormous	prices given for animals with a good pedigree
1			prickly
	325.553	must have heard of cases of albinism,	prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in
2			priest
	4820.11	Edition. 8vo. 9s. 6d. ——— Parish	Priest; His Duties, Acquirements and
	4838.57	Lavengro; The Scholar—The Gipsy—and the	Priest. Portrait. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 30s
1			primarily
	1568.716	when a modification of structure has	primarily arisen from the above or other unknown
3			primary
	331.720	of the peculiarity, and not to its	primary cause, which may have acted on the
	381.872	of the oil-gland; the number of the	primary wing and caudal feathers; the relative
	1649.407	nothing to do with the origin of the	primary mental powers, any more than I have
1			primitive
	5754.3	of Predestination. 8vo. 14s. ———	Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration. 8vo
5			primordial
	2367.57	we do not find records of these vast	primordial periods, I can give no satisfactory
	2367.677	beds beneath Barrande's so-called	primordial zone. The presence of phosphatic
	3191.737	between these eleven genera and their	primordial parent, and every intermediate link in
	3233.548	that during a long course of descent,	primordial organs of any kind—vertebræ in the one
	3552.701	this earth have descended from some one	primordial form, into which life was first
1			primordially
	3229.113	have seized on a certain number of the	primordially similar elements, many times repeated
6			primrose
	554.341	instance,—the well-known one of the	primrose and cowslip, or Primula veris and
	1914.1322	several years repeatedly crossed the	primrose and cowslip, which we have such good
	2054.648	the blue and red pimpernel, the	primrose and cowslip, which are considered by
	3141.946	that the cowslip is descended from the	primrose, or conversely, ranks them together as
	3558.868	worthy of specific names, as with the	primrose and cowslip; and in this case
	4325.0	and French eocene formations, 328.	Primrose, 49. —, sterility of, 247. Primula
2			primula
	554.366	one of the primrose and cowslip, or	Primula veris and elatior. These plants differ
	4327.0	Primrose, 49. —, sterility of, 247.	Primula, varieties of, 49. Proteolepas
3			prince
	4898.70	Operations of the Allied Armies under	Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal Blucher
	5448.14	THE FALL OF THE JESUITS. LIFE OF LOUIS	PRINCE OF CONDE. By LORD MAHON. GIPSIES OF
	5666.14	Post 8vo. 6s. 6d. Life of Louis	Prince of Condé, surnamed the Great. Post 8vo
1			princethe
	6040.94	Augustine—The Murder of BecketThe Black	PrinceThe Shrine of Becket. Third Edition
2			principal
	1741.558	and, as Huber expressly states, their	principal office is to search for aphides. This
	2556.484	compare small things with great: if the	principal living and extinct races of the
81			principle
	126.285	Pigeons, their Differences and Origin —	Principle of Selection anciently followed, its
	264.509	be naturally selected. From the strong	principle of inheritance, any selected variety
	321.450	belief: doubts have been thrown on this	principle by theoretical writers alone. When a
	399.1379	these facts, on the well-known	principle of reversion to ancestral characters
	431.24	useful breeds. The great power of this	principle of selection is not hypothetical. It is
	435.610	good judge of an animal, speaks of the	principle of selection as "that which enables the
	435.1272	beak." In Saxony the importance of the	principle of selection in regard to merino sheep
	441.320	variety, and breeding from it, the	principle would be so obvious as hardly to be
	451.28	It may be objected that the	principle of selection has been reduced to
	451.375	But it is very far from true that the	principle is a modern discovery. I could give
	451.492	acknowledgment of the importance of the	principle in works of high antiquity. In rude and
	455.255	roguing" of plants by nurserymen. The	principle of selection I find distinctly given in
	499.1050	breed are once fully acknowledged, the	principle, as I have called it, of unconscious
	505.380	highest importance to success. On this	principle Marshall has remarked, with respect to
	610.895	genus. But when we come to discuss the	principle, as I call it, of Divergence of
	641.1073	number can survive. I have called this	principle, by which each slight variation, if
	653.305	or occasional year, otherwise, on the	principle of geometrical increase, its numbers
	766.116	act in regard to variation? Can the	principle of selection, which we have seen is so
	850.418	our plant would be advantageous on the	principle of the division of labour, individuals
	858.810	will natural selection, if it be a true	principle, banish the belief of the continued
	912.1055	spread to other districts. On the above	principle, nurserymen always prefer getting seed
	920.720	life remain the same, only through the	principle of inheritance, and through natural
	970.29	Divergence of Character.—The	principle, which I have designated by this term
	976.236	longer beak; and on the acknowledged	principle that "fanciers do not and will not
	976.1254	the action of what may be called the	principle of divergence, causing differences, at
	978.44	how, it may be asked, can any analogous	principle apply in nature? I believe it can and
	988.17	the rank of species. The truth of the	principle, that the greatest amount of life can
	990.9	different genera and orders. The same	principle is seen in the naturalisation of [page
	1004.320	other beings. Now let us see how this	principle of great benefit being derived from
	1018.895	And here the importance of the	principle of benefit being derived from
	1026.265	variety a2, which will, owing to the	principle of divergence, differ more from (A
	1090.871	struggle for life; and from the strong	principle of inheritance they will tend to
	1090.962	offspring similarly characterised. This	principle of preservation, I have called, for the
	1090.1074	Selection. Natural selection, on the	principle of qualities being inherited at
	1227.148	may be merged under a more general	principle, namely, that natural selection is
	1269.4	and less modified condition. The	principle included in these remarks may be
	1357.1733	in the second Chapter that the same	principle applies to the whole individual; for in
	1424.460	modified and improved. It is the same	principle which, as I believe, accounts for the
	1492.204	the struggle for existence and in the	principle of natural selection, will acknowledge
	1508.528	degree of hesitation in extending the	principle of natural selection to such startling
	1610.251	rare, is all the same to the inexorable	principle of natural selection. If we admire the
	1638.487	Cuvier, is fully embraced by the	principle of natural selection. For natural
	1767.272	of his theory. Let us look to the great	principle of gradation, and see whether Nature
	1859.71	I have an overweening confidence in the	principle of natural selection, when I do not
	1873.295	community of insects, on the same	principle that the division of [page
	1877.571	that, with all my faith in this	principle, I should never have anticipated that
	1885.347	For instance, we can understand on the	principle of inheritance, how it is that the
	2048.814	which is essentially related to the	principle of life. Fertility of Varieties when
	2157.370	a vast amount of change; and the	principle of competition between organism and
	2412.1693	and improved, we can understand, on the	principle of competition, and on that of the many
	2500.163	the world, accords well with the	principle of new species having been formed by
	2514.232	this fact is at once explained on the	principle of descent. The more ancient any form
	2528.995	ancient and common progenitor. On the	principle of the continued tendency to divergence
	2663.1453	groups of modified descendants. On this	principle of inheritance with modification, we
	2693.149	for we can clearly understand, on the	principle of modification, why the inhabitants of
	2976.147	would be liable to modification;—the	principle of inheritance still betraying their
	3000.4	mammals, birds, and plants. The	principle which determines the general character
	3004.280	to the whole world. We see this same	principle in the blind animals inhabiting the
	3057.980	and distinct species; and these, on the	principle of inheritance, tend to produce other
	3063.825	on the left hand have, on this same	principle, much in common, and form a sub-family
	3101.363	use it as of subordinate value. This	principle has been broadly confessed by some
	3135.1545	had been more or less modification, the	principle of inheritance would keep the forms
	3173.68	succession I attempted to show, on the	principle of each group having generally diverged
	3181.7	of distinct orders of plants. On the	principle of the multiplication and gradual
	3191.1250	would still hold good; and, on the	principle of inheritance, all the forms descended
	3229.436	resemblance, retained by the strong	principle of inheritance. In the great class of
	3295.1217	slightly different manner, then, on the	principle of inheritance at corresponding ages
	3307.138	natural history, are explained on the	principle of slight modifications not appearing
	3343.298	and to its full powers of action, the	principle of inheritance at corresponding ages
	3343.895	have a case of complete abortion. The	principle, also, of economy, explained in a
	3359.7	individual animal and plant. On the	principle of successive slight variations, not
	3359.664	to their habits of life, through the	principle of modifications being inherited at
	3359.976	and bearing in mind how strong is the	principle of inheritance—the occurrence of
	3484.383	attempted to show how much light the	principle of gradation throws on the admirable
	3492.496	world, almost inevitably follows on the	principle of natural selection; for old forms
	3502.427	and early colonists. On this same	principle of former migration, combined in most
	3518.657	early progenitor of each class. On the	principle of successive variations not always
	3524.845	by selection or disuse, and on the	principle of inheritance at corresponding ages
	3546.404	and all can be classified on the same	principle, in groups subordinate to groups
	4386.4	Selection of domestic products, 29. ——,	principle not of recent origin, 33 —, unconscious
	5052.19	Plates. 8vo. 21s. —— Treatise on the	Principle and Construction of Military Bridges
1			principle—and
	3359.743	at corresponding ages. On this same	principle—and bearing in mind, that when organs are
30			principles
	443.9	a skilful pigeon-fancier. The same	principles are followed by horticulturists; but
	526.20	restricted ranges. BEFORE applying the	principles arrived at in the last chapter to
	1004.409	of character, combined with the	principles of natural selection and of extinction
	1048.83	in the diagram, another of our	principles, namely that of extinction, will have
	1098.429	intermediate forms of life. On these	principles, I believe, the nature of the
	1293.781	same parts of the organisation,—are all	principles closely connected together. All being
	2165.501	Sir Charles Lyell's grand work on the	Principles of Geology, which the future historian
	2165.764	Not that it suffices to study the	Principles of Geology, or to read special
	2257.180	in strict accordance with the general	principles inculcated by Sir C. Lyell; and E
	2323.639	degree, they would, according to the	principles followed by many palæontologists, be
	2669.624	in themselves can do anything. These	principles come into play only by bringing
	2777.310	disturbed, and, in accordance with the	principles inculcated in this volume, they will
	3038.14	provinces of the world. On these same	principles, we can understand, as I have
	3063.328	as formerly explained, of these several	principles; and he will see that the inevitable
	3271.10	child than in the parent. These two	principles, if their truth be admitted, will, I
	3283.8	as much as in the adult state. The two	principles above given seem to me to explain these
	3434.35	There is no obvious reason why the	principles which have acted so efficiently under
	3512.333	divergence of character. On these same	principles we see how it is, that the mutual
	4722.15	DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20s. 17. HARRISON'S	PRINCIPLES OF HIS TIME-KEEPER. PLATES. 1767. 4to
	4814.20	Medium 8vo. 42s. BLUNTS (REV. J. J.)	Principles for the proper understanding of the
	4982.31	COOKERY (DOMESTIC). Founded on	Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and
	5048.36	s. DOMESTIC MODERN COOKERY. Founded on	Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and
	5153.6	Fifth Edition. 18mo. 1s. 6d. —— First	Principles of Algebra, for the Use of Schools
	5646.21	vo. 4s. 6d. LYELLS (SIR CHARLES)	Principles of Geology; or, the Modern Changes of
	5742.36	d. MODERN DOMESTIC COOKERY. Founded on	Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and
	5876.72	made Science in Earnest; or, the First	Principles of Natural Philosophy inculcated by aid
	5886.63	and Practice; an Exposition of the	Principles and Duties of Natural and Revealed
	5888.12	Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. ——— (F. C.)	Principles of Athenian Architecture, and the
	5952.45	MRS.) Domestic Cookery, founded on	Principles of Economy and Practice, and adapted
	6062.14	Portrait. 8vo. 9s.6d. SYME'S (JAS.)	Principles of Surgery. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 14s
1			principles—namely
	3289.470	another as wings; and on the above two	principles—namely of each successive modification
1			principles—which
	3285.47	us apply these facts and the above two	principles—which latter, though not proved true, can be
1			prinsep's
	5916.0	Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s.	PRINSEP'S (JAS.) Essays on Indian Antiquities
6			printed
	108.8	LONDON:	PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET
	4606.8	LONDON:	PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET
	4860.60	New Series of Standard English Authors,	printed from the most correct text, and edited
	4924.40	Poetical Works. Travelling Edition.	Printed in small but beautifully clear type
	4928.52	Pilgrimage. A New and beautifully	printed Edition. Illustrated, with Wood
	5200.43	S (OLIVER) Works. A New Edition.	Printed from the last editions revised by the
1			printers
	6154.20	vo. 15s. each. BRADBURY AND EVANS,	PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS. [page break] [page
1			printsellers
	4832.95	their Defects, for Artists, Engravers,	Printsellers, &c. 8vo. 3s. 6d. BOOK OF COMMON
2			prior
	291.571	elements having been affected	prior to the act of conception. Several
	303.595	affected by the treatment of the parent	prior to the act of conception. These cases
2			prism
	1767.706	cell, as is well known, is an hexagonal	prism, with the basal edges of its six sides
	1787.1053	the basins, so that each hexagonal	prism was built upon the festooned edge of a
4			prisms
	1779.69	will result a double layer of hexagonal	prisms united together by pyramidal bases
	1779.181	rhombs and the sides of the hexagonal	prisms will have every angle identically the
	1781.1106	is no difficulty, that after hexagonal	prisms have been formed by the intersection of
	1831.614	are the several angles of the hexagonal	prisms and of the basal rhombic plates. The
2			prisoners
	5181.67	Soldier of the Foreign Legion and the	Prisoners of Abd-el-Kadir. Translated by Lady
	5216.67	Soldier of the Foreign Legion. 2. The	Prisoners of Abd-el-Kadir. From the French. Post
11			private
	4982.94	Practical Knowledge, and adapted for	Private Families. New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap
	5048.99	Practical Knowledge, and adapted for	Private Families. New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap
	5078.36	s. ELDONS (LORD CHANCELLOR) Public and	Private Life, with Selections from his
	5225.45	THE) PAPERS. Being the Public and	Private Correspondence of George Grenville, his
	5742.99	Practical Knowledge, and adapted for	Private Families. New Edition. Woodcuts. Fcap
	5858.136	Observation and other Sources, Public,	Private, Legendary, and Local. Woodcuts, &c
	5910.51	Rational Arithmetic for Schools and for	Private Instruction. 12mo. 3s. 6d. PRAYER-BOOK
	5952.97	Economy and Practice, and adapted for	Private Families. New and Revised Edition
	6084.27	vo. 9s. 6d. TWISS' (HORACE) Public and	Private Life of Lord Chancellor Eldon, with
	6112.74	the most interesting passages from his	Private and Public Correspondence. By JAMES P
	6128.47	S (SIR J. G.) Popular Account of the	Private Life, Manners, and Customs of the
1			prize
	1725.768	sphex, it takes advantage of the	prize, and becomes for the occasion parasitic
1			prizes
	423.779	varies slightly, for they win their	prizes by selecting such slight differences
14			probability
	285.760	nature. There is, also, I think, some	probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight
