Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- U

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
1			ubicinis
	6090.0	REV. J. W. BURGON, M.A. 8vo. 9s.	UBICINIS (M. A.) Letters on Turkey and its
1			ubiquitous
	2345.1371	a Chthamalus, a very common, large, and	ubiquitous genus, of which not one specimen has as
3			udders
	311.531	great and inherited development of the	udders in cows and goats in countries where
	3315.694	and two rudimentary teats in the	udders of the genus Bos, but in our domestic
	4508.0	succession of, in same areas, 338. U.	Udders enlarged by use, 11. ——, rudimentary
1			ultimate
	1807.1500	given to the comb, with the utmost	ultimate economy of wax. It seems at first to
18			ultimately
	435.1581	and classed, so that the very best may	ultimately be selected for breeding. What English
	641.96	I have called incipient species, become	ultimately converted into good and distinct
	1084.548	to increase. But which groups will	ultimately prevail, no man can predict; for we
	1606.869	for any other end, and which are	ultimately slaughtered by their industrious and
	1807.630	finished wall of the cell, which will	ultimately be left. We shall understand how they
	1859.779	modification, all the neuters	ultimately came to have the desired character. On
	2299.1004	rise, first to local varieties and	ultimately to new species; and this again would
	2432.401	for a space of equal thickness, and	ultimately thins out in the upper beds, marking
	2452.85	the belief that each new variety, and	ultimately each new species, is produced and
	2777.512	warmth, first at the bases and	ultimately on the summits of the mountains, the
	2936.1488	thus convert them first into bushes and	ultimately into trees. With respect to the
	3010.1479	firstly into new varieties and	ultimately into new species. In considering the
	3057.888	or incipient species, thus produced	ultimately become converted, as I believe, into
	3215.398	to be finally lost, by the atrophy and	ultimately by the complete abortion of certain
	3257.210	in the same indivividual embryo, which	ultimately become very unlike and serve for
	3263.443	been born, what its merits or form will	ultimately turn out. We see this plainly in our
	3337.1056	been forced to take flight, and have	ultimately lost the power of flying. Again, an
	3586.698	larger and dominant groups, which will	ultimately prevail and procreate new and dominant
1			umbel
	1213.95	and exterior flowers of a head or	umbel, I do not feel at all sure that C. C
6			umbelliferæ
	1211.524	but, in the case of the corolla of the	Umbelliferæ, it is by no means, as Dr. Hooker
	1217.380	advantageous to the plant: yet in the	Umbelliferæ these differences are of such apparent
	3823.5	on struggle for existence, 62. ——on	umbelliferæ, 146. —on general affinities
	3925.18	to crossing, 97. —of composite and	umbelliferæ,144. Forbes, E., on colours of shells
	4035.18	Himalayan trees, 140. ——, on flowers of	umbelliferæ, 145. ——, on glaciers of Himalaya
	4510.28	Ulex, young leaves of, 439.	Umbelliferæ, outer and inner florets of, 144. Unity
2			umbelliferous
	1207.269	inner flowers in some Compositous and	Umbelliferous plants. Every one knows the [page
	4462.10	Tarsi deficient, 135. Tausch on	umbelliferous flowers, 146. Teeth and hair correlated
4			unable
	1357.690	the nature of which we are utterly	unable to understand. Multiple parts are
	1580.1678	to them only to show that, if we are	unable to account for the characteristic
	2155.511	Hence in all such cases, we should be	unable to recognise the parent-form of any two
	3394.473	part to the others. We are often wholly	unable [page] 462 RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV
1			unaccountable
	3442.311	under nature, it would be an	unaccountable fact if natural selection had not come
9			unaltered
	1046.712	for a long period continue transmitting	unaltered descendants; and this is shown in the
	1070.186	have retained the form of (F), either	unaltered or altered only in a slight degree. In
	1500.466	the earlier stages of descent, in an	unaltered or little altered condition. Amongst
	2157.289	had remained for a very long period	unaltered, whilst its descendants had undergone a
	2227.875	the sea not rarely lying for ages in an	unaltered condition. The remains which do become
	2412.1279	marine shells and birds have remained	unaltered. We can perhaps understand the
	2576.822	whilst it leaves the embryo almost	unaltered, continually adds, in the course of
	2861.108	of forms, and others have remained	unaltered. We cannot hope to explain such facts
	3586.173	one living species will transmit its	unaltered likeness to a distant futurity. And of
1			unanimously
	2385.654	Lyell, Murchison, Sedgwick, &c., have	unanimously, often vehemently, maintained the
1			unavoidable
	3530.507	were immutable productions was almost	unavoidable as long as the history of the world was
1			unborn
	3309.714	the gums, in the upper jaws of our	unborn calves. It has even been stated on good
1			unbroken
	2426.988	must have continuously existed by an	unbroken succession of generations, from the
3			unchanged
	337.864	acquired characters, whilst kept under	unchanged conditions, and whilst kept in a
	461.510	for comparison. In some cases, however,	unchanged or but little changed individuals of
	3578.237	a body might remain for a long period	unchanged, whilst within this same period
3			uncivilised
	483.195	nor any other region inhabited by quite	uncivilised man, has afforded us a single plant
	485.42	regard to the domestic animals kept by	uncivilised man, it should not be overlooked that
	1179.65	animals were originally chosen by	uncivilised man because they were useful and bred
1			uncle
	4810.39	BERTHA'S Journal during a Visit to her	Uncle in England. Containing a Variety of
2			uncommon
	548.52	of this doubtful nature are far from	uncommon cannot be disputed. Compare the several
	1723.128	or of a distinct species, is not very	uncommon with the Gallinaceæ; and this perhaps
15			unconscious
	126.357	followed, its Effects — Methodical and	Unconscious Selection — Unknown Origin of our
	283.339	followed, its Effects—Methodical and	Unconscious Selection—Unknown Origin of our
	457.243	kind of Selection, which may be called	Unconscious, and which results from every one
	459.19	I cannot [page] 35 CHAP. I.	UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION. doubt that this process
	465.10	pigeon treatises of carriers [page] 36	UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION. CHAP. I. and tumblers with
	471.431	in this case there would be a kind of	unconscious selection going on. We see the value
	475.19	to be ranked [page] 37 CHAP. I.	UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION. at their first appearance
	491.661	become through long-continued, partly	unconscious and partly methodical selection
	499.1085	the principle, as I have called it, of	unconscious selection will always tend,—perhaps
	784.83	a great result by his methodical and	unconscious means of selection, what may not nature
	830.1031	and methodical selection, or by that	unconscious selection which results from each man
	908.348	surely but slowly follow from this	unconscious process of selection, notwithstanding a
	1697.1112	would soon complete the work; and	unconscious [page] 215 CHAP. VII. DOMESTIC
	2060.751	domestication by man's methodical and	unconscious power of selection, for his own use and
	4387.3	principle not of recent origin, 33 —,	unconscious, 34. ——, natural, 80. ——, sexual
13			unconsciously
	317.692	peculiarity, he will almost certainly	unconsciously modify other parts of the structure
	461.718	that King Charles's spaniel has been	unconsciously modified to a large extent since the
	461.1187	is, that the change has been effected	unconsciously and gradually, and yet so effectually
	469.107	selection, which may be considered as	unconsciously followed, in so far that the breeders
	477.1052	is concerned, has been followed almost	unconsciously. It has consisted in always cultivating
	479.67	our cultivated plants, thus slowly and	unconsciously accumulated, explains, as I believe
	515.1803	methodically and more quickly, or	unconsciously and more slowly, but more efficiently
	1657.249	performed, but not of its origin. How	unconsciously many habitual actions are performed
	1709.524	pursued both methodically and	unconsciously; but in most cases, probably, habit and
	3117.489	hidden bond which naturalists have been	unconsciously seeking, and not some unknown plan of
	3147.347	this same element of descent have been	unconsciously used in grouping species under genera
	3147.567	to complete? I believe it has thus been	unconsciously used; and only thus can I understand
	3432.359	do this methodically, or he may do it	unconsciously by preserving the individuals most
251			under
	124.10	Page 1 CHAPTER I. VARIATION	UNDER DOMESTICATION. Causes of
	130.10	CHAPTER II. VARIATION	UNDER NATURE. Variability — Individual
	250.1050	so admirably adapted to catch insects	under the bark of trees. In the case of the
	258.468	imperfect though it be, of variation	under domestication, afforded the best and
	260.90	chapter of this Abstract to Variation	under Domestication. We shall thus see that a
	264.361	in any manner profitable to itself,	under the complex and sometimes varying
	276.28	page] 7 CHAP. I. VARIATION	UNDER DOMESTICATION. CHAPTER I. VARIATION
	281.10	DOMESTICATION. CHAPTER I. VARIATION	UNDER DOMESTICATION. Causes of
	285.417	and which have varied during all ages	under the most different climates and
	285.591	domestic productions having been raised	under conditions of life not so uniform as
	285.716	the parent-species have been exposed	under nature. There is, also, I think, some
	289.64	a variable being ceasing to be variable	under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated
	291.1020	than to get it to breed freely	under confinement, even in the many cases
	291.1162	will not breed, though living long	under not very close confinement in their
	293.18	I have collected on [page] 9 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. this curious subject
	295.104	determine the reproduction of animals	under confinement, I may just mention that
	295.227	breed in this country pretty freely	under confinement, with the exception of the
	295.616	and sickly, yet breeding quite freely	under confinement; and when, on the other
	295.973	at this system, when it does act	under confinement, acting not quite regularly
	297.270	some organisms will breed most freely	under the most unnatural conditions (for
	303.103	seed. These "sports" are extremely rare	under nature, but far from rare under
	303.135	rare under nature, but far from rare	under cultivation; and in this case we see
	305.820	apparently more in the case of plants.	Under this point of view, Mr. Buckman's
	307.19	conditions produce [page] 11 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. similar changes of
	323.19	alone. When a [page] 13 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. deviation appears not
	335.19	that only a [page] 15 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. single variety should
	337.858	their acquired characters, whilst kept	under unchanged conditions, and whilst kept
	337.1432	to all experience. I may add, that when	under nature the conditions of life do change
	347.19	that the grey- [page] 17 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. hound, bloodhound
	351.880	for an equal number of generations	under domestication, they would vary on an
	361.19	the common wild [page] 19 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. Indian fowl (Gallus
	389.212	rock-pigeon (Columba livia), including	under this term several geographical races or
	393.675	to get any wild animal to breed freely	under domestication; yet on the hypothesis of
	393.909	civilized man, as to be quite prolific	under confinement. An argument, as it seems
	411.35	species of pigeons to breed freely	under domestication; these supposed species
	455.150	exportation: the destruction of horses	under a certain size was ordered, and this
	505.848	that the species should be placed	under favourable conditions of life, so as to
	513.19	of distinct breeds. [page] 43 CHAP. I.	UNDER DOMESTICATION. To sum up on the origin
	515.291	an inherent and necessary contingency,	under all circumstances, with all organic
	517.20	predominant Power. [page] 44 VARIATION	UNDER NATURE. CHAP. II. CHAPTER II
	522.10	CHAP. II. CHAPTER II. VARIATION	UNDER NATURE. Variability—Individual
	528.30	dwarfed [page] 45 CHAP. II. VARIATION	UNDER NATURE. plants on Alpine summits, or
	532.847	be called important, whether viewed	under a physiological or classificatory point
	534.20	been effected only [page] 46 VARIATION	UNDER NATURE. CHAP. II. by slow degrees: yet
	536.571	confessed) which does not vary; and,	under this point of view, no instance of an
	536.662	part varying will ever be found: but	under any other point of view many instances
	548.352	Mr. H. C. Watson, to whom I lie	under deep obligation for assistance of all
	548.739	several highly polymorphic genera.	Under genera, including the most polymorphic
	659.743	rate of natural increase: it will be	under the mark to assume that it breeds when
	669.200	require a few more years to people,	under favourable [page] 66 HIGH RATE OF
	737.639	rat taking the place of another species	under the most different climates! In Russia
	766.397	and, in a lesser degree, those	under nature, vary; and how strong the
	766.460	how strong the hereditary tendency is.	Under domestication, it may be truly said
	778.1468	other and to the physical conditions	under which they live, that none of [page
