Darwin_Charles_OOS.html -- W

N	Coord.	Preceding Context	WORD
2			waagen
	5278.107	of KUGLER. A New Edition. Edited by DR.	WAAGEN. Woodcuts- Post 8vo. {In the Press
	5564.119	New Edition. Edited, with Notes. By DR.	WAAGEN. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. Nearly Ready
1			waagen's
	6100.0	of "PADDIANA." Post 8vo. 9s. 6d.	WAAGEN'S (DR.) Treasures of Art in Great Britain
1			waddington's
	6104.0	described. With Index. 8vo. 18s.	WADDINGTON'S (DEAN) Condition and Prospects of the
1			waders
	3704.4	transporting seeds, 361. ——,	waders, 386. —, wingless, 134, 182. —, with
1			wading
	2898.583	to the feet and beaks of birds.	Wading birds, which frequent the muddy edges
2			wading-birds
	2928.1305	or floating timber, or to the feet of	wading-birds, might be transported far more easily
	4545.0	Vulture, naked skin on head, 197. W.	Wading-birds, 386. Wallace, Mr., on origin of
3			wafted
	639.141	the water; in the plumed seed which is	wafted by the gentlest breeze; in short, we
	1223.46	which were a little better fitted to be	wafted further, might get an advantage over
	1610.561	in order that a few granules may be	wafted by a chance breeze on to the ovules
1			wakefield's
	6106.0	New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.	WAKEFIELD'S (E. J.) Adventures in New Zealand. With
5			wales
	2759.471	than do the mountains of Scotland and	Wales, with their scored flanks, polished
	4772.4	the TABLES. London, 1822. 4to. 2s. 41.	WALES' AND BAYLY'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
	4774.4	OBSERVATIONS. 1777. 4to. 21s. 42.	WALES' REDUCTION OF ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
	5432.10	BUNYAN. By ROBERT SOUTHEY. NEW SOUTH	WALES. By MRS. MEREDITH. LIFE OF SIR FRANCIS
	5716.57	Notes and Sketches of New South	Wales, during a Residence from 1839 to
3			walking
	311.452	the domestic duck flying much less, and	walking more, than its wild parent. The great
	1486.669	long toes of grallatores are formed for	walking over swamps and floating plants, yet
	1590.572	but a foot with five toes fitted for	walking or grasping; and we may further venture
2			walks
	4648.11	Woodcuts. Fcap.Svo. 2s. 6d. AUNT IDA'S	Walks and Talks; a Story Book for Children
	6108.0	of the Island. Map. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s.	WALKS AND TALKS. A Story-book for Young
4			wallace
	236.231	been induced to do this, as Mr.	Wallace, who is now studying the [page
	2693.916	advanced in an ingenious paper by Mr.	Wallace, in which he concludes, that "every
	2954.1073	admirable zeal and researches of Mr.	Wallace. I have not as yet had time to follow
	4546.0	on head, 197. W. Wading-birds, 386.	Wallace, Mr., on origin of species, 2. ——, on
1			wallace's
	240.511	it advisable to publish, with Mr.	Wallace's excellent memoir, some brief extracts
1			wallowing
	1574.1048	looked at as a direct adaptation for	wallowing in putridity; and so it may be, or it
7			walls
	1767.1898	the bees building perfectly flat	walls of wax between the spheres [page
	1771.776	this manner of building; for the flat	walls between the adjoining cells are not
	1787.968	to excavate, and began to build up flat	walls of wax on the lines of intersection
	1801.904	the rhombic plates, until the hexagonal	walls are commenced. Some of these statements
	1807.1270	without injuring the delicate hexagonal	walls, which are only about one four
	1809.376	by covering the edges of the hexagonal	walls [page] 232 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. of a
	1815.507	distances from each other and from the	walls of the last completed cells, and then
2			walter
	5060.52	Works. A New Edition, based upon Sir	Walter Scotts Edition, entirely revised. 8vo
	5249.3	Edition. Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 12s. ——(	WALTER) Hindostan, Geographically
4			wander
	912.343	which unite for each birth, which	wander much, and which do not breed at a very
	912.673	which unite for each birth, but which	wander little and which can increase at a very
	1432.190	classes which unite for each birth and	wander much, may have separately been rendered
	2167.14	which we see around us. It is good to	wander along lines of sea-coast, when formed
3			wanderers
	2749.1395	but seeds could be transported by these	wanderers only by one means, namely, in dirt
	2849.758	have profited them. Thus many of these	wanderers, though still plainly related by
	2898.752	this order I can show are the greatest	wanderers, and are occasionally found on the most
4			wandering
	511.259	enclosure of the land plays a part.	Wandering savages or the inhabitants of open
	1406.971	especially with freely-crossing and	wandering animals. In looking at species as they
	2948.1417	can fly across. Bats have been seen	wandering by day far over the Atlantic Ocean; and
	2948.1800	Hence we have only to suppose that such	wandering species have been modi- [page
1			wanderings
	5247.19	Post 8vo. 6s. each. HAMILTON'S (JAMES)	Wanderings in Northern Africa, Benghazi, Cyrene
1			wanted
	2966.1415	crawled away: but more experiments are	wanted on this head. The most striking and
4			wants
	441.920	and may make great improvements; if he	wants any of these qualities, he will
	487.209	structure or in their habits to man's	wants or fancies. We can, I think, further
	3295.570	having to provide for their own	wants at a very early stage of development
	3359.931	the being has to provide for its own	wants, and bearing in mind how strong is the
1			ward's
	6110.0	By AUNT IDA. With Woodcuts. 16mo. 5s.	WARD'S (ROBERT PLUMER) Memoir, Correspondence
1			war-dance
	816.1126	and whirling round, like Indians in a	war-dance, for the possession of the females
1			warfare
	5054.9	Edition. Plates. 8vo. 21s. —— Naval	Warfare with Steam. Woodcuts. 8vo. 8s. 6d
12			warmer
	1131.890	by variation when it ranged into	warmer or shallower waters. When a variation
	1177.170	of plants and animals brought from	warmer countries which here enjoy good health
	1177.1197	largely extended their range from	warmer to cooler latitudes, and conversely
	2775.70	period, has ever been in any degree	warmer than at present (as some geologists in
	2775.471	respect to this intercalated slightly	warmer period, since the Glacial period. The
	2787.478	the same as now, the climate was	warmer than at the present day. Hence we may
	2789.279	that during some earlier and still	warmer period, such as the older Pliocene
	2793.667	at the present time; for during these	warmer periods the northern parts of the Old
	2817.677	under the equator and under the	warmer temperate zones, and on both sides of
	2833.444	forms living on the mountains of the	warmer regions of the earth and in the
	2839.1399	of competitors, can withstand a much	warmer climate than their own. Hence, it seems
	2863.1202	northern hemisphere, to a former and	warmer period, before the commencement of the
2			warmest
	747.838	of the same species, for the	warmest or dampest spots. Hence, also, we can
	2839.987	more especially by escaping into the	warmest spots. But the great fact to bear in
1			warmest-clad
	1133.404	of this difference may be due to the	warmest-clad individuals having been favoured and
8			warmth
	351.541	or the small power of endurance of	warmth by the rein-deer, or of cold by the
	2767.7	difference in the final result. As the	warmth returned, the arctic forms would
	2767.315	ascending higher and higher, as the	warmth increased, whilst their brethren were
	2767.409	their northern journey. Hence, when the	warmth had fully returned, the same arctic
	2769.391	and the re-migration on the returning	warmth, will generally have been due south and
	2777.481	from the moment of the returning	warmth, first at the bases and ultimately on
	2795.29	During the slowly decreasing	warmth of the Pliocene period, as soon as the
	2845.265	some even crossed the equator. As the	warmth returned, these temperate forms would
1			warned
	796.35	parts of the Continent persons are	warned not to keep white pigeons, as being the
1			was—as
	1189.1081	for it is now as tender as ever it	was—as proving that acclimatisation cannot be
5			washed
	1536.1227	for preventing the ova from being	washed out of the sack? Although we must be
	2171.1064	years have elapsed since the waters	washed their base. He who most closely
	2717.572	then by a fresh rise in the stream be	washed into the sea. Hence I was led to dry
	2729.332	perfectly that not a particle could be	washed away in the longest transport: out of
	2898.939	the sea, so that the dirt would not be	washed off their feet; when making land, they
2			washington
	5202.54	G. R.) Campaigns of the British Army at	Washington and New Orleans. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d
	5482.13	INDIA. By REV. C. ACLAND. CAMPAIGNS AT	WASHINGTON. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. ADVENTURES IN
1			wasp-combs
	1819.162	that the cells on the extreme margin of	wasp-combs are sometimes strictly hexagonal; but I
1			wasp-like
	1725.424	Some species, likewise, of Sphegidæ (	wasp-like insects) are parasitic on other species
1			wasps
	5726.86	English Notes. 8vo.—l. CLOUDS, 10s.—2.	WASPS, 10s.—3. FROGS, 15s. MILMANS (DEAN
1			waste
	3470.777	sterile sisters; at the astonishing	waste of pollen by our fir-trees; at the
4			wasted
	1231.226	individual not to have its nutriment	wasted in building up an useless structure. I
	1231.1379	itself, by less nutriment being	wasted in developing a structure now become
	1723.804	picked up no less than twenty lost and	wasted eggs. Many bees are parasitic, and
	1831.763	of wax; that individual swarm which	wasted least honey in the secretion of wax
2			watch
	2165.1064	great piles of superimposed strata, and	watch the sea at work grinding down old rocks
	4732.50	S ACCOUNT OF THE GOING OF HARRISON'	WATCH. 1767. 4to. 2s. 6d. 21. MAYER'S
7			watched
	413.919	selection. Fourthly, pigeons have been	watched, and tended with the utmost care, and
	419.136	because when I first kept pigeons and	watched the several kinds, knowing well how
	1472.796	instances could be given: I have often	watched a tyrant flycatcher (Saurophagus
	1675.135	the aphides would want to excrete. I	watched them for some time through a lens, but
	1737.1187	July, on three successive years, I have	watched for many hours several nests in Surrey
	1737.1460	but Mr. Smith informs me that he has	watched the nests at various hours during May
	2249.174	views on this subject in 1845, I have	watched the progress of Geology, and have been
2			watching
	1514.305	that there is a power always intently	watching each slight accidental alteration in
	1851.370	could be slowly formed by carefully	watching which individual bulls and cows, when
47			water
	291.1463	changes, such as a little more or less	water at some particular period of growth
	639.106	of the beetle which dives through the	water; in the plumed seed which is wafted by
	741.684	confined to the elements of air and	water. Yet the advantage of plumed seeds no
	892.794	but here currents in the	water offer an obvious means for an
	940.454	slowly exterminated. And it is in fresh	water that we find seven genera of Ganoid
	940.556	a once preponderant order: and in fresh	water we find some of the most anomalous
	982.588	stations, climbing trees, frequenting	water, and some perhaps becoming less
	988.746	islets; and so in small ponds of fresh	water. Farmers find that they can raise most
	1125.600	limit, and when living in shallow	water, are more brightly coloured than those
	1141.708	can only flap along the surface of the	water, and has its wings in nearly the same
	1462.149	Micropterus of Eyton); as fins in the	water and front legs on the land, like the
	1470.426	in many ways, on the land and in the	water, until their organs of flight had come
	1472.995	standing stationary on the margin of	water, and then dashing like a kingfisher at
	1476.374	catching, like a whale, insects in the	water. Even in so extreme a case as this, if
	1484.585	with its feet and using its wings under	water. He who believes that each being has
	1486.356	feet which rarely or never go near the	water; and no one except Audubon has seen the
	1492.733	land or most rarely alighting on the	water; that there should be long-toed
	1522.905	that breathe the air dissolved in the	water, at the same time that they breathe
	2171.218	there is reason to believe that pure	water can effect little or nothing in wearing
	2219.20	million years. The action of fresh	water on the gently inclined Wealden district
	2221.198	over the whole world, the land and the	water has been peopled by hosts of living
	2227.551	the ocean, the bright blue tint of the	water bespeaks its purity. The many cases on
	2227.1414	species, which inhabits deep	water and has been found fossil in Sicily
	2273.1527	such beds as were deposited in shallow	water near the mouth of the Mississippi
	2379.1644	by an enormous weight of superincumbent	water, might have undergone far more
	2474.179	productions of the land and of fresh	water change at distant points in the same
	2661.165	time, over the same areas of land and	water, and independent of their physical
	2717.690	ripe fruit, and to place them on sea	water. The majority sank quickly, but some
	2735.1131	I find, eat seeds of many land and	water plants: fish are frequently devoured by
	2886.463	of their ova when removed from the	water. But I am inclined to attribute the
	2886.1616	be slowly accustomed to live in fresh	water; and, according to Valenciennes, there
	2886.1726	of fishes confined exclusively to fresh	water, so that we may imagine that a marine
	2892.353	and they are immediately killed by sea	water, as are the adults. I could not even
	2892.1262	so firmly that when taken out of the	water they could not be jarred off, though at
	2898.1303	from three different points, beneath	water, on the edge of a little pond; this mud
	2910.1539	to another and often distant piece of	water. Nature, like a careful gardener, thus
	2972.37	almost every product of the land and	water bears the unmistakeable stamp of the
	3032.500	of barriers, whether of land or	water, which separate our several zoological
	3057.396	to inhabit the land, and another the	water; one to feed on flesh, another on
	3163.218	both classes for swimming through the	water; but the shape of the body and fin-like
	3165.195	the three elements of land, air, and	water,—we can perhaps understand how it is
	3245.347	nest, and in the spawn of a frog under	water. We have no more reason to believe in
	3518.1131	has to breathe the air dissolved in	water, by the aid of well-developed branchiæ
	3919.38	Fishes, ganoid, now confined to fresh	water, 107. —, electric organs of
	3921.27	of, 192. —, ganoid, living in fresh	water, 321. —of southern hemisphere
	4245.7	habits of, how acquired, 179. Ouzel,	water, 185. Owen, Prof., on birds not flying
	4550.0	Archipelago, 395. Wasp, sting of, 202.	Water, fresh, productions of, 383. Water-hen
3			water-beetle
	741.606	the flattened and fringed legs of the	water-beetle, the relation seems at first confined
	741.906	and fall on unoccupied ground. In the	water-beetle, the structure of its legs, so well
	2896.123	a limpet) firmly adhering to it; and a	water-beetle of the same family, a Colymbetes, once
2			water-birds
	2902.188	be an inexplicable circumstance if	water-birds did not transport the seeds of fresh
	4563.15	denudation of, 285. Web of feet in	water-birds, 185. West Indian islands, mammals of
1			water-breathing
	1464.34	Seeing that a few members of such	water-breathing classes as the Crustacea and Mollusca
2			water-hen
	1486.718	swamps and floating plants, yet the	water-hen is nearly as aquatic as the coot; and
	4551.0	Water, fresh, productions of, 383.	Water-hen, 185. Waterhouse, Mr., on Australian
7			waterhouse
	1002.692	other, and feebly representing, as Mr.	Waterhouse and others have remarked, our
	1245.247	to the above effect, published by Mr.	Waterhouse. I infer also from an observation made
	1767.45	led to investigate this subject by Mr.	Waterhouse, who has shown that the form of the
	3175.4	of favourable circumstances. Mr.	Waterhouse has remarked that, when a member [page
	3179.161	and not special: thus, according to Mr.	Waterhouse, of all Rodents, the bizcacha is most
	3179.1350	other hand, of all Marsupials, as Mr.	Waterhouse has remarked, the phascolomys resembles
	4552.0	productions of, 383. Water-hen, 185.	Waterhouse, Mr., on Australian marsupials
1			waterhouse's
	1249.434	that I particularly attended to Mr.	Waterhouse's remark, whilst investigating this Order
1			water-insects
	3678.15	distribution of, 394. Bear, catching	water-insects, 184. Bee, sting of, 202. ——, queen
3			water-lily
	2904.252	of moderate size, as of the yellow	water-lily and Potamogeton. Herons and other birds
	2904.617	great size of the seeds of that fine	water-lily, the Nelumbium, and remembered Alph. de
	2904.831	found the seeds of the great southern	water-lily (probably, according to Dr. Hooker, the
2			waterloo
	5204.26	vo. 2s. 6d. —— Story of the Battle of	Waterloo, Compiled from Public and Authentic
	5474.19	HERMANN MELVILLE. STORY OF BATTLE OF	WATERLOO. By REV. G. R. GLEIG. A VOYAGE UP THE
1			watermark
	2227.1138	live on the beach between high and low	watermark are preserved. For instance, the
2			water-ouzel
	1484.367	by examining the dead body of the	water-ouzel would never have suspected its sub
	4556.0	on general affinities, 429.	Water-ouzel, 185. Watson, Mr. H. C., on range of
16			waters
	526.1283	condition of shells in the brackish	waters of the Baltic, or dwarfed [page
	1131.910	when it ranged into warmer or shallower	waters. When a variation is of the slightest
	1446.21	THEORY. CHAP. VI. it leaves the frozen	waters, and preys like other polecats on mice
	2171.1057	elsewhere years have elapsed since the	waters washed their base. He who most closely
	2402.86	another, both on the land and in the	waters. Lyell has shown that it is hardly
	2458.1434	Ganoid fishes still inhabit our fresh	waters. Therefore the utter extinction of a
	2494.835	the land, and another for those in the	waters of the sea. If two great regions had
	2657.1309	species of bizcacha; we look to the	waters, and we do not find the beaver or musk
	2801.26	distinct. As on the land, so in the	waters of the sea, a slow southern migration
	2869.447	of life can be explained. The living	waters may be said to have flowed during one
	2869.805	tide rises highest, so have the living	waters left their living drift on our mountain
	2880.566	when first collecting in the fresh	waters of Brazil, feeling much surprise at the
	2886.63	same species never occur in the fresh	waters of distant continents. But on the same
	2890.49	modified and adapted to the fresh	waters of a distant land. Some species of
	2904.400	they then take flight and go to other	waters, or are blown across the sea; and we
	2910.518	consequently an intruder from the	waters of a foreign country, would have a
11			watson
	548.330	by another as mere varieties. Mr. H. C.	Watson, to whom I lie under deep obligation
	582.279	seemed a simple task; but Mr. H. C.	Watson, to whom I am much indebted for
	616.491	ranges. For instance, Mr. H. C.	Watson has marked for me in the well-sifted
	616.798	of the provinces into which Mr.	Watson has divided Great Britain. Now, in this
	616.1166	allied forms, marked for me by Mr.	Watson as doubtful species, but which are
	1177.987	have been made by Mr. H. C.	Watson on European species of plants brought
	1418.624	appear from information given me by Mr.	Watson, Dr. Asa Gray, and Mr. Wollaston, that
	2743.566	mainland, and (as remarked by Mr. H. C.	Watson) from the somewhat northern character
	2769.515	of Scotland, as remarked by Mr. H. C.	Watson, [page] 368 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	2833.244	northern temperate zones. As Mr. H. C.	Watson has recently remarked, "In receding
	4557.0	affinities, 429. Water-ouzel, 185.	Watson, Mr. H. C., on range of varieties of
2			watt's
	6112.0	PHIPPS. Portrait. 2 Vols. 8vo. 28s.	WATT'S (JAMES) Life. Incorporating the most
	6116.0	and Woodcuts. 8vo. 16s. [page] 32	WATT'S (JAMES) Origin and Progress of his
4			wattle
	413.640	of each breed, for instance the	wattle and length of beak of the carrier, the
	828.299	sex in our domestic animals (as the	wattle in male carriers, horn-like
	1257.1379	the different tumblers, in the beak and	wattle of the different carriers, in the
	1261.624	generally to the male sex, as with the	wattle of carriers and the enlarged crop of
1			wattles
	1225.840	comb, and a large beard by diminished	wattles. With species in a state of nature it
5			waves
	2171.108	for a short time twice a day, and the	waves eat into them only when they are
	2171.463	in size they can be rolled about by the	waves, and then are more quickly ground into
	2205.12	IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. worn by the	waves and pared all round into perpendicular
	2243.165	withstand the incessant action of the	waves, when first upraised and during
	2723.812	do not doubt that plants exposed to the	waves would float for a less time than those
2			waxen
	1767.1392	the latter: it forms a nearly regular	waxen comb of cylindrical cells, in which the
	1825.1113	of her instinct led her to make her	waxen cells near together, so as to intersect
2			wayside
	5478.4	RIVER AMAZON. By W. H. EDWARDS. THE	WAYSIDE CROSS. By CAPT. MILMAN. MANNERS
	5740.18	Fcap. 8vo. 1s. ——— (CAPT. E. A.)	Wayside Cross; or, the Raid of Gomez. A Tale of
1			weakening
	1357.50	and use in strengthening, and disuse in	weakening and diminishing organs, seem to have
2			weaker
	735.20	CHAP. III. tion, otherwise the	weaker kinds will steadily decrease in numbers
	1675.1318	others, as each takes advantage of the	weaker bodily structure of others. So again
1			weakest
	1889.329	vary, let the strongest live and the	weakest die. [page] 245 CHAP. VIII. HYBRIDISM
1			weakness
	2046.811	same conditions of life, always induces	weakness and sterility in the progeny. Hence it
7			weald
	2209.81	well-known one of the denudation of the	Weald. Though it must be admitted that the
	2209.142	be admitted that the denudation of the	Weald has been a mere trifle, in comparison
	2213.63	of rocks which must have covered up the	Weald within so limited a period as since the
	2213.402	a range of older rocks underlies the	Weald, on the flanks of which the overlying
	2213.845	the time requisite to have denuded the	Weald. This, of course, cannot be done; but
	2217.129	the above data, the denudation of the	Weald must have required 306,662,400 years
	4562.0	rarity of intermediate varieties, 176.	Weald, denudation of, 285. Web of feet in
1			wealden
	2219.49	of fresh water on the gently inclined	Wealden district, when upraised, could hardly
5			weapons
	816.550	general vigour, but on having special	weapons, confined to the male sex. A hornless
	816.1416	seem oftenest provided with special	weapons. The males of carnivorous animals are
	828.16	SELECTION. CHAP. IV. males, in their	weapons, means of defence, or charms; and have
	1877.97	instincts and by inherited tools or	weapons, and not by acquired knowledge and
	3440.317	will often depend on having special	weapons or means of defence, or on the charms
1			wearing
	2171.256	water can effect little or nothing in	wearing away rock. At last the base of the
1			wears
	2213.741	knew the rate at which the sea commonly	wears away a line of cliff of any given
2			weather
	846.1176	could not thus have been carried. The	weather had been cold and boisterous, and
	872.346	and stigmas fully exposed to the	weather! but if an occasional cross be
11			webbed
	1442.650	vison of North America, which has	webbed feet and which resembles an otter in
	1486.222	What can be plainer than that the	webbed feet of ducks and geese are formed for
	1486.310	yet there are upland geese with	webbed feet which rarely or never go near the
	1486.444	bird, which has all its four toes	webbed, alight on the surface of the sea. On
	1486.944	corresponding change of structure. The	webbed feet of the upland goose may be said to
	1492.658	should be geese and frigate-birds with	webbed feet, either living on the dry land or
	1586.1434	Thus, we can hardly believe that the	webbed feet of the upland [page
	1590.375	upland goose and of the frigate-bird,	webbed feet no doubt were as useful as they
	1620.325	arisen that there are upland geese with	webbed feet, ground woodpeckers, diving
	3211.514	membrane, so as to serve as a fin; or a	webbed foot might have all its bones, or
	3464.265	swim, should have been created with	webbed feet; that a thrush should have been
1			wedge
	679.274	by incessant blows, sometimes one	wedge being struck, and then another with
1			wedges
	679.192	surface, with ten thousand sharp	wedges packed close together and driven
1			weeds
	681.1316	marked all the seedlings of our native	weeds as they came up, and out of the 357 no
1			week-day
	5259.113	for every Sunday in the Year, and for	Week-day Festivals. Sixth Edition. 2 Vols. Post
1			weekly
	5264.34	Hymns written and adapted for the	weekly Church Service of the Year. Twelfth
2			weigh
	311.233	duck that the bones of the wing	weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in
	3558.636	any two forms, we shall be led to	weigh more carefully and to value higher the
1			weighed
	2898.1358	of a little pond; this mud when dry	weighed only 6 3/4 ounces; I kept it covered up
16			weight
	349.175	then such facts would have great	weight in making us doubt about the
	395.41	argument, as it seems to me, of great	weight, and applicable in several other cases
	463.345	the cattle of England have increased in	weight and in early maturity, compared with
	574.784	must be judged of by the general	weight of the several facts and views given
	982.1157	greater number of plants and a greater	weight of dry herbage can thus be raised. The
	1139.249	as these incline me to lay very little	weight on the direct action of the conditions
	1145.183	in successive generations the size and	weight of its body, its legs were used more
	1189.1238	similar purpose, and with much greater	weight; but until some one will sow, during a
	1446.358	such difficulties have very little	weight. Here, as on other occasions, I lie
	1596.402	find even one which seems to me of any	weight. It is admitted that the rattlesnake
	2265.589	pretend to assign due proportional	weight to the following considerations
	2379.1619	had been pressed on by an enormous	weight of superincumbent water, might have
	2385.1069	perfect, and who do not attach much	weight to the facts and arguments of other
	3424.12	RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV. doubt their	weight. But it deserves especial notice that
	3538.217	disposition leads him to attach more	weight to unexplained difficulties than to the
	3546.258	But some arguments of the greatest	weight extend very far. All the members of
2			weights
	463.246	the Goodwood Races, are favoured in the	weights they carry. Lord Spencer and others
	5916.161	History, Chronology, Modern Coinages,	Weights, Measures, &c. Edited by EDWARD THOMAS
3			welch
	1329.223	trust, has examined for me a small dun	Welch pony with three short parallel stripes
	1337.162	as the heavy Belgian cart-horse,	Welch ponies, cobs, the lanky Kattywar race
	1339.1271	shoulder-stripes, like those on the dun	Welch pony, and even had some zebra-like