	405.501	of the dog I think there is some	probability in this hypothesis, if applied to
	687.539	were destroyed, there would, in all	probability, be less game than at present, although
	1532.77	it is so important to bear in mind the	probability of conversion from one function to
	1685.25	evidence. The possibility, or even	probability, of inherited variations of instinct in
	2219.489	of the coast-waves. So that in all	probability a far longer period than 300 million
	2269.181	first appearing in any formation, the	probability is that it [page] 294 IMPERFECTION OF
	2285.1319	middle, and top of a formation, the	probability is that they have not lived on the same
	2375.456	and secondary formations would in all	probability have been accumulated from sediment
	2781.186	ever since; they will, also, in all	probability have become mingled with ancient Alpine
	2910.977	species. We should not forget the	probability of many species having formerly ranged
	2962.261	reached their present homes. But the	probability of many islands having existed as
	2994.178	take, I think, an erroneous view of the	probability of closely allied species invading each
	3157.219	and isolated region, have in all	probability descended from the same parents. We
40			probable
	234.781	conclusions, which then seemed to me	probable: from that period to the present day I
	258.172	of my observations it seemed to me	probable that a careful study of domesticated
	311.960	not being much alarmed by danger, seems	probable. There are many laws regulating
	357.499	have rendered it in some degree	probable that man sufficiently civilized to have
	359.180	other considerations, I think it highly	probable that our domestic dogs have descended
	419.21	the same aviary. I have discussed the	probable origin of domestic pigeons at some, yet
	659.689	I have taken some pains to estimate its	probable minimum rate of natural increase: it
	772.29	We shall best understand the	probable course of natural selection by taking
	1034.473	in the lines of descent, will, it is	probable, often take the place of, and so
	1042.23	are formed. In a large genus it is	probable that more than one species would vary
	1056.861	It seems, therefore, to me extremely	probable that they will have taken the places of
	1183.272	argument too far, on account of the	probable origin of some of our domestic animals
	1279.451	or only in a slight degree, it is not	probable that they should vary at the present
	1279.776	species from a common progenitor, it is	probable that they should still often be in some
	1287.1335	of this part would it is highly	probable, be taken advantage of by natural and
	1305.1046	a great number of generations, the most	probable hypothesis is, not that the offspring
	1309.207	an ascendancy. For instance, it is	probable that in each generation of the barb
	1315.393	blue tint, and which it does not appear	probable would all appear together from simple
	1345.1145	mongrels. I have stated that the most	probable hypothesis to account for the
	1434.141	intermediate varieties will, it is	probable, at first have been formed in the
	1470.259	of the flying-fish, it does not seem	probable that fishes capable of true flight
	1530.1062	wings and wing-covers of insects, it is	probable that organs which at a very ancient
	1898.232	This view certainly seems at first	probable, for species within the same country
	1956.402	latter alternative seems to me the most	probable, and I am inclined to believe in its
	2022.96	We may now look a little closer at the	probable causes of the sterility of first
	2273.1202	this period. It is not, for instance,	probable that sediment was deposited during the
	2321.233	so many distinct species. It is, also,	probable that each great period of subsidence
	2460.241	what has been already said on the	probable wide intervals of time [page
	2492.497	spreading. The diffusion would, it is	probable, be slower with the terrestrial
	2506.113	affected by the same movement, it is	probable that strictly contemporaneous
	2683.284	conditions permitted, is the most	probable. Undoubtedly many cases occur, in which
	2687.108	ought to give up the belief, rendered	probable by general considerations, that each
	2817.349	in a geological sense, it seems to me	probable that it was, during a part at least of
	2817.526	the contrary, we may at least admit as	probable that the glacial action was
	2849.631	with many new forms of life; and it is	probable that selected modifications in their
	2954.880	a judgment in some cases owing to the	probable naturalisation of certain mammals
	3225.870	and structure; consequently it is quite	probable that [page] 438 MORPHOLOGY. CHAP. XIII
	3269.77	there is some evidence to render it	probable, that at whatever age any variation
	3275.545	surprised me greatly, as I think it	probable that the difference between these two
	3448.849	than this, seems to me to be in itself	probable. I have already recapitulated, as
1			probable—to
	3285.130	true, can be shown to be in some degree	probable—to species in a state of nature. Let us
116			probably
	305.496	any of the young had varied, all would	probably have varied in the same manner. To
	337.1518	variations and reversions of character	probably do occur; but natural selection, as
	365.1116	whole world, which I fully admit have	probably descended from several wild species, I
	429.145	Some variations useful to him have	probably arisen suddenly, or by one step; many
	429.439	arisen in a seedling. So it has	probably been with the turnspit dog; and this is
	435.448	competent authorities. Youatt, who was	probably better acquainted with the works of
	461.901	derived from the spaniel, and has	probably been slowly altered from it. It is
	499.789	distinct and valuable, and will then	probably first receive a provincial name. In
	505.1109	will effectually prevent selection. But	probably the most important point of all, is
	705.24	TO INCREASE. of close interbreeding,	probably come into play in some of these cases
	713.604	be habitually checked by some means,	probably by birds. Hence, if certain
	713.680	insectivorous birds (whose numbers are	probably regulated by hawks or beasts of prey
	725.129	and during different seasons or years,	probably come into play; some one check or some
	737.978	place in the economy of nature; but	probably in no one case could we precisely say
	751.88	any form some advantage over another.	Probably in no single instance should we know
	798.189	not forget that climate, food, &c.,	probably produce some slight and direct effect
	804.1191	the structure of the adult; and	probably in the case of those insects which live
	804.1451	modifications in the adult will	probably often affect the structure of the larva
	812.148	attached to that sex, the same fact	probably occurs under nature, and if so, natural
	836.786	offspring. Some of its young would	probably inherit the same habits or structure
	842.797	Some of these seedlings would	probably inherit the nectar-excreting power
	852.919	descendants. Its descendants would	probably inherit a tendency to a similar slight
	922.570	will be prevented. But isolation	probably acts more efficiently in checking the
	934.860	that, although small isolated areas	probably have been in some respects highly
	942.239	a large continental area, which will	probably undergo many oscillations of level, and
	948.460	the action of natural selection will	probably still oftener depend on some of the
	960.85	has as yet got its maximum of species.	Probably no region is as yet fully stocked, for
	1048.901	generally tend to become extinct. So it	probably will be with many whole collateral
	1056.586	fourteen-thousandth generation, will	probably have inherited some of the same
	1153.568	of natural selection, but combined	probably with disuse. For during thousands of
	1159.155	skin and fur. This state of the eyes is	probably due to gradual reduction from disuse
	1171.906	inhabitants of these dark abodes will	probably have been exposed. Acclimatisation
	1197.1207	of any great use to the breed it might	probably have been rendered permanent by natural
	1205.652	in the naked Turkish dog, though here	probably homology comes into play? With respect
	1311.386	But characters thus gained would	probably be of an unimportant nature, for the
	1357.950	checked by natural selection. It is	probably from this same cause that organic
	1357.1231	by natural selection, and hence	probably are variable. Specific characters-that
	1418.19	THEORY. CHAP. VI. the same rule will	probably apply to both; and if we in imagination
	1430.222	immigration of new inhabitants, and,	probably, in a still more important degree, on
	1472.508	structure lead to changed habits; both	probably often change almost simultaneously. Of
	1500.692	head. In this great class we should	probably have to descend far beneath the lowest
	1562.39	Organs now of trifling importance have	probably in some cases been of high importance
	1568.252	remember that climate, food, &c.,	probably have some little direct influence on
	1574.443	is due to some quite distinct cause,	probably to sexual selection. A trailing bamboo
	1580.446	breeds; and a mountainous country would	probably affect the hind limbs from exercising
	1580.631	the front limbs and even the head would	probably be affected. The shape, also, of the
	1586.484	their possessors. Physical conditions	probably have had some little effect on
	1649.245	of the hive-bee making its cells will	probably have occurred to many readers, as a
	1675.934	excretion is extremely viscid, it is	probably a convenience to the aphides to have it
	1675.1006	to have it removed; and therefore	probably the aphides do not instinctively
	1697.210	would ever have thought of teaching, or	probably could have taught, the tumbler-pigeon
	1703.1042	with some degree of selection, has	probably concurred in civilising by inheritance
	1709.558	and unconsciously; but in most cases,	probably, habit and selection have acted
	1717.461	and the first hatched young would	probably have to be fed by the male alone. But
	1723.443	hatched by the males. This instinct may	probably be accounted for by the fact of the
	1741.266	distant, which they ascended together,	probably in search of aphides or cocci
	1741.685	and slaves in the two countries,	probably depends merely on the slaves being
	1773.243	layer, the resulting structure would	probably have been as perfect as the comb of the
	1825.758	latter circumstance determined, as it	probably often does determine, the numbers of a
	1859.544	slight, profitable modification did not	probably at first appear in all the individual
	1883.345	some cases habit or use and disuse have	probably come into play. I do not pretend that
	1906.709	to be considered. The distinction has	probably been slurred over, owing to the
	1924.1257	a cross between two flowers, though	probably on the same plant, would be thus
	1966.888	are some which never have produced, and	probably never would produce, even with the
	2056.380	which will occur to everyone, and	probably the true one, is that these dogs have
	2060.1319	thus she may, either directly, or more	probably indirectly, through correlation, modify
	2173.406	feet in thickness, which, though	probably formed at a quicker rate than many
	2201.142	of accumulation of the degraded matter,	probably offers the best evidence of the lapse
	2213.588	be erroneous; but this source of doubt	probably would not greatly affect the estimate
	2241.624	and peculiar marine faunas will	probably be preserved to a distant age. A little
	2273.1653	been upraised, organic remains will	probably first appear and disappear at different
	2279.1006	and the amount of subsidence is	probably a rare contingency; for it has been
	2285.1639	geological period, a section would not	probably include all the fine intermediate
	2299.824	shells and other marine animals, it is	probably those which have had the widest range
	2307.378	and this not having been effected, is	probably the gravest and most obvious of all the
	2307.1001	separated by wide and shallow seas,	probably represents the former state of Europe
	2315.585	the periods of subsidence there would	probably be much extinction of life; during the
	2335.0	page] 303 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD.	probably elapsed between our consecutive
	2359.640	long before the Silurian age, and which	probably differed greatly from any known animal
	2365.147	long periods elapsed, as long as, or	probably far longer than, the whole interval
	2367.786	in some of the lowest azoic rocks,	probably indicates the former existence of life
	2452.841	been produced within a given time is	probably greater than that of the old forms
	2494.641	at long intervals of time, would	probably be also favourable, as before explained
	2520.276	two living forms, the objection is	probably valid. But I apprehend that in a
	2536.425	be so closely linked together that they	probably would have to be united into one great
	2596.1124	have left no progeny. Or, which would	probably be a far commoner case, two or three
	2602.522	successive formations; that there has	probably been more extinction during the periods
	2693.4	XI. SINGLE CENTRES OF CREATION. has	probably received at some former period
	2693.402	of miles from a continent, would	probably receive from it in the course of time a
	2839.555	not now concerned. The tropical plants	probably suffered much extinction; how much no
	2904.27	animals. Other and unknown agencies	probably have also played a part. I have stated
	2904.843	seeds of the great southern water-lily (	probably, according to Dr. Hooker, the Nelumbium
	2904.1061	getting a hearty meal of fish, would	probably reject from its stomach a pellet
	2910.410	those on the land, the competition will	probably be less severe between aquatic than
	2960.702	on this latter view the migration would	probably have been more complete; and if
	2988.820	then it varied, natural selection would	probably favour different varieties in the
	2994.73	from certain facts that these have	probably spread from some one island to the
	2994.489	for their own places in nature, both	probably will hold their own places and keep
	2998.731	the same continent, pre-occupation has	probably played an important part in checking
	3016.542	fitted for distant transportation,	probably accounts for a law which has long been
	3038.1067	or other source whence immigrants were	probably derived. We can see why in two areas
	3085.119	value in classification; yet no one	probably will say that the antennæ in these two
	3165.698	and ternary classifications have	probably arisen. As the modified descendants of
	3201.37	lines of affinities. We shall never,	probably, disentangle the inextricable web of
	3233.208	leaves; but it would in these cases	probably be more correct, as Professor Huxley
	3237.143	numerous characters, which they would	probably have retained through inheritance, if
	3251.227	being higher or lower. But no one	probably will dispute that the butterfly is
	3271.360	varieties most closely allied, and have	probably descended from [page] 445 CHAP. XIII
	3343.1083	be saved as far as is possible, will	probably often come into play; and this will
	3404.631	varieties which will at first	probably exist in the intermediate zones, will
	3412.914	doubtful forms could be named which are	probably varieties; but who will pretend that in
	3416.717	During these latter periods there will	probably be more variability in the forms of
	3552.604	I should infer from analogy that	probably all the organic beings which have ever
	3578.95	the fossils of consecutive formations	probably serves as a fair measure of the lapse
	3578.569	s history, when the forms of life were	probably fewer and simpler, the rate of change
	3578.620	and simpler, the rate of change was	probably slower; and at the first dawn of life
3			problem
	258.306	best chance of making out this obscure	problem. Nor have I been disappointed; in this
	729.519	definite laws; but how simple is this	problem compared to the action and reaction of
	1763.386	have practically solved a recondite	problem, and have made their cells of the
1			probosciformed
	3251.565	legs, a very simple single eye, and a	probosciformed mouth, with which they feed largely
3			proboscis
	852.656	or in the curvature and length of the	proboscis, &c., far too slight to be appreciated
	856.259	longer or differently constructed	proboscis. On the other hand, I have found by
	3203.1338	than the immensely long spiral	proboscis of a sphinx-moth, the curious folded
9			proceeded
	359.970	that all the breeds of poultry have	proceeded from the common wild [page] 19 CHAP. I
	389.521	breeds are not varieties, and have not	proceeded from the rock-pigeon, they must have
	423.477	pippin or Codlin-apple, could ever have	proceeded from the seeds of the same tree
	2671.154	of the world, must originally have	proceeded from the same source, as they have
	2675.120	distant and isolated regions, must have	proceeded from one spot, where their parents were