	784.563	by her; and the being is placed	under well-suited conditions of life. Man
	784.1320	eye, or to be plainly useful to him.	Under nature, the slightest difference of
	804.38	As we see that those variations which	under domestication appear at any particular
	812.57	Inasmuch as peculiarities often appear	under domestication in one sex and become
	812.164	that sex, the same fact probably occurs	under nature, and if so, natural selection
	828.506	to the females. We see analogous cases	under nature, for instance, the tuft of hair
	828.677	bird;—indeed, had the tuft appeared	under domestication, it would have been
	830.560	wolf is hardest pressed for food. I can	under such circumstances see no reason to
	846.942	flowers, taken from different branches,	under the microscope, and on all, without
	850.46	flower or on another plant. In plants	under culture and placed under new conditions
	850.71	In plants under culture and placed	under new conditions of life, sometimes the
	850.248	to occur in ever so slight a degree	under nature, then as pollen is already
	896.409	present a case of very great difficulty	under this point of view; but I have been
	988.125	diversification of structure, is seen	under many natural circumstances. In an
	1026.993	to the ten-thousandth generation, and	under a condensed and simplified form up to
	1086.57	If during the long course of ages and	under varying conditions of life, organic
	1119.96	common and multiform in organic beings	under domestication, and in a lesser degree
	1119.616	the greater frequency of monstrosities,	under domestication or cultivation, than
	1119.657	domestication or cultivation, than	under nature, leads me to believe that
	1125.776	same species are more brightly coloured	under a clear atmosphere, than when living on
	1133.312	fur the more severe the climate is	under which they have lived; but who can tell
	1135.60	of the same variety being produced	under conditions of life as different as can
	1135.208	being produced from the same species	under the same conditions. Such facts show
	1139.156	or not varying at all, although living	under the most opposite climates. Such
	1141.253	that such modifications are inherited.	Under free nature, we can have no standard of
	1167.87	similar than deep limestone caverns	under a nearly similar climate; so that on
	1173.811	adaptation of species to the climates	under which they live is often overrated
	1179.123	they were useful and bred readily	under confinement, and not because they were
	1183.29	fertile (a far severer test)	under them, may be used as an argument that a
	1183.652	than any other rodent, living free	under the cold climate of Faroe in the north
	1183.1370	flexibility of constitution, brought,	under peculiar circumstances, into play. How
	1227.127	some other facts, may be merged	under a more general principle, namely, that
	1227.263	in every part of the organisation. If	under [page] 148 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V
	1309.129	character in question, which at last,	under unknown favourable conditions, gains an
	1315.613	colours are crossed. Hence, though	under nature it must generally be left
	1321.23	OF VARIATION. here, as before, I lie	under a great disadvantage in not being able
	1323.165	species of the same genus, partly	under domestication and partly under nature
	1323.196	partly under domestication and partly	under nature. It is a case apparently of
	1351.157	created with a tendency to vary, both	under nature and under domestication, in this
	1351.174	tendency to vary, both under nature and	under domestication, in this particular
	1378.49	and objections may be classed	under the following heads:— Firstly, why, if
	1448.35	Here, as on other occasions, I lie	under a heavy disadvantage, for out of the
	1450.900	best that it is possible to conceive	under all natural conditions. Let the climate
	1454.282	can see no difficulty, more especially	under changing conditions of life, in the
	1462.337	of each of these birds is good for it,	under the conditions of life to which it is
	1462.470	it is not necessarily the best possible	under all possible conditions. It must not be
	1470.146	at an early period in great numbers and	under many subordinate forms. Thus, to return
	1470.329	true flight would have been developed	under many subordinate forms, for taking prey
	1484.579	with its feet and using its wings	under water. He who believes that each being
	1494.737	the organ be ever useful to an animal	under changing conditions of life, then the
	1514.422	selecting each alteration which,	under varied circumstances, may in any way
	1568.915	of by the descendants of the species	under new conditions of life and with newly
	1580.1155	constitutions would succeed best	under different climates; and there is reason
	1598.408	advantageous. After the lapse of time,	under changing conditions of life, if any
	1600.247	is the degree of perfection attained	under nature. The endemic productions of New
	1604.163	we can judge, with this high standard	under nature. The correction for the
	1620.32	air. We have seen that a species may	under new conditions of life change its
	1622.263	each good for its possessor, then,	under changing conditions of life, there is
	1657.174	accurate notion of the frame of mind	under which an instinctive action is
	1663.120	for the welfare of each species,	under its present conditions of life. Under
	1663.158	under its present conditions of life.	Under changed conditions of life, it is at
	1669.1122	seasons of the year, or when placed	under different circumstances, &c.; in which
	1677.41	some degree of variation in instincts	under a state of nature, and the inheritance
	1685.151	by briefly considering a few cases	under [page] 213 CHAP. VII. DOMESTIC
	1689.1817	for an incomparably shorter period,	under less fixed conditions of life. How
	1703.27	Natural instincts are lost	under domestication: a remarkable instance of
	1707.31	VII. young pheasants, though reared	under a hen. It is not that chickens have
	1707.212	more especially young turkeys) from	under her, and conceal themselves in the
	1707.472	by our chickens has become useless	under domestication, for the mother-hen has
	1747.457	an independent community of F. flava	under a stone beneath a nest of the slave
	1815.135	on a slip of wood, placed directly	under the middle of a comb growing downwards
	1815.853	This capacity in bees of laying down	under certain circumstances a rough wall in
	1821.135	each profitable to the individual	under its conditions of life, it may
	1883.160	Therefore I can see no difficulty,	under changing conditions of life, in natural
	1885.212	distant parts of the world and living	under considerably different conditions of
	1944.611	owing to few animals breeding freely	under confinement, few experiments have been
	1956.336	in subsequent generations quite fertile	under domestication. This latter alternative
	1958.231	general result; but that it cannot,	under our present state of knowledge, be
	1974.271	when the same two species are crossed	under the same circumstances, but depends in
	1994.271	perfect fertility, or even to fertility	under certain conditions in excess. That
	2026.963	can live, they are generally placed	under suitable conditions of life. But a
	2032.925	any particular animal will breed	under confinement or any plant seed freely
	2032.968	confinement or any plant seed freely	under culture; nor can he tell, till he tries
	2032.1159	are placed during several generations	under conditions not natural to them, they
	2034.48	see that when organic beings are placed	under new and unnatural conditions, and when
	2040.473	is offered why an organism, when placed	under unnatural conditions, is rendered
	2046.761	relations, especially if these be kept	under the same conditions of life, always
	2054.399	But if we look to varieties produced	under nature, we are immediately involved in
	2054.916	the fertility of all varieties produced	under nature will assuredly have to be
	2056.70	or supposed to have been produced,	under domestication, we are still involved in
	2060.550	both appearing and disappearing	under nearly the same conditions of life
	2060.707	of animals and plants are produced	under domestication by man's methodical and
	2128.431	number of varieties have been produced	under domesti- [page] 278 HYBRIDISM. CHAP
	2143.392	not commonly occur at the present day,	under the circumstances apparently most
	2213.1817	form a breakwater at the base. Hence,	under ordinary circumstances, I conclude that
	2261.209	formation, it becomes more difficult to	under- [page] 293 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL
	2307.542	while to sum up the foregoing remarks,	under an imaginary illustration. The Malay
	2345.54	instance, which from having passed	under my own eyes has much struck me. In a
	2383.22	OF THE CHAP. IX. must have been heated	under great pressure, have always seemed to
	2440.804	have exterminated the former horse	under conditions of life apparently so
	2444.816	domestic horse in South America, that	under more favourable conditions it would in
	2468.307	in many distant parts of the world,	under the most different climates, where not
	2486.792	the forms of life throughout the world,	under the most different climates. We must
	2562.244	throughout the world, and therefore	under the most different climates and
	2570.191	life over other and preceding forms. If	under a nearly similar climate, the eocene
	2570.1656	by our native plants and animals.	Under this point of view, the productions of
	2586.205	Australia and of parts of South America	under the same latitude, would attempt to
	2608.897	condition, or may lie buried	under the ocean. Passing from these
	2637.934	marshes, lakes, and great rivers,	under almost every temperature. There is
	2643.592	the productions of Australia or Africa	under nearly the same climate. Analogous
	2645.407	where the land almost joins, and where,	under a slightly different climate, there
	2645.676	of Australia, Africa, and South America	under the same latitude: for these countries
	2651.688	parallel lines not far from each other,	under corresponding climates; but from being
	2657.953	those found in Africa and Australia	under the same latitude. On these same plains
	2683.227	its powers of migration and subsistence	under past and present conditions permitted
	2731.247	We may I think safely assume that	under such circumstances their rate of flight
	2759.336	Europe and North America suffered	under an Arctic climate. The ruins of a house
	2787.561	suppose that the organisms now living	under the climate of latitude 60º, during the
	2787.643	the Pliocene period lived further north	under the Polar Circle, in latitude 66º-67º
	2787.830	we look at a globe, we shall see that	under the Polar Circle there is almost
	2787.1040	consequent freedom for intermigration	under a more favourable climate, I attribute
	2817.645	of North America, in the Cordillera	under the equator and under the warmer
	2817.667	in the Cordillera under the equator and	under the warmer temperate zones, and on both
	2839.1230	though they will have been placed	under somewhat new conditions, will have
	2843.1004	cold, I believe that the climate	under the equator at the level of the sea was
	2869.928	the arctic lowlands to a great height	under the equator. The various beings thus
	2918.865	of Ascension aboriginally possessed	under half-a-dozen flowering [page
	2936.663	for instance, as the shrivelled wings	under the soldered elytra of many insular
	2968.292	of the Galapagos Archipelago, situated	under the equator, between 500 and 600 miles
	2998.804	in checking the commingling of species	under the same conditions of life. Thus, the
	3006.122	present time or at some former period	under different physical conditions, and the
	3010.1375	its diffusion, and should place itself	under diverse conditions favourable for the
	3024.750	has been arrived at by many naturalists	under the designation of single centres of
	3032.666	and families; and how it is that	under different latitudes, for instance in
	3044.411	for by migration at some former period	under different conditions or by occasional
	3057.142	so that they can be classed in groups	under groups. This classification is
	3067.301	history of the subordination of group	under group, which, from its familiarity
	3119.500	is expressed by the forms being ranked	under different genera, families, sections
	3127.734	have to be expressed by ranking them	under different so-called genera, sub
	3135.162	from one species. These are grouped	under species, with sub-varieties under
	3135.196	under species, with sub-varieties	under varieties; and with our domestic
	3139.447	the Negro, I think he would be classed	under the Negro group, however much he might
	3145.584	family would have to be classed	under the bear genus. The whole case is
	3147.386	unconsciously used in grouping species	under genera, and genera under higher groups
	3147.411	species under genera, and genera	under higher groups, though in these cases
	3153.656	those which serve to preserve life	under the most diverse conditions of
	3165.98	successive slight modifications to live	under nearly similar circumstances,—to
	3167.517	recent and extinct, are included	under a few great [page] 429 CHAP. XIII
	3171.8	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. orders,	under still fewer classes, and all in one
	3197.346	namely, their subordination in group	under group. We use the element of descent in
	3197.490	having few characters in common,	under one species; we use descent in classing
	3197.709	connexion which naturalists have sought	under the term of the Natural System. On this