9			welfare
	272.457	for they determine the present	welfare, and, as I believe, the future success
	1090.607	had occurred useful to each being's own	welfare, in the same way as so many variations
	1628.120	part or organ is so unimportant for the	welfare of a species, that modifications in its
	1663.95	as corporeal structure for the	welfare of each species, under its present
	2006.447	is so entirely unimportant for its	welfare in a state of nature, I presume that no
	2020.940	of grafting it is unimportant for their	welfare. Causes of the Sterility of first
	3081.20	CLASSIFICATION. they may be for the	welfare of the being in relation to the outer
	3159.1085	of the utmost importance to the	welfare of the being, are almost valueless to
	3263.1380	of the horns of either parent. For the	welfare of a very young animal, as long as it
2			well-ascertained
	1731.1188	can be more extraordinary than these	well-ascertained facts? If we had not known of any other
	2773.280	grounded as they are on the perfectly	well-ascertained occurrence of a former Glacial period
1			well-authenticated
	1950.41	I do not know of any thoroughly	well-authenticated cases of perfectly fertile hybrid
1			well-bred
	399.612	the domestic breeds, taking thoroughly	well-bred birds, all the above marks, even to the
1			well-constructed
	3251.1249	prehensile organs; they again obtain a	well-constructed mouth; but they have no antennæ, and
5			well-defined
	383.182	certainly, I think, be ranked by him as	well-defined species. Moreover, I do not believe
	596.52	at species as only strongly-marked and	well-defined varieties, I was led to anticipate that
	1040.658	to convert these three forms into	well-defined species: thus the diagram illustrates
	1426.55	that species come to be tolerably	well-defined objects, and do not at any one period
	2651.1156	over this vast space we meet with no	well-defined and distinct marine faunas. Although
6			well-developed
	1566.478	may perhaps be thus accounted for. A	well-developed tail having been formed in an aquatic
	1863.1298	male and female ants of this genus have	well-developed ocelli. I may give one other case: so
	3251.962	at this stage is, to search by their	well-developed organs of sense, and to reach by their
	3315.900	as mere rudiments, and sometimes in a	well-developed state. In plants with separated sexes
	3518.1152	air dissolved in water, by the aid of	well-developed branchiæ. Disuse, aided sometimes by
	3524.524	jaw, from an early progenitor having	well-developed teeth; and we may believe, that the
1			well-enclosed
	1536.409	loose at the bottom of the sack, in the	well-enclosed shell; but they have large folded
3			well-established
	976.943	breeds would become converted into two	well-established and distinct breeds. As the differences
	1859.147	I do not admit that such wonderful and	well-established facts at once annihilate my theory. In
	2424.187	of pigeon, or even from the other	well-established races of the domestic pigeon, for the
1			well-filled
	3574.162	remains must not be looked at as a	well-filled museum, but as a poor collection made
1			well-flavoured
	1847.230	may thus gain the desired end. Thus, a	well-flavoured vegetable is cooked, and the individual
5			wellington
	4900.35	s. ——— Early Campaigns of the Duke of	Wellington in Portugal and Spain. 8vo. 8s. 6d
	5092.39	Life and Character of the Duke of	Wellington; Fcap. 8vo. 6d. ———.Campaign of
	5704.77	Actions, and Writings of the-Duke of	Wellington. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d
	5774.0	The following are published:]	WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERK. 6d. NlMRODONTHE
	5816.9	s. HOLLWAX'S NORWAY. 2s. MAUREL'S	WELLINGTON. 1s. 6d. CAMPBELL'S LIFE OF BACON. 2s
1			wellington's
	6118.0	vo, 45s., or Large Paper. 3 Vols. 4to.	WELLINGTON'S (THE DUKE OF) Despatches during his
11			well-known
	399.1368	We can understand these facts, on the	well-known principle of reversion to ancestral
	479.122	explains, as I believe, the	well-known fact, that in a vast number of cases we
	544.276	of naturalists, for few well-marked and	well-known varieties can be named which have not
	554.319	here give only a single instance,—the	well-known one of the primrose and cowslip, or
	822.1087	effect. I strongly suspect that some	well-known laws with respect to the plumage of
	1171.441	related, we might expect from the	well-known relationship of most of their other
	1657.687	could be pointed out. As in repeating a	well-known song, so in instincts, one action
	1877.1611	case of neuter insects, against the	well-known doctrine of Lamarck. Summary.—I have
	2209.41	am tempted to give one other case, the	well-known one of the denudation of the Weald
	2339.187	been produced. I may recall the	well-known fact that in geological treatises
	2558.345	remote formations. Pictet gives as a	well-known instance, the general resemblance of
24			well-marked
	544.260	by a majority of naturalists, for few	well-marked and well-known varieties can be named
	568.255	or, again, between sub-species and	well-marked varieties, or between lesser varieties
	574.649	definite directions. Hence I believe a	well-marked variety may be justly called an
	584.685	give rise to varieties sufficiently	well-marked to have been recorded in botanical
	588.150	in individuals,—which oftenest produce	well-marked varieties, or, as I consider them
	604.200	by which to distinguish species and	well-marked varieties; and in those cases in which
	635.572	to hold, if the existence of any	well-marked varieties be admitted. But the mere
	635.672	individual variability and of some few	well-marked varieties, though necessary as the
	970.792	species throughout nature presenting	well-marked differences; whereas varieties, the
	970.882	prototypes and parents of future	well-marked species, present slight and ill-defined
	1018.1336	accumulated to have formed a fairly	well-marked variety, such as would be thought
	1020.264	is supposed to have produced two fairly	well-marked varieties, namely a1 and m1. These two
	1040.424	these three forms may still be only	well-marked varieties; or they may have arrived at
	1042.204	ten thousand generations, either two	well-marked varieties (w10 and z10) or two species
	1131.183	view that species of all kinds are only	well-marked and permanent varieties. Thus the
	1311.318	other species being on my view only a	well-marked and permanent variety. But characters
	1418.527	case of varieties intermediate between	well-marked varieties in the genus Balanus. And it
	1424.617	on an average a greater number of	well-marked varieties than do the rarer species. I
	1795.637	bees had worked less quickly. In one	well-marked instance, I put the comb back into the
	2849.904	now exist in their new homes as	well-marked varieties or as distinct species. It
	3478.544	coloured flowers? If species are only	well-marked varieties, of which the characters have
	3490.19	animals to suffer. If species be only	well-marked and permanent varieties, we can at once
	3530.246	or can be, drawn between species and	well-marked varieties. It cannot be maintained that
	3558.318	only distinction between species and	well-marked varieties is, that the latter are known
1			well-pronounced
	1002.814	could successfully compete with these	well-pronounced orders. In the Australian mammals, we
1			well-sifted
	616.523	H. C. Watson has marked for me in the	well-sifted London Catalogue of plants (4th edition
3			well-stocked
	1630.314	to the owner. Natural selection in each	well-stocked country, must act chiefly through the
	2749.1665	a great error to argue that because a	well-stocked island, like Great Britain, has not, as
	2753.278	to an island, even if far less	well-stocked than Britain, scarcely more than one
1			well-suited
	784.569	by her; and the being is placed under	well-suited conditions of life. Man keeps the
1			well-worked
	582.209	tabulating all the varieties in several	well-worked floras. At first this seemed a simple
15			western
	2213.653	affect the estimate as applied to the	western extremity of the district. If, then, we
	2241.731	why along the rising coast of the	western side of South America, no extensive
	2472.763	palæozoic formations of Russia,	Western Europe and North America, a similar
	2643.95	of land in Australia, South Africa, and	western South America, between latitudes 25º
	2651.158	common, than those of the eastern and	western shores of South and Central America
	2651.1306	three approximate faunas of Eastern and	Western America and the eastern Pacific islands
	2749.1095	bring seeds from the West Indies to our	western shores, where, if not killed by so long
	2749.1316	Ocean, from North America to the	western shores of Ireland and England; but
	2787.890	there is almost continuous land from	western Europe, through Siberia, to eastern
	2801.451	representative forms on the eastern and	western shores of temperate North America; and
	2809.94	evidence of the cold period, from the	western shores of Britain to the Oural range
	2817.595	was simultaneous on the eastern and	western sides of North America, in the
	2944.660	formerly brought boulders to its	western shores, and they may [page
	5116.68	of a Cruise among the Islands of the	Western Pacific, including the Fejees, and
	5257.23	Annually.) 8vo. HAY'S (J. H. DRUMMOND)	Western Barbary, its wild Tribes and savage
2			westminster
	5010.4	to the Metropolis. Map. 16mo. 5s. ———	Westminster Abbey. Its Art, Architecture, and
	5334.3	of Wight.Maps. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. ——	WESTMINSTER ABBEYits Art, Architecture, and
2			westward
	2651.295	but impassable, isthmus of Panama.	Westward of the shores of America, a wide space
	2651.881	other hand, proceeding still further	westward from the eastern islands of the
4			westwood
	608.90	has remarked in regard to plants, and	Westwood in regard to insects, that in large
	1287.578	of beetles, but in the Engidæ, as	Westwood has remarked, the number varies greatly
	3081.1859	of the Hymenoptera, the antennæ, as	Westwood has remarked, are most constant in
	4565.0	West Indian islands, mammals of, 395.	Westwood on species in large genera being
8			whale
	1476.352	open mouth, thus catching, like a	whale, insects in the water. Even in so
	1476.740	creature was produced as monstrous as a	whale. As we sometimes see individuals of a
	2339.847	striking case, however, is that of the	Whale family; as these animals have huge
	2339.968	the fact of not a single bone of a	whale having been discovered in [page
	3075.645	of a mouse to a shrew, of a dugong to a	whale, of a whale to a fish, as of any
	3075.657	a shrew, of a dugong to a whale, of a	whale to a fish, as of any importance. These
	3159.376	is a pachydermatous animal, and the	whale, and between both these mammals and
	3163.350	between the several members of the	whale family; for these cetaceans agree in so
7			whales
	1205.885	their dermal coverings, viz. Cetacea (	whales) and Edentata (armadilloes, scaly ant
	2343.313	clear evidence of the existence of	whales in the upper greensand, some time
	3163.126	fin-like limbs are only analogical when	whales are compared with fishes, being
	3309.567	the presence of teeth in fœtal	whales, which when grown up have not a tooth
	3325.84	such as teeth in the upper jaws of	whales and ruminants, can often be detected in
	4141.14	land-shell, 289. ——, on fossil	whales, 303. —, on strata beneath Silurian
	4567.47	antennæ of hymenopterous insects, 416.	Whales, fossil, 303. Wheat, varieties of
24			whatever
	291.71	of life the causes of variability,	whatever they may be, generally act; whether
	325.889	at the inheritance of every character	whatever as the rule, and non-inheritance as the
	327.748	I think may be trusted, is that, at	whatever period of life a peculiarity first
	435.820	means of which he may summon into life	whatever form and mould he pleases." Lord
	449.254	of leaves, pods, or tubers, or	whatever part is valued, in the kitchen-garden
	499.1372	characteristic features of the breed,	whatever they may be. But the chance will be
	505.993	are scanty, all the individuals,	whatever their quality may be, will generally be
	641.605	any variation, however slight and from	whatever cause proceeding, if it be in any
	707.1266	introduction of a single tree, nothing	whatever else having been done, with the
	912.851	maintain itself in a body, so that	whatever intercrossing took place would be
	1285.141	offspring to the less favoured males.	Whatever the cause may be of the variability of
	1287.1189	any one of the species. Consequently,	whatever part of the structure of the common
	1365.0	page] 170 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V.	Whatever the cause may be of each slight
	1763.792	of bees working in a dark hive. Grant	whatever instincts you please, and it seems at
	2006.907	of cases we can assign no reason	whatever. Great diversity in the size of two
	2936.887	de Candolle has shown, generally have,	whatever the cause may be, confined ranges
	2936.1414	plants when growing on an island, to	whatever order they belonged, and thus convert
	2994.333	if one species has any advantage	whatever over another, it will in a very brief
	3135.973	and thickened stems are so similar.	Whatever part is found to be most constant, is
	3211.988	on the existing general pattern, for	whatever purpose they served, we can at once
	3269.95	evidence to render it probable, that at	whatever age any variation first appears in the
	3289.1039	into hands, or paddles, or wings.	Whatever influence long-continued exercise or
	3343.135	be checked by natural selection. At	whatever period of life disuse or selection
	3357.75	displayed in the homologous organs, to	whatever purpose applied, of the different
6			wheat
	289.121	Our oldest cultivated plants, such as	wheat, still often yield new varieties: our
	701.596	it is to get seed from a few	wheat or other such plants in a garden; I
	731.682	for instance, if several varieties of	wheat be sown together, and the mixed seed be
	982.1295	and then several mixed varieties of	wheat have been sown on equal spaces of
	2735.836	of germination. Some seeds of the oat,	wheat, millet, canary, hemp, clover, and beet
	4568.0	insects, 416. Whales, fossil, 303.	Wheat, varieties of, 113. White Mountains
2			whelp
	3239.1114	can be plainly distinguished in the	whelp of the lion. We occasionally though
	3245.599	will suppose that the stripes on the	whelp of a lion, or the spots on the young
10			whence
	365.879	breeds have originated in Europe; for	whence could they have been derived, as these
	711.152	that I went to several points of view,	whence I could examine hundreds of acres of
	1749.310	yards, to a very thick clump of heath,	whence I saw the last individual of F
	2239.154	the geography of the surrounding lands,	whence the sediment has been derived, accords
	2279.805	will often tend to sink the area	whence the sediment is derived, and thus
	2373.537	last large islands or tracts of land,	whence the sediment was derived, occurred in
	2693.254	be related to those of another region,	whence it has been stocked. A volcanic island
	3000.215	to the inhabitants of that region	whence colonists could most readily have been
	3038.1044	the nearest continent or other source	whence immigrants were probably derived. We
	3510.570	the inhabitants of the nearest source	whence immigrants might have been derived. We
8			whenever
	790.236	good; silently and insensibly working,	whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the
	1345.250	the horse we see this tendency strong	whenever a dun tint appears-a tint which
	1353.214	from the same part in the parents. But	whenever we have the means of instituting a
	1924.1319	would be thus effected. Moreover,	whenever complicated experiments are in progress
	2466.564	of nature will be utterly obscured.	Whenever we can precisely say why this species
	2494.947	circumstanced in an equal degree,	whenever their inhabitants met, the battle would
	2707.1392	of coral or atolls standing over them.	Whenever it is fully admitted, as I believe it
	3247.194	come on earlier or later in life; but	whenever it comes on, the adaptation of the
66			where
	311.569	udders in cows and goats in countries	where they are habitually milked, in
	389.1243	either still exist in the countries	where they were originally domesticated, and
	461.614	be found in less civilised districts,	where the breed has been less improved. There
	596.401	as a general rule, to be now forming.	Where many large trees grow, we expect to
	596.458	trees grow, we expect to find saplings.	Where many species of a genus have been
	602.173	of the same genus have been formed, or	where, if we may use the expression, the
	602.1173	All that we want to show is, that	where many species of a genus have been
	681.1224	long and two wide, dug and cleared, and	where there could be no choking from other
	693.478	view: we forget that each species, even	where it most abounds, is constantly
	701.903	extremely abundant in the few spots	where they do occur; and that of some social
	701.1114	believe, that a plant could exist only	where the conditions of its life were so
	707.295	on the estate of a relation	where I had ample means of investigation
	796.1184	assuredly, in a state of nature,	where the trees would have to struggle with
	836.1276	These varieties would cross and blend	where they met; but to this subject of
	960.159	stocked, for at the Cape of Good Hope,	where more species of plants are crowded
	988.233	if freely open to immigration, and	where the contest between individual and
	988.1159	to live there; but, it is seen, that	where they come into the closest competition
	1357.1794	the whole individual; for in a district	where many species of any genus are found
	1357.1845	species of any genus are found-that is,	where there has been much former [page
	1361.34	variation and differentiation, or	where the manufactory of new specific forms
	1398.263	masses can be accumulated only	where much sediment is deposited on the
	1400.603	other. But if we compare these species	where they intermingle, they are generally as
	1412.1330	species on the confines of its range,	where it exists in lessened numbers, will
	1478.742	wing; and on the plains of La Plata,	where not a tree grows, there is a woodpecker
	1492.855	that there should be woodpeckers	where not a tree grows; that there should be
	1580.176	in the less civilized countries	where there has been but little artificial
	1657.1610	forced to start from the third stage,	where it had left off, and thus tried to
	1703.695	such as Tierra del Fuego and Australia,	where the savages do not keep these domestic
	1755.588	few. The masters determine when and	where a new nest shall be formed, and when
	1795.501	were slightly concave on one side,	where I suppose that the bees had excavated
	1795.590	and convex on the opposed side,	where the bees had worked less quickly. In
	1918.310	purposes it is most difficult to say	where perfect fertility ends and sterility
	1950.1019	and as they are kept for profit,	where neither pure parent-species exists
	2026.903	when born and living in a country	where their two parents can live, they are
	2227.199	when left on the bottom of the sea,	where sediment is not accumulating. I believe
	2251.352	during periods of subsidence, but only	where the supply of sediment was sufficient
	2313.468	accumulate on the bed of the sea, or	where it did not accumulate at a sufficient
	2375.351	nor continental islands existed	where our oceans now extend; for had they
	2379.238	from these facts, we may infer that	where our oceans now extend, oceans have
	2379.370	any record; and on the other hand, that	where continents now exist, large tracts of
	2379.1124	epoch, continents may have existed	where oceans are now spread out; and clear
	2379.1200	clear and open oceans may have existed	where our continents now stand. Nor should we
	2458.1163	some distant and isolated station,	where they have escaped severe competition
	2468.342	under the most different climates,	where not a fragment of the mineral chalk
	2604.127	my whole theory. For he may ask in vain	where are the numberless transitional links
	2608.258	of whole groups of species. He may ask	where are the remains of those infinitely
	2608.499	by saying that as far as we can see,	where our oceans now extend they have for an
	2608.574	for an enormous period extended, and	where our oscillating continents now stand
	2637.468	for if we exclude the northern parts	where the circumpolar land is almost
	2645.367	excepting in the northern parts,	where the land almost joins, and where, under
	2645.400	parts, where the land almost joins, and	where, under a slightly different climate
	2675.145	must have proceeded from one spot,	where their parents were first produced: for
	2677.365	several distant and isolated points,	where now found. Nevertheless the simplicity
	2703.649	now blend or may formerly have blended:	where the sea now extends, land may at a
	2749.1111	the West Indies to our western shores,	where, if not killed by so long an immersion
	2755.159	other by hundreds of miles of lowlands,	where the Alpine species could not possibly
	2811.173	º, and on the shores of the Pacific,	where the climate is now so different, as far
	2869.756	though rising higher on the shores	where the tide rises highest, so have the
	2892.1061	in a natural pond, in an aquarium,	where many ova of fresh-water shells were
	3016.23	CHAP. XII. quarters of the world,	where they may have become slightly modified
	3095.440	and yet leave us in no doubt	where it should be ranked. Hence, also, it
	3145.642	The whole case is preposterous; for	where there has been close descent in common
	3416.520	degradation, can be accumulated only	where much sediment is deposited on the
	3454.0	page] 470 RECAPITULATION. CHAP. XIV.	where many species of a genus have been
	3454.54	of a genus have been produced, and	where they now flourish, these same species
	3454.133	should present many varieties; for	where the manufactory of species has been
32			whereas
	295.301	of the plantigrades or bear family;	whereas, carnivorous birds, with the rarest
	548.824	forms, Mr. Babington gives 251 species,	whereas Mr. Bentham gives only 112,—a
	552.324	marked race of a Norwegian species,	whereas the greater number rank it as an
	616.937	and these range over 7.7 provinces;	whereas, the species to which these varieties
	622.848	as varieties, and have thus originated:	whereas, these analogies are utterly
	796.932	a certain disease than yellow plums;	whereas another disease attacks yellow-fleshed
	970.817	presenting well-marked differences;	whereas varieties, the supposed prototypes and
	1155.740	had been able to swim still further,	whereas it would have been better for the bad
	1165.40	to have increased the size of the eyes;	whereas with all the other inhabitants of the
	1183.1171	capable of enduring a glacial climate,	whereas the living species are now all tropical
	1237.281	flowers) the number is variable;	whereas the number of the same part or organ
	1388.103	and producing sterile offspring,	whereas, when varieties are crossed, their
	1747.984	instantly seized the pupæ of F. fusca,	whereas they were much terrified when they came
	1863.196	small can be plainly distinguished,	whereas the smaller workers have their ocelli
	1936.28	STERILITY. few days perished entirely,	whereas the pod impregnated by the pollen of
	2012.437	cannot be grafted on the currant,	whereas the currant will take, though with
	2022.312	and female sexual elements are perfect,	whereas in hybrids they are imperfect. Even in
	2100.80	are widely different from each other;	whereas if two very distinct varieties of one
	2227.1457	and has been found fossil in Sicily,	whereas not one other species has hitherto been
	2408.463	from the living species of this genus;	whereas most of the other Silurian Molluscs and
	2412.1229	allies on the continent of Europe,	whereas the marine shells and birds have
	2681.317	mammals have not been able to migrate,	whereas some plants, from their varied means of
	2855.152	to a certain extent beaten the natives;	whereas extremely few southern forms have
	2928.1078	number of peculiar land-shells,	whereas not one species of sea-shell is
	2972.1727	ordinary view of independent creation;	whereas on the view here maintained, it is
	2984.1349	the most important for its inhabitants;	whereas it cannot, I think, be disputed that
	3075.1605	excepting in the first main divisions;	whereas the organs of reproduction, with their
	3135.1221	the shape or colour of the body, &c.;	whereas with sheep the horns are much less
	3289.1373	at a corresponding mature age.	Whereas the young will remain unmodified, or be
	3392.148	are more or less functionally impotent;	whereas in first crosses the organs on both
	3524.754	selection to browse without their aid;	whereas in the calf, the teeth have been left
	3558.447	present day by intermediate gradations,	whereas species were formerly thus connected
13			wherever
	596.231	the species of the smaller genera; for	wherever many closely related species (i.e
	602.112	marked and permanent varieties; for	wherever many species of the same genus have
	602.555	clearly show as a general rule that,	wherever many species of a genus have been
	790.249	and insensibly working, whenever and	wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement
	1620.252	each organic being is trying to live	wherever it can live, how it has arisen that
	1787.490	most interesting to me to observe that	wherever several bees had begun to excavate
	2313.405	would not endure to a distant epoch.	Wherever sediment did not accumulate on the bed
	2498.38	forms dominant in the highest degree,	wherever produced, would tend everywhere to
	3004.458	be universally found to be true, that	wherever in two regions, let them be ever so
	3004.769	migration between the two regions. And	wherever many closely-allied species occur
	3024.592	the individuals of the same species,	wherever located, have descended from the same
	3510.217	and we almost invariably find that	wherever many closely allied species inhabit two
	3510.324	species common to both still exist.	Wherever many closely allied yet distinct
105			whether
	291.108	whatever they may be, generally act;	whether during the early or late period of
	291.1521	period of growth, will determine	whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot
	325.90	in the father and child, we cannot tell	whether it may not be due to the same original
	333.718	stock was, and so could not tell	whether or not nearly perfect reversion had
	337.547	revert to the wild aboriginal stock.	Whether or not the experiment would succeed, is
	345.160	involved in doubt, from not knowing	whether they have descended from one or several
	351.359	know, when he first tamed an animal,	whether it would vary in succeeding generations
	351.412	vary in succeeding generations, and	whether it would endure other climates? Has the
	353.136	to come to any definite conclusion,	whether they have descended from one or several
	423.62	a celebrated raiser of Hereford cattle,	whether his cattle might not have descended
	473.112	preservation of the best individuals,	whether or not sufficiently distinct to be
	477.53	appearance as distinct varieties, and	whether or not two or more species or races