	2707.1479	will some day be, that each species has	proceeded from a single birthplace, and when in
	2892.149	from a common parent and must have	proceeded from a single source, prevail
	2916.199	a single parent; and therefore have all	proceeded from a common birthplace
	3032.158	and likewise of allied species, have	proceeded from some one source; then I think all
9			proceeding
	641.620	however slight and from whatever cause	proceeding, if it be in any degree profitable to
	693.1356	action of climate, than we do in	proceeding southwards or in descending a mountain
	1018.475	dotted lines of unequal lengths	proceeding from (A), may represent its varying
	1026.801	the varieties or modified descendants,	proceeding from the common parent (A), will
	1034.343	by the several divergent branches	proceeding from (A). The modified offspring from
	1038.145	in the diagram, if all the lines	proceeding from (A) were removed, excepting that
	1472.900	hovering over one spot and then	proceeding to another, like a kestrel, and at
	2651.856	are wholly distinct. On the other hand,	proceeding still further westward from the eastern
	3063.416	result is that the modified descendants	proceeding from one progenitor become broken up
79			process
	369.47	for our several domestic races by this	process, we must admit the former existence of
	461.16	UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION. doubt that this	process, continued during centuries, would
	461.150	Collins, &c., by this very same	process, only carried on more methodically, did
	463.13	Spain like our pointer. By a similar	process of selection, and by careful training
	473.27	their dogs. In plants the same gradual	process of improvement, through the occasional
	485.400	than in the other, and thus by a	process of "natural selection," as will
	499.676	improved by the same slow and gradual	process, they will spread more widely, and will
	499.956	of any new sub-breed will be a slow	process. As soon as the points of value of the
	602.369	as we have every reason to believe the	process of manufacturing new species to be a
	810.1096	short for the bird's own advantage, the	process of modification would be very slow, and
	836.863	and by the repetition of this	process, a new variety might be formed which
	846.24	SELECTION. When our plant, by this	process of the continued preservation or
	846.1605	carried from flower to flower, another	process might commence. No naturalist doubts
	908.360	but slowly follow from this unconscious	process of selection, notwithstanding a large
	922.48	also, is an important element in the	process of natural selection. In a confined or
	948.734	itself is apparently always a very slow	process. The process will often be greatly
	948.747	always a very slow process. The	process will often be greatly retarded by free
	954.16	world have changed. Slow though the	process of selection may be, if feeble man can
	964.828	to exterminate them. We see the same	process of extermination amongst our
	970.488	my view, varieties are species in the	process of formation, or are, as I have called
	1002.876	In the Australian mammals, we see the	process of diversification in an early and
	1026.504	common parent (A). We may continue the	process by similar steps for any length of time
	1026.929	in character. In the diagram the	process is represented up to the ten-thousandth
	1028.54	remark that I do not suppose that the	process ever goes on so regularly as is
	1034.711	In some cases I do not doubt that the	process of modification will be confined to a
	1040.558	have only to suppose the steps in the	process of modification to be more numerous or
	1040.864	species. By continuing the same	process for a greater number of generations (as
	1048.15	from want of space. But during the	process of modification, represented in the
	1060.805	at the first commencement of the	process of modification, will be widely
	1078.29	less. I see no reason to limit the	process of modification, as now explained, to
	1223.147	less fitted for dispersal; and this	process could not possibly go on in fruit which
	1225.1272	part being reduced by this same	process or by disuse, and, on the other hand
	1361.903	variation is a long-continued and slow	process, and natural selection will in such
	1361.1217	which on my view must be a very slow	process, requiring a long lapse of time-in this
	1392.587	have been exterminated by the very	process of formation and perfection of the new
	1400.862	from a common parent; and during the	process of modification, each has become
	1420.366	as I believe, is that, during the	process of further modification, by which two
	1426.255	formed, for variation is a very slow	process, and natural selection can do nothing
	1432.532	supplanted and exterminated during the	process of natural selection, so that they will
	1438.75	extermination; and during the	process of further modification through natural
	1440.218	assuredly have existed; but the very	process of natural selection constantly tends
	1454.498	by the accumulated effects of this	process of natural selection, a perfect so
	1466.291	will have been supplanted by the very	process of perfection through natural selection
	1510.254	has been formed by a somewhat analogous	process. But may not this inference be
	1514.888	skill each improvement. Let this	process go on for millions on millions of years
	1522.1234	work by itself, being aided during the	process of modification by the other organ; and
	1612.474	gradations, partly because the	process of natural selection will always be
	1612.614	few forms; and partly because the very	process of natural selection almost implies the
	1717.304	same nest. If this were the case, the	process of laying and hatching might be
	1717.1784	in rearing their young. By a continued	process of this nature, I believe that the
	1825.137	to remain idle for many days during the	process of secretion. A large store of honey is
	1831.678	rhombic plates. The motive power of the	process of natural selection having been
	1851.943	modification. And I believe that this	process has been repeated, until that
	2060.1471	species. Seeing this difference in the	process of selection, as carried on by man and
	2147.18	OF THE CHAP. IX. pends on the very	process of natural selection, through which new
	2147.174	forms. But just in proportion as this	process of extermination has acted on an
	2171.0	page] 283 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD.	process of degradation. The tides in most cases
	2199.812	by the currents of the sea, the	process of accumulation in any one area must be
	2279.225	have given sufficient time for the slow	process of variation; hence the deposit will
	2281.289	we may reasonably suspect that the	process of deposition has been much interrupted
	2285.927	of time and changes of level during the	process of deposition, which would never even
	2331.682	must have been an extremely slow	process; and the progenitors must have lived
	2412.197	or to an equal degree. The	process of modification must be extremely slow
	2432.718	only slowly and progressively; for the	process of modification and the production of a
	2438.487	of a group is generally a slower	process than their production: if the
	2458.1524	is generally, as we have seen, a slower	process than its production. With respect to
	2492.270	to new varieties and species. The	process of diffusion may often be very slow
	2570.545	fauna. I do not doubt that this	process of improvement has affected in a marked
	2576.778	inherited at a corresponding age. This	process, whilst it leaves the embryo almost
	2610.712	for unequal periods of time; for the	process of modification is necessarily slow
	2614.353	of species may often be a very slow	process, from the survival of a few descendants
	2663.943	migration; as does time for the slow	process of modification through natural
	2699.171	I believe that during the slow	process of modification the individuals of the
	2735.1606	however, were always killed by this	process. Although the beaks and feet of birds
	3004.965	forms showing us the steps in the	process of modification. This relation between
	3173.162	in character during the long-continued	process of modification, how it is that the
	3343.627	in the adult. But if each step of the	process of reduction were to be inherited, not
	3398.1128	distant and isolated regions, as the	process of modification has necessarily been
	3432.681	by an uneducated eye. This	process of selection has been the great agency
3			processes
	381.391	relative breadth and the presence of	processes. The size and shape of the apertures in
	1914.857	in a chamber in his house. That these	processes are often injurious to the fertility of
	3225.154	of internal vertebræ bearing certain	processes and appendages; in the articulata, we
2			proclaim
	2626.313	the chief laws of palæontology plainly	proclaim, as it seems to me, that species have
	3361.96	in this chapter, seem to me to	proclaim so plainly, that the innumerable
1			proclaimed
	3382.236	strange gradations in nature, as is	proclaimed by the canon, "Natura non facit saltum
1			proclaims
	3442.19	lead to victory. As geology plainly	proclaims that each land has undergone great
2			procreate
	1761.51	this species to capture workers than to	procreate them-the habit of collecting pupæ
	3586.721	which will ultimately prevail and	procreate new and dominant species. As all the
1			procreating
	770.185	the best chance of surviving and of	procreating their kind? On the other hand, we may
1			procreation
	1839.550	born capable of work, but incapable of	procreation, I can see no very great difficulty in
3			procure
	477.1320	who cultivated the best pear they could	procure, never thought what splendid fruit we
	1701.49	is still at work, as each man tries to	procure, without intending to improve the breed
	2725.206	of the coral-islands in the Pacific,	procure [page] 361 CHAP. XI. MEANS OF
2			prodigal
	1552.590	has well expressed it, nature is	prodigal in variety, but niggard in innovation
	3462.385	We can plainly see why nature is	prodigal in variety, though niggard in
9			prodigious
	695.96	species, we may clearly see in the	prodigious number of plants in our gardens which
	1257.1283	at the breeds of the pigeon; see what a	prodigious amount of difference there is in the
	1821.705	of each pound of wax; so that a	prodigious quantity of fluid nectar must be
	1839.959	far as instinct alone is concerned, the	prodigious difference in this respect between the
	1851.981	process has been repeated, until that	prodigious amount of difference between the
	2207.390	is nothing on the surface to show such	prodigious movements; the pile of rocks on the one
	2273.918	great change of climate, on the	prodigious lapse of time, all included within this
	2562.307	climates and conditions. Consider the	prodigious vicissitudes of climate during the
	2711.489	to me opposed to the admission of such	prodigious geographical revolutions within the
69			produce
	305.1145	be shown that quite opposite conditions	produce [page] 11 CHAP. I. UNDER DOMESTICATION
	435.1140	with respect to pigeons, that "he would	produce any given feather in three years, but
	449.1219	leaves, the flowers, or the fruit, will	produce races differing from each other chiefly
	588.142	numerous in individuals,—which oftenest	produce well-marked varieties, or, as I
	641.1283	that man by selection can certainly	produce great results, and can adapt organic
	669.53	between organisms which annually	produce eggs or seeds by the thousand, and
	669.108	seeds by the thousand, and those which	produce extremely few, is, that the slow
	778.565	is necessary; as man can certainly	produce great results by adding up in any given
	778.890	immigration, is actually necessary to	produce new and unoccupied places for natural
	784.11	resisted such intruders. As man can	produce and certainly has produced a great
	796.409	animal of any particular colour would	produce little effect: we should remember how
	798.198	that climate, food, &c., probably	produce some slight and direct effect. It is
	822.1033	to their standard of beauty, might	produce a marked effect. I strongly suspect
	842.658	be more fully alluded to), would	produce very vigorous seedlings, which
	846.1793	it would be advantageous to a plant to	produce stamens alone in one flower or on one
	876.30	IV. supposed that bees would thus	produce a multitude of hybrids between distinct
	946.688	still further the inhabitants, and thus	produce new species. That natural selection
	1026.744	or three varieties, and some failing to	produce any. Thus the varieties or modified
	1032.151	often long endure, and may or may not	produce more than one modified descendant; for
	1046.255	in character, will generally tend to	produce the greatest number of modified
	1090.914	of inheritance they will tend to	produce offspring similarly characterised. This
	1119.420	function of the reproductive system to	produce individual differences, or very slight
	1309.527	abstract improbability in a tendency to	produce any character being inherited for an
	1309.749	sometimes observe a mere tendency to	produce a rudiment inherited: for instance, in
	1309.930	must have an inherited tendency to	produce it. As all the species of the same
	1317.525	the characters of the other, so as to	produce the intermediate form. But the best
	1345.1299	young of each successive generation to	produce the long-lost character, and that this
	1351.411	distant quarters of the world, to	produce hybrids resembling in their stripes
	1380.229	we believe that natural selection could	produce, on the one hand, organs of trifling
	1498.359	coarser vibrations of the air which	produce sound. In looking for the gradations
	1514.492	in any way, or in any degree, tend to	produce a distincter image. We must suppose
	1592.34	Natural selection cannot possibly	produce any modification in any one species
	1592.275	natural selection can and does often	produce structures for the direct injury of
	1598.29	cases. Natural selection will never	produce in a being anything injurious to itself
	1604.63	from Europe. Natural selection will not	produce absolute perfection, nor do we always
	1630.23	for life. Natural selection will	produce nothing in one species for the
	1630.118	injury of another; though it may well	produce parts, organs, and excretions highly
	1630.436	one with another, and consequently will	produce perfection, or strength in the battle
	1634.240	Natural selection will not necessarily	produce absolute perfection; nor, as far as we
	1663.1004	by the same unknown causes which	produce slight deviations of bodily structure
	1683.438	without facts given in detail, can	produce but a feeble effect on the reader's
	1709.363	compulsory habit alone has sufficed to	produce such inherited mental changes; in other
	1851.865	their fertile offspring a tendency to	produce sterile members having the same
	1871.140	form a species which should regularly	produce neuters, either all of large size with
	1906.108	condition, yet when intercrossed they	produce either few or no offspring. Hybrids, on
	1942.722	kinds of hybrid rhododendrons, which	produce no pollen, for he will find on their
	1966.807	that which the plant's own pollen will	produce. So in hybrids themselves, there are
	1966.909	have produced, and probably never would	produce, even with the pollen of either pure
	1972.77	difficult to cross, and which rarely	produce any offspring, are generally very
	1972.416	be united with unusual facility, and	produce numerous hybrid-offspring, yet these
	1980.815	most persevering efforts have failed to	produce between extremely close species a
	2000.503	species cross with facility, and yet	produce very sterile hybrids; and other species
	2000.590	cross with extreme difficulty, and yet	produce fairly fertile hybrids? Why should
	2032.637	and whole groups of species tend to	produce sterile hybrids. On the other hand, one
	2032.817	and certain species in a group will	produce unusually fertile hybrids. No one can
	2032.1055	whether any two species of a genus will	produce more or less sterile hybrids. Lastly
	2048.556	widely or specifically different,	produce hybrids which are generally sterile in
	2070.346	species of Verbascum when intercrossed	produce less seed, than do either coloured
	2080.340	and from not wishing or being able to	produce recondite and functional differences in
	2323.209	ranging species which would oftenest	produce new varieties; and the varieties would
	2337.357	short time would be necessary to	produce many divergent forms, which would be
	2432.935	into species, which in their turn	produce by equally slow steps other species
	2663.1405	still further victorious, and will	produce groups of modified descendants. On this
	2924.712	liable to modification, and will often	produce groups of modified descendants. But it
	3057.1014	the principle of inheritance, tend to	produce other new and dominant [page
	3390.180	we ought not to expect it also to	produce sterility. The sterility of hybrids is