	3203.359	The whole subject is included	under the general name of Morphology. This is
	3245.341	in a nest, and in the spawn of a frog	under water. We have no more reason to
	3275.635	has been wholly caused by selection	under domestication; but having had careful
	3301.321	which naturalists have been seeking	under the term of the natural system. On this
	3313.221	of flight, and not rarely lying	under wing-cases, firmly soldered together
	3337.672	produced; for I doubt whether species	under nature ever undergo abrupt changes. I
	3337.1116	power of flying. Again, an organ useful	under certain conditions, might become
	3337.1165	conditions, might become injurious	under others, as with the wings of beetles
	3390.63	experimentised on have been produced	under domestication; and as domestication
	3426.51	turn to the other side of the argument.	Under domestication we see much variability
	3434.78	which have acted so efficiently	under domestication should not have acted
	3434.120	domestication should not have acted	under nature. In the preservation of favoured
	3442.143	that organic beings would have varied	under nature, in the same way as they
	3442.203	same way as they generally have varied	under the changed conditions of domestication
	3442.282	And if there be any variability	under nature, it would be an unaccountable
	3442.479	of proof, that the amount of variation	under nature is a strictly limited quantity
	3442.794	least individual differences in species	under nature. But, besides such differences
	3448.16	and North America. If then we have	under nature variability and a powerful agent
	3448.159	variations in any way useful to beings,	under their excessively complex relations of
	3448.379	fail in selecting variations useful,	under changing conditions of life, to her
	3464.99	theory. How strange it is that a bird,	under the form of woodpecker, should have
	3484.871	it is that allied species, when placed	under considerably different conditions of
	3502.156	namely, that on the same continent,	under the most diverse conditions, under heat
	3502.191	under the most diverse conditions,	under heat and cold, on mountain and lowland
	3502.656	others, on the most distant mountains,	under the most different climates; and
	3520.130	has become useless by changed habits or	under changed conditions [page
	3524.1151	calf or like the shrivelled wings	under the soldered wing-covers of some
	3534.77	truth of the views given in this volume	under the form of an abstract, I by no means
	3538.22	CHAP. XIV. to hide our ignorance	under such expressions as the "plan of
	3840.20	means of, 356. Disuse, effects of,	under nature, 134. Divergence of character
	3849.25	young, 444. Domestication, variation	under, 7. Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in
	4006.18	of, 143. H. Habit, effect of,	under domestication, 11. —, effect of, under
	4007.14	under domestication, 11. —, effect of,	under nature, 134. ——, diversified, of same
	4512.17	Unity of type, 206. Use, effects of,	under domestication, 11. —, effects of, in a
	4520.10	of mongrels and hybrids, 274. Variation	under domestication, 7. —caused by
	4522.1	affected by conditions of life, 8. —	under nature, 44. —, laws of, 131. Variations
	4898.64	of the Operations of the Allied Armies	under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal
	4992.36	d. CRAIKS (G. L.) Pursuit of Knowledge	under Difficulties. New Edition. 2 Vols. Post
	5110.14	Vols. Post 8vo. 18s. —— and France	under the House of Lancaster. With an
	5382.30	vo. 16s. HISTORY OP ENGLAND AND FRANCE	UNDER THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER. With an
	5664.6	Second Edition. Map. 8vo. 15s. Spain	under Charles the Second; or, Extracts from
	5860.63	Peerage of England. Exhibiting,	under Alphabetical Arrangement, the Origin
	5888.200	Plates. Folio, 5l. 5s. (Published	under the direction of the Dilettanti Society
	5962.110	Resistance by the Turkish Garrison	under General Williams. Seventh Thousand
	6068.76	Ceylon. Its Introduction and Progress	under the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and
8			undergo
	772.226	inhabitants would almost immediately	undergo a change, and some species might become
	920.874	conditions of life change and they	undergo modification, uniformity of character
	942.248	continental area, which will probably	undergo many oscillations of level, and which
	2285.1539	period. So that if such species were to	undergo a considerable amount of modification
	2610.406	degree; yet in the long run that all	undergo modification to some extent. The
	2663.1298	to new conditions, and will frequently	undergo further modification and improvement
	3251.1093	on which to become attached and to	undergo their final metamorphosis. When this is
	3337.690	doubt whether species under nature ever	undergo abrupt changes. I believe that disuse
14			undergoing
	772.98	by taking the case of a country	undergoing some physical change, for instance, of
	948.214	some of the inhabitants of the country	undergoing modification of some kind. The
	964.258	stand in closest competition with those	undergoing modification and improvement, will
	982.307	succeed in increasing (the country not	undergoing any change in its conditions) only by
	1257.1150	points, which at the present time are	undergoing rapid change by continued selection
	1261.377	to be much variability in the structure	undergoing modification. It further deserves
	1574.902	taken advantage of by the plant	undergoing further modification and becoming a
	2171.800	miles any line of rocky cliff, which is	undergoing degradation, we find that it is only
	2279.325	to be a very thick one; and the species	undergoing modification will have had to live on
	2689.251	a common progenitor, can have migrated (	undergoing modification during some part of their
	3010.1305	unmodified parent should range widely,	undergoing modification during its diffusion, and
	3295.285	cause of the young in these cases not	undergoing any metamorphosis, or closely
	3295.964	explanation, however, of the embryo not	undergoing any metamorphosis is perhaps requisite
	3404.487	to believe that only a few species are	undergoing change at any one period; and all
20			undergone
	417.747	amount of variation which pigeons have	undergone, will be obvious when we treat of
	778.251	conditions of life are supposed to have	undergone a change, and this would manifestly be
	1263.191	we may conclude that this part has	undergone an extraordinary amount of modification
	2157.327	unaltered, whilst its descendants had	undergone a vast amount of change; and the
	2219.238	of level, which we know this area has	undergone, the surface may have existed for
	2251.56	tell us plainly that each area has	undergone numerous slow oscillations of level
	2379.1662	of superincumbent water, might have	undergone far more metamorphic action than strata
	2408.1231	all the species will be found to have	undergone some change. When a species has once
	2522.233	restricted to those groups which have	undergone much change in the course of geological
	2542.586	have within known geological periods	undergone much modification, should in the older
	2671.276	the case of those species, which have	undergone during whole geological periods but
	3119.441	degrees of modification which they have	undergone; and this is expressed by the forms
	3127.686	which the different groups have	undergone, have to be expressed by ranking them
	3147.226	used in classing varieties which have	undergone a certain, and sometimes a considerable
	3179.866	and that both groups have since	undergone much modification in divergent
	3289.913	animal; the limbs in the latter having	undergone much modification at a rather late
	3426.570	our domestic productions have	undergone; but we may safely infer that the
	3442.48	plainly proclaims that each land has	undergone great physical changes, we might have
	3482.443	but, on my view, this part has	undergone, since the several species branched off
	3530.822	of the mutation of species, if they had	undergone mutation. But the chief cause of our
1			underlies
	2213.388	suppose, a range of older rocks	underlies the Weald, on the flanks of which the
4			underlying
	2227.719	and later formation, without the	underlying bed having suffered in the interval any
	2291.482	and a third, A, to be found in an	underlying bed; even if A were strictly
	2480.1529	forms which are only found in the older	underlying deposits, would be correctly ranked as
	2550.1081	of the overlying carboniferous, and	underlying Silurian system. But each fauna is not
1			undermined
	2171.308	rock. At last the base of the cliff is	undermined, huge fragments fall down, and these
1			underrated
	1898.444	sterile, has, I think, been much	underrated by some late writers. On the theory of
73			understand
	399.1337	as any wild rock-pigeon! We can	understand these facts, on the well-known
	483.87	standard of usefulness to man, we can	understand how it is that neither Australia, the
	487.252	or fancies. We can, I think, further	understand the frequently abnormal character of
	622.751	with varieties. And we can clearly	understand these analogies, if species have once
	772.14	called polymorphic. We shall best	understand the probable course of natural
	856.697	bee could visit its flowers. Thus I can	understand how a flower and a bee might slowly
	872.61	is a law of nature, we can, I think,	understand several large classes of facts, such as
	892.234	animal which fertilises itself. We can	understand this remarkable fact, which offers so
	936.33	We can, perhaps, on these views,	understand some facts which will be again alluded
	1072.640	between existing groups; and we can	understand this fact, for [page] 125 CHAP. IV
	1084.1297	the same species making a class, we can	understand how it is that there exist but very few
	1231.286	an useless structure. I can thus only	understand a fact with which I was much struck
	1357.700	of which we are utterly unable to	understand. Multiple parts are variable in number
	1361.769	since the genus arose; and thus we can	understand why it should often still be variable
	1384.70	eye, of which we hardly as yet fully	understand the inimitable perfection? Thirdly
	1418.1028	they connect, then, I think, we can	understand why intermediate varieties should not
	1530.303	interesting description of these parts,	understand the strange fact that every particle of
	1552.1004	of natural selection, we can clearly	understand why she should not; for natural
	1606.341	intensified, we can perhaps	understand how it is that the use of the sting
	1620.182	of its nearest congeners. Hence we can	understand, bearing in mind that each organic
	1636.50	of natural selection we can clearly	understand the full meaning of that old canon in
	1711.24	together. We shall, perhaps, best	understand how instincts in a state of nature have
	1807.659	which will ultimately be left. We shall	understand how they work, by supposing masons
	1885.329	same instincts. For instance, we can	understand on the principle of inheritance, how it
	2040.46	however, be confessed that we cannot	understand, excepting on vague hypotheses, several
	2412.1305	have remained unaltered. We can perhaps	understand the apparently quicker rate of change
	2412.1674	become modified and improved, we can	understand, on the principle of competition, and
	2420.15	slowly changing drama. We can clearly	understand why a species when once lost should
	2466.271	in imagining for a moment that we	understand the many complex contingencies, on
	2528.1212	its ancient progenitor. Hence we can	understand the rule that the most ancient fossils
	2610.193	through natural selection. We can thus	understand how it is that new species come in
	2610.547	of the production of new forms. We can	understand why when a species has once disappeared
	2616.7	of generation has been broken. We can	understand how the spreading of the dominant forms
	2618.7	to have changed simultaneously. We can	understand how it is that all the forms of life
	2618.152	all are connected by generation. We can	understand, from the continued tendency to
	2663.1504	inheritance with modification, we can	understand how it is that sections of genera
	2693.130	be strengthened; for we can clearly	understand, on the principle of modification, why
	2769.12	of both hemispheres. Thus we can	understand the identity of many plants at points
	2769.154	States and of Europe. We can thus also	understand the fact that the Alpine plants of each
	2793.184	the United States. On this view we can	understand the relationship, with very little
	2793.436	by the Atlantic Ocean. We can further	understand the singular fact remarked on by
	2801.357	sundered. Thus, I think, we can	understand the presence of many existing and
	2892.396	as are the adults. I could not even	understand how some naturalised species have
	2952.96	to their new position, and we can	understand the presence of endemic bats on islands
	2958.265	separated by deeper channels, we can	understand the frequent relation between the depth
	3032.437	of new forms. We can thus	understand the high importance of barriers
	3032.582	and botanical provinces. We can thus	understand the localisation of sub-genera, genera
	3038.33	On these same principles, we can	understand, as I have endeavoured to show, why
	3119.576	or orders. The reader will best	understand what is meant, if he will take the
	3147.607	unconsciously used; and only thus can I	understand the several rules and guides which have
	3153.7	value in classification. We can	understand why a species or a group of species may
	3159.7	from the same parents. We can	understand, on these views, the very important