	515.1753	the accumulative action of Selection,	whether applied methodically and more quickly
	526.126	of nature, we must briefly discuss	whether these latter are subject to any
	532.832	parts which must be called important,	whether viewed under a physiological or
	542.887	enumerate, sometimes occur in deciding	whether or not to rank one form as a variety of
	544.22	is opened. Hence, in determining	whether a form should be ranked as a species or
	552.956	good and true species. But to discuss	whether they are rightly called species or
	558.257	links, and it is very doubtful	whether these links are hybrids; and there is
	574.716	justly called an incipient species; but	whether this belief be justifiable must be
	604.428	between them, judging by analogy	whether or not the amount suffices to raise one
	604.583	very important criterion in settling	whether two forms [page] 57 CHAP. II. RESEMBLE
	635.358	been disputed. It is immaterial for us	whether a multitude of doubtful forms be called
	689.630	struggle between the individuals,	whether of the same or of distinct species
	735.371	medicinal leech. It may even be doubted	whether the varieties of any one of our
	796.1325	would effectually settle which variety,	whether a smooth or downy, a yellow or purple
	928.547	deceive ourselves, for to ascertain	whether a small isolated area, or a large open
	1002.557	It may be doubted, for instance,	whether the Australian marsupials, which are
	1092.0	in their struggles with other males.	Whether natural selection has really thus acted
	1155.456	or to reduce the wings, would depend on	whether a greater number of individuals were
	1177.57	from our frequent inability to predict	whether or not an imported plant will endure
	1177.422	adaptation to particular climates. But	whether or not the adaptation be generally very
	1249.159	great variability of these characters,	whether or not displayed in any unusual manner
	1305.758	progenitor possessed, the tendency,	whether strong or weak, to reproduce the lost
	1315.126	turn-crowned, we could not have told,	whether these characters in our domestic breeds
	1343.21	CHAP. V. to ask Colonel Poole	whether such face-stripes ever occur in the
	1349.221	common parent of our domestic horse,	whether or not it be descended from one or more
	1472.370	to tell, and immaterial for us,	whether habits generally change first and
	1472.437	first and structure afterwards; or	whether slight modifications of structure lead
	1697.734	head over heels. It may be doubted	whether any one would have thought of training
	1747.672	courage. Now I was curious to ascertain	whether F. sanguinea could distinguish the pupæ
	1767.304	great principle of gradation, and see	whether Nature does not reveal to us her method
	1914.1741	that we may well be permitted to doubt	whether many other species are really so
	1918.748	by our best botanists on the question	whether certain doubtful forms should be ranked
	1944.425	are, I think, more sterile. I doubt	whether any case of a perfectly fertile hybrid
	1956.730	and analogy makes me greatly doubt,	whether the several aboriginal species would at
	1964.113	Our chief object will be to see	whether or not the rules indicate that species
	2032.884	No one can tell, till he tries,	whether any particular animal will breed under
	2032.1015	nor can he tell, till he tries,	whether any two species of a genus will produce
	2110.1166	the child to its parents are the same,	whether the two parents differ much or little
	2153.83	structure with that of the rock-pigeon,	whether they had descended from this species or
	2213.1283	nearly every twenty-two years. I doubt	whether any rock, even as soft as chalk, would
	2273.1012	glacial period. Yet it may be doubted	whether in any quarter of the world
	2305.10	CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. ourselves	whether, for instance, geologists at some
	2305.231	several aboriginal stocks; or, again,	whether certain sea-shells inhabiting the
	2317.18	be least perfect. It may be doubted	whether the duration of any one great period of
	2373.756	between the successive formations;	whether Europe and the United States during
	2400.15	and present chapters. LET us now see	whether the several facts and rules relating to
	2412.321	independent of that of all others.	Whether such variability be taken advantage of
	2412.394	advantage of by natural selection, and	whether the variations be accumulated to a
	2444.1005	were which checked its increase,	whether some one or several contingencies, and
	2458.859	inherited inferiority in common. But	whether it be species belonging to the same or
	2474.130	we have not sufficient data to judge	whether the productions of the land and of
	2474.252	the same parallel manner. We may doubt	whether they have thus changed: if the
	2480.610	naturalist would hardly be able to say	whether the existing or the pleistocene
	2566.77	Forms.—There has been much discussion	whether recent forms are more highly developed
	2570.1541	Zealand were set free in Great Britain,	whether any considerable number would be
	2596.29	AREAS. It may be asked in ridicule,	whether I suppose that the megatherium and
	2677.93	discussed by naturalists, namely,	whether species have been created at one or
	2683.654	So that we are reduced to consider	whether the exceptions to [page
	2689.119	point equally important for us, namely,	whether the several distinct species of a genus
	2695.122	bear on another allied question,—namely	whether all the individuals of the same species
	2695.233	pair, or single hermaphrodite, or	whether, as some authors suppose, from many
	2717.177	floated across wide spaces of the sea,	whether or not they were injured by the salt
	2743.816	C. Lyell wrote to M. Hartung to inquire	whether he had observed erratic boulders on
	2910.1245	water plants and of the lower animals,	whether retaining the same identical form or in
	2962.133	inhabitants of the more remote islands,	whether still retaining the same specific form
	2972.1843	would be likely to receive colonists,	whether by occasional means of transport or
	3032.481	the high importance of barriers,	whether of land or water, which separate our
	3044.1338	time and space are intelligible; for	whether we look to the forms of life which have
	3069.870	the Creator; but unless it be specified	whether order in time or space, or what else is
	3089.241	of whole groups. For instance,	whether or not there is an open passage from
	3135.1491	some authors. For we might feel sure,	whether there had been more or less
	3151.144	in which an insect's wing is folded,	whether the skin be covered by hair or feathers
	3191.1604	most of the characters of each group,	whether large or small, and thus give a general
	3195.194	high importance of looking to types,	whether or not we can separate and define the
	3239.468	vertebrate animal, he cannot now tell	whether it be that of a mammal, bird, or
	3255.921	a metamorphosis." The larvæ of insects,	whether adapted to the most diverse and active
	3263.527	our own children; we cannot always tell	whether the child will be tall or short, or
	3263.1559	parent, it must be quite unimportant	whether most of its characters are fully [page
	3267.142	its food best by having a long beak,	whether or not it assumed a beak of this
	3283.247	nearly grown up: they are indifferent	whether the desired qualities and structures
	3337.491	various parts in monsters. But I doubt	whether any of these cases throw light on the
	3337.656	rudiments can be produced; for I doubt	whether species under nature ever undergo
	3351.449	characters, if constant and prevalent,	whether of high vital importance, or of the
	3357.0	page] 457 CHAP. XIII. SUMMARY.	whether we look to the same pattern displayed
	3412.1077	be able to decide, on the common view,	whether or not these doubtful forms are
	3432.928	is shown by the inextricable doubts	whether very many of them are varieties or
	3554.329	haunted by the shadowy doubt	whether this or that form be in essence a
	3554.475	no slight relief. The endless disputes	whether or not some fifty species of British
	3554.625	to decide (not that this will be easy)	whether any form be sufficiently constant and
	3554.745	of definition; and if definable,	whether the differences be sufficiently
	4078.9	favourable to selection, 102. —, many,	whether simultaneously created
	5046.62	Expeditious, Certain, and Easy Method,	whether great excellence or only mediocrity be
	5512.87	expeditious, certain, and easy Method,	whether great Excellence or only Mediocrity be
2			whewell
	45.3	the establishment of general laws." W.	WHEWELL: Bridgewater Treatise. "To conclude
	5542.131	With a Prefatory Notice. By Rev. W.	WHEWELL, D,D. Portrait. 8vo. 14s. KEN'S
1235			which
	234.554	and reflecting on all sorts of facts	which could possibly have any bearing on it
	234.757	into a sketch of the conclusions,	which then seemed to me probable: from that
	242.15	from my manuscripts. This Abstract,	which I now publish, must necessarily be
	242.377	give only the general conclusions at	which I have arrived, with a few facts in
	242.437	with a few facts in illustration, but	which, I hope, in most cases will suffice. No
	242.606	all the facts, with references, on	which my conclusions have been grounded; and
	242.767	point is discussed in this volume on	which facts cannot be adduced, often
	242.868	directly opposite to those at	which I have arrived. A fair result can be
	244.110	acknowledging the generous assistance	which I have received from very many
	250.623	of structure and coadaptation	which most justly excites our admiration
	250.1105	of trees. In the case of the misseltoe,	which draws its nourishment from certain
	250.1153	its nourishment from certain trees,	which has seeds that must be transported by
	250.1216	be transported by certain birds, and	which has flowers with separate sexes
	260.757	organic beings throughout the world,	which inevitably follows from their high
	272.222	the mutual relations of all the beings	which live around us. Who can explain why one
	272.850	study and dispassionate judgment of	which I am capable, that the view which most
	272.884	of which I am capable, that the view	which most naturalists entertain, and which I
	272.922	which most naturalists entertain, and	which I formerly entertained—namely, that
	285.135	and animals, one of the first points	which strikes us, is, that they generally
	285.351	diversity of the plants and animals	which have been cultivated, and which have
	285.383	animals which have been cultivated, and	which have varied during all ages under the
	285.673	and somewhat different from, those to	which the parent-species have been exposed
	291.687	the chief one is the remarkable effect	which confinement or cultivation has on the
	291.1121	unite. How many animals there are	which will not breed, though living long
	291.1602	here enter on the copious details	which I have collected on [page] 9 CHAP. I
	295.60	but to show how singular the laws are	which determine the reproduction of animals
	295.772	tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of	which I could give numerous instances), yet
	297.110	we owe variability to the same cause	which produces sterility; and variability is
	299.108	gardeners mean a single bud or offset,	which suddenly assumes a new and sometimes
	311.752	a single domestic animal can be named	which has not in some country drooping ears
	313.54	laws regulating variation, some few of	which can be dimly seen, and will be
	317.97	peculiarities go together, of	which many remarkable cases could be given
	319.363	points in structure and constitution in	which the varieties and sub-varieties differ
	321.14	of the parental type. Any variation	which is not inherited is unimportant for us
	327.706	alone. A much more important rule,	which I think may be trusted, is that, at
	331.495	in the offspring at the same period at	which it first appeared in the parent. I
	331.735	and not to its primary cause,	which may have acted on the ovules or male
	337.358	of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in	which case, however, some effect would have
	343.70	have a somewhat monstrous character; by	which I mean, that, although differing from
	343.364	with all the species in nature to	which they are nearest allied. With these
	343.833	either amongst animals or plants,	which have not been ranked by some competent
	343.1464	on the view of the origin of genera	which I shall presently give, we have no
	349.51	terrier, spaniel, and bull-dog,	which we all know propagate their kind so
	359.653	With respect to horses, from reasons	which I cannot give here, I am doubtfully
	363.76	to ducks and rabbits, the breeds of	which differ considerably from each other in
	365.173	authors. They believe that every race	which breeds true, let the distinctive
	365.1091	the domestic dogs of the whole world,	which I fully admit have probably descended
	369.420	selection of those individual mongrels,	which present any desired character; but that
	371.179	pigeons. I have kept every breed	which I could purchase or obtain, and have
	375.1124	and its enormously developed crop,	which it glories in inflating, may well
	381.1124	the toes, are all points of structure	which are variable. The period at which the
	381.1158	which are variable. The period at	which the perfect plumage is acquired varies
	381.1239	as does the state of the down with	which the nestling birds are clothed when
	383.56	a score of pigeons might be chosen,	which if shown to an ornithologist, and he
	389.271	geographical races or sub-species,	which differ from each other in the most
	389.357	respects. As several of the reasons	which have led me to this belief are in some
	389.1578	and the common rock-pigeon,	which has the same habits with the domestic
	393.480	or feral, though the dovecot-pigeon,	which is the rock-pigeon in a very slightly
	399.823	distinct breeds are crossed, neither of	which is blue or has any of the above
	403.327	number of generations. In a breed	which has been crossed only once with some
	403.686	both parents to revert to a character,	which has been lost during some former
	413.579	of structure. Thirdly, those characters	which are mainly distinctive of each breed
	417.473	His Majesty by crossing the breeds,	which method was never practised before, has
	417.728	the immense amount of variation	which pigeons have undergone, will be obvious
	419.685	convinced that the several breeds to	which each has attended, are descended from
	425.52	us now briefly consider the steps by	which domestic races have been produced
	429.267	the fuller's teazle, with its hooks,	which cannot be rivalled by any mechanical
	429.1001	quarrelsome, with "everlasting layers"	which never desire to sit, and with the
	435.291	as something quite plastic,	which they can model almost as they please
	435.642	of the principle of selection as "that	which enables the agriculturist, not only to
	435.790	It is the magician's wand, by means of	which he may summon into life whatever form
	441.579	by an uneducated eye—differences	which I for one have vainly attempted to
	443.267	that this is not so in some cases, in	which exact records have been kept; thus, to
	449.835	It is not that the varieties	which differ largely in some one point do not
	449.1011	of growth, the importance of	which should never be overlooked, will ensure
	457.223	for our purpose, a kind of Selection,	which may be called Unconscious, and which
	457.260	which may be called Unconscious, and	which results from every one trying to
	461.452	in question had been made long ago,	which might serve for comparison. In some
	467.128	think, clearly trace the stages through	which they have insensibly passed, and come
	469.80	the effects of a course of selection,	which may be considered as unconsciously
	469.233	have wished to have produced the result	which ensued—namely, the production of two
	471.266	during famines and other accidents, to	which savages are so liable, and such choice
	477.198	in the increased size and beauty	which we now see in the varieties of the
	479.255	the wild parent-stocks of the plants	which have been longest cultivated in our
	487.49	here given of the all-important part	which selection by man has played, it becomes
	491.0	page] 39 CHAP. I. SELECTION BY MAN.	which are first given to him in some slight
	491.881	of other and distinct breeds, in	which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have
	491.1074	upper part of its œsophagus,—a habit	which is disregarded by all fanciers, as it
	493.258	s own possession. Nor must the value	which would formerly be set on any slight
	493.378	same species, be judged of by the value	which would now be set on them, after several
	493.539	indeed do now, arise amongst pigeons,	which are rejected as faults or deviations
	493.732	the Thoulouse and the common breed,	which differ only in colour, that [page
	509.81	admirable varieties of the strawberry	which have been raised during the last thirty
	511.164	of new races,—at least, in a country	which is already stocked with other races. In
	515.1229	regard to animals and to those plants	which are propagated by seed. In plants which
	515.1269	which are propagated by seed. In plants	which are temporarily propagated by cuttings
	526.358	I here discuss the various definitions	which have been given of the term species. No
	532.39	Again, we have many slight differences	which may be called individual differences
	532.165	the offspring from the same parents, or	which may be presumed to have thus arisen
	532.800	a long catalogue of facts, that parts	which must be called important, whether
	532.1109	even in important parts of structure,	which he could collect on good authority, as
	536.114	in these main nerves in Coccus,	which may almost be compared to the irregular
	536.545	naturalists have honestly confessed)	which does not vary; and, under this point of
	538.58	connected with individual differences,	which seems to me extremely perplexing: I
	538.122	perplexing: I refer to those genera	which have sometimes been called "protean" or
	538.186	called "protean" or "polymorphic," in	which the species present an inordinate
	538.284	and hardly two naturalists can agree	which forms to rank as species and which as
	538.319	which forms to rank as species and	which as varieties. We may instance Rubus
	538.556	fixed and definite characters. Genera	which are polymorphic in one country seem to
	538.969	variations in points of structure	which are of no service or disservice to the
	538.1027	or disservice to the species, and	which consequently have not been seized on
	542.12	II. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. Those forms	which possess in some considerable degree the
	542.84	degree the character of species, but	which are so closely similar to some other
	542.826	variety. But cases of great difficulty,	which I will not here enumerate, sometimes
	544.310	and well-known varieties can be named	which have not been ranked as species by at
	548.441	has marked for me 182 British plants,	which are generally considered as varieties
	548.490	generally considered as varieties, but	which have all been ranked by botanists as
	548.610	omitted many trifling varieties, but	which nevertheless have been ranked by some
	548.912	of 139 doubtful forms! Amongst animals	which unite for each birth, and which are
	548.944	animals which unite for each birth, and	which are highly locomotive, doubtful forms
	548.1200	insects in North America and Europe,	which differ very slightly from each other
	548.1748	Madeira group there are many insects	which are characterized as varieties in Mr
	548.1824	in Mr. Wollaston's admirable work, but	which it cannot [page] 49 CHAP. II. DOUBTFUL
	552.143	generally regarded as varieties, but	which have been ranked as species by some
	560.644	more than a dozen species out of forms,	which are very generally considered as
	562.258	of the amount and kind of variation to	which the group is subject; and this shows
	566.179	the amount of difference in the forms	which he is continually studying; and he has
	566.316	other groups and in other countries, by	which to correct his first impressions. As he
	566.617	be enabled to make up his own mind	which to call varieties and which species
	566.645	own mind which to call varieties and	which species; but he will succeed in this at
	566.902	from countries not now continuous, in	which case he can hardly hope to find the
	568.112	and sub-species—that is, the forms	which in the opinion of some naturalists come
	570.260	history. And I look at varieties	which are in any degree more distinct and
	574.399	passage of a variety, from a state in	which it differs very slightly from its
	574.456	very slightly from its parent to one in	which it differs more, to the action of
	578.239	differ from the term variety,	which is given to less distinct and more
	582.149	the nature and relations of the species	which vary most, by tabulating all the
	584.52	and others have shown that plants	which have very wide ranges generally present
	584.234	and as they come into competition (	which, as we shall hereafter see, is a far
	584.414	in any limited country, the species	which are most common, that is abound most in
	584.489	most in individuals, and the species	which are most widely diffused within their
	588.6	SPECIES VARY MOST. CHAP. II. those	which range widely over the world, are the
	588.127	are the most numerous in individuals,—	which oftenest produce well-marked varieties
	588.411	inhabitants of the country, the species	which are already dominant will be the most
	588.481	be the most likely to yield offspring	which, though in some slight degree modified
	590.1153	relation to the size of the genera to	which the species belong. Again, plants low
	598.479	the species of the large genera	which present any varieties, invariably
	604.91	genera and their recorded varieties	which deserve notice. We have seen that there
	604.167	there is no infallible criterion by	which to distinguish species and well-marked
	604.245	marked varieties; and in those cases in	which intermediate links have not been found
	608.680	be said, that in the larger genera, in	which a number of varieties or incipient
	616.25	species. There is one other point	which seems to me worth notice. Varieties
	616.350	reason to believe, that those species	which are very closely allied to other
	616.586	of plants (4th edition) 63 plants	which are therein ranked as species, but
	616.627	are therein ranked as species, but	which he considers as so closely allied to
	616.788	average over 6.9 of the provinces into	which Mr. Watson has divided Great Britain
	616.961	provinces; whereas, the species to	which these varieties belong range over
	616.1198	by Mr. Watson as doubtful species, but	which are almost universally ranked by
	618.264	the actual characters of the forms	which they connect; and except, secondly, by
	624.94	dominant species of the larger genera	which on an average vary most; and varieties
	624.309	and throughout nature the forms of life	which are now dominant tend to become still
	635.1139	less plainly in the humblest parasite	which clings [page] 61 CHAP. III. STRUGGLE
	639.82	a bird; in the structure of the beetle	which dives through the water; in the plumed
	639.132	through the water; in the plumed seed	which is wafted by the gentlest breeze; in
	641.50	may be asked, how is it that varieties,	which I have called incipient species, become
	641.149	into good and distinct species,	which in most cases obviously differ from
	641.286	How do those groups of species,	which constitute what are called distinct
	641.340	what are called distinct genera, and	which differ from each other more than do the
	641.993	of the many individuals of any species	which are periodically born, but a small
	641.1087	I have called this principle, by	which each slight variation, if useful, is
	645.1010	not see, or we forget, that the birds	which are idly singing round us mostly live
	647.156	of one being on another, and including (	which is more important) not only the life of
	647.336	truly said to struggle with each other	which shall get food and live. But a plant on
	651.8	III. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. A plant	which annually produces a thousand seeds, of
	651.53	annually produces a thousand seeds, of	which on an average only one comes to
	651.180	the plants of the same and other kinds	which already clothe the ground. The
	651.841	other plants. In these several senses,	which pass into each other, I use for
	653.66	follows from the high rate at	which all organic beings tend to increase
	653.122	beings tend to increase. Every being,	which during its natural lifetime produces
	661.356	from our domestic animals of many kinds	which have run wild in several parts of the
	661.665	could be given of introduced plants	which have become common throughout whole
	665.201	from Europe; and there are plants	which now range in India, as I hear from Dr
	665.291	from Cape Comorin to the Himalaya,	which have been imported from America since
	665.812	ratio of increase, the result of	which never fails to be surprising, simply
	667.94	and amongst animals there are very few	which do not annually pair. Hence we may
	667.282	most rapidly stock every station in	which they could any how exist, and that the
	669.38	The only difference between organisms	which annually produce eggs or seeds by the
	669.102	or seeds by the thousand, and those	which produce extremely few, is, that the
	673.544	is of some importance to those species,	which depend on a rapidly fluctuating amount
	673.1120	to keep up the full number of a tree,	which lived on an average for a thousand
	681.929	of seeds, but, from some observations	which I have made, I believe that it is the
	681.983	I believe that it is the seedlings	which suffer most from germinating in ground
	681.1429	chiefly by slugs and insects. If turf	which has long been mown, and the case would
	687.73	of course gives the extreme limit to	which each can increase; but very frequently
	687.190	the serving as prey to other animals,	which determines the average numbers of a
	689.674	of the same or of distinct species,	which subsist on the same kind of food. Even
	693.61	it will be the least vigorous, or those	which have got least food through the
	693.117	food through the advancing winter,	which will suffer most. When we travel from
	695.139	number of plants in our gardens	which can perfectly well endure our climate
	695.188	perfectly well endure our climate, but	which never become naturalised, for they
	699.347	appear to be due to parasitic worms,	which have from some cause, possibly in part
	701.319	compared with the number of birds	which feed on them; nor can the birds, though
	707.113	and relations between organic beings,	which have to struggle together in the same
	707.202	I will give only a single instance,	which, though a simple one, has interested me
	707.383	was a large and extremely barren heath,	which had never been touched by the hand of
	707.902	carices) flourished in the plantations,	which could not be found on the heath. The
	707.1062	were very common in the plantations,	which were not to be seen on the heath; and
	711.406	of seedlings and little trees,	which had been perpetually browsed down by
	713.443	number in Paraguay of a certain fly,	which lays its eggs in the navels of these