	3428.22	productions. Man does not actually	produce variability; he only [page] 467 CHAP
	3442.600	alone and often capriciously, can	produce within a short period a great result by
	3462.99	favourable variations, it can	produce no great or sudden modification; it can
142			produced
	256.113	the misseltoe, and that these had been	produced perfect as we now see them; but this
	305.738	that with animals such agencies have	produced very little direct effect, though
	365.1501	that all our races of dogs have been	produced by the crossing of a few aboriginal
	389.758	how, for instance, could a pouter be	produced by crossing two breeds unless one of
	399.1047	some uniformly black barbs, and they	produced mottled brown and black birds; these I
	425.83	steps by which domestic races have been	produced, either from one or from several allied
	429.1372	that all the breeds were suddenly	produced as perfect and as useful as we now see
	441.428	importance consists in the great effect	produced by the accumulation in one direction
	443.156	that our choicest productions have been	produced by a single variation from the
	469.213	expected or even have wished to have	produced the result which ensued—namely, the
	477.878	wonderful skill of gardeners, in having	produced such splendid results from such poor
	653.469	product. Hence, as more individuals are	produced than can possibly survive, there must
	659.393	has calculated that if an annual plant	produced only two seeds—and there is no plant so
	659.493	as this—and their seedlings next year	produced two, and so on, then in twenty years
	673.911	eggs or young, a small number may be	produced, and yet the average stock be fully
	673.1019	or young are destroyed, many must be	produced, or the species will become extinct. It
	673.1190	a thousand years, if a single seed were	produced once in a thousand years, supposing
	741.1270	from the strong growth of young plants	produced from such seeds (as peas and beans
	784.37	As man can produce and certainly has	produced a great result by his methodical and
	822.1398	breeding season; the modifications thus	produced being inherited at corresponding ages
	842.1842	the plant; and those individuals which	produced more and more pollen, and had larger
	890.364	the male and female flowers may be	produced on the same tree, we can see that
	920.258	I am convinced that the young thus	produced will gain so much in vigour and
	928.342	are endemic,—that is, have been	produced there, and nowhere else. Hence an
	934.1084	is more important, that the new forms	produced on large areas, which already have been
	956.868	forms are continually and slowly being	produced, unless we believe that the number of
	1020.244	species (A) is supposed to have	produced two fairly well-marked varieties
	1026.219	a1 is supposed in the diagram to have	produced variety a2, which will, owing to the
	1026.363	a1. Variety m1 is supposed to have	produced two varieties, namely m2 and s
	1040.64	species (A) is supposed to have	produced three forms, a10, f10, and m10, which
	1042.131	assumed that a second species (I) has	produced, by analogous steps, after ten thousand
	1046.142	n14 to z14, are supposed to have been	produced. In each genus, the species, which are
	1064.54	I believe, that two or more genera are	produced by descent, with modification, from two
	1104.218	represent existing species; and those	produced during each former year may represent
	1125.289	that such influences cannot have	produced the many striking and complex co
	1135.51	be given of the same variety being	produced under conditions of life as different
	1135.177	hand, of different varieties being	produced from the same species under the same
	1189.1013	new varieties have not been	produced, has even been advanced—for it is now
	1261.461	notice that these variable characters,	produced by man's selection, sometimes become
	1297.1177	several botanists rank as varieties	produced by cultivation from a common parent: if
	1339.753	even the pure offspring subsequently	produced from the mare by a black Arabian sire
	1430.347	modified, with the new forms thus	produced and the old ones acting and reacting on
	1454.568	a perfect so-called flying squirrel was	produced. Now look at the Galeopithecus or
	1476.713	and larger mouths, till a creature was	produced as monstrous as a whale. As we
	1514.644	each to be preserved till a better be	produced, and then the old ones to be destroyed
	1538.97	any organ could not possibly have been	produced by successive transitional gradations
	1540.334	steps these wondrous organs have been	produced; but, as Owen and others have remarked
	1586.170	that every detail of structure has been	produced for the good of its possessor. They
	1596.236	my theory, for such could not have been	produced through natural selection. Although
	1663.962	of instincts;—that is of variations	produced by the same unknown causes which
	1665.36	No complex instinct can possibly be	produced through [page] 210 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII
	1671.170	has never, as far as we can judge, been	produced for the exclusive good of others. One
	1851.426	bulls and cows, when matched,	produced oxen with the longest horns; and yet no
	1851.1082	females of the same species has been	produced, which we see in many social insects
	1859.707	selection of the fertile parents which	produced most neuters with the profitable
	1863.971	had been continually selected, which	produced more and more of the smaller workers
	1871.608	useful to the community, having been	produced in greater and greater numbers through
	1871.762	with an intermediate structure were	produced. Thus, as I believe, the wonderful
	1883.677	to mistakes;—that no instinct has been	produced for the exclusive good of other animals
	1904.61	and the sterility of the hybrids	produced from them. Pure species have of course
	1914.342	compares the maximum number of seeds	produced by two species when crossed and by
	1914.434	offspring, with the average number	produced by both pure parent-species in a state
	1930.630	capense fertilised by C. revolutum	produced a plant, which (he says) I never saw to
	1932.743	instance, a bulb of Hippeastrum aulicum	produced four flowers; three were fertilised by
	1956.232	species must either at first have	produced quite fertile hybrids, or the hybrids
	1956.819	have freely bred together and have	produced quite fertile hybrids. So again there
	1966.614	gradation in the number of seeds	produced, up to nearly complete or even quite
	1966.874	there are some which never have	produced, and probably never would produce, even
	1972.622	but the hybrids, when at last	produced, are very fertile. Even within the
	1980.36	between species, and of the hybrids	produced from them, is largely governed by their
	1986.963	of M. longiflora, and the hybrids thus	produced are sufficiently fertile; but Kölreuter
	1994.517	in the first cross and in the hybrids	produced from this cross. That the fertility of
	1998.359	an union. The hybrids, moreover,	produced from reciprocal crosses often differ in
	2026.1185	mother's womb or within the egg or seed	produced by the mother, it may be exposed to
	2034.105	conditions, and when hybrids are	produced by the unnatural crossing of two
	2040.192	the unequal fertility of hybrids	produced from reciprocal crosses; or the
	2054.390	the case. But if we look to varieties	produced under nature, we are immediately
	2054.907	circle, the fertility of all varieties	produced under nature will assuredly have to be
	2056.25	be granted. If we turn to varieties,	produced, or supposed to have been produced
	2056.60	produced, or supposed to have been	produced, under domestication, we are still
	2060.698	new races of animals and plants are	produced under domestication by man's methodical
	2066.526	of the other; but only a single head	produced any seed, and this one head produced
	2066.563	produced any seed, and this one head	produced only five grains. Manipulation in this
	2074.122	of a distinct species, more seed is	produced by the crosses between the same
	2078.616	not so sterile as those which were	produced from the four other varieties when
	2102.234	parents, more especially in hybrids	produced from nearly related species, follows
	2102.578	over another variety. Hybrid plants	produced from a reciprocal cross, generally
	2110.819	descended from varieties often suddenly	produced and semi-monstrous in character, than
	2110.934	from species slowly and naturally	produced. On the whole I entirely agree with Dr
	2112.276	and at varieties as having been	produced by secondary laws, this similarity
	2118.808	in a first cross and in the hybrid	produced from this cross. In the same manner as
	2126.1108	cross, the fertility of the hybrids	produced, and the capacity of being grafted
	2128.422	greater number of varieties have been	produced under domesti- [page] 278 HYBRIDISM
	2165.576	historian will recognise as having	produced a revolution in natural science, yet
	2339.160	groups of species have suddenly been	produced. I may recall the well-known fact that
	2343.113	and distinct order had been suddenly	produced in the interval between the latest
	2452.117	and ultimately each new species, is	produced and maintained by having some advantage
	2452.809	of new specific forms which have been	produced within a given time is probably greater
	2488.676	and are most widely diffused, having	produced the greatest number of new varieties
	2498.47	in the highest degree, wherever	produced, would tend everywhere to prevail. As
	2500.278	and varying; the new species thus	produced being themselves dominant owing to
	2556.195	to believe that forms successively	produced necessarily endure for corresponding
	2556.349	than a form elsewhere subsequently	produced, especially in the case of terrestrial
	2590.236	should have been chiefly or solely	produced in Australia; or that Edentata and
	2590.325	American types should have been solely	produced in South America. For we know that
	2626.365	it seems to me, that species have been	produced by ordinary generation: old forms
	2626.466	by new and improved forms of life,	produced by the laws of variation still acting
	2671.679	that the species of a genus have been	produced within comparatively recent times
	2675.176	spot, where their parents were first	produced: for, as explained in the last chapter
	2675.302	the same should ever have been	produced through natural selection from parents
	2677.450	of the view that each species was first	produced within a single region captivates the
	2677.1389	But if the same species can be	produced at two separate points, why do we not
	2681.595	the great majority of species have been	produced on one side alone, and have not been
	2681.1215	species were not local, but had been	produced in two or more distinct areas! Hence
	2683.101	the view of each species having been	produced in one area alone, and having
	2687.171	that each species has been	produced within one area, and has migrated
	2855.1211	islands on the land yielded to those	produced within the larger areas of the north
	2948.1196	asked, has the supposed creative force	produced bats and no other mammals on remote
	3057.879	varieties, or incipient species, thus	produced ultimately become converted, as I
	3095.1281	our classification." But when Aspicarpa	produced in France, during several years, only
	3141.1203	genera, were known to be sometimes	produced on the same spike, they were
	3145.102	that one species of kangaroo had been	produced, by a long course of modification, from
	3191.628	Silurian genera, some of which have	produced large groups of modified descendants
	3289.1315	its own living; and the effects thus	produced will be inherited at a corresponding
	3337.634	than by showing that rudiments can be	produced; for I doubt whether species under
	3390.54	have been experimentised on have been	produced under domestication; and as
	3426.1073	new varieties are still occasionally	produced by our most anciently domesticated
	3432.819	breeds. That many of the breeds	produced by man have to a large extent the
	3450.235	species, commonly supposed to have been	produced by special acts of creation, and
	3450.323	which are acknowledged to have been	produced by secondary laws. On this same view we
	3454.40	where many species of a genus have been	produced, and where they now flourish, these
	3470.655	the bee's own death; at drones being	produced in such vast numbers for one single act
	3472.215	cases physical conditions seem to have	produced but little direct effect; yet when
	3472.428	species, use and disuse seem to have	produced some effect; for it is difficult to
	3490.453	created, and varieties have been	produced by secondary laws. If we admit that
	3540.549	they admit that these have been	produced by variation, but they refuse to extend
	3540.788	forms of life, and which are those	produced by secondary laws. They admit variation
	3544.377	of creation one individual or many were	produced? Were all the infinitely numerous kinds
	3574.806	of their forms of life. As species are	produced and exterminated by slowly acting and
	3588.364	in so complex a manner, have all been	produced by laws acting around us. These laws
	4294.18	and origin of, 20. —, breeds of, how	produced, 39, 42. ——, tumbler, not being able to
	4394.34	two sub-breeds unintentionally	produced, 36. ——, mountain, varieties of
1			produced-two
	1972.234	and the sterility of the hybrids thus	produced-two classes of facts which are generally
9			produces
	297.116	owe variability to the same cause which	produces sterility; and variability is the
	321.377	is the tendency to inheritance: like	produces like is his fundamental belief: doubts
	651.23	FOR EXISTENCE. A plant which annually	produces a thousand seeds, of which on an
	653.156	which during its natural lifetime	produces several eggs or seeds, must suffer
	667.40	In a state of nature almost every plant	produces seed, and amongst animals there are
	1125.57	difference of climate, food, &c.,	produces on any being is extremely doubtful. My
	1309.266	generation of the barb-pigeon, which	produces most rarely a blue and black-barred
	2663.102	alone, as far as we positively know,	produces organisms quite like, or, as we see in
	3552.504	the poison secreted by the gall-fly	produces monstrous growths on the wild rose or
15			producing
	295.1024	acting not quite regularly, and	producing offspring not perfectly like their
	846.572	male flowers, which have four stamens	producing rather a small quantity of pollen, and
	962.93	will have the best chance of	producing within any given period favourable
	1026.609	after each thousand generations,	producing only a single variety, but in a more
	1026.690	more and more modified condition, some	producing two or three varieties, and some
	1219.969	opened; so that the individual plants	producing [page] 147 CHAP. V. CORRELATION OF
	1223.96	might get an advantage over those	producing seed less fitted for dispersal; and
	1353.308	the same laws appear to have acted in	producing the lesser differences between
	1353.559	some slight modifications. Habit in	producing constitutional dif- [page] 168 LAWS OF
	1388.74	when crossed, being sterile and	producing sterile offspring, whereas, when
	1576.41	are profoundly ignorant of the causes	producing slight and unimportant variations; and
	1970.98	we have self-fertilised hybrids	producing a greater and greater number of seeds
	2000.850	grant to species the special power of	producing hybrids, and then to stop their further
	2094.953	incapable of its proper function of	producing offspring identical with the parent
	2500.454	these again spreading, varying, and	producing new species. The forms which are beaten
4			product
	653.429	great that no country could support the	product. Hence, as more individuals are
	1339.305	have thought that it must have been the	product of a zebra; and Mr. W. C. Martin, in
	2972.13	DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XII. almost every	product of the land and water bears the
	3075.1652	the organs of reproduction, with their	product the seed, are of paramount importance
30			production
	417.949	a most favourable circumstance for the	production of distinct breeds, that male and
	469.258	the result which ensued—namely, the	production of two distinct strains. The two flocks
	926.221	may sometimes be of importance in the	production of new species. If, however, an
	926.520	of individuals will greatly retard the	production of new species through natural
	928.460	to have been highly favourable for the	production of new species. But we may thus greatly
	928.650	has been most favourable for the	production of new organic forms, we ought to make
	930.76	is of considerable importance in the	production of new species, on the whole I am
	930.210	more importance, more especially in the	production of species, which will prove capable of
	934.922	some respects highly favourable for the	production of new species, yet that the course of