	3159.995	as they reveal descent, we can clearly	understand why analogical or adaptive character
	3159.1443	proper lines of descent. We can also	understand the apparent paradox, that the very
	3165.217	of land, air, and water,—we can perhaps	understand how it is that a numerical parallelism
	3185.99	of some characters in common, we can	understand the excessively complex and radiating
	3185.873	to do this without this aid, we can	understand the extraordinary difficulty which
	3197.995	genera, families, orders, &c., we can	understand the rules which we are compelled to
	3197.1079	to follow in our classification. We can	understand why we value certain resemblances far
	3231.292	in the same individual. And we can	understand this fact; for in molluscs, even in the
	3301.379	the natural system. On this view we can	understand how it is that, in the eyes of most
	3343.484	or reduce it in the embryo. Thus we can	understand the greater relative size of
	3345.148	long existed, to be inherited—we can	understand, on the genealogical view of
	3351.1315	similarity in organic beings,—we shall	understand what is meant by the natural system: it
	3359.177	at a corresponding period, we can	understand the great leading facts in Embryology
	3450.376	laws. On this same view we can	understand how it is that in each region [page
	3478.638	in a high degree permanent, we can	understand this fact; for they have already varied
	3484.214	profitable modifications. We can thus	understand why nature moves by graduated steps in
	3484.817	having inherited much in common, we can	understand how it is that allied species, when
	3498.276	unknown means of dispersal, then we can	understand, on the theory of descent with
	3502.507	in most cases with modification, we can	understand, by the aid of the Glacial period, the
	3524.28	CHAP. XIV. of life; and we can clearly	understand on this view the meaning of rudimentary
	3524.1431	it seems that we wilfully will not	understand. I have now recapitulated the chief
10			understanding
	266.548	the difficulties of transitions, or in	understanding how a simple being or a simple organ
	635.767	for the work, helps us but little in	understanding how species arise in nature. How have
	1006.40	The accompanying diagram will aid us in	understanding this rather perplexing subject. Let A
	1558.0	CHAP. VI. ORGANS OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE.	understanding the origin of simple parts, of which
	1809.46	at first to add to the difficulty of	understanding how the cells are made, that a
	1845.892	communities: the difficulty lies in	understanding how such correlated modifications of
	2367.874	at these periods. But the difficulty of	understanding the absence of vast piles of
	2677.237	many cases of extreme difficulty, in	understanding how the same species could possibly
	2962.60	are many and grave difficulties in	understanding how several of the inhabitants of the
	4814.46	REV. J. J.) Principles for the proper	understanding of the Mosaic Writings, stated and
1			understands
	1651.159	embraced by this term; but every one	understands what is meant, when it is said that
3			understood
	1197.310	important subject, most imperfectly	understood. The most obvious case is, that
	1245.787	due allowance for them. It should be	understood that the rule by no means applies to
	1297.236	These propositions will be most readily	understood by looking to our domestic races. The
2			underwent
	2502.509	that the inhabitants of each region	underwent a considerable amount of modification
	2849.274	that the whole body of arctic shells	underwent scarcely any modification during their
2			undesigned
	4816.4	for 1832. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ———	Undesigned Coincidences in the Writings of the Old
	4816.133	Veracity: with an Appendix containing	Undesigned Coincidences between the Gospels, Acts
1			undigested
	2904.1141	containing the seeds of the Nelumbium	undigested; or the seeds might be dropped by the
1			undiminished
	403.812	see to the contrary, may be transmitted	undiminished for an indefinite number of generations
1			undiscoverable
	3558.1253	vain search for the undiscovered and	undiscoverable essence of the term species. The other
1			undiscovered
	3558.1236	be freed from the vain search for the	undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term
3			undoubted
	548.1290	ranked by one eminent naturalist as	undoubted species, and by another as varieties
	552.365	the greater number rank it as an	undoubted species peculiar to Great Britain. A
	2054.827	and he consequently ranks them as	undoubted species. If we thus argue in a circle
14			undoubtedly
	610.593	that is, round their parent-species?	Undoubtedly there is one most important point of
	766.809	that variations useful to man have	undoubtedly occurred, that other variations useful
	1315.990	members of the same group. And this	undoubtedly is the case in nature. A considerable
	1538.150	transitional gradations, yet,	undoubtedly, grave cases of difficulty occur, some
	1610.84	or to perish herself in the combat; for	undoubtedly this is for the good of the community
	2385.389	beneath the Silurian strata, are all	undoubtedly of the gravest nature. We see this in
	2385.1145	other kinds given in this volume, will	undoubtedly at once reject my theory. For my part
	2402.384	In some of the most recent beds, though	undoubtedly of high antiquity if measured by years
	2550.738	the fauna of each geological period	undoubtedly is intermediate in character, between
	2677.173	or more points of the earth's surface.	Undoubtedly there are very many cases of extreme
	2683.294	permitted, is the most probable.	Undoubtedly many cases occur, in which we cannot
	2988.432	from one island to another, it would	undoubtedly be exposed to different conditions of
	2994.288	when put into free intercommunication.	Undoubtedly if one species has any advantage
	3087.112	physiological or vital importance; yet,	undoubtedly, organs in this condition are often of
1			undulatory
	1478.899	in the harsh tone of its voice, and	undulatory flight, told me plainly of its close
3			uneducated
	441.552	absolutely inappreciable by an	uneducated eye—differences which I for one have
	2584.253	relationship is manifest, even to an	uneducated eye, in the gigantic pieces of armour
	3432.660	as to be quite inappreciable by an	uneducated eye. This process of selection has been
1			unenclosed
	711.200	could examine hundreds of acres of the	unenclosed heath, and literally I could not see a
11			unequal
	1006.209	are supposed to resemble each other in	unequal degrees, as is so generally the case in
	1006.329	the diagram by the letters standing at	unequal distances. I have said a large genus
	1018.459	little fan of diverging dotted lines of	unequal lengths proceeding from (A), may
	1056.107	were supposed to resemble each other in	unequal degrees, as is so generally the case in
	2040.163	sterility of hybrids; for instance, the	unequal fertility of hybrids produced from
	2438.86	whole groups of species last for very	unequal periods; some groups, as we have seen
	2542.166	they will have endured for extremely	unequal lengths of time, and will have been
	2550.1168	necessarily exactly intermediate, as	unequal intervals of time have elapsed between
	2610.679	in numbers slowly, and endure for	unequal periods of time; for the process of
	3081.1347	in every natural family, is very	unequal, and in some cases seems to be entirely
	3085.202	two divisions of the same order are of	unequal physiological importance. Any number of
6			unequally
	132.304	varieties in being very closely, but	unequally, related to each other, and in having
	524.294	varieties in being very closely, but	unequally, related to each other, and in having
	610.489	what are varieties but groups of forms,	unequally related to each other, and clustered
	622.478	the species are apt to be closely, but	unequally, allied together, forming little
	1040.227	come to differ largely, but perhaps	unequally, from each other and from their common
	1098.888	of the same genus less closely and	unequally related together, forming sections and
1			unequivocally
	3109.463	and so onwards, can be recognised as	unequivocally belonging to this, and to no other
1			unerring
	1514.846	natural selection will pick out with	unerring skill each improvement. Let this
3			unexpected
	707.49	are on record showing how complex and	unexpected are the checks and relations between
	802.73	other modifications, often of the most	unexpected nature. As we see that those
	2882.71	of ranging widely, though so	unexpected, can, I think, in most cases be
3			unexplained
	256.336	conditions of life, untouched and	unexplained. It is, therefore, of the highest
	272.55	feel surprise at much remaining as yet	unexplained in regard to the origin of species and
	3538.227	leads him to attach more weight to	unexplained difficulties than to the explanation of
1			unfathomable
	2373.946	or again as the bed of an open and	unfathomable sea. Looking to the existing oceans
12			unfavourable
	146.281	species — Circumstances favourable and	unfavourable to Natural Selection, namely
	764.269	species—Circumstances favourable and	unfavourable to Natural Selection, namely
	872.196	Every hybridizer knows how	unfavourable exposure to wet is to the fertilisation
	942.43	sum up the circumstances favourable and	unfavourable to natural selection, as far as the
	1554.190	by the destruction of those with any	unfavourable deviation of structure,—I have
	1974.80	of hybrids, is more easily affected by	unfavourable conditions, than is the fertility of
	1994.383	eminently susceptible to favourable and	unfavourable conditions, is innately variable. That
	2118.481	eminently susceptible of favourable and	unfavourable conditions. The degree of sterility
	2444.460	is rare, we answer that something is	unfavourable in its conditions of life; but what
	2444.948	But we could not have told what the	unfavourable conditions were which checked its
	3802.2	breeds, 20. —, advantages of, 96. ——	unfavourable to selection, 102. Crustacea of New
	4435.6	laws of, 254. ——, causes of, 263. —from	unfavourable conditions, 265. —of certain varieties
1			unfortunately
	260.429	in a state of nature; but I shall,	unfortunately, be compelled to treat this subject far
1			unfrequently
	325.22	DOMESTICATION. deviation appears not	unfrequently, and we see it in the father and child
2			ungnawed
	1793.188	of the vermilion wax having been left	ungnawed, were situated, as far as the eye could
	1813.649	and then building up, or leaving	ungnawed, the planes of intersection between
2			unhesitatingly
	1839.1194	in the ordinary state, I should have	unhesitatingly assumed that all its characters had
	1914.0	he [page] 247 CHAP. VIII. STERILITY.	unhesitatingly ranks them as varieties. Gärtner, also
24			uniform
	285.623	raised under conditions of life not so	uniform as, and somewhat different from, those
	369.781	as I have found with pigeons) extremely	uniform, and everything seems simple enough
	536.332	of certain insects are very far from	uniform. Authors sometimes argue in a circle
	717.537	that the face of nature remains	uniform for long periods of time, though
	916.133	or of the same variety, true and	uniform in character. It will obviously thus
	922.210	will generally be in a great degree	uniform; so that natural selection will tend to
	988.699	the plants and insects on small and	uniform islets; and so in small ponds of fresh
	1257.642	whole breed will cease to have a nearly	uniform character. The breed will then be said
	1281.790	not have been rendered as constant and	uniform as other parts of the organisation; for
	1317.629	by parts or organs of an important and	uniform nature occasionally varying so as to
	1406.592	times in a far less continuous and	uniform condition than at present. But I will
	2323.561	from their former state, in a nearly	uniform, though perhaps extremely slight degree
	2669.337	in different species will be no	uniform quantity. If, for instance, a number of
	2699.253	the species will have been kept nearly	uniform by intercrossing; so that many
	2761.889	reached its maximum, we should have a	uniform arctic fauna and flora, covering the
	2765.337	travelled southward, are remarkably	uniform round the world. We may suppose that
	2783.149	the arctic productions were as	uniform round the polar regions as they are at
	2801.162	a somewhat earlier period, was nearly	uniform along the continuous shores of the
	2918.570	great a difference in number. Even the	uniform county of Cambridge has 847 plants, and
	3101.180	If they find a character nearly	uniform, and common to a great number of forms
	3101.839	propagating the race, are found nearly	uniform, they are considered as highly
	5510.154	to 1858. Woodcuts. Post8vo. 7s.6d. {	Uniform with The Student's Gibbon.) HUTCHINSON
	6000.87	from the great work, of DUCANGE. 8VO. [	Uniform with Dr. SMITH'S "Latin-English
	6012.189	Thousand. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 7. 6d. [	Uniform with SMITH'S " HISTORY OF GREECE
7			uniformity
	339.212	race, as already remarked, less	uniformity of character than in true species
	920.596	organic beings which never intercross,	uniformity of character can be retained amongst
	920.896	change and they undergo modification,	uniformity of character can be given to their
	2092.68	of hybrids and mongrels long retaining	uniformity of character could be given. The
	2590.61	by similarity of conditions, for the	uniformity of the same types in each during the
	2783.540	I account for the necessary degree of	uniformity of the sub-arctic and northern