	719.664	not visit this flower. From experiments	which I have tried, I have found that the
	723.205	degree on the number of field-mice,	which destroy their combs and nests; and Mr
	723.603	bees more numerous than elsewhere,	which I attribute to the number of cats that
	729.331	and seedlings, or on the other plants	which first clothed the ground and thus
	729.601	of the innumerable plants and animals	which have determined, in the course of
	731.173	This is often the case with those	which may strictly be said to struggle with
	731.758	seed be resown, some of the varieties	which best suit the soil or climate, or are
	737.915	be most severe between allied forms,	which fill nearly the same place in the
	741.232	that of all other organic beings, with	which it comes into competition for food or
	741.295	for food or residence, or from	which it has to escape, or on which it preys
	741.325	or from which it has to escape, or on	which it preys. This is obvious in the
	741.462	of the legs and claws of the parasite	which clings to the hair on the tiger's body
	747.260	its competitors, or over the animals	which preyed on it. On the confines of its
	766.140	Can the principle of selection,	which we have seen is so potent in the hands
	772.361	of the intimate and complex manner in	which the inhabitants of each country are
	772.942	partly surrounded by barriers, into	which new and better adapted forms could not
	772.1053	have places in the economy of nature	which would assuredly be better filled up, if
	776.88	such case, every slight modification,	which in the course of ages chanced to arise
	776.138	course of ages chanced to arise, and	which in any way favoured the individuals of
	778.1361	advantage. No country can be named in	which all the native inhabitants are now so
	778.1474	and to the physical conditions under	which they live, that none of [page] 83 CHAP
	784.470	good; Nature only for that of the being	which she tends. Every selected character is
	790.146	even the slightest; rejecting that	which is bad, preserving and adding up all
	792.111	being, yet characters and structures,	which we are apt to consider as of very
	796.1310	differences would effectually settle	which variety, whether a smooth or downy, a
	798.63	points of difference between species,	which, as far as our ignorance permits us to
	798.347	unknown laws of correlation of growth,	which, when one part of the organisation is
	804.32	As we see that those variations	which under domestication appear at any
	804.1051	wholly different from those	which concern the mature insect. These
	804.1229	probably in the case of those insects	which live only for a few hours, and which
	804.1266	which live only for a few hours, and	which never feed, a large part of their
	810.476	natural history, I cannot find one case	which will bear investigation. A structure
	810.1237	of the young birds within the egg,	which had the most powerful and hardest beaks
	816.391	the most vigorous males, those	which are best fitted for their places in
	822.286	strange antics before the females,	which standing by as spectators, at last
	828.385	in the cocks of certain fowls, &c.),	which we cannot believe to be either useful
	828.585	hair on the breast of the turkey-cock,	which can hardly be either useful or
	830.217	Let us take the case of a wolf,	which preys on various animals, securing some
	830.1053	or by that unconscious selection	which results from each man trying [page
	836.70	proportional numbers of the animals on	which our wolf preyed, a cub might be born
	836.902	process, a new variety might be formed	which would either supplant or coexist with
	836.1531	one with a light greyhound-like form,	which pursues deer, and the other more bulky
	836.1596	other more bulky, with shorter legs,	which more frequently attacks the shepherd's
	842.691	would produce very vigorous seedlings,	which consequently would have the best chance
	842.867	power. Those individual flowers	which had the largest glands or nectaries
	842.914	the largest glands or nectaries, and	which excreted most nectar, would be oftenest
	842.1082	the upper hand. Those flowers, also,	which had their stamens and pistils placed
	842.1187	and habits of the particular insects	which visited them, so as to favour in any
	842.1836	to the plant; and those individuals	which produced more and more pollen, and had
	846.548	holly-trees bear only male flowers,	which have four stamens producing rather a
	846.764	stamens with shrivelled anthers, in	which not a grain of pollen can be detected
	846.1285	bees, nevertheless every female flower	which I examined had been effectually
	852.97	case: we may suppose the plant of	which we have been slowly increasing the
	852.429	nectar at the bases of certain flowers,	which they can, with a very little more
	856.8	CHAP. IV. NATURAL SELECTION. clover,	which is visited by humble-bees alone; so
	858.134	is open to the same objections	which were at first urged against Sir Charles
	864.942	regularly unite for reproduction,	which is all that concerns us. But still
	864.1020	there are many hermaphrodite animals	which certainly do not habitually pair, and a
	872.127	of facts, such as the following,	which on any other view are inexplicable
	872.913	of the flower and the manner in	which bees suck the nectar; for, in doing
	878.395	and curiously in this very genus,	which seems to have a special contrivance for
	878.826	Sprengel and from my own observations,	which effectually prevent the stigma
	878.992	beautiful and elaborate contrivance by	which every one of the infinitely numerous
	878.1423	species of Lobelia growing close by,	which is visited by bees, seeds freely. In
	892.202	a single case of a terrestrial animal	which fertilises itself. We can understand
	892.267	We can understand this remarkable fact,	which offers so strong a contrast with
	892.411	by considering the medium in	which terrestrial animals live, and the
	892.588	of the wind in the case of plants, by	which an occasional cross could be effected
	900.66	and from the many special facts	which I have collected, but which I am not
	900.94	facts which I have collected, but	which I am not here able to give, I am
	900.363	view, many cases of difficulty, some of	which I am trying to investigate. Finally
	912.309	will most affect those animals	which unite for each birth, which wander much
	912.337	animals which unite for each birth,	which wander much, and which do not breed at
	912.360	for each birth, which wander much, and	which do not breed at a very quick rate
	912.580	be the case. In hermaphrodite organisms	which cross only occasionally, and likewise
	912.635	occasionally, and likewise in animals	which unite for each birth, but which wander
	912.667	animals which unite for each birth, but	which wander little and which can increase at
	912.691	each birth, but which wander little and	which can increase at a very rapid rate, a
	914.43	in the case of slow-breeding animals,	which unite for each birth, we must not
	920.0	CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE CHAP. IV.	which unite for each birth; but I have
	920.572	be great. If there exist organic beings	which never intercross, uniformity of
	920.791	natural selection destroying any	which depart from the proper type; but if
	922.443	the individuals of the same species,	which otherwise would have inhabited the
	930.233	in the production of species,	which will prove capable of enduring for a
	934.1109	the new forms produced on large areas,	which already have been victorious over many
	936.55	on these views, understand some facts	which will be again alluded to in our chapter
	940.667	as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren,	which, like fossils, connect to a certain
	942.228	productions a large continental area,	which will probably undergo many oscillations
	942.288	undergo many oscillations of level, and	which consequently will exist for long
	948.143	being places in the polity of nature,	which can be better occupied by some of the
	948.320	will often depend on physical changes,	which are generally very slow, and on the
	952.109	tells us of the rate and manner at	which the inhabitants of this world have
	954.302	with their physical conditions of life,	which may be effected in the long course of
	956.263	of variations in some way advantageous,	which consequently endure. But as from the
	962.25	any natives. Furthermore, the species	which are most numerous in individuals will
	962.256	showing that it is the common species	which afford the greatest number of recorded
	964.212	rarer, and finally extinct. The forms	which stand in closest competition with those
	964.514	of the same genus or of related genera,—	which, from having nearly the same structure
	970.40	Divergence of Character.—The principle,	which I have designated by this term, is of
	982.112	the case of a carnivorous quadruped, of	which the number that can be supported in any
	982.1447	varieties were continually selected	which differed from each other in at all the
	988.424	of turf, three feet by four in size,	which had been exposed for many years to
	988.589	to eighteen genera and to eight orders,	which shows how much these plants differed
	988.950	Most of the animals and plants	which live close round any small piece of
	988.1362	determine that the inhabitants,	which thus jostle each other most closely
	994.90	have been expected that the plants	which have succeeded in becoming naturalised
	996.51	the nature of the plants or animals	which have struggled successfully with the
	1002.592	whether the Australian marsupials,	which are divided into groups differing but
	1004.32	After the foregoing discussion,	which ought to have been much amplified, we
	1018.203	We have, also, seen that the species,	which are the commonest and the most widely
	1018.790	equal periods. Only those variations	which are in some way profitable will be
	1020.386	to be exposed to the same conditions	which made their parents variable, [page
	1024.272	will tend to inherit those advantages	which made their common parent (A) more
	1024.437	of those more general advantages	which made the genus to which the parent
	1024.461	advantages which made the genus to	which the parent-species belonged, a large
	1026.240	diagram to have produced variety a2,	which will, owing to the principle of
	1032.270	according to the nature of the places	which are either unoccupied or not perfectly
	1032.735	letters marking the successive forms	which have become sufficiently distinct to be
	1034.147	tend to partake of the same advantages	which made their parent successful in life
	1040.105	three forms, a10, f10, and m10,	which, from having diverged in character
	1040.722	the diagram illustrates the steps by	which the small differences distinguishing
	1046.180	produced. In each genus, the species,	which are already extremely different in
	1046.517	nearly extreme species (I), as those	which have largely varied, and have given
	1048.591	be most severe between those forms	which are most nearly related to each other
	1048.963	many whole collateral lines of descent,	which will be conquered by later and improved
	1052.120	adapted to some quite new station, in	which child and parent do not come into
	1056.1012	likewise some of the original species	which were most nearly related to their
	1056.1224	that only one (F), of the two species	which were least closely related to the other
	1062.471	is a very important consideration),	which connected the original species (A) and
	1070.83	the character of the new species F14,	which is supposed not to have diverged much
	1070.368	nature. Having descended from a form	which stood between the two parent-species (A
	1072.446	on the affinities of extinct beings,	which, though generally belonging to the same
	1080.73	it is the species of the larger genera	which oftenest present varieties or incipient
	1080.314	existence, it will chiefly act on those	which already have some advantage; and the
	1080.582	mainly lie between the larger groups,	which are all trying to increase in number
	1084.360	that the groups of organic beings	which are now large and triumphant, and which
	1084.400	which are now large and triumphant, and	which are least broken up, that is, which as
	1084.436	and which are least broken up, that is,	which as yet have suffered least extinction
	1084.530	a long period continue to increase. But	which groups will ultimately prevail, no man
	1096.133	structure, habits, and constitution, of	which we see proof by looking at the
	1098.117	belonging to the larger genera,	which vary most; and these will tend to
	1098.211	modified offspring that superiority	which now makes them dominant in their own
	1098.564	is a truly wonderful fact—the wonder of	which we are apt to overlook from familiarity
	1098.749	subordinate to group, in the manner	which we everywhere behold—namely, varieties
	1104.911	to groups. Of the many twigs	which flourished when the tree was a mere
	1104.1074	the other branches; so with the species	which lived during long-past geological
	1104.1357	whole orders, families, and genera	which have now no living representatives, and
	1108.0	page] 130 NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV.	which are known to us only from having been
	1108.165	from a fork low down in a tree, and	which by some chance has been favoured and is
	1108.312	the Ornithorhynchus or Lepidosiren,	which in some small degree connects by its
	1108.398	two large branches of life, and	which has apparently been saved from fatal
	1108.688	has been with the great Tree of Life,	which fills with its dead and broken branches
	1119.784	nature of the conditions of life, to	which the parents and their more remote
	1119.947	chapter—but a long catalogue of facts	which cannot be here given would be necessary
	1123.214	affected before that union takes place	which is to form a new being. In the case of
	1123.287	the case of "sporting" plants, the bud,	which in its earliest condition does not
	1125.395	between one organic being and another,	which we see everywhere throughout nature
	1125.977	Moquin-Tandon gives a list of plants	which when growing near the sea-shore have
	1131.247	varieties. Thus the species of shells	which are confined to tropical and shallow
	1131.382	to cold and deeper seas. The birds	which are confined to continents are
	1131.588	are often brassy or lurid. Plants	which live exclusively on the sea-side are
	1133.318	the more severe the climate is under	which they have lived; but who can tell how
	1141.314	can have no standard of comparison, by	which to judge of the effects of long
	1141.444	forms; but many animals have structures	which can be explained by the effects of
	1141.936	wingless condition of several birds,	which now inhabit or have lately inhabited
	1141.1130	and is exposed to danger from	which it cannot escape by flight, but by
	1149.76	to disuse modifications of structure	which are wholly, or mainly, due to natural
	1153.329	elsewhere excessively numerous, and	which groups have habits of life almost
	1153.660	generations each individual beetle	which flew least, either from its wings
	1153.890	and, on the other hand, those beetles	which most readily took to flight will
	1155.23	been destroyed. The insects in Madeira	which are not ground-feeders, and which, as
	1155.57	which are not ground-feeders, and	which, as the flower-feeding coleoptera and
	1159.460	that they were frequently blind; one	which I kept alive was certainly in this
	1161.80	to the most different classes,	which inhabit the caves of Styria and of
	1171.858	owing to the less severe competition to	which the inhabitants of these dark abodes
	1173.817	of species to the climates under	which they live is often overrated. [page
	1177.187	animals brought from warmer countries	which here enjoy good health. We have reason
	1183.914	wide flexibility of constitution,	which is common to most animals. On this view
	1189.381	tend to preserve those individuals	which are born with constitutions best
	1189.670	published in the United States, in	which certain varieties are habitually
	1189.924	The case of the Jerusalem artichoke,	which is never propagated by seed, and of
	1189.966	is never propagated by seed, and of	which consequently new varieties have not
	1197.646	adult. The several parts of the body	which are homologous, and which, at an early
	1197.672	of the body which are homologous, and	which, at an early embryonic period, are
	1205.820	we pick out the two orders of mammalia	which are most abnormal in their dermal
	1217.225	and external structure of the seeds,	which are not always correlated with any
	1219.68	to correlation of growth, structures	which are common to whole groups of species
	1219.117	common to whole groups of species, and	which in truth are simply due to inheritance
	1219.657	are entirely due to the manner alone in	which natural selection can act. For instance
	1219.779	winged seeds are never found in fruits	which do not open: I should explain the rule
	1219.925	natural selection, except in fruits	which opened; so that the individual plants
	1223.6	CHAP. V. CORRELATION OF GROWTH. seeds	which were a little better fitted to be
	1223.189	could not possibly go on in fruit	which did not open. The elder Geoffroy and
	1227.56	that some of the cases of compensation	which have been advanced, and likewise some
	1231.309	I can thus only understand a fact with	which I was much struck when examining
	1231.367	when examining cirripedes, and of	which many other instances could be given
	1231.1247	for in the struggle for life to	which every animal is exposed, each
	1237.764	of nature are more variable than those	which are higher. I presume that lowness in
	1237.1240	alone. In the same way that a knife	which has to cut all sorts of things may be
	1245.544	without giving the long array of facts	which I have collected, and which cannot
	1245.572	of facts which I have collected, and	which cannot possibly be here introduced. I
	1245.1471	used by Hunter, applies to characters	which are attached to one sex, but are not
	1249.209	not displayed in any unusual manner-of	which fact I think there can be little doubt
	1257.746	In rudimentary organs, and in those	which have been but little specialised for
	1257.1120	in our domestic animals those points,	which at the present time are undergoing
	1257.1682	and frequently individuals are born	which depart widely from the standard. There
	1263.563	long-continued amount of variability,	which has continually been accumulated by
	1263.924	in other parts of the organisation,	which have remained for a much longer period
	1267.485	structure. It is only in those cases in	which the modification has been comparatively
	1269.615	is not in this case applicable,	which most naturalists would advance, namely
	1273.338	that some important organ or part,	which is generally very constant throughout
	1273.574	And this fact shows that a character,	which is generally of generic value, when it
	1275.111	why should that part of the structure,	which differs from the same part in other
	1275.236	be more variable than those parts	which are closely alike in the several
	1275.508	vary in those parts of their structure	which have varied within a moderately recent
	1275.565	within a moderately recent period, and	which have thus come to differ. Or to state
	1275.651	case in another manner:—the points in	which all the species of a genus resemble
	1275.712	of a genus resemble each other, and in	which they differ from the species of some
	1279.535	day. On the other hand, the points in	which species differ from other species of
	1279.902	than those parts of the organisation	which have for a very long period remained
	1281.460	the males of gallinaceous birds, in	which secondary sexual characters are
	1281.909	been accumulated by sexual selection,	which [page] 157 CHAP. V. LAWS OF VARIATION
	1287.175	very same parts of the organisation in	which the different species of the same genus
	1287.311	illustration two instances, the first	which happen to stand on my list; and as the
	1293.88	of specific characters, or those	which distinguish species from species, than
	1293.165	than of generic characters, or those	which the species possess in common;—that the
	1293.252	extreme variability of any part	which is developed in a species in an
	1293.972	have inherited much in common,—to parts	which have recently and largely varied being
	1293.1063	still to go on varying than parts	which have long been inherited and have not
	1297.1135	Swedish turnip and Ruta baga, plants	which several botanists rank as varieties
	1305.631	proportion of foreign blood. In a breed	which has not been crossed, but in which both
	1305.666	which has not been crossed, but in	which both parents have lost some character
	1305.710	both parents have lost some character	which their progenitor possessed, the
	1305.958	number of generations. When a character	which has been lost in a breed, reappears
	1309.114	to reproduce the character in question,	which at last, under unknown favourable
	1309.260	in each generation of the barb-pigeon,	which produces most rarely a blue and black
	1315.323	from the number of the markings,	which are correlated with the blue tint, and
	1315.368	are correlated with the blue tint, and	which it does not appear probable would all
	1315.920	reversion or from analogous variation)	which already occur in some other members of
	1317.281	intermediate between two other forms,	which themselves must be doubtfully ranked as
	1323.426	in the foal, and from inquiries	which I have made, I believe this to be true
	1331.315	barred; and the shoulder-stripe,	which is sometimes double and sometimes
	1333.173	from several aboriginal species-one of	which, the dun, was striped; and that the
	1339.452	mule. In four coloured drawings,	which I have seen, of hybrids between the ass
	1345.285	whenever a dun tint appears-a tint	which approaches to that of the general
	1345.1583	Call the breeds of pigeons, some of	which have bred true for centuries, species
	1357.441	parts; and every part of the structure	which can be saved without detriment to the
	1357.669	correlations of growth, the nature of	which we are utterly unable to understand
	1357.1056	of nature are more variable than those	which have their whole organisation more
	1357.1298	characters-that is, the characters	which have come to differ since the several
	1357.1454	than generic characters, or those	which have long been inherited, and have not
	1365.307	modifications of structure, by	which the innumerable beings on the face of
	1380.317	such as the tail of a giraffe,	which serves as a fly-flapper, and, on the
	1384.41	wonderful structure, as the eye, of	which we hardly as yet fully understand the
	1386.130	to so marvellous an instinct as that	which leads the bee to make cells, which have
	1386.165	that which leads the bee to make cells,	which have practically anticipated the
	1392.298	or other less-favoured forms with	which it comes into competition. Thus
	1412.941	on the presence of other species, on	which it depends, or by which it is destroyed
	1412.965	species, on which it depends, or by	which it is destroyed, or with which it comes
	1412.996	or by which it is destroyed, or with	which it comes into competition; and as these
	1414.221	neutral territory between them, in	which they become rather suddenly rarer and
	1418.786	much rarer numerically than the forms	which they connect. Now, if we may trust
	1418.986	in lesser numbers than the forms	which they connect, then, I think, we can
	1418.1194	and disappear, sooner than the forms	which they originally linked together. For
	1420.402	the process of further modification, by	which two varieties are supposed on my theory
	1420.513	into two distinct species, the two	which exist in larger numbers from inhabiting
	1420.632	over the intermediate variety,	which exists [page] 177 CHAP. VI
	1424.255	to seize on, than will the rarer forms	which exist in lesser numbers. Hence, the
	1424.470	and improved. It is the same principle	which, as I believe, accounts for the common
	1424.1336	hill breed; and thus the two breeds,	which originally existed in greater numbers
	1432.105	recent period in isolated portions, in	which many forms, more especially amongst the
	1432.159	more especially amongst the classes	which unite for each birth and wander much
	1434.532	in lesser numbers than the varieties	which they tend to connect. From this cause
	1438.199	be beaten and supplanted by the forms	which they connect; for these from existing
	1440.448	be found only amongst fossil remains,	which are preserved, as we shall in a future
	1442.640	at the Mustela vison of North America,	which has webbed feet and which resembles an
	1442.666	America, which has webbed feet and	which resembles an otter in its fur, short
	1448.98	for out of the many striking cases	which I have collected, I can give only one
	1450.411	tail united by a broad expanse of skin,	which serves as a parachute and allows them
	1456.47	at the Galeopithecus or flying lemur,	which formerly was falsely ranked amongst
	1456.969	would convert it into a bat. In bats	which have the wing-membrane extended from
	1462.39	surmised that birds might have existed	which used their wings solely as flappers
	1462.369	for it, under the conditions of life to	which it is exposed, for each has to live by
	1462.602	of wing-structure here alluded to,	which perhaps may all have resulted from
	1462.681	disuse, indicate the natural steps by	which birds have acquired their perfect power
	1464.287	it is conceivable that flying-fish,	which now glide far through the air, slightly
	1472.649	to that of the many British insects	which now feed on exotic plants, or
	1478.617	in North America there are woodpeckers	which feed largely on fruit, and others with
	1478.678	fruit, and others with elongated wings	which chase insects on the wing; and on the
	1478.789	a tree grows, there is a woodpecker,	which in every essential part of its
	1478.1012	common species; yet it is a woodpecker	which never climbs a tree! Petrels are the
	1486.322	there are upland geese with webbed feet	which rarely or never go near the water; and
	1486.416	Audubon has seen the frigate-bird,	which has all its four toes webbed, alight on
	1494.630	and the variations be inherited,	which is certainly the case; and if any
	1498.353	to those coarser vibrations of the air	which produce sound. In looking for the
	1500.33	In looking for the gradations by	which an organ in any species has been
	1500.803	to discover the earlier stages, by	which the eye has been perfected. In the
	1502.426	one divided into facets, within each of	which there is a lens-shaped swelling. In
	1502.508	other crustaceans the transparent cones	which are coated by pigment, and which
	1502.541	cones which are coated by pigment, and	which properly act only by excluding lateral
	1506.166	far too briefly and imperfectly given,	which show that there is much graduated
	1506.336	animals is in proportion to those	which have become extinct, I can see no very
	1514.415	and carefully selecting each alteration	which, under varied circumstances, may in any
	1516.60	that any complex organ existed,	which could not possibly have been formed by
	1516.251	case. No doubt many organs exist of	which we do not know the transitional grades
	1516.356	we look to much-isolated species, round	which, according to my theory, there has been