	942.394	will be the most favourable for the	production of many new forms of life, likely to
	1024.586	we know to be favourable to the	production of new varieties. If, then, these two
	1080.495	in common. Hence, the struggle for the	production of new and modified descendants, will
	1606.734	find their females, can we admire the	production for this single purpose of thousands of
	1873.224	originated. We can see how useful their	production may have been to a social community of
	2000.771	Why, it may even be asked, has the	production of hybrids been permitted? to grant to
	2080.250	only external characters in the	production of the most distinct domestic varieties
	2432.750	for the process of modification and the	production of a number of allied forms must be
	2434.184	the extinction of old forms and the	production of new and improved forms are
	2438.506	generally a slower process than their	production: if the appearance and disappearance of
	2452.1096	to later times we may believe that the	production of new forms has caused the extinction
	2458.1541	we have seen, a slower process than its	production. With respect to the apparently sudden
	2494.754	may have been most favourable for the	production of new and dominant species on the land
	2556.675	accord with the order in time of their	production, and still less with the order of their
	2610.515	almost inevitable consequence of the	production of new forms. We can understand why
	2948.652	there has also been time for the	production of endemic species belonging to other
	3432.735	has been the great agency in the	production of the most distinct and useful
	3472.128	with the laws which have governed the	production of so-called specific forms. In both
	3560.456	his comprehension; when we regard every	production of nature as one which has had a
	3582.227	on matter by the Creator, that the	production and extinction of the past and present
	3592.350	are capable of conceiving, namely, the	production of the higher animals, directly follows
115			productions
	126.412	Unknown Origin of our Domestic	Productions — Circumstances favourable to Man's
	192.130	of barriers — Affinity of the	productions of the same continent — Centres of
	200.32	Distribution of fresh-water	productions — On the inhabitants of oceanic islands
	285.560	is simply due to our domestic	productions having been raised under conditions of
	297.186	is the source of all the choicest	productions of the garden. I may add, that as some
	343.1580	generic differences in our domesticated	productions. When we attempt to estimate the
	351.277	the value of most of our domesticated	productions; but how could a savage possibly know
	351.714	equal in number to our domesticated	productions, and belonging to equally diverse
	351.993	species of our existing domesticated	productions have varied. In the case of most of
	443.134	No one supposes that our choicest	productions have been produced by a single
	515.884	part in the origin of our domestic	productions. When in any country several domestic
	532.638	differences in his domesticated	productions. These individual differences generally
	665.933	and wide diffusion of naturalised	productions in their new homes. In a state of
	766.353	of strange peculiarities our domestic	productions, and, in a lesser degree, those under
	782.107	been so far conquered by naturalised	productions, that they have allowed foreigners to
	784.1148	as far as lies in his power, all his	productions. He often begins his selection by some
	788.273	Can we wonder, then, that nature's	productions should be far "truer" in character than
	788.331	be far "truer" in character than man's	productions; that they should be infinitely better
	936.154	distribution; for instance, that the	productions of the smaller continent of Australia
	936.344	Thus, also, it is that continental	productions have everywhere become so largely
	940.295	the competition between fresh-water	productions will have been less severe than
	942.190	to the future, that for terrestrial	productions a large continental area, which will
	964.878	extermination amongst our domesticated	productions, through the selection of improved
	976.28	CHAP. IV. this head from our domestic	productions. We shall here find something analogous
	976.1205	disappear. Here, then, we see in man's	productions the action of what may be called the
	1096.218	of any small spot or at naturalised	productions. Therefore during the modification of
	1171.488	relationship of most of their other	productions. Far from feeling any surprise that
	1225.292	to a certain extent with our domestic	productions: if nourishment flows to one part or
	1600.273	attained under nature. The endemic	productions of New Zealand, for instance, are
	1845.85	instances, both in our domestic	productions and in those in a state of nature, of
	2171.640	boulders, all thickly clothed by marine	productions, showing how little they are abraded
	2229.32	case. With respect to the terrestrial	productions which lived during the Secondary and
	2259.496	will decrease (excepting the	productions on the shores of a continent when first
	2313.57	reason to believe that the terrestrial	productions of the archipelago would be preserved
	2357.548	to discuss the number and range of its	productions. On the sudden appearance of groups of
	2408.557	Crustaceans have changed greatly. The	productions of the land seem to change at a quicker
	2412.1398	and in more highly organised	productions compared with marine and lower
	2412.1441	compared with marine and lower	productions, by the more complex relations of the
	2452.328	It is the same with our domestic	productions: when a new and slightly improved
	2474.142	sufficient data to judge whether the	productions of the land and of fresh water change
	2480.801	observers believe that the existing	productions of the United States are more closely
	2492.741	degree of parallel succession in the	productions of the land than of the sea. Dominant
	2556.397	especially in the case of terrestrial	productions inhabiting separated districts. To
	2570.932	extraordinary manner in which European	productions have recently spread over New Zealand
	2570.1482	of Europe, we may doubt, if all the	productions of New Zealand were set free in Great
	2570.1686	animals. Under this point of view, the	productions of Great Britain may be said to be
	2616.368	after long intervals of time, the	productions of the world will appear to have
	2635.126	Importance of barriers—Affinity of the	productions of the same continent—Centres of
	2641.280	how widely different are their living	productions! In the southern hemisphere, if we
	2643.331	dissimilar. Or again we may compare the	productions of South America south of lat. 35º with
	2643.557	to each other, than they are to the	productions of Australia or Africa under nearly the
	2645.197	manner to the differences between the	productions of various regions. We see this in the
	2645.295	of nearly all the terrestrial	productions of the New and Old Worlds, excepting in
	2645.554	as there now is for the strictly arctic	productions. We see the same fact in the great
	2649.114	even of large rivers, we find different	productions; though as mountain chains, deserts, &c
	2657.88	statements, is the affinity of the	productions of the same continent or sea, though
	2687.779	the wide distribution of freshwater	productions; and thirdly, the occurrence of the
	2703.799	and thus have allowed terrestrial	productions to pass from one to the other. [page
	2761.507	latter would be supplanted and arctic	productions would take their places. The
	2767.110	followed up in their retreat by the	productions of the more temperate regions. And as
	2773.436	distribution of the Alpine and Arctic	productions of Europe and America, that when in
	2775.251	then the arctic and temperate	productions will at a very late period have marched
	2777.421	much modification. But with our Alpine	productions, left isolated from the moment of the
	2783.129	that at its commencement the arctic	productions were as uniform round the polar regions
	2783.716	the sub-arctic and northern temperate	productions of the Old and New Worlds are separated
	2787.717	º-67º; and that the strictly arctic	productions then lived on the broken land still
	2787.1161	the sub-arctic and northern temperate	productions of the Old and New Worlds, at a period
	2793.252	with very little identity, between the	productions of North America and Europe,—a
	2793.508	on by several observers, that the	productions of Europe and America during the later
	2795.272	as far as the more temperate	productions are concerned, took place long ages ago
	2795.454	great region with the native American	productions, and have had to compete with them; and
	2795.680	more modification than with the Alpine	productions, left isolated, within a much more
	2795.871	that when we compare the now living	productions of the temperate regions of the New and
	2831.144	of terrestrial animals. In marine	productions, similar cases occur; as an example, I
	2839.344	on, all the tropical plants and other	productions will have retreated from both sides
	2839.451	followed in the rear by the temperate	productions, and these by the arctic; but with the
	2839.1059	to bear in mind is, that all tropical	productions will have suffered to a certain extent
	2839.1144	On the other hand, the temperate	productions, after migrating nearer to the equator
	2839.1496	bearing in mind that the tropical	productions were in a suffering state and could not
	2843.690	But I do not doubt that some temperate	productions entered and crossed even the lowlands
	2845.96	terrestrial animals, and some marine	productions, migrated during the Glacial period
	2855.24	CHAP. XI. that very many European	productions cover the ground in La Plata, and in a
	2855.782	the north. In many islands the native	productions are nearly equalled or even outnumbered
	2855.1153	isolated; and I believe that the	productions of these islands on the land yielded to
	2855.1286	the north, just in the same way as the	productions of real islands have everywhere lately
	2871.34	page] 383 CHAP. XII. FRESH-WATER	PRODUCTIONS. CHAPTER XII. GEOGRAPHICAL
	2880.122	have been thought that fresh-water	productions would not have ranged widely within the
	2882.30	Britain. But this power in fresh-water	productions of ranging widely, though so unexpected
	2888.34	page] 385 CHAP. XII. FRESH-WATER	PRODUCTIONS. quently become modified and adapted
	2900.34	were [page] 387 CHAP. XII. FRESH-WATER	PRODUCTIONS. of many kinds, and were altogether
	2910.703	that some, perhaps many, fresh-water	productions are low in the scale of nature, and
	2910.1059	ranged as continuously as fresh-water	productions ever can range, over immense areas, and
	2916.702	all the facts in regard to insular	productions. In the following remarks I shall not
	2922.257	or quite exterminated many native	productions. He who admits the doctrine of the
	2978.92	almost universal rule that the endemic	productions of islands are related to those of the
	3006.718	beetles. So it is with most fresh-water	productions, in which so many genera range over the
	3018.224	facts, as alpine, lacustrine, and marsh	productions being related (with the exceptions
	3028.404	the means of dispersal of fresh-water	productions. [page] 408 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	3135.235	under varieties; and with our domestic	productions, several other grades of difference are
	3277.637	distinct genera, had they been natural	productions. But when the nestling birds of these
	3337.147	of rudimentary organs in our domestic	productions,—as the stump of a tail in tailless
	3426.553	how much modification our domestic	productions have undergone; but we may safely infer
	3426.1117	by our most anciently domesticated	productions. Man does not actually produce
	3442.702	individual differences in his domestic	productions; and every one admits that there are at
	3470.369	and supplanted by the naturalised	productions from another land. Nor ought we to
	3530.484	The belief that species were immutable	productions was almost unavoidable as long as the
	3566.240	and so forth. The study of domestic	productions will rise immensely in value. A new
	3617.16	blind fish, 139. America, North,	productions allied to those of Europe
	3795.34	Correlation of growth in domestic	productions, 11. —of growth, 143, 198. Cowslip
	3939.12	of cirripedes, 192. Fresh-water	productions, dispersal of, 383. Fries on species in
	3958.4	Archipelago, birds of, 390. ——,	productions of, 398, 400. Galeopithecus, 181. Game
	4093.7	to selection, 104. J. Japan,	productions of, 372. Java, plants of, 375. Jones
	4216.13	Mr., on humble-bees, 74. New Zealand,	productions of, not perfect, 201. —, naturalised
	4437.12	of certain varieties, 269. St. Helena,	productions of, 389. St. Hilaire, Aug., on
	4550.14	Wasp, sting of, 202. Water, fresh,	productions of, 383. Water-hen, 185. Waterhouse, Mr
1			productions—circumstances
	283.392	Unknown Origin of our Domestic	Productions—Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection
1			productions—on
	2878.32	Distribution of fresh-water	productions—On the inhabitants of oceanic islands
7			products
	788.150	and consequently how poor will his	products be, compared with those accumulated by
	3448.428	conditions of life, to her living	products? What limit can be put to this power
	3764.50	favourable to selection of domestic	products, 40. ——to natural selection
	4001.31	of, 147. —, correlation of, in domestic	products, 11. —, correlation of, 143. H. Habit
	4217.15	of, not perfect, 201. —, naturalised	products of, 337. —, fossil birds of
	4385.22	on islands, 392. Selection of domestic	products, 29. ——, principle not of recent origin
	4724.27	to. 5s. 18. HUTTON'S TABLES OF THE	PRODUCTS AND POWERS OF NUMBERS. 1781. Folio. 7s
18			professor
	413.1188	B.C., as was pointed out to me by	Professor Lepsius; but Mr. Birch informs me that
	896.72	one of the highest authorities, namely,	Professor Huxley, to discover a single case of an
	1141.496	explained by the effects of disuse. As	Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater
	1161.558	rat, the eyes are of immense size; and	Professor Silliman thought that it regained
	1171.0	page] 139 CHAP. V. ACCLIMATISATION.	Professor Dana; and some of the European cave
	1245.300	infer also from an observation made by	Professor Owen, with respect to the length of the
	1530.246	We can thus, as I infer from	Professor Owen's interesting description of these
	1773.325	of the hive-bee. Accordingly I wrote to	Professor Miller, of Cambridge, and this geometer
	2177.186	sedimentary deposits of many countries!	Professor Ramsay has given me the maximum
	2331.261	and by none more forcibly than by	Professor Sedgwick, as a fatal objection to the
	2351.253	majority of existing species. Lately,	Professor Pictet has carried their existence one
	2444.44	utterly groundless was my astonishment!	Professor Owen soon perceived that the tooth
	2558.567	its generality, seems to have shaken	Professor Pictet in his firm belief in the
	2584.371	found in several parts of La Plata; and	Professor Owen has shown in the most striking
	2584.880	between the dead and the living."	Professor Owen has subsequently extended the same
	3233.237	cases probably be more correct, as	Professor Huxley has remarked, to speak of both
	3255.1220	if we look to the admirable drawings by	Professor Huxley of the development of this
	5870.8	Ambassador. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. OWEN'S (	PROFESSOR) Manual of Fossil Mammals. Including
1			proficience
	51.48	men endeavour an endless progress or	proficience in both." BACON: Advancement of
1			proficients
	5872.73	for Latin Elegiacs; designed for early	Proficients in the Art of Latin Versification, with
4			profit
	804.663	at a corresponding age. If it	profit a plant to have its seeds more and more
	852.718	slight to be appreciated by us, might	profit a bee or other insect, so that an
	1231.178	on by natural selection, for it will	profit the individual not to have its
	1950.1011	the country; and as they are kept for	profit, where neither pure parent-species
25			profitable
	264.339	it vary however slightly in any manner	profitable to itself, under the complex and
	641.655	proceeding, if it be in any degree	profitable to an individual of any species, in its
	778.362	selection, by giving a better chance of	profitable variations occurring; and unless
	778.406	variations occurring; and unless	profitable variations do occur, natural selection
	804.573	at any age, by the accumulation of	profitable variations at that age, and by their
	858.616	small inherited modifications, each	profitable to the preserved being; and as modern
	906.275	appearance within any given period of	profitable variations, will compensate for a
	996.442	generic differences, would have been	profitable to them. The advantage of
	1018.812	those variations which are in some way	profitable will be preserved or naturally selected