	2787.1109	I attribute the necessary amount of	uniformity in the sub-arctic and northern
3			uniformly
	399.980	for instance, I crossed some	uniformly white fantails with some uniformly
	399.1015	some uniformly white fantails with some	uniformly black barbs, and they produced mottled
	2060.1146	general habits of life. Nature acts	uniformly and slowly during vast periods of time
2			unimpaired
	1388.159	are crossed, their fertility is	unimpaired? The two first heads shall be here
	2032.759	resist great changes of conditions with	unimpaired fertility; and certain species in a
14			unimportant
	305.263	conditions of life; and this shows how	unimportant the direct effects of the conditions of
	321.40	Any variation which is not inherited is	unimportant for us. But the number and diversity of
	532.723	affect what naturalists consider	unimportant parts; but I could show by a long
	798.132	permits us to judge, seem to be quite	unimportant, we must not forget that climate, food
	1311.404	thus gained would probably be of an	unimportant nature, for the presence of all
	1576.62	of the causes producing slight and	unimportant variations; and we are immedi- [page
	1628.100	to assert that any part or organ is so	unimportant for the welfare of a species, that
	2006.427	or budded on another is so entirely	unimportant for its welfare in a state of nature, I
	2020.918	forms, as in the case of grafting it is	unimportant for their welfare. Causes of the
	2086.369	very few and, as it seems to me, quite	unimportant differences between the so-called
	2102.20	made by Kölreuter. These alone are the	unimportant differences, which Gärtner is able to
	2528.434	few species being given, but this is	unimportant for us. The horizontal lines may
	3153.280	of characters, let them be ever so	unimportant, betrays the hidden bond of community
	3263.1547	by its parent, it must be quite	unimportant whether most of its characters are
1			unimproved
	2157.574	life will tend to supplant the old and	unimproved forms. By the theory of natural
1			unincubated
	1717.189	would have to be left for some time	unincubated, or there would be eggs and young birds
1			uninhabited
	1681.980	our large birds to this cause; for in	uninhabited islands large birds are not more
2			uninjured
	2731.503	bird; but hard seeds of fruit will pass	uninjured through even the digestive organs of a
	2966.1001	species did in this state withstand	uninjured an immersion in sea-water during seven
6			unintentionally
	846.180	attractive to insects, they would,	unintentionally on their part, regularly carry pollen
	1757.308	become developed; and the ants thus	unintentionally reared would then follow their proper
	2892.834	aquarium to another, that I have quite	unintentionally stocked the one with fresh-water shells
	2922.477	created on oceanic islands; for man has	unintentionally stocked them from various sources far
	3432.0	page] 467 CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION.	unintentionally exposes organic beings to new
	4394.18	their selection, 31. —, two sub-breeds	unintentionally produced, 36. ——, mountain, varieties
11			union
	1123.196	seem to be affected before that	union takes place which is to form a new
	1199.148	and nothing is more common than the	union of homologous parts in normal
	1199.203	parts in normal structures, as the	union of [page] 144 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP
	1998.329	in the facility of effecting an	union. The hybrids, moreover, produced from
	2000.997	related to the facility of the first	union between their parents, seems to be a
	2012.298	crosses, the facility of effecting an	union is often very far from equal, so it
	2016.124	adhesion of grafted stocks, and the	union of the male and female elements in the
	2022.237	for, as just remarked, in the	union of two pure species the male and female
	2022.422	or lesser difficulty in effecting a	union apparently depends on several distinct
	2110.1243	little from each other, namely in the	union of individuals of the same variety, or
	4984.96	War, —Administrations in India, —	Union with Ireland, and Peace of Amiens. From
2			unisexual
	898.301	them hermaphrodites, and some of them	unisexual. But if, in fact, all hermaphrodites do
	898.441	difference between hermaphrodites and	unisexual species, as far as function is
17			unite
	291.1087	the many cases when the male and female	unite. How many animals there are which will
	542.573	Practically, when a naturalist can	unite two forms together by others having
	548.918	doubtful forms! Amongst animals which	unite for each birth, and which are highly
	864.192	that two individuals must always	unite for each birth; but in the case of
	864.918	that is, two individuals regularly	unite for reproduction, which is all that
	912.315	will most affect those animals which	unite for each birth, which wander much, and
	912.641	and likewise in animals which	unite for each birth, but which wander little
	914.49	case of slow-breeding animals, which	unite for each birth, we must not overrate
	920.6	FAVOURABLE CHAP. IV. which	unite for each birth; but I have already
	1432.165	especially amongst the classes which	unite for each birth and wander much, may
	1723.325	in the case of the American species,	unite and lay first a few eggs in one nest
	1980.497	closely allied species which will not	unite, or only with extreme difficulty; and
	1980.590	hand of very distinct species which	unite with the utmost facility. In the same
	2120.239	or less facility of one species to	unite with another, is incidental on unknown
	2542.450	in the natural system, and thus	unite distinct families or orders. All that
	2699.91	with all organisms which habitually	unite for each birth, or which often
	3191.1431	though at the actual fork the two	unite and blend together. We could not, as I
51			united
	548.146	of Great Britain, of France or of the	United States, drawn up by different botanists
	558.198	distinct. On the other hand, they are	united by many intermediate links, and it is
	725.797	ancient Indian mounds, in the Southern	United States, display the same beautiful
	737.365	the recent extension over parts of the	United States of one species of swallow having
	796.755	horticulturist, Downing, that in the	United States smooth-skinned fruits suffer far
	836.1478	the Catskill Mountains in the	United States, one with a light greyhound-like
	890.780	Zealand, and Dr. Asa Gray those of the	United States, and the result was as I
	994.814	s 'Manual of the Flora of the Northern	United States,' 260 naturalised plants are
	1189.652	works on fruit trees published in the	United States, in which certain varieties are
	1450.376	limbs and even the base of the tail	united by a broad expanse of skin, which
	1681.389	species in the northern and southern	United States. Fear of any particular enemy is
	1771.384	the case, the three flat surfaces are	united into a pyramid; and this pyramid, as
	1779.76	a double layer of hexagonal prisms	united together by pyramidal bases formed of
	1972.382	cases, in which two pure species can be	united with unusual facility, and produce
	1994.184	as good and distinct species, are	united, their fertility graduates from zero to
	2307.816	any accuracy, excepting those of the	United States of America. I fully agree with
	2331.1279	archipelagoes of Europe and of the	United States. We do not make due allowance
	2357.142	beyond the confines of Europe and the	United States; and from the revolution in our
	2373.361	several formations of Europe and of the	United States; and from the amount of sediment
	2373.779	formations; whether Europe and the	United States during these intervals existed
	2480.820	that the existing productions of the	United States are more closely related to
	2536.451	that they probably would have to be	united into one great family, in nearly the
	2536.1096	c., and b14, &c.) would have to be	united into one family; and the two other
	2637.728	from the central parts of the	United States to its extreme southern point
	2677.1291	as Great Britain having been formerly	united to Europe, and consequently possessing
	2707.337	bridged over every ocean, and have	united almost every island to some mainland
	2707.525	exists which has not recently been	united to some continent. This view cuts the
	2707.988	position and extension, as to have	united them within the recent period to each
	2707.1858	continuously, or almost continuously,	united [page] 358 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	2755.618	plants on the White Mountains, in the	United States of America, are all the same
	2759.790	maize. Throughout a large part of the	United States, erratic boulders, and rocks
	2765.97	Spain. The now temperate regions of the	United States would likewise be covered by
	2769.108	remote as on the mountains of the	United States and of Europe. We can thus also
	2773.129	of northern Scandinavia; those of the	United States to Labrador; those of the
	2775.120	at present (as some geologists in the	United States believe to have been the case
	2793.149	in the central parts of Europe and the	United States. On this view we can understand
	2793.762	will have been almost continuously	united by land, serving as a bridge, since
	2958.169	more likely to have been continuously	united within a recent period to the mainland
	2990.444	at any former period been continuously	united. The currents of the sea are rapid and
	2998.946	the same physical conditions, and are	united by continuous land, yet they are
	3067.208	sub-families, families, and orders, all	united into one class. Thus, the grand fact in
	3351.210	which all living and extinct beings are	united by complex, radiating, and circuitous
	3944.6	gradual improvement of, 37. ———in	United States, 85. ———, varieties of
	3945.35	varieties of, acclimatised in	United States, 142. [page] 495 INDEX. FUCI
	3991.27	HOOKER. Gray, Dr. Asa, on trees of	United States, 100. —, on naturalised plants
	3992.32	on naturalised plants in the	United States, 115. ——, on rarity of
	4270.11	major, 183. Passiflora, 251. Peaches in	United States, 85. Pear, grafts of
	4311.13	in sexes of birds, 89. Plums in the	United States, 85. Pointer dog, origin of
	5650.16	Woodcuts. Svo. 14s. ——Visits to the	United States, 1841-46. Second Edition
	6080.55	Subjects, made during a Tour in the	United States and Canada. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d
	6082.23	vo. 10s. 6d. —— Constitution of the	United States compared with our own. Post 8vo
2			unites
	1781.968	as to intersect largely; and then she	unites the points of intersection by perfectly
	2056.186	for instance, that the German Spitz dog	unites more easily than other dogs with foxes
3			uniting
	1980.289	very closely allied species generally	uniting with facility. But the correspondence
	2014.156	different case from the difficulty of	uniting two pure species, which have their
	2126.781	that the degree of difficulty in	uniting two species, and the degree of
11			unity
	160.447	cases absolutely perfect — The law of	Unity of Type and of the Conditions of
	1374.423	all cases absolutely perfect—The law of	Unity of Type and of the Conditions of
	1638.139	and the Conditions of Existence. By	unity of type is meant that fundamental
	1638.323	of their habits of life. On my theory,	unity of type is explained by unity of
	1638.353	theory, unity of type is explained by	unity of descent. The expression of
	1638.1061	of former adaptations, that of	Unity of Type. [page] 207 CHAP. VII
	3203.212	is often expressed by the term "	unity of type;" or by saying that the several
	3538.73	expressions as the "plan of creation," "	unity of design," &c., and to think that we
	4503.6	analogous variations of, 159. Type,	unity of, 206. Types, succession of, in same
	4511.0	outer and inner florets of, 144.	Unity of type, 206. Use, effects of, under
	6036.52	in Canterbury Cathedral, on the	Unity of Evangelical and Apostolical Teaching
26			universal
	140.196	of the checks to increase — Competition	universal — Effects of climate — Protection from
	172.105	Sterility various in degree, not	universal, affected by close interbreeding
	172.497	and of their mongrel offspring not	universal — Hybrids and mongrels compared
	645.532	than to admit in words the truth of the	universal struggle for life, or more difficult—at
	866.102	showing, in accordance with the almost	universal belief of breeders, that with animals
	1225.930	hardly be maintained that the law is of	universal application; but many good observers
	1655.63	of these characters of instinct are	universal. A little dose, as Pierre Huber
	1896.103	Sterility various in degree, not	universal, affected by close interbreeding
	1910.369	of sterility. Kölreuter makes the rule	universal; but then he cuts the knot, for in ten
	1914.78	Gärtner, also, makes the rule equally	universal; and he disputes the entire fertility
	1924.203	doubt the correctness of this almost	universal belief amongst breeders. Hybrids are
	1930.220	sterility between distinct species is a	universal law of nature. He experimentised on
	1956.1171	either give up the belief of the almost	universal sterility of distinct species of
	1958.297	knowledge, be considered as absolutely	universal. Laws governing the Sterility of first
	2042.143	class of facts. It is an old and almost	universal belief, founded, I think, on a
	2084.46	of varieties can be proved to be of	universal occurrence, or to form a fundamental
	2687.1298	the belief that this has been the	universal law, seems to me incomparably the
	2978.60	could be given: indeed it is an almost	universal rule that the endemic productions of
	3095.389	physiological importance and of almost	universal prevalence, and yet leave us in no