	1516.595	at an extremely remote period, since	which all the many members of the class have
	1516.719	the early transitional grades through	which the organ has [page] 190 DIFFICULTIES
	1522.598	were thus gained, a part or organ,	which had performed two functions, for one
	1524.385	of certain fish, or, for I do not know	which [page] 191 CHAP. VI. TRANSITIONS OF
	1530.142	from an ancient prototype, of	which we know nothing, furnished with a
	1530.369	that every particle of food and drink	which we swallow has to pass over the orifice
	1530.518	the beautiful contrivance by	which the glottis is closed. In the higher
	1530.1083	of insects, it is probable that organs	which at a very ancient period served for
	1536.34	VI. called by me the ovigerous frena,	which serve, through the means of a sticky
	1536.696	do not doubt that little folds of skin,	which originally served as ovigerous frena
	1536.744	served as ovigerous frena, but	which, likewise, very slightly aided the act
	1538.204	cases of difficulty occur, some of	which will be discussed in my future work
	1540.46	the gravest is that of neuter insects,	which are often very differently constructed
	1546.116	occur in only about a dozen fishes, of	which several are widely remote in their
	1546.741	most fishes had electric organs,	which most of their modified descendants have
	1550.215	manner two parts in two organic beings,	which owe but little of their structure in
	1552.298	rarely an organ can be named, towards	which no transitional grade is known to lead
	1558.45	the origin of simple parts, of	which the importance does not seem sufficient
	1560.293	on fruit and the colour of the flesh,	which, from determining the attacks of
	1560.973	attacks of insects: so that individuals	which could by any means defend themselves
	1566.365	many purposes in so many land animals,	which in their lungs or modified swim
	1568.73	attribute importance to characters	which are really of very little importance
	1568.121	really of very little importance, and	which have originated from quite secondary
	1574.750	see nearly similar hooks on many trees	which are not climbers, the hooks on the
	1574.1551	the skulls of young birds and reptiles,	which have only to escape from a broken egg
	1580.1755	differences of our domestic breeds,	which nevertheless we generally admit to have
	1584.169	differences between the races of man,	which are so strongly marked; I may add that
	1586.781	of no direct use. So again characters	which formerly were useful, or which formerly
	1586.812	which formerly were useful, or	which formerly had arisen from correlation of
	1590.698	limbs of the monkey, horse, and bat,	which have been inherited from a common
	1592.413	in the ovipositor of the ichneumon, by	which its eggs are depo- [page] 201 CHAP. VI
	1596.377	to this effect, I cannot find even one	which seems to me of any weight. It is
	1600.149	inhabitants of the same country with	which it has to struggle for existence. And
	1604.585	of the wasp or of the bee as perfect,	which, when used against many attacking
	1606.183	members of the same great order, and	which has been modified but not perfected for
	1606.664	the truly wonderful power of scent by	which the males of many insects find their
	1606.793	single purpose of thousands of drones,	which are utterly useless to the community
	1606.859	to the community for any other end, and	which are ultimately slaughtered by their
	1606.1026	instinctive hatred of the queen-bee,	which urges her instantly to destroy the
	1610.335	the several ingenious contrivances, by	which the flowers of the orchis and of many
	1612.94	some of the difficulties and objections	which may be urged against my theory. Many of
	1612.236	light has been thrown on several facts,	which on the theory of independent acts of
	1616.14	ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. the two forms	which it connects; consequently the two
	1618.233	by natural selection from an animal	which at first could only glide through the
	1622.434	natural selection. In the cases in	which we know of no intermediate or
	1628.778	acquired by natural selection,—a power	which acts solely by the preservation of
	1638.203	fundamental agreement in structure,	which we see in organic beings of the same
	1638.257	organic beings of the same class, and	which is quite independent of their habits of
	1651.299	eggs in other birds' nests. An action,	which we ourselves should require experience
	1657.180	notion of the frame of mind under	which an instinctive action is performed, but
	1657.962	Huber found it was with a caterpillar,	which makes a very complicated hammock; for
	1657.1031	hammock; for if he took a caterpillar	which had completed its hammock up to, say
	1661.687	that the most wonderful instincts with	which we are acquainted, namely, those of the
	1663.998	produced by the same unknown causes	which produce slight deviations of bodily
	1669.229	the actual transitional gradations by	which each complex instinct has been acquired
	1669.1161	under different circumstances, &c.; in	which case either one or the other instinct
	1671.324	for the sole good of another, with	which I am acquainted, is that of aphides
	1675.719	excreted a limpid drop of sweet juice,	which was eagerly devoured by the ant. Even
	1681.111	loss. So it is with the nests of birds,	which vary partly in dependence on the
	1683.245	and strange habits in certain species,	which might, if advantageous to the species
	1689.73	be enabled to see the respective parts	which habit and the selection of so-called
	1695.426	crossing, resemble natural instincts,	which in a like manner become curiously
	1697.54	are sometimes spoken of as actions	which have become inherited solely from long
	1697.278	the tumbler-pigeon to tumble,—an action	which, as I have witnessed, is performed by
	1697.647	tumblers, as I hear from Mr. Brent,	which cannot fly eighteen inches high without
	1701.103	intending to improve the breed, dogs	which will stand and hunt best. On the other
	1703.111	this is seen in those breeds of fowls	which very rarely or never become "broody
	1703.599	has been found incurable in dogs	which have been brought home as puppies from
	1703.1191	by habit, that fear of the dog and cat	which no doubt was originally instinctive in
	1709.233	peculiar mental habits and actions,	which at first appeared from what we must in
	1711.178	select only three, out of the several	which I shall have to discuss in my future
	1711.248	in my future work,—namely, the instinct	which leads the cuckoo to lay her eggs in
	1717.876	give several instances of various birds	which have been known occasionally to lay
	1725.315	possess the pollen-collecting apparatus	which would be necessary if they had to store
	1731.613	they have to migrate, it is the slaves	which determine the migration, and actually
	1731.813	a slave, but with plenty of the food	which they like best, and with their larvæ
	1737.365	Hence I will give the observations	which I have myself made, in some little
	1741.236	fir-tree, twenty-five yards distant,	which they ascended together, probably in
	1747.733	could distinguish the pupæ of F. fusca,	which they habitually make into slaves, from
	1747.820	of the little and furious F. flava,	which they rarely capture, and it was evident
	1757.101	not pretend to conjecture. But as ants,	which are not slave-makers, will, as I have
	1757.449	presence proved useful to the species	which had seized them-if it were more advan
	1761.344	even than in our British F. sanguinea,	which, as we have seen, is less aided by its
	1763.149	give an outline of the conclusions at	which I have arrived. He must be a dull man
	1767.411	of a short series we have humble-bees,	which use their old cocoons to hold honey
	1767.863	have certain angles, and the three	which form the pyramidal base of a single
	1767.1428	waxen comb of cylindrical cells, in	which the young are hatched, and, in addition
	1771.0	page] 226 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII.	which thus tend to intersect. Hence each cell
	1771.256	into contact with three other cells,	which, from the spheres being nearly of the
	1779.258	the same with the best measurements	which have been made of the cells of the hive
	1781.1476	hardly more wonderful than those	which guide a bird to make its nest,—I
	1787.799	sixth of the diameter of the sphere of	which they formed a part, the rims of the
	1795.460	at the base of a just-commenced cell,	which were slightly concave on one side
	1799.151	push and bend the ductile and warm wax (	which as I have tried is easily done) into
	1801.738	time, but only the one rhombic plate	which stands on the extreme growing margin
	1807.462	away on both sides. The manner in	which the bees build is curious; they always
	1807.619	thin finished wall of the cell,	which will ultimately be left. We shall
	1807.1277	injuring the delicate hexagonal walls,	which are only about one four-hundredth of an
	1813.342	wax having been taken from the spot on	which it had been placed, and worked into the
	1813.927	cell, sometimes recurring to a shape	which they had at first rejected. When bees
	1815.26	rejected. When bees have a place on	which they can stand in their proper
	1819.51	is important, as it bears on a fact,	which seems at first quite subversive of the
	1819.707	insect might, by fixing on a point at	which to commence a cell, and then moving
	1825.661	independent of the quantity of honey	which the bees could collect. But let us
	1825.817	determine, the numbers of a humble-bee	which could exist in a country; and let us
	1831.757	economy of wax; that individual swarm	which wasted least honey in the secretion of
	1831.922	economical instinct to new swarms,	which in their turn will have had the best
	1833.117	theory of natural selection,—cases, in	which we cannot see how an instinct could
	1833.195	possibly have originated; cases, in	which no intermediate gradations are known to
	1837.253	myself to one special difficulty,	which at first appeared to me insuperable
	1843.111	this being inherited by its offspring,	which again varied and were again selected
	1845.173	all sorts of differences of structure	which have become correlated to certain ages
	1851.379	be slowly formed by carefully watching	which individual bulls and cows, when matched
	1851.1092	of the same species has been produced,	which we see in many social insects. But we
	1853.717	of shield on their heads, the use of	which is quite unknown: in the Mexican Myrme
	1857.149	have an enormously developed abdomen	which secretes a sort of honey, supplying the
	1857.280	domestic cattle as they may be called,	which our European ants guard or imprison
	1859.276	all of one caste or of the same kind,	which have been rendered by natural selection
	1859.701	selection of the fertile parents	which produced most neuters with the
	1863.147	workers have simple eyes (ocelli),	which though small can be plainly
	1863.965	females had been continually selected,	which produced more and more of the smaller
	1869.686	me with the camera lucida of the jaws	which I had dissected from the workers of the
	1871.117	fertile parents, could form a species	which should regularly produce neuters
	1871.693	the natural selection of the parents	which generated them; until none with an
	1877.960	the most serious special difficulty,	which my theory has encountered. The case
	1877.1224	must call them accidental, variations,	which are in any manner profitable, without
	1877.1485	or instincts of the fertile members,	which alone leave descendants. I am surprised
	1906.441	the first case the two sexual elements	which go to form the embryo are perfect; in
	1906.633	when the cause of the sterility,	which is common to the two cases, has to be
	1910.427	he cuts the knot, for in ten cases in	which he found two forms, considered by most
	1914.998	table about a score of cases of plants	which he castrated, and artificially
	1914.1121	all cases such as the Leguminosæ, in	which there is an acknowledged difficulty in
	1914.1344	crossed the primrose and cowslip,	which we have such good reason to believe to
	1914.1542	Anagallis arvensis and cœrulea),	which the best botanists rank as varieties
	1924.1186	from the anthers of the flower itself	which is to be fertilised; so that a cross
	1930.648	by C. revolutum produced a plant,	which (he says) I never saw to occur in a
	1932.196	the species of the genus Hippeastrum,	which can be far more easily fertilised by
	1936.157	to maturity, and bore good seed,	which vegetated freely." In a letter to me
	1942.716	sterile kinds of hybrid rhododendrons,	which produce no pollen, for he will find on
	1948.48	I hardly know of an instance in	which two families of the same hybrid have
	1948.571	sisters in the case of any pure animal,	which from any cause had the least tendency
	1950.351	Chinese geese (A. cygnoides), species	which are so different that they are
	1952.11	be highly fertile. A doctrine	which originated with Pallas, has been [page
	1966.773	to an excess of fertility, beyond that	which the plant's own pollen will produce. So
	1966.857	in hybrids themselves, there are some	which never have produced, and probably never
	1972.25	fertility. Hybrids from two species	which are very difficult to cross, and which
	1972.64	which are very difficult to cross, and	which rarely produce any offspring, are
	1972.264	thus produced-two classes of facts	which are generally confounded together-is by
	1972.352	means strict. There are many cases, in	which two pure species can be united with
	1972.530	On the other hand, there are species	which can be crossed very rarely, or with
	1974.362	the constitution of the individuals	which happen to have been chosen for the
	1976.150	especially in the structure of parts	which are of high physiological importance
	1976.197	of high physiological importance and	which differ little in the allied species
	1980.482	be given of very closely allied species	which will not unite, or only with extreme
	1980.584	the other hand of very distinct species	which unite with the utmost facility. In the
	1980.679	there may be a genus, as Dianthus, in	which very many species can most readily be
	1980.765	and another genus, as Silene, in	which the most persevering efforts have
	1980.1105	but Gärtner found that N. acuminata,	which is not a particularly distinct species
	1992.290	go together. There are certain hybrids	which instead of having, as is usual, an
	1992.565	sterile. So again amongst hybrids	which are usually intermediate in structure
	1992.689	individuals sometimes are born,	which closely resemble one of their pure
	1994.41	the several rules now given,	which govern the fertility of first crosses
	1994.125	and of hybrids, we see that when forms,	which must be considered as good and distinct
	1994.605	hybrids is not related to the degree in	which they resemble in external appearance
	2000.270	various species are crossed, all of	which we must suppose it would be equally
	2002.249	reproductive systems, of the species	which are crossed. The differences being of
	2006.1761	grafted far more readily on the quince,	which is ranked as a distinct genus, than on
	2006.1817	as a distinct genus, than on the apple,	which is a member of the same genus. Even
	2014.44	seen that the sterility of hybrids,	which have their reproductive organs in an
	2014.182	difficulty of uniting two pure species,	which have their reproductive organs perfect
	2014.379	found that three species of Robinia,	which seeded freely on their own roots, and
	2014.423	seeded freely on their own roots, and	which could be grafted with no great
	2014.756	case of Hippeastrum, Lobelia, &c.,	which seeded much more freely when fertilised
	2020.110	laws governing the facility with	which trees can be grafted on each other as
	2020.497	been expected, systematic affinity, by	which every kind of resemblance and
	2028.42	regard to the sterility of hybrids, in	which the sexual elements are imperfectly
	2028.179	once alluded to a large body of facts,	which I have collected, showing that when
	2032.1232	they are extremely liable to vary,	which is due, as I believe, to their
	2040.270	increased sterility in those hybrids	which occasionally and exceptionally resemble
	2048.217	males and females of the same species	which have varied and become slightly
	2048.504	is crosses between males and females	which have become widely or specifically
	2048.572	specifically different, produce hybrids	which are generally sterile in some degree. I
	2048.778	by some common but unknown bond,	which is essentially related to the principle
	2054.670	pimpernel, the primrose and cowslip,	which are considered by many of our best
	2056.346	with European dogs, the explanation	which will occur to everyone, and probably
	2056.723	we reflect how many species there are,	which, though resembling each other most
	2060.408	the successive generations of hybrids,	which were at first only slightly sterile
	2060.1233	on the whole organisation, in any way	which may be for each creature's own good
	2062.235	sterility in the few following cases,	which I will briefly abstract. The evidence
	2062.312	is at least as good as that from	which we believe [page] 270 HYBRIDISM. CHAP
	2068.56	crossed three varieties of gourd,	which like the maize has separated sexes, and
	2074.200	coloured flowers, than between those	which are differently coloured. Yet these
	2076.18	seed of the other. From observations	which I have made on certain varieties of
	2078.271	He experimentised on five forms,	which are commonly reputed to be varieties
	2078.319	commonly reputed to be varieties, and	which he tested by the severest trial, namely
	2078.605	yielded hybrids not so sterile as those	which were produced from the four other
	2084.224	to me sufficient to overthrow the view	which I have taken with respect to the very
	2084.493	the reproductive systems of the forms	which are crossed. Hybrids and Mongrels
	2088.206	admits that hybrids from species	which have long been cultivated are often
	2094.689	it bears on and corroborates the view	which I have taken on the cause of ordinary
	2094.1102	excluding those long cultivated)	which have not had their reproductive systems
	2102.45	alone are the unimportant differences,	which Gärtner is able to point out, between
	2108.30	the female, so that the mule,	which is the offspring of the male-ass and
	2108.119	is more like an ass, than is the hinny,	which is the offspring of the female-ass and
	2110.287	with mongrels. Looking to the cases	which I have collected of cross-bred animals
	2110.454	almost monstrous in their nature, and	which have suddenly appeared-such as albinism
	2110.604	toes; and do not relate to characters	which have been slowly acquired by selection
	2110.769	be more likely to occur with mongrels,	which are descended from varieties often
	2110.880	in character, than with hybrids,	which are descended from species slowly and
	2122.53	of first crosses between pure species,	which have their reproductive systems perfect
	2126.118	the embryo. The sterility of hybrids,	which have their reproductive systems
	2126.171	reproductive systems imperfect, and	which have had this system and their whole
	2126.321	seems closely allied to that sterility	which so frequently affects pure species
	2126.993	of some kind between the species	which are crossed. Nor is it surprising that
	2126.1329	the systematic affinity of the forms	which are subjected to experiment; for
	2143.55	I enumerated the chief objections	which might be justly urged against the views
	2143.930	in lesser numbers than the forms	which they connect, will generally be beaten
	2147.56	process of natural selection, through	which new varieties continually take the
	2147.277	the number of intermediate varieties,	which have formerly existed on the earth, be
	2147.568	the most obvious and gravest objection	which can be urged against my theory. The
	2149.647	all the intermediate varieties	which have ever existed, we should have an
	2165.524	work on the Principles of Geology,	which the future historian will recognise as
	2165.1218	of the lapse of time, the monuments of	which we see around us. It is good to wander
	2171.791	a few miles any line of rocky cliff,	which is undergoing degradation, we find that
	2173.130	deeply impressed with the slowness with	which rocky coasts are worn away. The
	2173.392	many thousand feet in thickness,	which, though probably formed at a quicker
	2173.526	of worn and rounded pebbles, each of	which bears the stamp of time, are good to
	2177.46	result and measure of the degradation	which the earth's crust has elsewhere
	2199.122	miles. Some of these formations,	which are represented in England by thin beds
	2199.439	but an inadequate idea of the time	which has elapsed during their accumulation
	2201.29	slow. But the amount of denudation	which the strata have in many places suffered
	2201.297	when viewing volcanic islands,	which have been [page] 285 CHAP. IX
	2205.346	by faults,—those great cracks along	which the strata have been upheaved on one
	2209.196	a mere trifle, in comparison with that	which has removed masses of our palæozoic
	2213.32	IX. oneself the great dome of rocks	which must have covered up the Weald within
	2213.426	underlies the Weald, on the flanks of	which the overlying sedimentary deposits
	2213.718	district. If, then, we knew the rate at	which the sea commonly wears away a line of
	2213.1743	contain harder layers or nodules,	which from long resisting attrition form a
	2219.210	hand, during oscillations of level,	which we know this area has undergone, the
	2221.287	What an infinite number of generations,	which the mind cannot grasp, must have
	2227.908	in an unaltered condition. The remains	which do become embedded, if in sand or
	2227.1093	that but few of the very many animals	which live on the beach between high and low
	2227.1394	of a single Mediterranean species,	which inhabits deep water and has been found
	2229.44	respect to the terrestrial productions	which lived during the Secondary and
	2235.750	have suspected that during the periods	which were blank and barren in his own
	2235.987	can be formed of the length of time	which has elapsed between the consecutive
	2241.260	miles of the South American coasts,	which have been upraised several hundred feet
	2241.467	period. Along the whole west coast,	which is inhabited by a peculiar marine fauna
	2247.34	in profound depths of the sea, in	which case, judging from the researches of E
	2247.246	imperfect record of the forms of life	which then existed; or, sediment may be
	2249.48	that all our ancient formations,	which are rich in fossils, have thus been
	2249.467	on the west coast of South America,	which has been bulky enough to resist such
	2249.553	as it has as yet suffered, but	which will hardly last to a distant
	2255.191	been accumulated in the shallow parts,	which are the most favourable to life. Still
	2255.348	or, to speak more accurately, the beds	which were then accumulated will have been
	2265.89	varieties between the allied species	which lived at its commencement and at its
	2265.514	series of links between the species	which then lived; but I can by no means
	2273.755	of Europe during the Glacial period,	which forms only a part of one whole
	2273.1343	within that limit of depth at	which marine animals can flourish; for we
	2279.571	keep the depth approximately the same,	which is necessary in order to enable the
	2285.142	a formation give any idea of the time	which its deposition has consumed. Many
	2285.316	thousands of feet in thickness, and	which must have required an enormous period
	2285.950	level during the process of deposition,	which would never even have been suspected
	2285.1693	all the fine intermediate gradations	which must on my theory have existed between
	2291.18	GEOLOGICAL RECORD. no golden rule by	which to distinguish species and varieties
	2293.397	do find the kind of evidence of change	which on my theory we ought to find. Moreover
	2299.710	have seen that with plants it is those	which have the widest range, that oftenest
	2299.839	marine animals, it is probably those	which have had the widest range, far
	2299.943	known geological formations of Europe,	which have oftenest given rise, first to
	2305.298	inhabiting the shores of North America,	which are ranked by some conchologists as
	2307.443	most obvious of all the many objections	which may be urged against my views. Hence it
	2307.749	equals all the geological formations	which have been examined with any accuracy
	2311.75	if all the species were to be collected	which have ever lived there, how imperfectly
	2313.160	imperfect manner in the formations	which we suppose to be there accumulating. I
	2313.273	strictly littoral animals, or of those	which lived on naked submarine rocks, would
	2315.315	other by enormous intervals, during	which the area would be either stationary or
	2323.188	be chiefly these far-ranging species	which would oftenest produce new varieties
	2325.175	of those fine transitional forms,	which on my theory assuredly have connected
	2329.285	transitional links between the species	which appeared at the commencement and close
	2331.81	of Allied Species.—The abrupt manner in	which whole groups of species suddenly appear
	2331.602	development of a group of forms, all of	which have descended from some one progenitor
	2331.1058	world is, compared with the area over	which our geological formations have been
	2331.1359	for the enormous intervals of time,	which have [page] 303 CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL
	2337.387	to produce many divergent forms,	which would be able to spread rapidly and
	2345.29	period. I may give another instance,	which from having passed under my own eyes
	2345.445	fathoms; from the perfect manner in	which specimens are preserved in the oldest
	2345.523	tertiary beds; from the ease with	which even a fragment of a valve can be
	2345.1193	of an unmistakeable sessile cirripede,	which he had himself extracted from the chalk
	2345.1392	common, large, and ubiquitous genus, of	which not one specimen has as yet been found
	2351.394	that certain much older fishes, of	which the affinities are as yet imperfectly
	2351.1584	large and perfectly enclosed basin, in	which any great group of marine animals might
	2357.226	palæontological ideas on many points,	which the discoveries of even the last dozen
	2359.135	There is another and allied difficulty,	which is much graver. I allude to the manner
	2359.183	much graver. I allude to the manner in	which numbers of species of the same group
	2359.306	rocks. Most of the arguments	which have convinced me that all the existing
	2359.578	descended from some one crustacean,	which must have lived long before the
	2359.634	lived long before the Silurian age, and	which probably differed greatly from any
	2359.923	of all the species of the orders to	which they belong, for they do not present
	2367.939	of vast piles of fossiliferous strata,	which on my theory no doubt were somewhere
	2371.48	condition. But the descriptions	which we now possess of the Silurian deposits
	2373.259	From the nature of the organic remains,	which do not appear to have inhabited
	2373.432	of sediment, miles in thickness, of	which the formations are composed, we may
	2373.877	or as a submarine surface near land, on	which sediment was not deposited, or again as