	1139.492	selection will then accumulate all	profitable variations, however slight, until they
	1392.108	acts solely by the preservation of	profitable modifications, each new form will tend
	1628.819	acts solely by the preservation of	profitable variations in the struggle for life
	1663.263	modifications of instinct might be	profitable to a species; and if it can be shown
	1663.489	of instinct to any extent that may be	profitable. It is thus, as I believe, that all the
	1669.88	accumulation of numerous, slight, yet	profitable, variations. Hence, as in the case of
	1821.106	of structure or instinct, each	profitable to the individual under its conditions
	1839.443	had been social, and it had been	profitable to the community that a number should
	1843.34	having been born with some slight	profitable modification of structure, this being
	1859.512	that each successive, slight,	profitable modification did not probably at first
	1859.738	which produced most neuters with the	profitable modification, all the neuters
	1877.1248	variations, which are in any manner	profitable, without exercise or habit having come
	1898.718	continued preservation of successive	profitable degrees of sterility. I hope, however
	3211.127	modifications,—each modification being	profitable in some way to the modified form, but
	3378.951	leading to the preservation of each	profitable deviation of structure or instinct. The
	3484.176	selection of successive, slight, but	profitable modifications. We can thus understand
4			profited
	1717.1139	in another bird's nest. If the old bird	profited by this occasional habit, or if the
	1821.339	plan of construction, could have	profited the progenitors of the hive-bee? I
	2849.724	habits, and constitutions will have	profited them. Thus many of these wanderers
	3295.1041	requisite. If, on the other hand, it	profited the young to follow habits of life in
3			profits
	810.199	the community; if each in consequence	profits by the selected change. What natural
	1592.196	incessantly takes advantage of, and	profits by, the structure of another. But
	2669.218	by natural selection, only so far as it	profits the individual in its complex struggle
8			profound
	272.151	if he makes due allowance for our	profound ignorance in regard to the mutual
	717.686	being over another. Nevertheless so	profound is our ignorance, and so high our
	1353.51	ignorance of the laws of variation is	profound. Not in one case out of a hundred can
	1386.219	anticipated the discoveries of	profound mathematicians? Fourthly, how can we
	1398.0	CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONAL VARIETIES.	profound depths of the sea, and to their remains
	2173.641	accumulated. Let him remember Lyell's	profound remark, that the thickness and extent
	2247.3	CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. in	profound depths of the sea, in which case
	2373.297	which do not appear to have inhabited	profound depths, in the several formations of
6			profoundly
	1123.498	part should vary more or less, we are	profoundly ignorant. Nevertheless, we can here and
	1484.272	but with many parts of its organisation	profoundly modified. On the other hand, the
	1576.7	of the higher animals. We are	profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight
	3024.205	the same period; if we remember how	profoundly ignorant we are with respect to the
	3386.276	reproductive systems should have been	profoundly modified. Moreover, most of the [page
	3398.961	throughout the world. We are as yet	profoundly ignorant of the many occasional means
1			profusion
	846.1035	there were pollen-grains, and on some a	profusion of pollen. As the wind had set for
56			progenitor
	1145.42	We may imagine that the early	progenitor of the ostrich had habits like those of
	1219.178	due to inheritance; for an ancient	progenitor may have acquired through natural
	1263.305	species branched off from the common	progenitor of the genus. This period will seldom
	1279.0	page] 156 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	progenitor, for it can rarely have happened that
	1279.335	first branched off from their common	progenitor, and subsequently have not varied or
	1279.758	off of the species from a common	progenitor, it is probable that they should still
	1287.1114	as certainly descended from the same	progenitor, as have the two sexes of any one of
	1287.1234	part of the structure of the common	progenitor, or of its early descendants, became
	1293.905	group having descended from a common	progenitor, from whom they have inherited much in
	1297.184	to some of the characters of an early	progenitor.—These propositions will be most
	1305.722	have lost some character which their	progenitor possessed, the tendency, whether strong
	1546.528	had been inherited from one ancient	progenitor thus provided, we might have expected
	1562.98	been of high importance to an early	progenitor, and, after having been slowly
	1590.319	structures to inheritance. But to the	progenitor of the upland goose and of the frigate
	1590.493	birds. So we may believe that the	progenitor of the seal had not a flipper, but a
	1590.738	which have been inherited from a common	progenitor, were formerly of more special use to
	1590.792	formerly of more special use to that	progenitor, or its progenitors, than they now are
	1606.77	having originally existed in a remote	progenitor as a boring and serrated instrument
	1717.988	Now let us suppose that the ancient	progenitor of our European cuckoo had the habits
	2149.384	each species and a common but unknown	progenitor; and the progenitor will generally have
	2149.404	common but unknown progenitor; and the	progenitor will generally have differed in some
	2291.803	explained, that A might be the actual	progenitor of B and C, and yet might not at all
	2331.637	of which have descended from some one	progenitor, must have been an extremely slow
	2359.402	the same group have descended from one	progenitor, apply with nearly equal force to the
	2424.308	be almost sure to inherit from its new	progenitor some slight characteristic differences
	2528.976	in common from their ancient and common	progenitor. On the principle of the continued
	2528.1187	will generally differ from its ancient	progenitor. Hence we can understand the rule that
	2540.335	diverged in character from the common	progenitor of the order, nearly so much as they
	2614.169	inferiority inherited from a common	progenitor, tend to become extinct together, and
	2618.765	and consequently resemble, the common	progenitor of groups, since be- [page] 345 CHAP
	2671.223	as they have descended from the same	progenitor. In the case of those species, which
	2689.220	theory have all descended from a common	progenitor, can have migrated (undergoing
	2689.345	from the area inhabited by their	progenitor. If it can be shown to be almost
	3063.436	descendants proceeding from one	progenitor become broken up into groups
	3067.85	many species descended from a single	progenitor grouped into genera; and the genera are
	3119.342	same degree in blood to their common	progenitor, may differ greatly, being due to the
	3179.822	Marsupials branched off from a common	progenitor, and that both groups have since
	3179.1034	more of the character of its ancient	progenitor than have other Rodents; and therefore
	3179.1257	retained the character of their common	progenitor, or of an early member of the group. On
	3191.1160	parents from their ancient and unknown	progenitor. Yet the natural arrangement in the
	3211.862	parts. If we suppose that the ancient	progenitor, the archetype as it may be called, of
	3215.26	CHAP. XIII. suppose that their common	progenitor had an upper lip, mandibles, and two
	3225.549	we may readily believe that the unknown	progenitor of the vertebrata possessed many
	3225.615	possessed many vertebræ; the unknown	progenitor of the articulata, many segments; and
	3225.676	many segments; and the unknown	progenitor of flowering plants, many spiral whorls
	3301.636	so far it reveals the structure of its	progenitor. In two groups of animal, however much
	3307.233	many descendants from some one ancient	progenitor, at a very early period in the life of
	3476.920	species have descended from a striped	progenitor, in the same manner as the several
	3478.727	since they branched off from a common	progenitor in certain characters, by which they
	3482.507	species branched off from a common	progenitor, an unusual amount of variability and
	3496.400	which have descended from an ancient	progenitor have generally diverged in character
	3496.453	generally diverged in character, the	progenitor with its early descendants will often
	3518.624	organs, which were alike in the early	progenitor of each class. On the principle of
	3524.506	gums of the upper jaw, from an early	progenitor having well-developed teeth; and we may
	3546.595	condition plainly show that an early	progenitor had the organ in a fully developed
	3578.1016	elapsed since the first creature, the	progenitor of innumerable extinct and living
16			progenitors
	1147.783	continued effects of disuse in their	progenitors; for as the tarsi are almost always
	1361.1659	some of the characters of their ancient	progenitors. Although new and important
	1590.811	special use to that progenitor, or its	progenitors, than they now are to these animals
	1821.352	construction, could have profited the	progenitors of the hive-bee? I think the answer is
	2331.699	been an extremely slow process; and the	progenitors must have lived long ages before their
	2349.140	these cirripedes might have been the	progenitors of our many tertiary and existing
	2359.875	that these old species were the	progenitors of all the species of the orders to
	2363.32	If, moreover, they had been the	progenitors of these orders, they would almost
	2420.517	characters from their distinct	progenitors. For instance, it is just possible, if
	2596.526	some of these fossils may be the actual	progenitors of living species. It must not be
	3187.391	utterly lost, through which the early	progenitors of birds were formerly connected with
	3187.451	were formerly connected with the early	progenitors of the other vertebrate classes. There
	3301.1399	of their less modified ancient	progenitors, we can clearly see why ancient and
	3406.785	system, stored with the remains of the	progenitors of the Silurian groups of fossils? For
	3502.381	generally be descendants of the same	progenitors and early colonists. On this same
	3550.113	from at most only four or five	progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser
12			progeny
	647.241	the individual, but success in leaving	progeny. Two canine animals in a time of dearth
	659.160	the earth would soon be covered by the	progeny of a single pair. Even slow-breeding
	659.337	literally not be standing room for his	progeny. Linnæus has calculated that if an
	816.457	their places in nature, will leave most	progeny. But in many cases, victory will depend
	1032.584	seize on, and the more their modified	progeny will be increased. In our diagram the
	1843.382	of structure or instinct to its	progeny. It may well be asked how is it
	2046.841	induces weakness and sterility in the	progeny. Hence it seems that, on the one hand
	2596.311	become wholly extinct, and have left no	progeny. But in the caves of Brazil, there are
	2596.1099	have all died out and have left no	progeny. Or, which would probably be a far
	3440.260	of life, will generally leave most	progeny. But success will often depend on
	3484.629	case of neuter insects, which leave no	progeny to inherit the effects of long
	3586.268	now living very few will transmit	progeny of any kind to a far distant futurity
19			progress
	51.36	but rather let men endeavour an endless	progress or proficience in both." BACON
	790.420	We see nothing of these slow changes in	progress, until the hand of time has marked the
	964.702	each new variety or species, during the	progress of its formation, will generally press
	1924.1359	whenever complicated experiments are in	progress, so careful an observer as Gärtner
	1936.115	hybrid made vigorous growth and rapid	progress to maturity, and bore good seed, which
	2249.186	subject in 1845, I have watched the	progress of Geology, and have been surprised to
	2438.720	at its upper end, which marks the	progress of extermination, than at its lower end
	2446.375	and we know that this has been the	progress of events with those animals which have
	2570.773	can see no way of testing this sort of	progress. Crustaceans, for instance, not the
	3201.260	we may hope to make sure but slow	progress. Morphology.—We have seen that the
	3586.1226	and mental endowments will tend to	progress towards perfection. It is interesting
	3974.41	ancient, 487. Geology, future	progress of, 487. ——, imperfection of the record
	4211.49	Natural history, future	progress of, 484. —selection, 80. —system
	4329.19	Proteus, 139. Psychology, future	progress of, 488. Q. Quagga, striped
	5372.39	HEIRESS (THE) in Her Minority; or, The	Progress of Character. By the Author of "BERTHA
	5518.67	the Early Italian Painters, and of the	Progress of Italian Painting in Italy. Tenth
	5918.0	Illustrations, 2 Vols. 8vo. 52s. 6d.	PROGRESS OF RUSSIA IN THE EAST. An Historical
	6068.67	in Ceylon. Its Introduction and	Progress under the Portuguese, Dutch, British
	6116.26	page] 32 WATT'S (JAMES) Origin and	Progress of his Mechanical Inventions
1			progressed
	2624.297	that organisation on the whole has	progressed. If it should hereafter be proved that
1			progressive
	5016.16	British Classics.) CROKERS (J. W.)	Progressive Geography for Children. Fifth Edition
1			progressively
	2432.695	family, can increase only slowly and	progressively; for the process of modification and
1			projecting
	1815.345	hexagon, in its strictly proper place,	projecting beyond the other completed cells. It
1			prolific
	393.900	by half-civilized man, as to be quite	prolific under confinement. An argument, as it
1			prolong
	1781.1198	spheres in the same layer, she can	prolong the hexagon to any length requisite to
2			prolonged
	1046.792	in the diagram by the dotted lines not	prolonged far upwards from want of space. But
	2494.999	inhabitants met, the battle would be	prolonged and severe; and some from one
2			prominent
	784.1253	form; or at least by some modification	prominent enough to catch his eye, or to be
	6074.115	Works, and Biographical Notices of	Prominent Writers. Second Edition. 3 Vols. 8vo
1			promontory
	2171.896	there, along a short length or round a	promontory, that the cliffs are at the present
1			prompt
	755.344	fear is felt, that death is generally	prompt, and that the vigorous, the healthy
1			pronunciation
	3345.472	the spelling, but become useless in the	pronunciation, but which serve as a clue in seeking
5			proof
	1096.146	and constitution, of which we see	proof by looking at the inhabitants of any
	2578.198	and yet it may never be capable of full	proof. Seeing, for instance, that the oldest
	3239.298	are often strikingly similar: a better	proof of this cannot be given, than a
	3442.443	but the assertion is quite incapable of	proof, that the amount of variation under
	3530.688	time, we are too apt to assume, without	proof, that the geological record is so
1			proofs
	443.222	from the aboriginal stock. We have	proofs that this is not so in some cases, in
4			propagate
	264.569	any selected variety will tend to	propagate its new and modified form. This
	349.69	and bull-dog, which we all know	propagate their kind so truly, were the offspring
	1837.550	yet, from being sterile, they cannot	propagate their kind. The subject well deserves
	2299.74	with animals and plants that can	propagate rapidly and are not highly locomotive
10			propagated
	303.17	VARIATION CHAP. I. Such buds can be	propagated by grafting, &c., and sometimes by seed
	511.640	new breeds. Pigeons, I may add, can be	propagated in great numbers and at a very quick
	515.1239	animals and to those plants which are	propagated by seed. In plants which are
	515.1291	seed. In plants which are temporarily	propagated by cuttings, buds, &c., the importance
	515.1573	of hybrids; but the cases of plants not	propagated by seed are of little importance to us
	526.1001	to the species, and not generally	propagated. Some authors use the term "variation
	1189.939	the Jerusalem artichoke, which is never	propagated by seed, and of which consequently new
	1454.445	modification being useful, each being	propagated, until by the accumulated effects of
	1851.498	and yet no one ox could ever have	propagated its kind. Thus I believe it has been
	2088.594	and the more fertile hybrids are	propagated for several generations an extreme
2			propagating
	920.421	have a better chance of surviving and	propagating their kind; and thus, in the long run
	3101.800	blood, or for aërating it, or those for	propagating the race, are found nearly uniform
1			propagation
	2000.900	hybrids, and then to stop their further	propagation by different degrees of sterility, not