	3197.250	parent-species, explains that great and	universal feature in the affinities of all
	3257.94	namely the very general, but not	universal difference in structure between the
	3283.844	proves that this is not the	universal rule; for here the characteristic
	3325.201	disappear. It is also, I believe, a	universal [page] 453 CHAP. XIII. RUDIMENTARY
	3384.27	mastered. With respect to the almost	universal sterility of species when first crossed
	3384.131	remarkable a contrast with the almost	universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I
	3386.100	offspring cannot be considered as	universal; nor is their very general fertility
1			universal—effects
	633.186	of the checks to increase—Competition	universal—Effects of climate—Protection from the number
1			universal—hybrids
	1896.485	and of their mongrel offspring not	universal—Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of
18			universally
	526.712	but here community of descent is almost	universally implied, though it can rarely be proved
	560.414	attention, varieties of it will almost	universally be found recorded. These varieties
	616.1215	doubtful species, but which are almost	universally ranked by British botanists as good and
	1663.11	have been thus acquired. It will be	universally admitted that instincts are as
	1703.239	alone prevents our seeing how	universally and largely the minds of our domestic
	2118.142	hybrids, are very generally, but not	universally, sterile. The sterility is of all
	2128.167	are very generally, but not quite	universally, fertile. Nor is this nearly general
	2293.603	the embedded fossils, though almost	universally ranked as specifically different
	2677.639	calls in the agency of a miracle. It is	universally admitted, that in most cases the area
	2711.820	with continents. Nor does their almost	universally volcanic composition favour the
	2998.594	the Galapagos Archipelago, not having	universally spread from island to island. In many
	3004.423	be given. And it will, I believe, be	universally found to be true, that wherever in two
	3089.149	physiological importance, but which are	universally admitted as highly serviceable in the
	3095.639	for no part of the organisation is	universally constant. The importance of an
	3135.1401	a genealogical classification would be	universally preferred; and it has been attempted by
	3147.15	or affinity. As descent has	universally been used in classing together the
	3257.390	the same class, generally, but not	universally, resembling each other;—of the
	3351.1047	that the element of descent has been	universally used in ranking together the sexes
1			universe
	624.562	thus, the forms of life throughout the	universe become divided into groups subordinate
2			university
	6170.54	Work of Charles Darwin Online -	University of Cambridge - CRASSH 17 Mill Lane
	6171.0	Mill Lane - Cambridge - CB2 1RX	University of Cambridge Sponsored by: Arts and
56			unknown
	126.381	Methodical and Unconscious Selection —	Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions
	244.184	naturalists, some of them personally	unknown to me. I cannot, however, [page
	252.85	I presume, say that, after a certain	unknown number of [page] 4 INTRODUCTION
	319.33	The result of the various, quite	unknown, or dimly seen laws of variation is
	327.41	laws governing inheritance are quite	unknown; no one can say why the same
	389.1295	originally domesticated, and yet be	unknown to ornithologists; and this
	395.882	have since all become extinct or	unknown. So many strange contingencies seem to
	411.91	these supposed species being quite	unknown in a wild state, and their becoming
	515.495	Variability is governed by many	unknown laws, more especially by that of
	526.567	Generally the term includes the	unknown element of a distinct act of creation
	562.74	the study of a group of organisms quite	unknown to him, he is at first much perplexed
	798.308	to bear in mind that there are many	unknown laws of correlation of growth, which
	1070.455	and (I), now supposed to be extinct and	unknown, it will be in some degree intermediate
	1078.976	one species of a still more ancient and	unknown genus. We have seen that in each
	1217.774	as of high value, may be wholly due to	unknown laws of correlated growth, and without
	1261.535	become attached, from causes quite	unknown to us, more to one sex than to the
	1297.955	to variation, when acted on by similar	unknown influences. In the vegetable kingdom we
	1309.135	in question, which at last, under	unknown favourable conditions, gains an
	1345.1361	character, and that this tendency, from	unknown causes, sometimes prevails. And we have
	1351.604	real for an unreal, or at least for an	unknown, cause. It makes the works of God a
	1392.472	species as descended from some other	unknown form, both the parent and all the
	1458.60	of birds had become extinct or were	unknown, who would have ventured to have [page
	1552.210	and known forms to the extinct and	unknown is very small, I have been astonished
	1568.757	arisen from the above or other	unknown causes, it may at first have been of no
	1574.819	on the bamboo may have arisen from	unknown laws of growth, and have been
	1580.1590	importance of the several known and	unknown laws of variation; and I have here
	1586.880	correlation of growth, or from other	unknown cause, may reappear from the law of
	1663.983	is of variations produced by the same	unknown causes which produce slight deviations
	1681.258	inhabited, but often from causes wholly	unknown to us: Audubon has given several
	1853.732	their heads, the use of which is quite	unknown: in the Mexican Myrme- [page] 239 CHAP
	2002.176	is simply incidental or dependent on	unknown differences, chiefly in the
	2020.168	grafted on each other as incidental on	unknown differences in their vegetative systems
	2020.322	of first crosses, are incidental on	unknown differences, chiefly in their
	2048.764	connected together by some common but	unknown bond, which is essentially related to
	2120.127	on another, is incidental on generally	unknown differences in their vegetative systems
	2120.276	to unite with another, is incidental on	unknown differences in their reproductive
	2149.376	between each species and a common but	unknown progenitor; and the progenitor will
	2155.210	between them, but between each and an	unknown common parent. The common parent will
	2365.272	and that during these vast, yet quite	unknown, periods of time, the world swarmed
	2450.484	and to suspect that he died by some	unknown deed of violence. The theory of
	2713.365	may be said to be almost wholly	unknown. Until I tried, with Mr. Berkeley's aid
	2904.10	smaller fresh-water animals. Other and	unknown agencies probably have also played a
	2966.547	it. Yet there must be, on my view, some	unknown, but highly efficient means for their
	3075.151	that classification either gives some	unknown plan of creation, or is simply a scheme
	3117.525	unconsciously seeking, and not some	unknown plan of creation, or the enunciation of
	3119.843	from a species which existed at an	unknown anterior period. Species of three of
	3191.1152	or these parents from their ancient and	unknown progenitor. Yet the natural arrangement
	3201.200	object in view, and do not look to some	unknown plan of creation, we may hope to make
	3225.541	we may readily believe that the	unknown progenitor of the vertebrata possessed
	3225.607	vertebrata possessed many vertebræ; the	unknown progenitor of the articulata, many
	3225.668	the articulata, many segments; and the	unknown progenitor of flowering plants, many
	3331.1495	of nails have appeared, not from	unknown laws [page] 454 RUDIMENTARY ORGANS
	3410.71	deposited at these ancient and utterly	unknown epochs in the world's history. I can
	3412.1185	the links between any two species are	unknown, if any one link or intermediate
	3498.236	changes and to the many occasional and	unknown means of dispersal, then we can
	5032.94	of the Four Gospels in Syriac, hitherto	unknown in Europe. Discovered, Edited, and
19			unless
	389.790	be produced by crossing two breeds	unless one of the parent-stocks possessed the
	461.355	of this kind could never be recognised	unless actual measurements or careful drawings
	505.1365	or structure of each individual.	Unless such attention be paid nothing can be
	645.660	to bear this conclusion in mind. Yet	unless it be thoroughly engrained in the mind
	778.399	of profitable variations occurring; and	unless profitable variations do occur, natural
	948.644	disturbed. Nothing can be effected,	unless favourable variations occur, and
	956.878	continually and slowly being produced,	unless we believe that the number of specific
	1245.874	any part, however unusually developed,	unless it be unusually developed in comparison
	1317.372	varieties or species; and this shows,	unless all these forms be considered as
	1454.144	in numbers or become exterminated,	unless they also became modified and improved
	2155.670	with that of its modified descendants,	unless at the same time we had a nearly
	2291.228	two forms, they rank both as species,	unless they are enabled to connect them
	2291.611	ranked as a third and distinct species,	unless at the same time it could be most
	2291.1059	and upper beds of a formation, and	unless we obtained numerous transitional
	2351.708	an insuperable difficulty on my theory,	unless it could likewise be shown that the
	2508.540	the proximity of the two areas,—	unless, indeed, it be assumed that an isthmus
	2761.631	at the same time travel southward,	unless they were stopped by barriers, in which
	3069.847	it reveals the plan of the Creator; but	unless it be specified whether order in time
	3412.633	were to examine them ever so closely,	unless we likewise possessed many of the
8			unlike
	365.1368	bull-dog, or Blenheim spaniel, &c.—so	unlike all wild Canidæ—ever existed freely in
	449.581	how extremely alike the flowers; how	unlike the flowers of the heartsease are, and
	1249.1093	species being sometimes wholly	unlike in shape; and the amount of variation
	1620.130	habits, with some habits very	unlike those of its nearest congeners. Hence
	1885.651	distinct Kitty-wrens,—a habit wholly	unlike that of any other known bird. Finally
	3069.297	and for separating those which are most	unlike; or as an artificial means for
	3257.233	embryo, which ultimately become very	unlike and serve for diverse purposes, being
	3518.917	be so closely alike, and should be so	unlike the adult forms. We may cease
1			unlikely
	389.1521	on precipices, and good fliers, are	unlikely to be exterminated; and the common rock
5			unmistakeable
	2345.1160	a drawing of a perfect specimen of an	unmistakeable sessile cirripede, which he had himself
	2472.192	remains in certain beds present an	unmistakeable degree of resemblance to those of the
	2972.53	product of the land and water bears the	unmistakeable stamp of the American continent. There
	3247.944	larva shows this to be the case in an	unmistakeable manner. So again the two main divisions
	3315.49	of rudimentary organs is often quite	unmistakeable: for instance there are beetles of the
3			unmodified
	2426.889	new and modified or the same old and	unmodified forms. Species of the genus Lingula
	3010.1266	widely; for it is necessary that the	unmodified parent should range widely, undergoing
	3289.1403	age. Whereas the young will remain	unmodified, or be modified in a lesser degree, by
9			unnatural
	291.256	St. Hilaire's experiments show that	unnatural treatment of the embryo causes
	297.285	will breed most freely under the most	unnatural conditions (for instance, the rabbit
	1793.500	opposed basins, but the work, from the	unnatural state of things, had not been neatly
	1936.850	must infer that the plants were in an	unnatural state. Nevertheless these facts show on
	2026.1407	eminently sensitive to injurious or	unnatural conditions of life. In regard to the
	2032.579	are rendered impotent by the same	unnatural conditions; and whole groups of species
	2034.62	organic beings are placed under new and	unnatural conditions, and when hybrids are
	2034.121	and when hybrids are produced by the	unnatural crossing of two species, the
	2040.479	why an organism, when placed under	unnatural conditions, is rendered sterile. All
6			unoccupied
	741.880	may be widely distributed and fall on	unoccupied ground. In the water-beetle, the
	778.906	actually necessary to produce new and	unoccupied places for natural selection to fill up
	908.728	degrees, so as better to fill up the	unoccupied place. But if the area be large, its
	1032.287	nature of the places which are either	unoccupied or not perfectly occupied by other
	2910.112	instance, on a rising islet, it will be	unoccupied; and a single seed or egg will have a
	3468.140	varying descendants of each to any	unoccupied or ill-occupied place in nature, these
1			unparalleled
	2440.712	and has increased in numbers at an	unparalleled rate, I asked myself what could so
3			unperceived
	295.874	system so seriously affected by	unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need
	2446.111	being is constantly being checked by	unperceived injurious agencies; and that these same
	2446.163	injurious agencies; and that these same	unperceived agencies are amply sufficient to cause
1			unproductive
	659.442	only two seeds—and there is no plant so	unproductive as this—and their seedlings next year
2			unpublished
	5902.59	Memoir, Correspondence, Literary and	Unpublished Diaries of Robert Plumer Ward. Portrait
	6110.60	Memoir, Correspondence, Literary and	Unpublished Diaries and Remains. By the HON. EDMUND
1			unreal