	2375.32	sea. Looking to the existing oceans,	which are thrice as extensive as the land, we
	2379.84	upheaved by the oscillations of level,	which we may fairly conclude must have
	2379.316	extended from the remotest period of	which we have any record; and on the other
	2379.1509	for it might well happen that strata	which had subsided some miles nearer to the
	2379.1578	nearer to the centre of the earth, and	which had been pressed on by an enormous
	2379.1712	far more metamorphic action than strata	which have always remained nearer to the
	2379.1866	America, of bare metamorphic rocks,	which [page] 310 IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP
	2385.157	links between the many species	which now exist or have existed; the sudden
	2385.211	or have existed; the sudden manner in	which whole groups of species appear in our
	2389.113	of the slowly-changing language, in	which the history is supposed to be written
	2408.640	quicker rate than those of the sea, of	which a striking instance has lately been
	2408.1496	so-called "colonies" of M. Barrande,	which intrude for a period in the midst of an
	2412.810	nature of the other inhabitants with	which the varying species comes into
	2412.1806	of organism to organism, that any form	which does not become in some degree modified
	2416.175	of time, become modified; for those	which do not change will become extinct. In
	2428.170	to give an explanation of this fact,	which if true would have been fatal to my
	2432.180	the successive geological formations in	which the species are found, the line will
	2432.915	being slowly converted into species,	which in their turn produce by equally slow
	2438.329	to determine the length of time during	which any single species or any single genus
	2438.704	taper more gradually at its upper end,	which marks the progress of extermination
	2438.770	extermination, than at its lower end,	which marks the first appearance and increase
	2440.442	Toxodon, and other extinct monsters,	which all co-existed with still living shells
	2444.977	what the unfavourable conditions were	which checked its increase, whether some one
	2446.413	progress of events with those animals	which have [page] 320 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
	2452.182	having some advantage over those with	which it comes into competition; and the
	2452.793	the number of new specific forms	which have been produced within a given time
	2452.885	greater than that of the old forms	which have been exterminated; but we know
	2454.116	by examples, between the forms	which are most like each other in all
	2458.794	and it will generally be allied forms,	which will suffer from some inherited
	2458.927	to the same or to a distinct class,	which yield their places to other species
	2458.969	yield their places to other species	which have been modified and improved, a few
	2464.346	of the old inhabitants; and the forms	which thus yield their places will commonly
	2466.39	Thus, as it seems to me, the manner in	which single species and whole groups of
	2466.317	the many complex contingencies, on	which the existence of each species depends
	2472.545	sculpture. Moreover other forms,	which are not found in the Chalk of Europe
	2472.593	not found in the Chalk of Europe, but	which occur in the formations either above or
	2472.1003	Even if the few fossil species	which are common to the Old and New Worlds be
	2480.285	sense; for if all the marine animals	which live at the present day in Europe, and
	2480.868	are more closely related to those	which lived in Europe during certain later
	2480.942	later tertiary stages, than to those	which now live here; and if this be so, it is
	2480.1495	and from not including those forms	which are only found in the older underlying
	2486.504	temporary, but depend on general laws	which govern the whole animal kingdom." M
	2488.185	are formed by new varieties arising,	which have some advantage over older forms
	2488.246	over older forms; and those forms,	which are already dominant, or have some
	2488.570	evidence on this head, in the plants	which are dominant, that is, which are
	2488.599	the plants which are dominant, that is,	which are commonest in their own homes, and
	2492.42	varying, and far-spreading species,	which already have invaded to a certain
	2492.139	of other species, should be those	which would have the best chance of spreading
	2500.487	and producing new species. The forms	which are beaten and which yield their places
	2500.508	species. The forms which are beaten and	which yield their places to the new and
	2522.222	must be restricted to those groups	which have undergone much change in the
	2528.1059	tendency to divergence of character,	which was formerly illustrated by this
	2534.248	sub-families and families, some of	which are supposed to have perished at
	2536.602	objected to call the extinct genera,	which thus linked the living genera of three
	2542.543	right to expect, is that those groups,	which have within known geological periods
	2550.42	in general character between that	which preceded and that which succeeded it
	2550.66	between that which preceded and that	which succeeded it. Thus, the species which
	2550.104	which succeeded it. Thus, the species	which lived at the sixth great stage of
	2550.203	are the modified offspring of those	which lived at the fifth stage, and are the
	2550.264	stage, and are the parents of those	which became still more modified at the
	2550.878	one instance, namely, the manner in	which the fossils of the Devonian system
	2552.521	or the most recent; nor are those	which are intermediate in character
	2556.872	have become extinct; and carriers	which are extreme in the important character
	2556.982	earlier than short-beaked tumblers,	which are at the opposite end of the series
	2562.373	climate during the pleistocene period,	which includes the whole glacial period, and
	2564.477	varieties between the species	which appeared at the commencement and close
	2570.917	From the extraordinary manner in	which European productions have recently
	2570.1009	New Zealand, and have seized on places	which must have been previously occupied, we
	2576.438	least in regard to subordinate groups,	which have branched off from each other
	2578.652	strata are discovered-a discovery of	which the chance is very small. On the
	2596.379	Brazil, there are many extinct species	which are closely allied in size and in other
	2596.1112	died out and have left no progeny. Or,	which would probably be a far commoner case
	2602.240	the incalculable number of generations	which must have passed away even during a
	2602.1031	that widely ranging species are those	which have varied most, and have oftenest
	2604.171	are the numberless transitional links	which must formerly have connected the
	2604.361	in the enormous intervals of time	which have elapsed between our consecutive
	2608.319	of those infinitely numerous organisms	which must have existed long before the first
	2616.67	of the dominant forms of life,	which are those that oftenest vary, will in
	2616.270	the places of those groups of species	which are their inferiors in the struggle for
	2637.99	face of the globe, the first great fact	which strikes us is, that neither the
	2637.1022	a climate or condition in the Old World	which cannot be paralleled in the New-at
	2643.403	of lat. 35º with those north of 25º,	which consequently inhabit a considerably
	2645.20	of the sea. A second great fact	which strikes us in our general review is
	2657.414	fails to be struck by the manner in	which successive groups of beings
	2663.59	is simply inheritance, that cause	which alone, as far as we positively know
	2663.1044	species, abounding in individuals,	which have already triumphed over many
	2669.394	If, for instance, a number of species,	which stand in direct competition with each
	2671.265	In the case of those species,	which have undergone during whole geological
	2671.489	vast geographical and climatal changes	which will have supervened since ancient
	2671.609	possible. But in many other cases, in	which we have reason to believe that the
	2677.36	We are thus brought to the question	which has been largely discussed by
	2681.462	The great and striking influence	which barriers of every kind have had on
	2681.912	most natural genera, or those genera in	which the species are most closely related to
	2683.327	Undoubtedly many cases occur, in	which we cannot explain how the same species
	2683.462	the geographical and climatal changes,	which have certainly occurred within recent
	2689.168	several distinct species of a genus,	which on my theory have all descended from a
	2689.428	invariably the case, that a region, of	which most of its inhabitants are closely
	2693.928	an ingenious paper by Mr. Wallace, in	which he concludes, that "every species has
	2695.339	created. With those organic beings	which never intercross (if such exist), the
	2695.467	a succession of improved varieties,	which will never have blended with other
	2699.74	of cases, namely, with all organisms	which habitually unite for each birth, or
	2699.116	habitually unite for each birth, or	which often intercross, I believe that during
	2701.46	discussing the three classes of facts,	which I have selected as presenting the
	2707.497	that scarcely a single island exists	which has not recently been united to some
	2707.1168	islands, now buried beneath the sea,	which may have served as halting places for
	2707.1780	within the recent period continents	which are now quite separate, have been
	2713.68	what are called accidental means, but	which more properly might be called
	2717.733	The majority sank quickly, but some	which whilst green floated for a very short
	2723.339	fruits and likewise seeds from plants	which live near the sea; and this would have
	2729.889	some taken out of the crop of a pigeon,	which had floated on artificial salt-water
	2731.714	these seemed perfect, and some of them,	which I tried, germinated. But the following
	2735.709	to twenty hours, disgorge pellets,	which, as I know from experiments made in the
	2741.222	for a moment on the millions of quails	which annually cross the Mediterranean; and
	2743.953	fragments of granite and other rocks,	which do not occur in the archipelago. Hence
	2745.85	and that several other means,	which without doubt remain to be discovered
	2749.1464	namely, in dirt sticking to their feet,	which is in itself a rare accident. Even in
	2753.755	birds living there, nearly every seed,	which chanced to arrive, would be sure to
	2759.94	vivid attention to the Glacial period,	which, as we shall immediately see, affords a
	2759.569	boulders, of the icy streams with	which their valleys were lately filled. So
	2761.672	they were stopped by barriers, in	which case they would perish. The mountains
	2765.265	the present circumpolar inhabitants,	which we suppose to have everywhere travelled
	2767.461	returned, the same arctic species,	which had lately lived in a body together on
	2781.247	mingled with ancient Alpine species,	which must have existed on the mountains
	2781.338	commencement of the Glacial epoch, and	which during its coldest period will have
	2793.308	America and Europe,—a relationship	which is most remarkable, considering the
	2795.94	as soon as the species in common,	which inhabited the New and Old Worlds
	2799.147	find in every great class many forms,	which some naturalists rank as geographical
	2799.283	closely allied or representative forms	which are ranked by all naturalists as
	2801.90	southern migration of a marine fauna,	which during the Pliocene or even a somewhat
	2809.665	tell the same story. If one account	which has been published can be trusted, we
	2819.672	European genera were found by Gardner,	which do not exist in the wide intervening
	2823.356	European forms are found,	which have not been discovered in the
	2843.95	the damp with the heat of the tropics	which is so destructive to perennial plants
	2843.608	to Europe still exist in North America,	which must have lain on the line of march
	2845.391	exterminated on the lowlands; those	which had not reached the equator, would re
	2849.40	homes; but the forms, chiefly northern,	which had crossed the equator, would travel
	2849.442	different with those intruding forms	which settled themselves on the intertropical
	2857.141	and affinities of the allied species	which live in the northern and southern
	2869.1100	fastnesses of almost every land,	which serve as a record, full of interest to
	2886.1040	sides of continuous mountain-ranges,	which from an early period must have parted
	2886.1299	world, no doubt there are many cases	which cannot at present be explained: but
	2892.79	a very wide range, and allied species,	which, on my theory, are descended from a
	2892.500	the same country. But two facts,	which I have observed—and no doubt many
	2892.979	effectual: I suspended a duck's feet,	which might represent those of a bird
	2898.274	in large groups of terrestrial plants,	which have only a very few aquatic members
	2898.597	feet and beaks of birds. Wading birds,	which frequent the muddy edges of ponds, if
	2910.1436	more especially by fresh-water birds,	which have large powers of flight, and
	2912.94	the last of the three classes of facts,	which I [page] 389 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC
	2916.425	s view on continental extensions,	which, if legitimately followed out, would
	2916.839	but shall consider some other facts,	which bear on the truth of the two theories
	2918.25	modification. The species of all kinds	which inhabit oceanic islands are few in
	2922.110	and on every other oceanic island	which can be named. In St. Helena there is
	2924.987	seems to depend on the species	which do not become modified having
	2928.100	land-birds. Bermuda, on the other hand,	which lies at about the same distance from
	2928.209	Islands do from South America, and	which has a very peculiar soil, does not
	2928.708	and Madeira have been stocked by birds,	which for long ages have struggled together
	2936.779	trees or bushes belonging to orders	which elsewhere include only herbaceous
	2942.145	found on any of the many islands with	which the great oceans are studded. I have
	2944.440	equally barren. The Falkland Islands,	which are inhabited by a wolf-like fox, come
	2948.285	and hardly an island can be named on	which our smaller quadrupeds have not become
	2948.564	as shown by the stupendous degradation	which they have suffered and by their
	2954.478	regard to the great Malay Archipelago,	which is traversed near Celebes by a space of
	2962.326	having existed as halting-places, of	which not a wreck now remains, must not be
	2972.761	this be so? why should the species	which are supposed to have been created in
	2972.1050	or climate, or in the proportions in	which the several classes are associated
	2972.1101	classes are associated together,	which resembles closely the conditions of the
	2978.814	also plainly related to South America,	which, although the next nearest continent
	2978.1247	of the Glacial period. The affinity,	which, though feeble, I am assured by Dr
	2980.8	doubt, be some day explained. The law	which causes the inhabitants of an archi
	2984.1436	nature of the other inhabitants, with	which each has to compete, is at least as
	2984.1609	of the Galapagos Archipelago	which are found in other parts of the world
	2984.1709	for the moment the endemic species,	which cannot be here fairly included, as we
	2994.809	but we should remember that the forms	which become naturalised in new countries are
	2994.1355	Island to be blown to Charles Island,	which has its own mocking-thrush: why should
	2998.74	but representative land-shells, some of	which live in crevices of stone; and although
	2998.352	colonised by some European land-shells,	which no doubt had some advantage over the
	2998.519	the endemic and representative species,	which inhabit the several islands of the
	3000.14	birds, and plants. The principle	which determines the general character of the
	3004.844	occur, there will be found many forms	which some naturalists rank as distinct
	3006.345	long ago, that in those genera of birds	which range over the world, many of the
	3006.734	with most fresh-water productions, in	which so many genera range over the world
	3010.176	very widely; for the facility with	which widely-ranging species vary and give
	3010.604	Still less is it meant, that a species	which apparently has the capacity of crossing
	3016.570	probably accounts for a law	which has long been observed, and which has
	3016.604	a law which has long been observed, and	which has lately been admirably discussed by
	3018.429	close relation of the distinct species	which inhabit the islets of the same
	3024.53	climate and of the level of the land,	which have certainly occurred within the
	3024.138	period, and of other similar changes	which may have occurred within the same
	3024.310	of occasional transport,—a subject	which has hardly ever been properly
	3024.704	And we are led to this conclusion,	which has been arrived at by many naturalists
	3026.56	the distinct species of the same genus,	which on my theory must have spread from one
	3028.157	influence of the modern Glacial period,	which I am fully convinced simultaneously
	3032.507	of barriers, whether of land or water,	which separate our several zoological and
	3032.912	likewise linked to the extinct beings	which formerly inhabited the same continent
	3032.1217	for according to the length of time	which has elapsed since new inhabitants
	3032.1322	to the nature of the communication	which allowed certain forms and not others to
	3032.1439	numbers; according or not, as those	which entered happened to come in more or
	3044.94	in an intermediate deposit the forms	which are therein absent, but which occur
	3044.124	the forms which are therein absent, but	which occur above and below: so in space, it
	3044.305	is continuous; and the exceptions,	which are not rare, may, as I have attempted
	3044.1375	whether we look to the forms of life	which have changed during successive ages
	3044.1467	same quarter of the world, or to those	which have changed after having migrated into
	3057.820	species belonging to the larger genera,	which vary most. The varieties, or incipient
	3061.33	XIII. species. Consequently the groups	which are now large, and which generally
	3061.58	the groups which are now large, and	which generally include many dominant species
	3061.463	great diversity of the forms of life	which, in any small area, come into the
	3063.72	is a constant tendency in the forms	which are increasing in number and diverging
	3063.943	the next two genera on the right hand,	which diverged from a common parent at the
	3063.1170	genera still further to the right hand,	which diverged at a still earlier period. And
	3067.314	the subordination of group under group,	which, from its familiarity, does not always
	3069.235	arranging together those living objects	which are most alike, and for separating
	3069.282	most alike, and for separating those	which are most unlike; or as an artificial
	3069.1064	as that famous one of Linnæus, and	which we often meet with in a more or less
	3073.8	CLASSIFICATION. CHAP. XIII. cation,	which is partially revealed to us by our
	3075.79	in classification, and the difficulties	which are encountered on the view that
	3075.388	that those parts of the structure	which determined the habits of life, and the
	3075.1167	The generative organs being those	which are most remotely related to the habits
	3075.1505	it is that the organs of vegetation, on	which their whole life depends, are of little
	3081.302	the classificatory importance of organs	which are important is generally, but by no
	3081.795	the one fact, that in allied groups, in	which the same organ, as we have every reason
	3089.67	given of characters derived from parts	which must be considered of very trifling
	3089.139	trifling physiological importance, but	which are universally admitted as highly
	3089.352	the only character, according to Owen,	which absolutely distinguishes fishes and
	3089.471	of the jaws in Marsupials-the manner in	which the wings of insects are folded-mere
	3095.1637	me well to illustrate the spirit with	which our classifications are sometimes
	3101.71	physiological value of the characters	which they use in defining a group, or in
	3103.334	this purpose than that of the adult,	which alone plays its full part in the
	3103.679	holds good with flowering plants, of	which the two main divisions have been
	3109.297	at the opposite ends of the series,	which have hardly a character in common; yet
	3117.216	with modification; that the characters	which naturalists consider as showing true
	3117.311	any two or more species, are those	which have been inherited from a common
	3117.461	community of descent is the hidden bond	which naturalists have been unconsciously
	3119.425	the different degrees of modification	which they have undergone; and this is
	3119.744	A to L to represent allied genera,	which lived during the Silurian epoch, and
	3119.823	and these have descended from a species	which existed at an unknown anterior period
	3127.452	on a flat surface, the affinities	which we discover in nature amongst the
	3127.536	of the same group. Thus, on the view	which I hold, the natural system is
	3127.654	but the degrees of modification	which the different groups have undergone
	3135.80	at the classification of varieties,	which are believed or known to have descended
	3135.1600	would keep the forms together	which were allied in the greatest number of
	3141.674	alternate generations of Steenstrup,	which can only in a technical sense be
	3141.1117	Monochanthus, Myanthus, and Catasetum),	which had previously been ranked as three
	3147.215	it has been used in classing varieties	which have undergone a certain, and sometimes
	3147.647	understand the several rules and guides	which have been followed by our best
	3147.835	Therefore we choose those characters	which, as far as we can judge, are the least
	3147.950	relation to the conditions of life to	which each species has been recently exposed
	3151.110	of the angle of the jaw, the manner in	which an insect's wing is folded, whether the
	3153.627	of high physiological importance—those	which serve to preserve life under the most
	3159.334	anterior limbs, between the dugong,	which is a pachydermatous animal, and the
	3159.802	hardly more fanciful than the analogies	which have been drawn by some authors between
	3167.113	genera, tend to inherit the advantages,	which made the groups to which they belong
	3167.138	advantages, which made the groups to	which they belong large and their parents
	3173.583	must be the number of connecting forms	which on my theory have been exterminated and
	3173.864	very distinct from each other,	which again implies extinction. The genera
	3179.261	to Marsupials; but in the points in	which it approaches this order, its relations
	3179.658	off from some very ancient Marsupial,	which will have had a character in some
	3185.162	complex and radiating affinities by	which all the members of the same family or
	3185.913	understand the extraordinary difficulty	which naturalists have experienced in
	3185.1016	of a diagram, the various affinities	which they perceive between the many living
	3187.375	of life have been utterly lost, through	which the early progenitors of birds were
	3187.555	entire extinction of the forms of life	which once connected fishes with batrachians
	3191.139	no means made them; for if every form	which has ever lived on this earth were
	3191.260	quite impossible to give definitions by	which each group could be distinguished from
	3191.617	eleven Silurian genera, some of	which have produced large groups of modified
	3191.1006	impossible to give any definition by	which the several members of the several
	3191.1808	collecting all the forms in any class	which have lived throughout all time and
	3195.250	can separate and define the groups to	which such types belong. Finally, we have
	3197.46	we have seen that natural selection,	which results from the struggle for existence
	3197.97	from the struggle for existence, and	which almost inevitably induces extinction
	3197.679	descent is the hidden bond of connexion	which naturalists have sought under the term
	3197.1016	c., we can understand the rules	which we are compelled to follow in our
	3215.554	or multiplication of others,—variations	which we know to be within the limits of
	3217.1063	animals, and in flowers, that organs,	which when mature [page] 437 CHAP. XIII
	3223.546	purposes? Why should one crustacean,	which has an extremely complex mouth formed
	3237.126	a crab retaining numerous characters,	which they would probably have retained
	3239.89	that certain organs in the individual,	which when mature become widely different and
	3241.28	The points of structure, in	which the embryos of widely different animals
	3245.217	similar conditions,—in the young mammal	which is nourished in the womb of its mother
	3245.286	of its mother, in the egg of the bird	which is hatched in a nest, and in the spawn
	3245.722	or are related to the conditions to	which they are exposed. The case, however
	3247.1043	the pedunculated and sessile,	which differ widely in external appearance
	3251.592	eye, and a probosciformed mouth, with	which they feed largely, for they increase
	3251.1061	powers of swimming, a proper place on	which to become attached and to undergo their
	3251.1781	for the male is a mere sack,	which lives for a short time, and is
	3257.204	parts in the same indivividual embryo,	which ultimately become very unlike and serve
	3261.168	than the mature animal, into	which it is developed. I believe that all
	3263.928	been affected by the conditions to	which either parent, or their ancestors, have
	3263.1144	in life; as when an hereditary disease,	which appears in old age alone, has been
	3267.90	not signify, for instance, to a bird	which obtained its food best by having a long
	3267.337	the many successive modifications, by	which each species has acquired its present
	3269.448	But further than this, variations	which, for all that we can see, might have
	3269.737	taking the word in the largest sense)	which have supervened at an earlier age in
	3283.486	that the characteristic differences	which give value to each breed, and which
	3283.522	which give value to each breed, and	which have been accumulated by man's
	3283.751	the case of the short-faced tumbler,	which when twelve hours old had acquired its
	3285.262	from some one parent-species, and of	which the several new species have become
	3289.272	classes. The fore-limbs, for instance,	which served as legs in the parent-species
	3289.1216	will mainly affect the mature animal,	which has come to its full powers of activity
	3291.83	might supervene, from causes of	which we are wholly ignorant, at a very early
	3291.211	at an earlier period than that at	which it first appeared. In either case (as
	3295.1678	become fitted for sites or habits, in	which organs of locomotion or of the senses
	3297.47	the organic beings, extinct and recent,	which [page] 449 CHAP. XIII. EMBRYOLOGY
	3301.285	on my view the hidden bond of connexion	which naturalists have been seeking under the
	3301.1713	be proved true in those cases alone in	which the ancient state, now supposed to be
	3305.104	at an earlier period than that at	which they first appeared. It should also be