1			propelling
	3101.745	important organs, such as those for	propelling the blood, or for aërating it, or those
36			proper
	443.787	call the plants that deviate from the	proper standard. With animals this [page
	796.206	might be most effective in giving the	proper colour to each kind of grouse, and in
	920.813	destroying any which depart from the	proper type; but if their conditions of life
	1408.341	narrow in comparison with the territory	proper to each. We see the same fact in
	1478.374	modified from that of their	proper type. And such instances do occur in
	1552.807	to have been separately created for its	proper place in nature, be so invariably
	1737.561	species are found only in their own	proper communities, and have never been
	1757.355	reared would then follow their	proper instincts, and do what work they could
	1763.428	and have made their cells of the	proper shape to hold the greatest possible
	1795.197	they have gnawed the wax away to the	proper thinness, and then stopping their work
	1799.198	I have tried is easily done) into its	proper intermediate plane, and thus flatten it
	1801.171	wax, they could make their cells of the	proper shape, by standing at the proper
	1801.204	of the proper shape, by standing at the	proper distance from each other, by excavating
	1803.434	build up a rough wall of wax in the	proper [page] 231 CHAP. VII. CELLS OF THE
	1815.56	place on which they can stand in their	proper positions for working,—for instance, on
	1815.331	wall of a new hexagon, in its strictly	proper place, projecting beyond the other
	1815.452	should be enabled to stand at their	proper relative distances from each other and
	1815.901	circumstances a rough wall in its	proper place between two just-com- [page
	1819.505	the same time, always standing at the	proper relative distance from the parts of the
	1819.816	and then to five other points, at the	proper relative distances from the central
	2094.934	impotent or at least incapable of its	proper function of producing offspring
	2578.306	and fish strictly belong to their own	proper classes, though some of these old forms
	2928.913	have been kept by the others to their	proper places and habits, and will
	3095.1146	the greater number of the characters	proper to the species, to the genus, to the
	3095.1434	important points of structure from the	proper type of the order, yet M. Richard
	3123.1696	much isolated, will still occupy its	proper intermediate position; for F originally
	3129.914	groups subordinate to groups; but the	proper or even only possible arrangement would
	3159.1406	their blood-relationship to their	proper lines of descent. We can also
	3251.1045	by their active powers of swimming, a	proper place on which to become attached and
	3255.437	been sketched out with all the parts in	proper proportion, as soon as any structure
	3255.1048	their parents or placed in the midst of	proper nutriment, yet nearly all pass through
	3283.796	when twelve hours old had acquired its	proper proportions, proves that this is not
	3321.393	an organ may become rudimentary for its	proper purpose, and be used for a distinct
	3321.509	bladder seems to be rudimentary for its	proper function of giving buoyancy, but has
	3472.348	some of the characters of the species	proper to that zone. In both varieties and
	4814.39	BLUNTS (REV. J. J.) Principles for the	proper understanding of the Mosaic Writings
7			properly
	260.517	far too briefly, as it can be treated	properly only by giving long catalogues of facts
	526.206	variation. To treat this subject at all	properly, a long catalogue of dry facts should
	647.465	life against the drought, though more	properly it should be said to be dependent on
	1502.547	which are coated by pigment, and which	properly act only by excluding lateral pencils
	2713.79	called accidental means, but which more	properly might be called occasional means of
	3024.337	a subject which has hardly ever been	properly experimentised on; if we bear in mind
	3544.626	s womb? Although naturalists very	properly demand a full explanation of every
1			properties
	5756.79	A Practical Treatise on the Chemical	Properties, Management, and Application of Manures
1			property
	2669.137	of each species is an independent	property, and will be taken advantage of by
1			prophecies
	5568.115	City of Petræa,the Edom of the	Prophecies. Second Edition. With Plates. 8vo. 18s
1			prophecy
	5221.229	and Illustrations of Scripture	Prophecy. Third Edition. Fcap 8vo. 6s. [page
1			prophetic
	3586.543	utterly extinct. We can so far take a	prophetic glance into futurity as to foretel that
1			propinquity
	3069.1351	something more is included; and that	propinquity of descent,—the only known cause of the
1			propor
	731.1126	and the seed then mixed in due	propor- [page] 76 STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
17			proportion
	311.278	less and the bones of the leg more, in	proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same
	598.319	proved to be the case that a larger	proportion of the species on the side of the
	725.853	the same beautiful diversity and	proportion of kinds as in the surrounding virgin
	928.299	yet of these species a very large	proportion are endemic,—that is, have been
	1153.58	wind lulls and the sun shines; that the	proportion of wingless beetles is larger on the
	1183.81	may be used as an argument that a large	proportion of other animals, now in a state of
	1189.1350	kidney-beans so early that a very large	proportion are destroyed by frost, and then
	1305.397	After twelve generations, the	proportion of blood, to use a common expression
	1305.591	is retained by this very small	proportion of foreign blood. In a breed which has
	1506.316	the number of living animals is in	proportion to those which have become extinct, I
	1552.154	state; yet, considering that the	proportion of living and known forms to the
	2147.155	their parent-forms. But just in	proportion as this process of extermination has
	2227.498	remains. Throughout an enormously large	proportion of the ocean, the bright blue tint of
	2233.509	when we remember how large a	proportion of the bones of tertiary mammals have
	2924.78	of kinds of inhabitants is scanty, the	proportion of endemic species (i.e. those found
	2994.967	distinct species, belonging in a large	proportion of cases, as shown by Alph. de Candolle
	3255.444	out with all the parts in proper	proportion, as soon as any structure became
16			proportional
	381.559	of the two arms of the furcula. The	proportional width of the gape of mouth, the
	381.604	width of the gape of mouth, the	proportional length of the eyelids, of the orifice
	582.581	and the tables themselves of the	proportional numbers of the varying species. Dr
	590.685	those including many species, a large	proportional number of dominant species. But so many
	707.745	different soil to another: not only the	proportional numbers of the heath-plants were wholly
	725.512	bank, we are tempted to attribute their	proportional numbers and kinds to what we call
	729.656	in the course of centuries, the	proportional numbers and kinds of trees now growing
	772.161	change, for instance, of climate. The	proportional numbers of its inhabitants would almost
	836.31	breed. Even without any change in the	proportional numbers of the animals on which our
	946.482	less improved forms, and the relative	proportional numbers of the various inhabitants of
	994.1134	not there indigenous, and thus a large	proportional addition is made to the genera of these
	2265.576	I can by no means pretend to assign due	proportional weight to the following considerations
	2930.303	Islands, Dr. Hooker has shown that the	proportional numbers of the different orders are
	3275.370	nearly acquired their full amount of	proportional difference. So, again, I was told that
	3275.838	no means acquired their full amount of	proportional difference. As the evidence appears to
	3277.794	from each other, yet their	proportional differences in the above specified
4			proportionally
	375.1495	neck that they form a hood, and it has,	proportionally to its size, much elongated wing and
	701.436	at this one season, increase in number	proportionally to the supply of seed, as their numbers
	994.603	that floras gain by naturalisation,	proportionally with the number of the native genera
	1863.435	can be accounted for merely by their	proportionally lesser size; and I fully believe
11			proportions
	735.517	and constitution, that the original	proportions of a mixed stock could be kept up for
	772.452	that any change in the numerical	proportions of some of the inhabitants
	2711.662	many followers. The nature and relative	proportions of the inhabitants of oceanic islands
	2960.304	presence of aërial bats,—the singular	proportions of certain orders of plants,—herbaceous
	2972.1035	in their height or climate, or in the	proportions in which the several classes are
	3277.233	being hatched; I carefully measured the	proportions (but will not here give details) of the
	3281.185	and of the other breeds, in all its	proportions, almost exactly as much as in the adult
	3283.803	hours old had acquired its proper	proportions, proves that this is not the universal
	3502.1284	at various periods and in different	proportions, the course of modification in the two
	3848.3	together, 254. —, —of crosses, 268, —,	proportions of, when young, 444. Domestication
	4050.3	in La Plata, 72. —, striped, 163. —,	proportions of, when young, 445. Horticulturists
1			proposed
	4952.39	India as it may be. An Outline of a	proposed Government and Policy. 8vo. 12s. [page
3			proposition
	1245.493	convince any one of the truth of this	proposition without giving the long array of facts
	1281.593	their females; and the truth of this	proposition will be granted. The cause of the
	2522.341	be difficult to prove the truth of the	proposition, for every now and then even a living
6			propositions
	1297.202	of an early progenitor.—These	propositions will be most readily understood by
	3069.380	as briefly as possible, general	propositions,—that is, by one sentence to give the
	3075.223	simply a scheme for enunciating general	propositions and of placing together the forms most
	3117.581	creation, or the enunciation of general	propositions, and the mere putting together and
	3378.619	real if we admit the following	propositions, namely,—that gradations in the
	3378.1017	or instinct. The truth of these	propositions cannot, I think, be disputed. [page
2			propounded
	285.784	I think, some probability in the view	propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability
	1225.30	open. The elder Geoffroy and Goethe	propounded, at about the same period, their law of
2			prose
	4650.39	AUSTIN'S (SARAH) Fragments from German	Prose Writers. With Biographical Notes. Post
	4932.27	s. 6d. BYRON Beauties. Poetry and	Prose. A Reading Book for Youth. Portrait
3			prosody
	5558.52	Book; or, the Accidence, Syntax and	Prosody, with an English Translation for the
	5574.64	VI.); or, the Accidence, Syntax, and	Prosody, with English Translation for Junior
	6146.50	Book, or the Accidence, Syntax and	Prosody, with English Translation for Junior
1			prospect
	3558.1166	convenience. This may not be a cheering	prospect; but we shall at least be freed from
1			prospects
	6104.34	s. WADDINGTON'S (DEAN) Condition and	Prospects of the Greek Church. New Edition. Fcap
2			prosper
	321.218	importance, is endless. Dr.	Prosper Lucas's treatise, in two large volumes
	2110.983	On the whole I entirely agree with Dr.	Prosper Lucas, who, after arranging an enormous
1			proteaceæ
	3081.1203	in speaking of certain organs in the	Proteaceæ, says their generic importance, "like
1			protean
	538.156	which have sometimes been called "	protean" or "polymorphic," in which the species
2			protect
	673.858	early one. If an animal can in any way	protect its own eggs or young, a small number
	2313.520	not accumulate at a sufficient rate to	protect organic bodies from decay, no remains
9			protected
	687.832	rarely dares to attack a young elephant	protected by its dam. Climate plays an important
	1108.475	fatal competition by having inhabited a	protected station. As buds give rise by growth to
	1231.480	is parasitic within another and is thus	protected, it loses more or less completely its
	1231.848	and muscles; but in the parasitic and	protected Proteolepas, the whole anterior part of
	2614.415	of a few descendants, lingering in	protected and isolated situations. When a group
	2723.857	would float for a less time than those	protected from violent movement as in our
	2839.1335	certain that many temperate plants, if	protected from the inroads of competitors, can
	3263.1505	egg, or as long as it is nourished and	protected by its parent, it must be quite
	3317.255	the pollen-tubes to reach the ovules	protected in the ovarium at its base. The pistil
1			protection
	140.229	universal — Effects of climate —	Protection from the number of individuals
1			protects
	784.1074	destroy all inferior animals, but	protects during each varying season, as far as
5			proteolepas
	1231.633	a truly extraordinary manner with the	Proteolepas: for the carapace in all other
	1231.858	but in the parasitic and protected	Proteolepas, the whole anterior part of the head is
	1231.1096	by the parasitic habits of the	Proteolepas, though effected by slow steps, would
	1231.1294	animal is exposed, each individual	Proteolepas would have a better chance of
	4327.27	of, 247. Primula, varieties of, 49.	Proteolepas, 148. Proteus, 139. Psychology, future
1			protest
	1586.56	lead me to say a few words on the	protest lately made by some naturalists
2			proteus
	1171.690	and as is the case with the blind	Proteus with reference to the reptiles of
	4328.0	varieties of, 49. Proteolepas, 148.	Proteus, 139. Psychology, future progress of
3			prototype
	365.259	be ever so slight, has had its wild	prototype. At this rate there must have existed
	1530.128	by ordinary generation from an ancient	prototype, of which we know nothing, furnished
	3552.119	and plants have descended from some one	prototype. But analogy may be a deceitful guide
2			prototypes
	970.849	whereas varieties, the supposed	prototypes and parents of future well-marked
	3566.1233	in some degree obscured, of the	prototypes of each great class. When we can feel
1			protrude
	2022.803	allied species, though the pollen-tubes	protrude, they do not penetrate the stigmatic
1			protuberances
	828.334	the wattle in male carriers, horn-like	protuberances in the cocks of certain fowls, &c
9			prove
	896.496	by a fortunate chance, elsewhere to	prove that two individuals, though both are
	930.244	the production of species, which will	prove capable of enduring for a long period
	1986.370	cases are highly important, for they	prove that the capacity in any two species to
	2227.72	discoveries made every year in Europe	prove. No organism wholly soft can be
	2305.82	at some future period will be able to	prove, that our different breeds of cattle
	2522.318	ages; and it would be difficult to	prove the truth of the proposition, for every
	2637.414	America alone would almost suffice to	prove its truth: for if we exclude the
	2749.1769	and it would be very difficult to	prove this), received within the last few
	3006.501	true, though it would be difficult to	prove it. Amongst mammals, we see it
22			proved
	437.48	breeders have actually effected is	proved by the enormous prices given for
	526.757	implied, though it can rarely be	proved. We have also what are called
	598.283	the other side, and it has invariably	proved to be the case that a larger proportion
	982.980	with plants. It has been experimentally	proved, that if a plot of ground be sown with
	1596.60	bodies of other insects. If it could be	proved that any part of the structure of any
	1757.420	what work they could. If their presence	proved useful to the species which had seized
	1998.70	other. This latter statement is clearly	proved by reciprocal crosses between the same
	2078.79	by every subsequent observer, has	proved the remarkable fact, that one variety
	2084.30	VIII. fertility of varieties can be	proved to be of universal occurrence, or to
	2301.162	by intermediate varieties and thus	proved to be the same species, until many
	2576.338	truth of this doctrine is very far from	proved. Yet I fully expect to see it hereafter
	2624.335	progressed. If it should hereafter be	proved that ancient animals resemble to a
	2626.127	be asserted that the record cannot be	proved to be much more perfect, the main
	2707.1732	I do not believe that it will ever be	proved that within the recent period
	3139.363	in some other respects. If it could be	proved that the Hottentot had descended from
	3145.57	what ought we to do, if it could be	proved that one species of kangaroo had been
	3285.83	two principles—which latter, though not	proved true, can be shown to be in some degree
	3301.1654	I only hope to see the law hereafter	proved true. It can be proved true in those