	1351.577	it seems to me, to reject a real for an	unreal, or at least for an unknown, cause. It
1			unsatisfactory
	250.450	even if well founded, would be	unsatisfactory, until it could be shown how the
1			unseen
	3063.698	all have descended from one ancient but	unseen parent, and, consequently, have
1			unsuccessful
	816.229	females; the result is not death to the	unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring
1			unsuitable
	2026.1256	be exposed to conditions in some degree	unsuitable, and consequently be liable to perish
2			unsupported
	405.594	closely related together, though it is	unsupported by a single experiment. But to extend
	3365.205	adopt this view, even if it were	unsupported by other facts or arguments. [page
31			until
	250.466	well founded, would be unsatisfactory,	until it could be shown how the innumerable
	747.558	by the rigour of the climate alone. Not	until we reach the extreme confines of life
	790.430	of these slow changes in progress,	until the hand of time has marked the long
	850.554	be continually favoured or selected,	until at last a complete separation of the
	1139.531	profitable variations, however slight,	until they become plainly developed and
	1145.248	were used more, and its wings less,	until they became incapable of flight. Kirby
	1153.8	LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V. cealed,	until the wind lulls and the sun shines; that
	1189.1250	and with much greater weight; but	until some one will sow, during a score of
	1426.301	and natural selection can do nothing	until favourable variations chance to occur
	1426.350	variations chance to occur, and	until a place in the natural [page
	1454.457	being useful, each being propagated,	until by the accumulated effects of this
	1470.433	ways, on the land and in the water,	until their organs of flight had come to a
	1502.258	different lines, can be shown to exist,	until we reach a moderately high stage of
	1536.107	a sticky secretion, to retain the eggs	until they are hatched within the sack. These
	1787.302	pits, they made them wider and wider	until they were converted into shallow basins
	1801.884	the upper edges of the rhombic plates,	until the hexagonal walls are commenced. Some
	1851.970	that this process has been repeated,	until that prodigious amount of difference
	1863.1018	more and more of the smaller workers,	until all the workers had come to be in this
	1871.715	of the parents which generated them;	until none with an intermediate structure
	2171.409	have to be worn away, atom by atom,	until reduced in size they can be rolled
	2299.311	widely and supplant their parent-forms	until they have been modified and perfected
	2301.193	and thus proved to be the same species,	until many specimens have been collected from
	2355.33	IX. here they would remain confined,	until some of the species became adapted to a
	2578.572	character of the Vertebrata,	until beds far beneath the lowest Silurian
	2651.1041	innumerable islands as halting-places,	until after travelling over a hemisphere we
	2713.374	be said to be almost wholly unknown.	Until I tried, with Mr. Berkeley's aid, a few
	2861.157	We cannot hope to explain such facts,	until we can say why one species and not
	3263.366	fancy animals, cannot positively tell,	until some time after the animal has been
	3337.848	gradual reduction of various organs,	until they have become rudimentary,—as in the
	3337.1323	continue slowly to reduce the organ,	until it was rendered harmless and
	3412.1691	spread into other and distant regions	until they are considerably modified and im
2			untouched
	256.322	to their physical conditions of life,	untouched and unexplained. It is, therefore, of
	3524.800	in the calf, the teeth have been left	untouched by selection or disuse, and on the
1			untrodden
	3566.19	history become! A grand and almost	untrodden field of inquiry will be opened, on the
16			unusual
	152.306	variable — Parts developed in an	unusual manner are highly variable: specific
	491.174	developed in some slight degree in an	unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a
	491.247	he saw a pigeon with a crop of somewhat	unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual
	491.286	unusual size; and the more abnormal or	unusual any character was when it first
	778.815	physical change, as of climate, or any	unusual degree of isolation to check
	1117.292	variable—Parts developed in an	unusual manner are highly variable: specific
	1245.1378	characters, when displayed in any	unusual manner. The term, secondary sexual
	1249.191	whether or not displayed in any	unusual manner-of which fact I think there can
	1269.511	and its variation would be a more	unusual circumstance. I have chosen this
	1287.397	in these cases are of a very	unusual nature, the relation can hardly be
	1972.394	two pure species can be united with	unusual facility, and produce numerous hybrid
	3173.1350	with a few members preserved by some	unusual coincidence of favourable circumstances
	3482.247	creation why a part developed in a very	unusual manner in any one species of a genus
	3482.522	off from a common progenitor, an	unusual amount of variability and modification
	3482.682	But a part may be developed in the most	unusual manner, like the wing of a bat, and yet
	3574.344	be recognised as having depended on an	unusual concurrence of circumstances, and the
6			unusually
	1245.853	no means applies to any part, however	unusually developed, unless it be unusually
	1245.887	unusually developed, unless it be	unusually developed in comparison with the same
	1263.505	amount of modification implies an	unusually large and long-continued amount of
	1741.43	July, I came across a community with an	unusually large stock of slaves, and I observed a
	2032.825	certain species in a group will produce	unusually fertile hybrids. No one can tell, till
	2464.147	when by sudden immigration or by	unusually rapid development, many species of a
1			unwilling
	2026.654	in first crosses. I was at first very	unwilling to believe in this view; as hybrids
1			unwillingly
	1484.111	manner of swimming, and of flying when	unwillingly it takes flight, would be mistaken by
1			unwillingness
	3532.35	But the chief cause of our natural	unwillingness to admit that one species has given
1			updated
	6183.10	Darwin Trust CRASSH CARET File last	updated 28 January
5			upheaved
	2205.373	cracks along which the strata have been	upheaved on one side, or thrown down on the
	2379.45	and would have been at least partially	upheaved by the oscillations of level, which we
	2693.315	A volcanic island, for instance,	upheaved and formed at the distance of a few
	2753.579	time, whilst an island was being	upheaved and formed, and before it had become
	3004.37	that a mountain, as it became slowly	upheaved, would naturally be colonised from the
7			upland
	1486.292	are formed for swimming? yet there are	upland geese with webbed feet which rarely or
	1486.963	of structure. The webbed feet of the	upland goose may be said to have become
	1586.1453	believe that the webbed feet of the	upland [page] 200 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1590.337	But to the progenitor of the	upland goose and of the frigate-bird, webbed
	1620.307	live, how it has arisen that there are	upland geese with webbed feet, ground
	3464.193	to prey on insects on the ground; that	upland geese, which never or rarely swim
	3965.3	Geese, fertility when crossed, 253. —,	upland, 185. Genealogy important in
26			upper
	375.1358	of continually expanding slightly the	upper part of the œsophagus. The Jacobin has
	381.778	beak), the size of the crop and of the	upper part of the œsophagus; the development
	491.1037	much more than the turbit now does the	upper part of its œsophagus,—a habit which is
	842.1049	and so in the long-run would gain the	upper hand. Those flowers, also, which had
	1034.649	the lower branches not reaching to the	upper horizontal lines. In some cases I do
	1211.1443	the patches of darker colour in the two	upper petals; and that when this occurs, the
	1211.1574	is absent from only one of the two	upper petals, the nectary is only much
	1502.624	pencils of light, are convex at their	upper ends [page] 188 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1801.849	may be; and they never complete the	upper edges of the rhombic plates, until the
	2265.221	presenting distinct varieties in the	upper and lower parts of the same formation
	2279.61	gradation between two forms in the	upper and lower parts of the same formation
	2279.1175	of organic remains, except near their	upper or lower limits. It would seem that
	2285.627	submerged, and then re-covered by the	upper beds of the same formation,—facts
	2291.1028	modified descendants from the lower and	upper beds of a formation, and unless we
	2343.327	of the existence of whales in the	upper greensand, some time before the close
	2345.384	various zones of depths from the	upper tidal limits to 50 fathoms; from the
	2432.429	and ultimately thins out in the	upper beds, marking the decrease and final
	2438.693	is found to taper more gradually at its	upper end, which marks the progress of
	2480.1297	modern marine formations, namely, the	upper pliocene, the pleistocene and strictly
	3087.247	that the rudimentary teeth in the	upper jaws of young ruminants, and certain
	3207.71	infinitely numerous modifications of an	upper lip, mandibles, and two pairs of
	3215.44	that their common progenitor had an	upper lip, mandibles, and two pair of maxillæ
	3309.696	never cut through the gums, in the	upper jaws of our unborn calves. It has even
	3325.70	organs, such as teeth in the	upper jaws of whales and ruminants, can often
	3524.481	which never cut through the gums of the	upper jaw, from an early progenitor having
	5268.24	vo. 7s. 6d. ——— Journey through the	Upper Provinces of India, From Calcutta to
5			uppermost
	2267.709	find a species disappearing before the	uppermost layers have been deposited, it would be
	2528.553	and all the forms beneath the	uppermost line may be considered as extinct. The
	2536.219	the three existing families on the	uppermost line would be rendered less distinct
	3063.533	In the diagram each letter on the	uppermost line may represent a genus including
	3119.1027	the fifteen genera (a14 to z14) on the	uppermost horizontal line. Now all these modified
9			upraised
	2219.72	gently inclined Wealden district, when	upraised, could hardly have been great, but it
	2227.979	sand or gravel, will when the beds are	upraised generally be dissolved by the
	2241.276	South American coasts, which have been	upraised several hundred feet within the recent
	2243.183	action of the waves, when first	upraised and during subsequent oscillations of
	2247.182	few animals, and the mass when	upraised will give a most imperfect record of
	2247.595	formation thick enough, when	upraised, to resist any amount of degradation
	2255.410	will have been destroyed by being	upraised and brought within the limits of the
	2273.1622	of the glacial period shall have been	upraised, organic remains will probably first
	2285.570	lower beds of a formation having been	upraised, denuded, submerged, and then re
1			upright
	2285.842	great fossilised trees, still standing	upright as they grew, of many long intervals of
1			upward
	1807.1023	thus have a thin wall steadily growing	upward; but always crowned by a gigantic
4			upwards
	469.455	the original stock of Mr. Bakewell for	upwards of fifty years. There is not a
	1046.806	by the dotted lines not prolonged far	upwards from want of space. But during the
	2207.44	Craven fault, for instance, extends for	upwards of 30 miles, and along this line the
	2432.338	abruptly; it then gradually thickens	upwards, sometimes keeping for a space of equal
13			urged
	236.144	health is far from strong, I have been	urged to publish this Abstract. I have more
	858.154	the same objections which were at first	urged against Sir Charles Lyell's noble views
	1400.14	time immensely remote. But it may be	urged that when several closely-allied
	1612.107	and objections which may be	urged against my theory. Many of them are
	2050.79	of their Mongrel offspring.—It may be	urged, as a most forcible argu- [page
	2143.77	chief objections which might be justly	urged against the views maintained in this
	2147.581	and gravest objection which can be	urged against my theory. The explanation lies
	2307.456	of all the many objections which may be	urged against my views. Hence it will be
	2331.159	appear in certain formations, has been	urged by several palæontologists, for
	2373.63	remain inexplicable; and may be truly	urged as a valid argument against the views
	3103.417	of nature. Yet it has been strongly	urged by those great naturalists, Milne
	3406.502	of the many objections which may be	urged against my theory. Why, again, do whole
	3420.85	and difficulties which may justly be	urged against my theory; and I have now
1			urges
	1606.1032	hatred of the queen-bee, which	urges her instantly to destroy the [page
59			useful
	429.126	to man's use or fancy. Some variations	useful to him have probably arisen suddenly
	429.1171	and flower-garden races of plants, most	useful to man at different seasons and for
	429.1399	suddenly produced as perfect and as	useful as we now see them; indeed, in several
	429.1623	man adds them up in certain directions	useful to him. In this sense he may be said to
	429.1687	he may be said to make for himself	useful breeds. The great power of this
	471.157	yet any one animal particularly	useful to them, for any special purpose, would
	483.374	possess the aboriginal stocks of any	useful plants, but that the native plants have