	3307.58	to me, the leading facts in embryology,	which are second in importance to none in
	3309.575	the presence of teeth in fœtal whales,	which when grown up have not a tooth in their
	3309.655	their heads; and the presence of teeth,	which never cut through the gums, in the
	3315.203	most closely in all respects, one of	which will have full-sized wings, and another
	3321.65	in some Compositæ, the male florets,	which of course cannot be fecundated, have a
	3321.118	cannot be fecundated, have a pistil,	which is in a rudimentary state, for it is
	3323.181	closely allied species, the degree to	which the same organ has been rendered
	3323.479	animal or plant no trace of an organ,	which analogy would lead us to expect to find
	3323.530	would lead us to expect to find, and	which is occasionally found in monstrous
	3331.167	for the same reasoning power	which tells us plainly that most parts and
	3331.1020	can we suppose that the minute papilla,	which often represents the pistil in male
	3331.1075	the pistil in male flowers, and	which is formed merely of cellular tissue
	3331.1187	that the formation of rudimentary teeth	which are subsequently absorbed, can be of
	3337.1001	of birds inhabiting oceanic islands,	which have seldom been forced to take flight
	3339.24	rudimentary. Any change in function,	which can be effected by insensibly small
	3343.958	explained in a former chapter, by	which the materials forming any part or
	3345.101	in every part of the organisation,	which has long existed, to be inherited—we
	3345.491	useless in the pronunciation, but	which serve as a clue in seeking for its
	3351.170	that the nature of the relationship, by	which all living and extinct beings are
	3351.766	of the common parentage of those forms	which are considered by naturalists as allied
	3359.300	embryo of the homologous parts,	which when matured will become widely
	3359.578	as possible. Larvæ are active embryos,	which have become specially modified in
	3361.38	Finally, the several classes of facts	which have been considered in this chapter
	3361.192	and families of organic beings, with	which this world is [page] 458 SUMMARY. CHAP
	3378.701	perfection of any organ or instinct,	which we may consider, either do now exist or
	3384.78	of species when first crossed,	which forms so remarkable a contrast with the
	3384.277	given at the end of the eighth chapter,	which seem to me conclusively to show that
	3390.10	CHAP. XIV. RECAPITULATION. varieties	which have been experimentised on have been
	3398.641	climatal and geographical changes	which have affected the earth during modern
	3404.101	supplanted form. Even on a wide area,	which has during a long period remained
	3404.160	long period remained continuous, and of	which the climate and other conditions of
	3404.611	shown that the intermediate varieties	which will at first probably exist in the
	3404.882	rate than the intermediate varieties,	which exist in lesser numbers; so that the
	3406.489	and forcible of the many objections	which may be urged against my theory. Why
	3412.473	generations of countless species	which certainly have existed. We should not
	3412.904	existing doubtful forms could be named	which are probably varieties; but who will
	3418.250	but that it is imperfect to the degree	which I require, few will be inclined to
	3418.435	and they have changed in the manner	which my theory requires, for they have
	3420.65	chief objections and difficulties	which may justly be urged against my theory
	3420.176	the answers and explanations	which can be given to them. I have felt these
	3424.110	objections relate to questions on	which we are confessedly ignorant; nor do we
	3426.793	reason to believe that a modification,	which has already been inherited for many
	3434.46	is no obvious reason why the principles	which have acted so efficiently under
	3434.396	the high geometrical ratio of increase	which is common to all organic beings. This
	3434.704	A grain in the balance will determine	which individual shall live and which shall
	3434.736	which individual shall live and	which shall die,—which variety or species
	3434.753	shall live and which shall die,—	which variety or species shall increase in
	3434.808	species shall increase in number, and	which shall decrease, or finally become
	3438.469	or during any season, over those with	which it comes into competition, or better
	3440.164	The most vigorous individuals, or those	which have most successfully struggled with
	3446.42	admitted the existence of varieties,	which they think sufficiently distinct to be
	3446.341	how naturalists differ in the rank	which they assign to the many representative
	3450.287	special acts of creation, and varieties	which are acknowledged to have been produced
	3454.347	the species of the larger genera,	which afford the greater number of varieties
	3454.722	in little groups round other species—in	which respects they resemble varieties. These
	3460.531	groups, all within a few great classes,	which we now see everywhere around us, and
	3460.574	we now see everywhere around us, and	which has prevailed throughout all time. This
	3462.232	the canon of "Natura non facit saltum,"	which every fresh addition to our knowledge
	3464.207	on the ground; that upland geese,	which never or rarely swim, should have been
	3472.104	as far as we can see, with the laws	which have governed the production of so
	3476.63	instance, at the logger-headed duck,	which has wings incapable of flight, in
	3476.197	when we look at the burrowing tucutucu,	which is occasionally blind, and then at
	3476.253	blind, and then at certain moles,	which are habitually blind and have their
	3478.120	the specific characters, or those by	which the species of the same genus differ
	3478.228	variable than the generic characters in	which they all agree? Why, for instance
	3478.570	are only well-marked varieties, of	which the characters have become in a high
	3478.764	progenitor in certain characters, by	which they have come to be specifically
	3482.106	be variable than the generic characters	which have been inherited without change for
	3484.614	we see, in the case of neuter insects,	which leave no progeny to inherit the effects
	3492.387	species and of whole groups of species,	which has played so conspicuous a part in the
	3496.363	of common parents. As the groups	which have descended from an ancient
	3502.80	the full meaning of the wonderful fact,	which must have struck every traveller
	3504.205	We can clearly see why those animals	which cannot cross wide spaces of ocean, as
	3504.378	hand, new and peculiar species of bats,	which can traverse the ocean, should so often
	3516.358	is a genealogical arrangement, in	which we have to discover the lines of
	3518.594	modification of parts or organs,	which were alike in the early progenitor of
	3518.1089	running in loops, like those in a fish	which has to breathe the air dissolved in
	3524.441	for instance, has inherited teeth,	which never cut through the gums of the upper
	3524.1390	structures, her scheme of modification,	which it seems that we wilfully will not
	3526.60	the chief facts and considerations	which have thoroughly convinced me that
	3532.182	slow in admitting any great change of	which we do not see the intermediate steps
	3538.805	only thus can the load of prejudice by	which this subject is overwhelmed be removed
	3540.301	They admit that a multitude of forms,	which till lately they themselves thought
	3540.371	thought were special creations, and	which are still thus looked at by the
	3540.438	at by the majority of naturalists, and	which consequently have every external
	3540.731	they can define, or even conjecture,	which are the created forms of life, and
	3540.772	are the created forms of life, and	which are those produced by secondary laws
	3546.155	because the more distinct the forms are	which we may consider, by so much the
	3552.636	that probably all the organic beings	which have ever lived on this earth have
	3552.723	from some one primordial form, into	which life was first breathed. When the
	3560.484	every production of nature as one	which has had a history; when we contemplate
	3566.860	genealogies, by characters of any kind	which have long been inherited. Rudimentary
	3566.1016	Species and groups of species,	which are called aberrant, and which may
	3566.1047	species, which are called aberrant, and	which may fancifully be called living fossils
	3572.141	means of migration, then, by the light	which geology now throws, and will continue
	3574.704	contemporaneous two formations,	which include few identical species, by the
	3574.1001	of all causes of organic change is one	which is almost independent of altered and
	3578.967	of time, compared with the ages	which have elapsed since the first creature
	3582.504	lineal descendants of some few beings	which lived long before the [page] 489 CHAP
	3586.333	far distant futurity; for the manner in	which all organic beings are grouped, shows
	3586.687	to the larger and dominant groups,	which will ultimately prevail and procreate
	3586.825	are the lineal descendants of those	which lived long before the Silurian epoch
	3588.483	Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance	which is almost implied by reproduction
	3592.302	and death, the most exalted object	which we are capable of conceiving, namely
	4830.71	Being those Portions of the above work	which relate to the BRITISH CONSTITUTION and
	4962.37	Military Operations in Kaffraria,	which led to the Termination of the Kaffir
	5120.68	a Selection from the LITERARY PAPERS	which have appeared in that Journal. 7th
	5588.83	with Remarks on its Antiquities; to	which is added, the Demi of Attica. Second
	5860.160	Present State of every Title of Peerage	which has existed in this Country since the
	5884.81	Angler, and the Miseries of Fishing. To	which is added, Maxims and Hints for a Chess
	5932.41	S (JAMES) Insect Architecture. To	which are added Chapters on the Ravages, the
	5954.42	A Memoir of the Remarkable Events	which attended the Accession of the Emperor
6			while
	319.130	and diversified. It is well worth	while carefully to study the several
	1070.12	new sub-genera and genera. It is worth	while to reflect for a moment on the
	2307.503	my views. Hence it will be worth	while to sum up the foregoing remarks, under
	3129.16	orders, and classes. It may be worth	while to illustrate this view of
	5225.190	Including his DIARY OF POLITICAL EVENTS	while First Lord of the Treasury. Edited
	6014.99	GRENVILLE'S DIARY OF POLITICAL EVENTS,	while First Lord of the Treasury. Edited
26			whilst
	337.846	is, to lose their acquired characters,	whilst kept under unchanged conditions, and
	337.890	kept under unchanged conditions, and	whilst kept in a considerable body, so that
	576.113	attain the rank of species. They may	whilst in this incipient state become extinct
	741.1459	the growth of the young seedling,	whilst struggling with other plants growing
	878.1371	I raised plenty of seedlings; and	whilst another species of Lobelia growing
	1237.1305	of things may be of almost any shape;	whilst a tool for some particular object had
	1249.455	attended to Mr. Waterhouse's remark,	whilst investigating this Order, and I am
	1398.327	on the shallow bed of the sea,	whilst it slowly subsides. These contingencies
	1398.436	and after enormously long intervals.	Whilst the bed of the sea is stationary or is
	1626.204	function, the one having been perfected	whilst aided by the other, must often have
	1795.93	there is any difficulty in the bees,	whilst at work on the two sides of a strip of
	2157.300	for a very long period unaltered,	whilst its descendants had undergone a vast
	2279.866	derived, and thus diminish the supply	whilst the downward movement continues. In
	2315.368	would be either stationary or rising;	whilst rising, each fossiliferous formation
	2418.265	sediment having been deposited on areas	whilst subsiding, our formations have been
	2576.787	at a corresponding age. This process,	whilst it leaves the embryo almost unaltered
	2717.739	majority sank quickly, but some which	whilst green floated for a very short time
	2753.552	the long lapse of geological time,	whilst an island was being upheaved and formed
	2767.333	and higher, as the warmth increased,	whilst their brethren were pursuing their
	2787.375	period, before the Glacial epoch, and	whilst the majority of the inhabitants of the
	2904.1195	the seeds might be dropped by the bird	whilst feeding its young, in the same way as
	3038.524	should be absent from oceanic islands,	whilst the most isolated islands possess their
	3044.959	find that some organisms differ little,	whilst others belonging to a different class
	3129.559	had given rise to few new languages,	whilst others (owing to the spreading and
	3578.248	remain for a long period unchanged,	whilst within this same period, several of
	3592.539	into a few forms or into one; and that,	whilst this planet has gone cycling on
1			whimsical
	313.580	Some instances of correlation are quite	whimsical: thus [page] 12 VARIATION. cats with
1			whirling
	816.1092	described as fighting, bellowing, and	whirling round, like Indians in a war-dance, for
1			whirlwinds
	2886.390	of the live fish not rarely dropped by	whirlwinds in India, and the vitality of their ova
20			white
	317.223	collected by Heusinger, it appears that	white sheep and pigs are differently affected
	399.123	pigeon is of a slaty-blue, and has a	white rump (the Indian sub-species, C
	399.300	outer feathers externally edged with	white; the wings have two black bars; some
	399.662	birds, all the above marks, even to the	white edging of the outer tail-feathers
	399.990	for instance, I crossed some uniformly	white fantails with some uniformly black
	399.1150	and one grandchild of the pure	white fantail and pure black barb was of as
	399.1228	of as beautiful a blue colour, with the	white rump, double black wing-bar, and barred
	792.285	mottled-grey; the alpine ptarmigan	white in winter, the red-grouse the colour of
	796.54	persons are warned not to keep	white pigeons, as being the most liable to
	796.485	how essential it is in a flock of	white sheep to destroy every lamb with the
	1299.154	with two black bars on the wings, a	white [page] 160 LAWS OF VARIATION. CHAP. V
	1303.99	externally edged near their bases with	white. As all these marks are characteristic
	1323.624	very variable in length and outline. A	white ass, but not an albino, has been
	1689.1092	he points to aid his master, than the	white butterfly knows why she lays her eggs
	2070.279	as Gärtner: namely, that yellow and	white varieties of the same species of
	2074.11	FERTILITY OF MONGRELS. yellow and	white varieties of one species are crossed
	2074.70	one species are crossed with yellow and	white varieties of a distinct species, more
	2755.594	more remarkable, that the plants on the	White Mountains, in the United States of
	4022.45	Sir R., on peacocks, 89. Heusinger on	white animals not poisoned by certain plants
	4568.26	fossil, 303. Wheat, varieties of, 113.	White Mountains, flora of, 365. Wings
1			white-edged
	399.1278	double black wing-bar, and barred and	white-edged tail-feathers, as any wild rock-pigeon
1			whitefriars
	6154.30	s. each. BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS,	WHITEFRIARS. [page break] [page break] [inside
1			whitwell
	4632.67	with a New Life and Notes. By Rev.	WHITWELL ELWIN. 4 Vols. 8vo. In Preparation
1			whoever
	3538.644	of the question with impartiality.	Whoever is led to believe that species are
140			whole
	264.78	the doctrine of Malthus, applied to the	whole animal and vegetable kingdoms. As many
	270.28	brief recapitulation of the	whole work, and a few concluding remarks. No
	311.296	of the leg more, in proportion to the	whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the
	319.438	differ slightly from each other. The	whole organisation seems to have become
	325.818	Perhaps the correct way of viewing the	whole subject, would be, to look at the
	359.4	may not have existed in Egypt? The	whole subject must, I think, remain vague
	365.1078	in the case of the domestic dogs of the	whole world, which I fully admit have
	395.363	we may look in vain throughout the	whole great family of Columbidæ for a beak
	399.538	together in any other species of the	whole family. Now, in every one of the
	463.64	selection, and by careful training, the	whole body of English racehorses have come to
	582.802	are fairly well established. The	whole subject, however, treated as it
	645.731	in the mind, I am convinced that the	whole economy of nature, with every fact on
	653.766	applied with manifold force to the	whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in
	661.701	which have become common throughout	whole islands in a period of less than ten
	673.14	RATE OF INCREASE. III. conditions, a	whole district, let it be ever so large. The
	693.378	we are tempted to attribute the	whole effect to its direct action. But this
	719.967	I have very little doubt, that if the	whole genus of humble-bees became [page
	766.511	it may be truly said that the	whole organisation becomes in some degree
	784.376	of constitutional difference, on the	whole machinery of life. Man selects only for
	788.212	with those accumulated by nature during	whole geological periods. Can we wonder, then
	810.549	structure used only once in an animal's	whole life, if of high importance to it
	846.1839	stamens alone in one flower or on one	whole plant, and pistils alone in [page
	856.55	visited by humble-bees alone; so that	whole fields of the red clover offer in vain
	898.215	closely with each other in almost their	whole organisation, yet are not rarely, some
	930.110	the production of new species, on the	whole I am inclined to believe that largeness
	1048.928	So it probably will be with many	whole collateral lines of descent, which will
	1104.1322	of various sizes may represent those	whole orders, families, and genera which have
	1191.7	appeared to be than others. On the	whole, I think we may conclude that habit
	1197.58	I mean by this expression that the	whole organisation is so tied together during
	1197.583	the early embryo, seriously affects the	whole organisation of the adult. The several
	1219.88	growth, structures which are common to	whole groups of species, and which in truth
	1219.405	having been transmitted to a	whole group of descendants with diverse
	1219.603	correlations, occurring throughout	whole orders, are entirely due to the manner
	1231.875	and protected Proteolepas, the	whole anterior part of the head is reduced to
	1245.1094	not here apply, because there is a	whole group of bats having wings; it would
	1257.484	domestic animals, if any part, or the	whole animal, be neglected and no selection
	1257.602	the comb in the Dorking fowl) or the	whole breed will cease to have a nearly
	1293.479	may be developed, if it be common to a	whole group of species;—that the great
	1357.1073	variable than those which have their	whole organisation more specialised, and are
	1357.1758	that the same principle applies to the	whole individual; for in a district where
	1536.186	These cirripedes have no branchiæ, the	whole surface of the body and sack, including
	1560.62	are much too ignorant in regard to the	whole economy of any one organic being, to
	1598.363	by each part, each will be found on the	whole advantageous. After the lapse of time
	1606.448	the insect's own death: for if on the	whole the power of stinging be useful to the
	1649.328	a difficulty sufficient to overthrow my	whole theory. I must premise, that I have
	1695.286	a cross with a greyhound has given to a	whole family of shepherd-dogs a tendency to
	1701.451	I presume that we must attribute the	whole of the inherited change from extreme
	1801.640	deepen each cell. They do not make the	whole three-sided pyramidal base of any one
	1837.321	insuperable, and actually fatal to my	whole theory. I allude to the neuters or
	1950.908	namely Mr. Blyth and Capt. Hutton, that	whole flocks of these crossed geese are kept
	1986.527	of any recognisable difference in their	whole organisation. On the other hand, these
	2032.510	extent with systematic affinity, for	whole groups of animals and plants are
	2032.605	by the same unnatural conditions; and	whole groups of species tend to produce
	2060.1202	during vast periods of time on the	whole organisation, in any way which may be
	2110.951	slowly and naturally produced. On the	whole I entirely agree with Dr. Prosper Lucas
	2126.208	which have had this system and their	whole organisation disturbed by being
	2155.272	The common parent will have had in its	whole organisation much general resemblance
	2213.1197	yard in height to be eaten back along a	whole line of coast at the rate of one yard
	2213.1642	degradation at the same time along its	whole indented length; and we must remember
	2217.32	of one inch per century for the	whole length would be an ample allowance. At
	2221.168	During each of these years, over the	whole world, the land and the water has been
	2227.378	is being deposited over nearly the	whole bed of the sea, at a rate sufficiently
	2241.449	a short geological period. Along the	whole west coast, which is inhabited by a
	2261.95	that the geological record, viewed as a	whole, is extremely imperfect; but if we
	2273.786	period, which forms only a part of one	whole geological period; and likewise to
	2273.1155	within the same area during the	whole of this period. It is not, for instance
	2273.1250	that sediment was deposited during the	whole of the glacial period near the mouth of
	2279.404	live on the same area throughout this	whole time. But we have seen that a thick
	2281.53	that each separate formation, like the	whole pile of formations in any country, has
	2285.1387	not lived on the same spot during the	whole period of deposition, but have
	2311.0	IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP. IX.	whole world in organic beings; yet if all the
	2317.86	one great period of subsidence over the	whole or part of the archipelago, together
	2331.28	my theory. On the sudden appearance of	whole groups of Allied Species.—The abrupt
	2331.87	Species.—The abrupt manner in which	whole groups of species suddenly appear in
	2339.117	we are to error in supposing that	whole groups of species have suddenly been
	2351.97	the apparently sudden appearance of a	whole group of species, is that of the
	2351.496	teleostean. Assuming, however, that the	whole of them did appear, as Agassiz believes
	2365.177	as, or probably far longer than, the	whole interval from the Silurian age to the
	2385.217	existed; the sudden manner in which	whole groups of species appear in our
	2438.48	from the world. Both single species and	whole groups of species last for very unequal
	2438.888	cases, however, the extermination of	whole groups of beings, as of ammonites
	2440.4	has been wonderfully sudden. The	whole subject of the extinction of species
	2440.663	South America, has run wild over the	whole country and has increased in numbers at
	2444.895	in a very few years have stocked the	whole continent. But we could not have told
	2460.55	the apparently sudden extermination of	whole families or orders, as of Trilobites at
	2466.64	the manner in which single species and	whole groups of species become extinct
	2466.514	action, yet seldom perceived by us, the	whole economy of nature will be utterly
	2480.456	as measured by years, including the	whole glacial epoch), were to be compared
	2486.521	depend on general laws which govern the	whole animal kingdom." M. Barrande has made
	2498.241	be allied in groups by inheritance,	whole groups would tend slowly to disappear
	2514.779	system. With respect to the Vertebrata,	whole pages could be filled with striking
	2514.1096	links, that he has had to alter the	whole classification of these two orders; and
	2552.90	that the fauna of each period as a	whole is nearly intermediate in character
	2562.392	pleistocene period, which includes the	whole glacial period, and note how little the
	2596.1310	the other old species and the other	whole genera having become utterly extinct
	2604.90	record, will rightly reject my	whole theory. For he may ask in vain where
	2608.222	falsely apparent, sudden coming in of	whole groups of species. He may ask where are
	2614.305	earth. But the utter extinction of a	whole group of species may often be a very
	2624.287	that organisation on the	whole has progressed. If it should hereafter
	2663.1550	how it is that sections of genera,	whole genera, [page] 351 CHAP. XI. SINGLE
	2671.293	species, which have undergone during	whole geological periods but little
	2699.355	on simultaneously changing, and the	whole amount of modification will not have
	2735.630	Some hawks and owls bolt their prey	whole, and after an interval of from twelve
	2749.1268	or two land-birds are blown across the	whole Atlantic Ocean, from North America to
	2817.847	believing that the temperature of the	whole world was at this period simultaneously
	2819.20	of longitude. On this view of the	whole world, or at least of broad
	2835.147	body of geological evidence, that the	whole world, or a large part of it, was
	2849.246	from geological evidence that the	whole body of arctic shells underwent
	2938.31	trees. With respect to the absence of	whole orders on [page] 393 CHAP. XII
	2960.186	or sections of classes,—the absence of	whole groups, as of batrachians, and of
	3004.250	has given the same general forms to the	whole world. We see this same principle in
	3018.543	relation of the inhabitants of each	whole archipelago or island to those of the
	3028.212	convinced simultaneously affected the	whole world, or at least great meridional
	3038.418	quarters of the world. We can see why	whole groups of organisms, as batrachians and
	3075.756	though so intimately connected with the	whole life of the being, are ranked as merely
	3075.1517	organs of vegetation, on which their	whole life depends, are of little
	3089.213	highly serviceable in the definition of	whole groups. For instance, whether or not
	3123.1532	descendants of the genus F, along its	whole line of descent, are supposed to have
	3145.610	to be classed under the bear genus. The	whole case is preposterous; for where there
	3185.270	together. For the common parent of a	whole family of species, now broken up by
	3187.210	account even for the distinctness of	whole classes from each other—for instance
	3203.333	of the class are homologous. The	whole subject is included under the general
	3211.1125	of the limbs throughout the	whole class. So with the mouths of insects
	3229.228	the most diverse purposes. And as the	whole amount of modification will have been
	3255.523	visible in the embryo. And in some	whole groups of animals and in certain
	3289.210	of pigeons. We may extend this view to	whole families or even classes. The fore
	3295.94	is the rule of development in certain	whole groups of animals, as with cuttle-fish
	3337.393	in young animals,—and the state of the	whole flower in the cauliflower. We often see
	3376.8	history—Concluding remarks. AS this	whole volume is one long argument, it may be
	3382.372	that any organ or instinct, or any	whole being, could not have arrived at its
	3406.542	urged against my theory. Why, again, do	whole groups of allied species appear, though