	3301.1677	law hereafter proved true. It can be	proved true in those cases alone in which the
	3416.0	page] 465 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION.	proved; and when they do spread, if discovered
	3434.465	beings. This high rate of increase is	proved by calculation, by the effects of a
	3530.92	subject to no variation; it cannot be	proved that the amount of variation in the
1			provence
	5282.101	Seine, Rhone, and Garonne, Dauphine,	Provence, and the Pyrenees. Maps. Post Svo. 10s
2			proves
	1877.1036	case, also, is very interesting, as it	proves that with animals, as with plants, any
	3283.816	had acquired its proper proportions,	proves that this is not the universal rule
4			provide
	3247.109	embryonic career is active, and has to	provide for itself. The period of activity may
	3261.55	at any period of life active and has to	provide for itself;—of the embryo apparently
	3295.548	on for many generations, having to	provide for their own wants at a very early
	3359.911	period of life when the being has to	provide for its own wants, and bearing in mind
4			provided
	816.1394	animals, and these seem oftenest	provided with special weapons. The males of
	830.720	and so be preserved or selected,—	provided always that they retained strength to
	890.195	be valid, but that nature has largely	provided against it by giving to trees a strong
	1546.544	from one ancient progenitor thus	provided, we might have expected that all
3			province
	1906.825	on as a special endowment, beyond the	province of our reasoning powers. The fertility
	2408.1713	migration from a distinct geographical	province, seems to me satisfactory. [page
	5136.86	in Asia Minor, more particularly in the	Province of Lydia. New Edition. Plates. Post 8vo
12			provinces
	616.773	range on an average over 6.9 of the	provinces into which Mr. Watson has divided Great
	616.926	are recorded, and these range over 7.7	provinces; whereas, the species to which these
	616.1006	these varieties belong range over 14.3	provinces. So that the acknowledged varieties
	3032.559	our several zoological and botanical	provinces. We can thus understand the
	3036.90	in the different great geographical	provinces of the world. On these same principles
	3044.884	of ages, as in now looking to distant	provinces throughout the world, we find that some
	4886.52	LORD) Journey through Albania and other	Provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia, to
	4940.54	Portugal, Gallicia, and the Basque	Provinces. From Notes made during a Journey to
	5268.30	s. 6d. ——— Journey through the Upper	Provinces of India, From Calcutta to Bombay, with
	5268.117	a Journey to Madras and the Southern	Provinces. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12s. [page
	5706.104	crossing the Andes in the Northern	Provinces of Peru, and descending the great River
	5890.89	Extracts from a Journal kept in the	Provinces, Nepaul, &c. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. PHILLIPS
2			provincial
	499.814	and will then probably first receive a	provincial name. In semi-civilised countries, with
	5612.15	Dependencies. 8vo. 12s. —— Glossary of	Provincial Words used in Herefordshire and some of
2			proving
	333.491	There would be great difficulty in	proving its truth: we may safely conclude that
	1189.1088	it is now as tender as ever it was—as	proving that acclimatisation cannot be effected
1			proximity
	2508.512	to account for, considering the	proximity of the two areas,—unless, indeed, it be
1			prudential
	653.872	no artificial increase of food, and no	prudential restraint from marriage. Although some
1			psalms
	5384.23	vo. 15s. HOLLAND'S (REV. W. B.)	Psalms and Hymns, selected and adapted to the
2			psychology
	3580.75	for far more important researches.	Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that
	4329.0	of, 49. Proteolepas, 148. Proteus, 139.	Psychology, future progress of, 488. Q. Quagga
1			ptarmigan
	792.275	bark-feeders mottled-grey; the alpine	ptarmigan white in winter, the red-grouse the
1			pubescence
	3089.542	folded-mere colour in certain Algæ-mere	pubescence on parts of the flower in grasses-the
9			public
	5006.105	Curiosities, Churches, Works of Art,	Public Buildings, and Places connected with
	5078.25	vo. 18s. ELDONS (LORD CHANCELLOR)	Public and Private Life, with Selections from
	5204.50	the Battle of Waterloo, Compiled from	Public and Authentic Sources. Post Svo. 5s
	5225.34	GRENVILLE (THE) PAPERS. Being the	Public and Private Correspondence of George
	5724.118	Fiscal, and Judicial; with Laws and	Public Documents, from the earliest to the
	5858.128	Personal Observation and other Sources,	Public, Private, Legendary, and Local
	6080.12	Times. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. —— Notes on	Public Subjects, made during a Tour in the
	6084.16	own. Post 8vo. 9s. 6d. TWISS' (HORACE)	Public and Private Life of Lord Chancellor
	6112.86	passages from his Private and	Public Correspondence. By JAMES P. MUIRHEAD, M
2			publications
	2590.453	marsupials; and I have shown in the	publications above alluded to, that in America the
	4656.10	Vols. 8vo. 24s. [page] 2 ADMIRALTY	PUBLICATIONS; Issued by direction of the Lords
3			publish
	236.153	far from strong, I have been urged to	publish this Abstract. I have more especially
	240.493	honoured me by thinking it advisable to	publish, with Mr. Wallace's excellent memoir
	242.27	This Abstract, which I now	publish, must necessarily be imperfect. I
26			published
	240.296	it to the Linnean Society, and it is	published in the third volume of the Journal of
	319.177	to study the several treatises	published on some of our old cultivated plants
	371.432	in different languages have been	published on pigeons, and some of them are very
	451.226	years, and many treatises have been	published on the subject; and the result, I may
	872.1151	that I have found, by experiments	published elsewhere, that their fertility is
	1189.635	shown in works on fruit trees	published in the United States, in which certain
	1189.1725	ever appear, for an account has been	published how much more hardy some seedlings
	1245.230	a remark, nearly to the above effect,	published by Mr. Waterhouse. I infer also from an
	2207.176	from 600 to 3000 feet. Prof. Ramsay has	published an account of a downthrow in Anglesea
	2233.294	a single glance at the historical table	published in the Supplement to Lyell's Manual
	2339.233	fact that in geological treatises,	published not many years ago, the great class of
	2343.259	in the Supplement to Lyell's 'Manual,'	published in 1858, clear evidence of the
	2345.1060	of species. But my work had hardly been	published, when a skilful palæontologist, M
	2450.87	man's agency. I may repeat what I	published in 1845, namely, that to admit that
	2809.680	story. If one account which has been	published can be trusted, we have direct evidence
	3540.41	eminent naturalists have of late	published their belief that a multitude of
	4640.84	Society of England. 8vo. 10s.	Published half-yearly. AMBER-WITCH (THE). The
	4860.131	and edited with elucidatory notes.	Published occasionally in demy 8vo. Volumes
	4862.8	in demy 8vo. Volumes. Already	Published. GOLDSMITHS WORKS. Edited by PETER
	5185.28	Svo. 6s. GEOGRAPHICAL (THE) Journal.	Published by the Royal Geographical Society of
	5686.139	Third Edition revised. Maps. Post 8vo. (	Published by order of the Lords of the Admiralty
	5772.19	classes of Readers. [The following are	published:] WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERK. 6d
	5840.45	ALMANACK (The). Royal 8vo. 2s. 6d. (	Published by Authority.) NAVY LIST (The
	5842.28	NAVY LIST (The Quarterly). (	Published by Authority.) Post 8vo. 2s. 6d
	5888.190	Survey. With 40 Plates. Folio, 5l. 5s. (	Published under the direction of the Dilettanti
	5954.150	Secretary of State. 8vo. 10s. 6d. (	Published by Imperial Command.) RUXTON'S (GEORGE
2			publishing
	242.550	than I do of the necessity of hereafter	publishing in detail all the facts, with
	2249.122	been formed during subsidence. Since	publishing my views on this subject in 1845, I
1			puffinuria
	1480.99	quiet Sounds of Tierra del Fuego, the	Puffinuria [page] 185 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONAL
1			pulling
	2898.1434	covered up in my study for six months,	pulling up and counting each plant as it grew
4			puppies
	1703.631	in dogs which have been brought home as	puppies from countries, such as Tierra del
	3275.62	I was curious to see how far their	puppies differed from each other: I was told by
	3275.291	the old dogs and their six-days old	puppies, I found that the puppies had not
	3275.317	six-days old puppies, I found that the	puppies had not nearly acquired their full
1			purchase
	371.193	I have kept every breed which I could	purchase or obtain, and have been most kindly
1			purely
	469.399	as Mr. Youatt remarks, "have been	purely bred from the original stock of Mr
1			purely-bred
	1331.217	without stripes is not considered as	purely-bred. The spine is always striped; the legs
1			purest
	403.26	CHAP. I. that each breed, even the	purest, has within a dozen or, at most, within
1			purity
	2227.570	blue tint of the water bespeaks its	purity. The many cases on record of a
2			purple
	796.861	a curculio, than those with down; that	purple plums suffer far more from a certain
	796.1364	whether a smooth or downy, a yellow or	purple fleshed fruit, should succeed. In
33			purpose
	429.737	with the wool of one breed good for one	purpose, and that of another breed for another
	429.784	and that of another breed for another	purpose; when we compare the many breeds of
	457.193	existing in the country. But, for our	purpose, a kind of Selection, which may be
	471.189	useful to them, for any special	purpose, would be carefully preserved during
	882.419	so close together, as if for the very	purpose of self-fertilisation, should in so
	1189.1207	bean has been often cited for a similar	purpose, and with much greater weight; but
	1237.1196	the part has to serve for one special	purpose alone. In the same way that a knife
	1257.804	little specialised for any particular	purpose, and perhaps in polymorphic groups, we
	1462.253	the ostrich; and functionally for no	purpose, like the Apteryx. Yet the structure of
	1522.1356	for some other and quite distinct	purpose, or be quite obliterated. The
	1524.160	an organ originally constructed for one	purpose, namely flotation, may be converted
	1524.236	into one for a wholly different	purpose, namely respiration. The swimbladder
	1530.874	selection for some quite distinct	purpose: in the same manner as, on the view
	1560.607	could have been adapted for its present	purpose by successive slight modifications
	1584.119	I might have adduced for this same	purpose the differences between the races of
	1598.197	formed, as Paley has remarked, for the	purpose of causing pain or for doing an injury
	1606.241	but not perfected for its present	purpose, with the poison originally adapted to
	1606.761	admire the production for this single	purpose of thousands of drones, which are
	1651.546	way, without their knowing for what	purpose it is performed, is usually said to be
	1707.331	is evidently done for the instinctive	purpose of allowing, as we see in wild ground
	1761.204	permanent for the very different	purpose of raising slaves. When the instinct
	2817.929	cooler. But it would suffice for my	purpose, if the temperature was at the same
	3103.302	should be more important for this	purpose than that of the adult, which alone
	3135.1126	says the horns are very useful for this	purpose with cattle, because they are less
	3211.997	existing general pattern, for whatever	purpose they served, we can at once perceive
	3317.110	for one, even the more important	purpose; and remain perfectly efficient for the
	3321.283	hairs as in other compositæ, for the	purpose of brushing the pollen out of the
	3321.400	may become rudimentary for its proper	purpose, and be used for a distinct object: in
	3335.126	fin of the manatee were formed for this	purpose. On my view of descent with
	3339.202	of life, useless or injurious for one	purpose, might easily be modified and used for
	3339.257	easily be modified and used for another	purpose. Or an organ might be retained for one
	3357.84	in the homologous organs, to whatever	purpose applied, of the different species of a
	3518.419	a bat, though used for such different	purpose,—in the jaws and legs of a crab,—in the
1			purposely
	405.146	state this from my own observations,	purposely made on the most distinct breeds. Now
17			purposes
	429.1224	at different seasons and for different	purposes, or so beautiful in his eyes, we must
	511.1566	geese, from being valuable only for two	purposes, food and feathers, and more especially
	1293.1487	sexual, and for ordinary specific	purposes. [page] 159 CHAP. V. LAWS OF VARIATION
	1566.331	its general presence and use for many	purposes in so many land animals, which in their
	1566.599	come to be worked in for all sorts of	purposes, as a fly-flapper, an organ of
	1918.273	circumstances, that for all practical	purposes it is most difficult to say where
	3207.7	CHAP. XIII. MORPHOLOGY. ferent	purposes, are formed by infinitely numerous
	3223.509	as they are for such totally different	purposes? Why should one crustacean, which has
	3223.817	though fitted for such widely different	purposes, be all constructed on the same pattern
	3229.207	have adapted them to the most diverse	purposes. And as the whole amount of
	3239.155	different and serve for different	purposes, are in the embryo exactly alike. The
	3257.262	very unlike and serve for diverse	purposes, being at this early period of growth
	3317.25	in nature. An organ serving for two	purposes, may become rudimentary or utterly
	3331.253	are exquisitely adapted for certain	purposes, tells us with equal plainness that
	3359.517	though fitted in the adult members for	purposes as different as possible. Larvæ are
	5932.104	on the Ravages, the Preservation, for	Purposes of Study, and the Classification of
	6168.68	may be freely used for non-commercial	purposes and distribution to students
2			pursue
	836.140	be born with an innate tendency to	pursue certain kinds of prey. Nor can this be
	3554.231	history. Systematists will be able to	pursue their labours as at present; but they
2			pursued
	234.843	to the present day I have steadily	pursued the same object. I hope that I may be
	1709.494	all has been the result of selection,	pursued both methodically and unconsciously
1			pursues
	836.1537	with a light greyhound-like form, which	pursues deer, and the other more bulky, with
1			pursuing
	2767.360	increased, whilst their brethren were	pursuing their northern journey. Hence, when the
1			pursuit
	4992.15	Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. CRAIKS (G. L.)	Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties. New
1			putrid
	1574.1140	possibly be due to the direct action of	putrid matter; but we should be very cautious
1			putridity
	1574.1061	as a direct adaptation for wallowing in	putridity; and so it may be, or it may possibly
1			putting
	3117.608	of general propositions, and the mere	putting together and separating objects more or
4			pyramid
	1767.782	sides bevelled so as to join on to a	pyramid, formed of three rhombs. These rhombs
	1771.398	three flat surfaces are united into a	pyramid; and this pyramid, as Huber has
	1771.416	are united into a pyramid; and this	pyramid, as Huber has remarked, is manifestly a
	1787.1162	on the straight edges of a three-sided	pyramid as in the case of ordinary cells. I
5			pyramidal
	1767.878	angles, and the three which form the	pyramidal base of a single cell on one side of
	1771.499	a gross imitation of the three-sided	pyramidal basis of the cell of the hive-bee. As
	1779.95	of hexagonal prisms united together by	pyramidal bases formed of three rhombs; and the
	1801.658	They do not make the whole three-sided	pyramidal base of any one cell at the same time
	1807.1360	an inch in thickness; the plates of the	pyramidal basis being about twice as thick. By
2			pyramids
	5308.49	the Nile, Alexandria, Cairo, the	Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c. Map. Post Svo. 15s
	6132.63	the Nile, Alexandria, Cairo, the	Pyramids, Mount Sinai, &c. Map. Post 8vo. 15s
7			pyrenees
	2755.485	on the snowy regions of the Alps or	Pyrenees, and in the extreme northern parts of
	2765.22	GLACIAL PERIOD. south as the Alps and	Pyrenees, and even stretching into Spain. The
	2773.17	CHAP. XI. and those of the	Pyrenees, as remarked by Ramond, are more
	2809.161	the Oural range, and southward to the	Pyrenees. We may infer, from the frozen mammals
	2843.935	and covered the land at the foot of the	Pyrenees. At this period of extreme cold, I
	4340.20	English, 356. Ramond on plants of	Pyrenees, 368. Ramsay, Prof., on thickness of
	5282.119	Garonne, Dauphine, Provence, and the	Pyrenees. Maps. Post Svo. 10s
1			pyrgoma
	1249.953	in the several species of one genus,	Pyrgoma, these valves present a marvellous