	505.156	direction. But as variations manifestly	useful or pleasing to man appear only
	505.1200	the animal or plant should be so highly	useful to man, or so much valued by him, that
	526.960	in one part, either injurious to or not	useful to the species, and not generally
	560.322	or plant in a state of nature be highly	useful to man, or from any cause closely
	641.1119	by which each slight variation, if	useful, is preserved, by the term of Natural
	641.1391	through the accumulation of slight but	useful variations, given to him by the hand of
	766.790	improbable, seeing that variations	useful to man have undoubtedly occurred, that
	766.853	occurred, that other variations	useful in some way to each being in the great
	770.453	Natural Selection. Variations neither	useful nor injurious would not be affected by
	784.266	except in so far as they may be	useful to any being. She can act on every
	784.1305	to catch his eye, or to be plainly	useful to him. Under nature, the slightest
	828.422	which we cannot believe to be either	useful to the males in battle, or attractive
	828.612	turkey-cock, which can hardly be either	useful or ornamental to this bird;—indeed, had
	878.198	self-fertilisation; and no doubt it is	useful for this end: but, the agency of
	1090.580	fact if no variation ever had occurred	useful to each being's own welfare, in the
	1090.668	way as so many variations have occurred	useful to man. But if variations useful to any
	1090.701	useful to man. But if variations	useful to any organic being do occur
	1090.1409	selection will also give characters	useful to the males alone, in their struggles
	1179.99	by uncivilised man because they were	useful and bred readily under confinement, and
	1231.46	conditions of life a structure before	useful becomes less useful, any diminution
	1231.66	a structure before useful becomes less	useful, any diminution, however slight, in its
	1454.426	membranes, each modification being	useful, each being propagated, until by the
	1456.657	that each grade of structure had been	useful to its possessor. Nor can I see any
	1494.501	imperfect and simple, each grade being	useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist
	1494.717	or modification in the organ be ever	useful to an animal under changing conditions
	1586.651	played a most important part, and a	useful modification of one part will often
	1586.801	So again characters which formerly were	useful, or which formerly had arisen from
	1586.1058	to charm the females, can be called	useful only in rather a forced sense. But by
	1590.404	bird, webbed feet no doubt were as	useful as they now are to the most aquatic of
	1606.479	on the whole the power of stinging be	useful to the community, it will fulfil all
	1630.163	parts, organs, and excretions highly	useful or even indispensable, or highly
	1630.267	but in all cases at the same time	useful to the owner. Natural selection in each
	1757.427	they could. If their presence proved	useful to the species which had seized them-if
	1863.881	the smaller workers had been the most	useful to the community, and those males and
	1871.571	the extreme forms, from being the most	useful to the community, having been produced
	1873.211	parents, has originated. We can see how	useful their production may have been to a
	1877.10	INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. labour is	useful to civilised man. As ants work by
	1883.284	of instinct to any extent, in any	useful direction. In some cases habit or use
	2882.174	become fitted, in a manner highly	useful to them, for short and frequent
	3135.1110	Marshall says the horns are very	useful for this purpose with cattle, because
	3337.1109	the power of flying. Again, an organ	useful under certain conditions, might become
	3343.1016	forming any part or structure, if not	useful to the possessor, will be saved as far
	3345.264	have found rudimentary parts as	useful as, or even sometimes more useful than
	3345.298	as useful as, or even sometimes more	useful than, parts of high physiological
	3432.408	by preserving the individuals most	useful to him at the time, without any thought
	3432.771	the production of the most distinct and	useful domestic breeds. That many of the
	3448.141	we doubt that variations in any way	useful to beings, under their excessively
	3448.309	can by patience select variations most	useful to himself, should nature fail in
	3448.371	nature fail in selecting variations	useful, under changing conditions of life, to
	3564.58	summing up of many contrivances, each	useful to the possessor, nearly in the same
	4854.94	with its application to the Fine and	Useful Arts. Second Edition. Woodcuts. Post
	5128.61	A Collection of a Thousand Valuable and	Useful Receipts. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 6d. [page
1			usefully
	3157.51	distribution may sometimes be brought	usefully into play in classing large and widely
1			usefulness
	483.61	plants up to their present standard of	usefulness to man, we can understand how it is
17			useless
	882.486	should in so many cases be mutually	useless to each other! How simply are these
	1161.362	difficult to imagine that eyes, though	useless, could be in any way injurious to
	1231.251	its nutriment wasted in building up an	useless structure. I can thus only understand a
	1231.1423	in developing a structure now become	useless. Thus, as I believe, natural selection
	1309.617	number of generations, than in quite	useless or rudimentary organs being, as we all
	1357.1170	scale. Rudimentary organs, from being	useless, will be disregarded by natural
	1606.811	thousands of drones, which are utterly	useless to the community for any other end, and
	1707.464	retained by our chickens has become	useless under domestication, for the mother-hen
	2936.578	form an endemic species, having as	useless an appendage as any rudimentary organ
	3197.1190	we are permitted to use rudimentary and	useless organs, or others of trifling
	3295.1737	or of the senses, &c., would be	useless; and in this case the final
	3331.355	or atrophied organs, are imperfect and	useless. In works on natural history
	3339.173	during changed habits of life,	useless or injurious for one purpose, might
	3343.42	functions. An organ, when rendered	useless, may well be variable, for its
	3345.457	retained in the spelling, but become	useless in the pronunciation, but which serve
	3345.664	organs in a rudimentary, imperfect, and	useless condition, or quite aborted, far [page
	3520.101	to reduce an organ, when it has become	useless by changed habits or under changed
1			uselessness
	1239.268	variability seems to be owing to their	uselessness, and therefore to natural selection
1			using
	1484.563	grasping the stones with its feet and	using its wings under water. He who believes
5			usual
	499.369	of structure, or takes more care than	usual in matching his best animals and thus
	608.911	differ from each other by a less than	usual amount of difference. Moreover, the
	1741.624	for aphides. This difference in the	usual habits of the masters and slaves in the
	1992.321	hybrids which instead of having, as is	usual, an intermediate character between
	3283.952	have appeared at an earlier period than	usual, or, if not so, the differences must
9			usually
	737.34	As species of the same genus have	usually, though by no means invariably, some
	1612.1156	assigned, the intermediate variety will	usually exist in lesser numbers than [page
	1651.574	for what purpose it is performed, is	usually said to be instinctive. [page
	1755.1071	community. In England the masters alone	usually leave the nest to collect building
	1920.356	decreased. I do not doubt that this is	usually the case, and that the fertility often
	1948.242	the contrary, brothers and sisters have	usually been crossed in each successive
	1992.575	So again amongst hybrids which are	usually intermediate in structure between their
	2006.1404	and varieties of the same species, can	usually, but not invariably, be grafted with
	2279.1122	that very thick deposits are	usually barren of organic remains, except near
1			utilitarian
	1586.109	made by some naturalists, against the	utilitarian doctrine that every detail of structure
7			utility
	1207.135	important structures, independently of	utility and, therefore, of natural selection
	3069.669	of each kind of dog. The ingenuity and	utility of this system are indisputable. But
	3111.188	allied forms. Temminck insists on the	utility or even necessity of this practice in
	3209.116	in members of the same class, by	utility or by the doctrine of final causes. The
	4268.15	variable, 150. ——, degrees of	utility of, 201. Parus major, 183. Passiflora
	4450.22	STRUCTURE. Structure, degrees of	utility of, 201. Struggle for existence
	4514.0	effects of, in a state of nature, 134.	Utility, how far important in the construction
8			utmost
	291.1315	how many cultivated plants display the	utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed
	413.948	have been watched, and tended with the	utmost care, and loved by many people. They
	675.187	us may be said to be striving to the	utmost to increase in numbers; that each lives
	982.1872	as it may be said, is striving its	utmost to increase its numbers. Con- [page
	988.1115	and may be said to be striving to the	utmost to live there; but, it is seen, that
	1807.1493	continually given to the comb, with the	utmost ultimate economy of wax. It seems at
	1980.605	distinct species which unite with the	utmost facility. In the same family there may
	3159.1060	or adaptive character, although of the	utmost importance to the welfare of the being
2			utrecht
	5104.39	ENGLAND (HISTORY OF) from the Peace of	Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713—83. By
	5654.52	History of England, from the Peace of	Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles
9			utter
	369.981	then the extreme difficulty, or rather	utter hopelessness, of the task becomes
	375.1613	and laugher, as their names express,	utter a very different coo from the other
	701.1228	together, and thus save each other from	utter destruction. I should add that the good
	747.649	arctic regions or on the borders of an	utter desert, will competition cease. The
	956.767	of its enemies, run a good chance of	utter extinction. But we may go further than
	1412.1480	in the seasons, be extremely liable to	utter extermination; and thus its
	1964.267	their crossing and blending together in	utter confusion. The following rules and
	2458.1456	inhabit our fresh waters. Therefore the	utter extinction of a group is generally, as
	2614.283	on the face of the earth. But the	utter extinction of a whole group of species
33			utterly
	295.418	eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen	utterly worthless, in the same exact condition
	423.367	treatise on pears and apples, shows how	utterly he disbelieves that the several sorts
	491.483	is, I have no doubt, in most cases,	utterly incorrect. The man who first selected a
	622.877	whereas, these analogies are	utterly inexplicable if each species has been
	870.76	that it is a general law of nature (	utterly ignorant though we be of the meaning of
	1084.856	multitude of smaller groups will become	utterly extinct, and leave no modified
	1357.682	of growth, the nature of which we are	utterly unable to understand. Multiple parts
	1530.771	But it is conceivable that the now	utterly lost branchiæ might have been gradually
	1606.803	of thousands of drones, which are	utterly useless to the community for any other
	1612.292	of independent acts of creation are	utterly obscure. We have seen that species at
	1721.106	observers, the European cuckoo has not	utterly lost all maternal love and care for her
	1731.695	carry their masters in their jaws. So	utterly helpless are the masters, that when
	1877.1366	exercise, or habit, or volition, in the	utterly sterile members of a community could
	1986.1152	with the pollen of M. jalappa, and	utterly failed. Several other equally striking
	1992.775	and these hybrids are almost always	utterly sterile, even when the other hybrids
	2056.777	resembling each other most closely, are	utterly sterile when intercrossed. Several
	2444.4	page] 319 CHAP. X. EXTINCTION. how	utterly groundless was my astonishment
	2466.546	us, the whole economy of nature will be	utterly obscured. Whenever we can precisely say
	2596.1337	the other whole genera having become	utterly extinct. In failing orders, with the
	2643.283	point out three faunas and floras more	utterly dissimilar. Or again we may compare the
	2803.570	conditions, but with their inhabitants	utterly dissimilar. But we must return to our
	3018.619	of the nearest mainland,—are, I think,	utterly inexplicable on the ordinary view of
	3173.629	on my theory have been exterminated and	utterly lost. And we have some evidence of
	3187.353	many ancient forms of life have been	utterly lost, through which the early
	3313.171	see wings so reduced in size as to be	utterly incapable of flight, and not rarely
	3317.61	two purposes, may become rudimentary or	utterly aborted for one, even the more
	3323.387	groups. Rudimentary organs may be	utterly aborted; and this implies, that we find
	3410.63	been deposited at these ancient and	utterly unknown epochs in the world's history
	3412.298	of time has been so great as to be	utterly inappreciable by the human intellect
	3460.681	of all organic beings seems to me	utterly inexplicable on the theory of creation
	3508.107	other mammals, on oceanic islands, are	utterly inexplicable on the theory of
	3524.1046	having been specially created, how	utterly inexplicable it is that parts, like the
	3586.505	left no descendants, but have become	utterly extinct. We can so far take a prophetic