	3448.528	long ages and rigidly scrutinising the	whole constitution, structure, and habits of
	3492.362	The extinction of species and of	whole groups of species, which has played so
	3502.831	zones, though separated by the	whole intertropical ocean. Although two areas
	3544.768	on their own side they ignore the	whole subject of the first appearance of
	3546.301	extend very far. All the members of	whole classes can be connected together by
	3546.761	in the descendants. Throughout	whole classes various structures are formed
	3572.361	migrations of the inhabitants of the	whole world. Even at present, by comparing
	3578.787	been slow in an extreme degree. The	whole history of the world, as at present
	3586.1000	and that no cataclysm has desolated the	whole world. Hence we may look with some
45			wholly
	337.502	they would to a large extent, or even	wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock
	707.791	numbers of the heath-plants were	wholly changed, but twelve species of plants
	723.90	red clover would become very rare, or	wholly disappear. The number of humble-bees in
	804.1023	an insect to a score of contingencies,	wholly different from those which concern the
	812.302	to the other sex, or in relation to	wholly different habits of life in the two
	908.103	object, and free intercrossing will	wholly stop his work. But when many men
	948.874	several causes are amply sufficient	wholly to stop the action of natural selection
	1119.216	due to chance. This, of course, is a	wholly incorrect expression, but it serves to
	1149.86	modifications of structure which are	wholly, or mainly, due to natural selection
	1161.455	in darkness, I attribute their loss	wholly to disuse. In one of the blind animals
	1217.760	systematists as of high value, may be	wholly due to unknown laws of correlated
	1249.1086	the different species being sometimes	wholly unlike in shape; and the amount of
	1380.160	by the modification of some animal with	wholly different habits? Can we believe that
	1484.498	the strictly terrestrial thrush family	wholly subsists by diving,—grasping the stones
	1522.230	same organ performing at the same time	wholly distinct functions; thus the alimentary
	1522.666	for one function alone, and thus	wholly change its nature by insensible steps
	1524.219	may be converted into one for a	wholly different purpose, namely respiration
	1530.590	the higher Vertebrata the branchiæ have	wholly disappeared-the slits on the sides of
	1628.304	believe that many modifications,	wholly due to the laws of growth, and at first
	1681.251	inhabited, but often from causes	wholly unknown to us: Audubon has given
	1703.1145	other hand, young chickens have lost,	wholly by habit, that fear of the dog and cat
	1825.1803	have seen, the spherical surfaces would	wholly disappear, and would all be replaced by
	1877.810	discussed this case, at some little but	wholly insufficient length, in order to show
	1885.644	of our distinct Kitty-wrens,—a habit	wholly unlike that of any other known bird
	2149.274	between them. But this is a	wholly false view; we should always look for
	2227.91	every year in Europe prove. No organism	wholly soft can be preserved. Shells and bones
	2267.803	rash to suppose that it then became	wholly extinct. We forget how small the area
	2367.1072	If these most ancient beds had been	wholly worn away by denudation, or obliterated
	2450.37	been exterminated, either locally or	wholly, through man's agency. I may repeat
	2472.1054	to the Old and New Worlds be kept	wholly out of view, the general parallelism in
	2544.227	in a satisfactory manner. And they are	wholly inexplicable on any other view. On
	2596.278	These huge animals have become	wholly extinct, and have left no progeny. But
	2608.729	period, the world may have presented a	wholly different aspect; and that the older
	2614.472	situations. When a group has once	wholly disappeared, it does not reappear; for
	2651.820	either of land or open sea, they are	wholly distinct. On the other hand, proceeding
	2713.358	facilities may be said to be almost	wholly unknown. Until I tried, with Mr
	2849.398	northward, the case may have been	wholly different with those intruding forms
	2994.385	another, it will in a very brief time	wholly or in part supplant it; but if both are
	3275.608	between these two breeds has been	wholly caused by selection under domestication
	3291.96	supervene, from causes of which we are	wholly ignorant, at a very early period of
	3325.158	detected in the embryo, but afterwards	wholly disappear. It is also, I believe, a
	3343.830	the rudimentary part would tend to be	wholly lost, and we should have a case of
	3394.466	one part to the others. We are often	wholly unable [page] 462 RECAPITULATION. CHAP
	3426.1018	it has once come into play, does not	wholly cease; for new varieties are still
	3560.402	savage looks at a ship, as at something	wholly beyond his comprehension; when we
2			whorls
	3225.341	we see a series of successive spiral	whorls of leaves. An indefinite repetition of
	3225.720	of flowering plants, many spiral	whorls of leaves. We have formerly seen that
12			whose
	359.816	from one wild stock. Mr. Blyth,	whose opinion, from his large and varied
	419.608	with whom I have ever conversed, or	whose treatises I have read, are firmly
	713.662	Hence, if certain insectivorous birds (	whose numbers are probably regulated by hawks
	1213.202	ray-florets serve to attract insects,	whose agency is highly advantageous in the
	1695.593	for example, Le Roy describes a dog,	whose great-grandfather was a wolf, and this
	1729.127	to the species, and if the insect	whose nest and stored food are thus
	2078.11	present analogous facts. Kölreuter,	whose accuracy has been confirmed by every
	2086.229	in several other respects. Gärtner,	whose strong wish was to draw a marked line
	2267.191	I am aware that two palæontologists,	whose opinions are worthy of much deference
	2434.470	de Beaumont, Murchison, Barrande, &c.,	whose general views would naturally lead them
	3534.165	to convince experienced naturalists	whose minds are stocked with a multitude of
	3538.174	when we only restate a fact. Any one	whose disposition leads him to attach more
98			widely
	160.215	the same species — Species with habits	widely different from those of their allies
	272.283	Who can explain why one species ranges	widely and is very numerous, and why another
	343.1310	correct; but naturalists differ most	widely in determining what characters are of
	499.707	gradual process, they will spread more	widely, and will get recognised as something
	566.536	forms. But if his observations be	widely extended, he will in the end generally
	584.504	and the species which are most	widely diffused within their own country (and
	588.18	VARY MOST. CHAP. II. those which range	widely over the world, are the most diffused
	594.20	GENERA VARIABLE. generally much more	widely diffused than plants higher in the
	594.182	cause of lowly-organised plants ranging	widely will be discussed in our chapter on
	741.849	other plants; so that the seeds may be	widely distributed and fall on unoccupied
	804.710	a plant to have its seeds more and more	widely disseminated by the wind, I can see no
	930.306	for a long period, and of spreading	widely. Throughout a great and open area, not
	934.1203	will be those that will spread most	widely, will give rise to most new varieties
	940.727	connect to a certain extent orders now	widely separated in the natural scale. These
	942.468	likely to endure long and to spread	widely. For the area will first have existed
	978.320	be better enabled to seize on many and	widely diversified places in the polity of
	1002.212	general economy of any land, the more	widely and perfectly the animals and plants
	1046.363	have the best chance of filling new and	widely different places in the polity of
	1056.372	also supposed to be very common and	widely diffused species, so that they must
	1060.385	will be allied to each other in a	widely different manner. Of the eight
	1060.838	of the process of modification, will be	widely different from the other five species
	1078.558	from a different parent, will differ	widely from the three genera descended from (A
	1183.168	nature, could easily be brought to bear	widely different climates. We must not
	1257.1695	individuals are born which depart	widely from the standard. There may be truly
	1281.280	same group differ from each other more	widely in their secondary sexual characters
	1297.336	breeds of pigeons, in countries most	widely apart, present sub-varieties with
	1374.205	in the same species—Species with habits	widely different from those of their allies
	1476.311	seen by Hearne swimming for hours with	widely open mouth, thus catching, like a whale
	1478.62	of a species following habits	widely different from those both of their own
	1546.134	a dozen fishes, of which several are	widely remote in their affinities. Generally
	1590.871	now are to these animals having such	widely diversified habits. Therefore we may
	1837.432	for these neuters often differ	widely in instinct and in structure from both
	1839.749	lies in the working ants differing	widely from both the males and the fertile
	1871.244	or all of small size with jaws having a	widely different structure; or lastly, and
	1873.123	workers existing in the same nest, both	widely different from each other and from
	1938.394	and plantaginea, species most	widely dissimilar in general habit
	1944.267	then we may infer that animals more	widely separated in the scale of nature can be
	1982.185	It can be shown that plants most	widely different in habit and general
	2006.1065	the other deciduous, and adaptation to	widely different climates, does not always
	2048.522	males and females which have become	widely or specifically different, produce
	2056.557	so many domestic varieties, differing	widely from each other in appearance, for
	2078.183	is more fertile, when crossed with a	widely distinct species, than are the other
	2100.46	with a third species, the hybrids are	widely different from each other; whereas if
	2118.670	is generally different, and sometimes	widely different, in reciprocal crosses
	2126.1210	latter capacity evidently depends on	widely different circumstances-should all run
	2297.81	than are the species found in more	widely separated formations; but to this
	2299.272	that such local varieties do not spread	widely and supplant their parent-forms until
	2337.429	would be able to spread rapidly and	widely throughout the world. I will now give
	2351.1280	in some one sea, might have spread	widely. Nor have we any right to suppose that
	2389.324	life, entombed in our consecutive, but	widely separated formations. On this view, the
	2472.1152	forms of life, in the stages of the	widely separated palæozoic and tertiary
	2488.652	in their own homes, and are most	widely diffused, having produced the greatest
	2500.237	formed by dominant species spreading	widely and varying; the new species thus
	2522.132	by some of its characters groups now	widely separated from each other. This remark
	2536.807	long and circuitous course through many	widely different forms. If many extinct forms
	2602.998	in any one area and formation; that	widely ranging species are those which have
	2622.5	be- [page] 345 CHAP. X. SUMMARY. come	widely divergent. Extinct forms are seldom
	2641.246	of the Old and New Worlds, how	widely different are their living productions
	2749.80	fact if many plants had not thus become	widely transported. These means of transport
	2809.586	Zealand; and the same plants, found on	widely separated mountains in this island
	2867.0	GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. CHAP. XI.	widely dispersed to various points of the
	2880.156	water productions would not have ranged	widely within the same country, and as the sea
	2882.53	in fresh-water productions of ranging	widely, though so unexpected, can, I think, in
	2886.143	same continent the species often range	widely and almost capriciously; for two river
	2954.565	ocean; and this space separates two	widely distinct mammalian faunas. On either
	2988.1026	on continents some species spreading	widely and remaining the same. The really
	3000.550	forms, chiefly of plants, have spread	widely throughout the world during the recent
	3010.146	that some of the species range very	widely; for the facility with which widely
	3010.671	of crossing barriers and ranging	widely, as in the case of certain powerfully
	3010.753	winged birds, will necessarily range	widely; for we should never forget that to
	3010.802	we should never forget that to range	widely implies not only the power of crossing
	3010.1229	some at least of the species range very	widely; for it is necessary that the
	3010.1297	that the unmodified parent should range	widely, undergoing modification during its
	3016.357	have had a better chance of ranging	widely and of still retaining the same
	3016.747	any group of organisms is, the more	widely it is apt to range. The relations just
	3018.85	slowly-changing organisms ranging more	widely than the high,—some of the species of
	3018.171	ranging genera themselves ranging	widely,—such facts, as alpine, lacustrine, and
	3057.481	matter, and so on; but the case is	widely different in nature; for it is
	3057.713	I have attempted to show that it is the	widely ranging, the much diffused and common
	3081.922	value, its classificatory value is	widely different. No naturalist can have
	3123.96	same millionth degree; yet they differ	widely and in different degrees from each
	3123.775	same degree in blood, has come to be	widely different. Nevertheless their
	3167.221	they are almost sure to spread	widely, and to seize on more and more places
	3171.132	higher groups are in number, and how	widely spread they are throughout the world
	3203.1182	can be given to the homologous bones in	widely different animals. We see the same
	3223.800	flower, though fitted for such	widely different purposes, be all constructed
	3239.114	individual, which when mature become	widely different and serve for different
	3241.49	of structure, in which the embryos of	widely different animals of the same class
	3247.1056	pedunculated and sessile, which differ	widely in external appearance, have larvæ in
	3255.142	a close similarity in the embryos of	widely different animals within the same class
	3255.628	embryo does not at any period differ	widely from the adult: thus Owen has remarked
	3359.331	parts, which when matured will become	widely different from each other in structure
	3412.1483	at least in any great number.	Widely ranging species vary most, and
	3456.293	as to be enabled to seize on many and	widely different places in the economy of
	3492.291	after equal intervals of time, is	widely different in different groups. The
	3502.979	no surprise at their inhabitants being	widely different, if they have been for a long
	3825.26	Alph., on low plants,	widely dispersed, 406. ——, —, on widely
	4309.17	distribution of, 386. —, low in scale,	widely distributed, 406. Plumage, laws of
3			widely-different
	725.340	In some cases it can be shown that	widely-different checks act on the same species in
	1279.126	several species, fitted to more or less	widely-different habits, in exactly the same manner: and
	1869.531	insensibly into each other, as does the	widely-different structure of their jaws. I speak
4			widely-diffused
	1018.240	which are the commonest and the most	widely-diffused, vary more than rare species with
	1018.330	restricted ranges. Let (A) be a common,	widely-diffused, and varying species, belonging to a
	1034.50	modified descendants from a common and	widely-diffused species, belonging to a large genus
	1098.40	We have seen that it is the common, the	widely-diffused, and widely-ranging species, belonging
1			widely-distributed
	3157.92	into play in classing large and	widely-distributed genera, because all the species of the
1			widely-extended
	2663.1108	over many competitors in their own	widely-extended homes will have the best chance of
5			widely-ranging
	1098.61	is the common, the widely-diffused, and	widely-ranging species, belonging to the larger genera
	2663.994	modification through natural selection.	Widely-ranging species, abounding in individuals
	3010.182	widely; for the facility with which	widely-ranging species vary and give rise to new forms
	3018.130	than the high,—some of the species of	widely-ranging genera themselves ranging widely,—such
	3826.10	widely dispersed, 406. ——, —, on	widely-ranging plants being variable, 53. —, —, on
1			widely-spread
	3586.619	foretel that it will be the common and	widely-spread species, belonging to the larger and
1			widened
	3211.411	bones of a limb might be shortened and	widened to any extent, and become gradually
1			widening
	3187.96	an important part in defining and	widening the intervals between the several
8			wider
	331.310	make me believe that the rule has a	wider extension, and that when there is no
	616.198	for if a variety were found to have a	wider range than that of its supposed parent
	1183.605	parts of the world, and now have a far	wider range than any other rodent, living
	1787.286	these little pits, they made them	wider and wider until they were converted
	1787.296	little pits, they made them wider and	wider until they were converted into shallow
	2293.465	to find. Moreover, if we look to rather	wider intervals, namely, to distinct but
	2787.133	been still more completely separated by	wider spaces of ocean. I believe the above
	2990.324	by deep arms of the sea, in most cases	wider than the British Channel, and there is
7			widest
	1986.255	crossed. There is often the	widest possible difference in the facility of
	1998.269	some difference, and occasionally the	widest possible difference, in the facility of
	2299.725	with plants it is those which have the	widest range, that oftenest present varieties
	2299.858	it is probably those which have had the	widest range, far exceeding the limits of the
	2657.226	points and stations. It is a law of the	widest generality, and every continent offers
	2725.138	even on those in the midst of the	widest oceans; and the natives of the coral
	3000.366	fitted to their new homes,—is of the	widest application throughout nature. We see
6			width
	381.572	arms of the furcula. The proportional	width of the gape of mouth, the proportional
	1787.682	basins had acquired the above stated	width (i.e. about the width of an ordinary
	1787.704	the above stated width (i.e. about the	width of an ordinary cell), and were in depth
	2723.1085	across a space of sea 900 miles in	width, and would then germinate. The fact of
	3277.291	not here give details) of the beak,	width of mouth, length of nostril and of
	3277.977	of difference—for instance, that of the	width of mouth—could hardly be detected in
1			wight.maps
	5332.34	s. —— SURREY, HANTS, and the Isle of	Wight.Maps. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. —— WESTMINSTER
1			wild-duck
	311.342	skeleton, than do the same bones in the	wild-duck; and I presume that this change may be
3			wildness
	1681.783	this, even in England, in the greater	wildness of all our large birds than of our
	1681.930	We may safely attribute the greater	wildness of our large birds to this cause; for
	1701.494	of the inherited change from extreme	wildness to extreme tameness, simply to habit
1			wilfully
	3524.1413	of modification, which it seems that we	wilfully will not understand. I have now
1			wilkie
	4998.38	CUNNINGHAMS (ALLAN) Life of Sir David	Wilkie. With his Journals and Critical Remarks
1			wilkie's
	6126.0	in Parliament. 2 Vols. 8vo. 42s.	WILKIE'S (SIR DAVID) Life, Journals, Tours, and
2			wilkinson
	5374.134	by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, and SIR J. G-	WILKINSON. Maps and Woodcuts. 4 Vols. 8vo. 18s
	5926.135	by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON and SIR J. G	WILKINSON. Maps and Woodcuts, 4 Vols. 8vo. 18s
2			wilkinson's
	5810.0	s. 6d. NIMROD ON THE ROAD. 1s.	WILKINSON'S ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. 12s. CROKER ON THE
	6128.0	Portrait. 3 Vols. 8vo. 42s.	WILKINSON'S (SIR J. G.) Popular Account of the
7			william
	4828.18	d. each. [page] 5 BLACKSTONE'S (SIR	WILLIAM) Commentaries on the Laws of England, A
	4866.55	AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.Edited by	WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D. Portrait and Maps. 8 Vols
	5169.11	Vols. Post 8vo. 21s. FORSYTH'S (	WILLIAM) Hortensius, or the Advocate: an
	5642.92	Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena. By	WILLIAM FORSYTH. Portrait. 3 ols. 8vo. 45s. 8vo
	5860.326	and Continued to the Present Time. By	WILLIAM COURTHOPE, Somerset Herald. 8vo. 30s
	5892.28	vo, 5s. PHILLIPS' (JOHN) Memoirs of	William Smith, LL.D. (the Geologist). Portrait
	5966.10	Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. SCROPE'S (	WILLIAM) Days of Deer-Stalking in the Forest of
1			williams
	5962.124	by the Turkish Garrison under General	Williams. Seventh Thousand. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d
1			willingly
	389.955	rock-pigeons, that is, not breeding or	willingly perching on trees. But besides C. livia
1			wilts
	5328.3	DEVON AND CORNWALL. Maps. Post 8vo. ——	WILTS, DORSET, AND SOMERSET. Map. Post 8vo
1			winds
	1155.541	saved by successfully battling with the	winds, or by giving up the attempt and rarely
2			windsor
	2954.374	a more or less modified condition. Mr.	Windsor Earl has made some striking
	5526.102	to Spots of Interest in the Vicinity of	Windsor and Eton. Woodcuts. Post8vo. 12s
1			wing-bar
	399.1253	with the white rump, double black	wing-bar, and barred and white-edged tail
1			wing-cases
	3313.227	of flight, and not rarely lying under	wing-cases, firmly soldered together! The meaning
2			wing-covers
	1530.1032	are homologous with the wings and	wing-covers of insects, it is probable that organs
	3524.1170	the shrivelled wings under the soldered	wing-covers of some beetles, should thus so
7			winged
	836.410	to Mr. St. John, bringing home	winged game, another hares or rabbits, and
	1219.740	Alph. De Candolle has remarked that	winged seeds are never found in fruits which
	1219.874	that seeds could not gradually become	winged through natural selection, except in
	1464.429	might have been modified into perfectly	winged animals. If this had been effected, who
	3828.9	on naturalisation, 115. —, —, on	winged seeds, 146. ——, —, on Alpine species
	4379.4	Seeds, nutriment in, 77. ——,	winged, 146. ——, power of resisting salt-water
	4966.24	Post 8vo. 12s. CHANTREY (SIR FRANCIS).	Winged Words on Chantreys Woodcocks. Edited by
8			wingless
	1141.899	danger, I believe that the nearly	wingless condition of several birds, which now
	1153.72	the sun shines; that the proportion of	wingless beetles is larger on the exposed
	1153.459	have made me believe that the	wingless condition of so many Madeira beetles is
	2930.190	reptiles, and in New Zealand gigantic	wingless birds, take the place of mammals. In
	3691.9	of, 225. —, parasitic, 218. Beetles,	wingless, in Madeira, 135. ——with deficient
	3705.3	seeds, 361. ——, waders, 386. —,	wingless, 134, 182. —, with traces of embryonic
	4162.16	plants of, 107. ——, beetles of,	wingless, 135. —, fossil land-shells of
	4580.6	of insects on sea-shore, 132. —, on	wingless beetles, 135. —, on rarity of
1			wing-membrane
	1456.984	it into a bat. In bats which have the	wing-membrane extended from the top of the shoulder
39			wings
	375.880	have very long necks, others very long	wings and tails, others singularly short
	375.1072	The pouter has a much elongated body,	wings, and legs; and its enormously developed
	399.311	externally edged with white; the	wings have two black bars; some semi-domestic
	399.440	have, besides the two black bars, the	wings chequered with black. These several
	1141.727	the surface of the water, and has its	wings in nearly the same condition as the
	1145.236	body, its legs were used more, and its	wings less, until they became incapable of
	1149.265	Madeira, are so far deficient in	wings that they cannot fly; and that of the
	1153.694	which flew least, either from its	wings having been ever so little less
	1155.140	lepidoptera, must habitually use their	wings to gain their subsistence, have, as Mr
	1155.212	have, as Mr. Wollaston suspects, their	wings not at all reduced, but even enlarged
	1155.433	selection to enlarge or to reduce the	wings, would depend on whether a greater
	1161.706	In the same manner as in Madeira the	wings of some of the insects have been
	1161.763	the insects have been enlarged, and the	wings of others have been reduced by natural
	1245.1121	there is a whole group of bats having	wings; it would apply only if some one
	1245.1183	only if some one species of bat had its	wings developed in some remarkable manner in
	1287.761	the manner of neuration of the	wings is a character of the highest
	1299.145	blue birds with two black bars on the	wings, a white [page] 160 LAWS OF VARIATION
	1462.56	might have existed which used their	wings solely as flappers, like the logger
	1466.76	for any particular habit, as the	wings of a bird for flight, we should bear in
	1478.672	on fruit, and others with elongated	wings which chase insects on the wing; and on
	1484.573	the stones with its feet and using its	wings under water. He who believes that each
	1530.1022	of Annelids are homologous with the	wings and wing-covers of insects, it is
	1839.870	of the thorax and in being destitute of	wings and sometimes of eyes, and in instinct
	2936.657	organ,—for instance, as the shrivelled	wings under the soldered elytra of many
	3089.481	in Marsupials-the manner in which the	wings of insects are folded-mere colour in
	3289.442	in another as paddles, in another as	wings; and on the above two principles—namely
	3289.1032	converted into hands, or paddles, or	wings. Whatever influence long-continued
	3313.74	birds. Nothing can be plainer than that	wings are formed for flight, yet in how many
	3313.137	yet in how many insects do we see	wings so reduced in size as to be utterly
	3315.230	one of which will have full-sized	wings, and another mere rudiments of membrane
	3315.342	to doubt, that the rudiments represent	wings. Rudimentary organs sometimes retain
	3323.316	is well exemplified in the state of the	wings of the female moths in certain groups
	3337.958	inhabiting dark caverns, and of the	wings of birds inhabiting oceanic islands
	3337.1191	injurious under others, as with the	wings of beetles living on small and exposed
	3476.73	at the logger-headed duck, which has	wings incapable of flight, in nearly the same
	3524.1145	embryonic calf or like the shrivelled	wings under the soldered wing-covers of some
	3856.16	by other bees, 202. Duck, domestic,	wings of, reduced, 11. —, logger-headed
	4569.0	White Mountains, flora of, 365.	Wings, reduction of size, 134. ZEBRA
	4574.0	reduction of size, 134. ZEBRA.	Wings of insects homologous with branchiæ
1			wing-structure
	1462.570	these remarks that any of the grades of	wing-structure here alluded to, which perhaps may all
7			winter
	689.203	of all checks. I estimated that the	winter of 1854-55 destroyed four-fifths of the
	693.109	got least food through the advancing	winter, which will suffer most. When we travel
	701.510	as their numbers are checked during	winter: but any one who has tried, knows how
	792.294	grey; the alpine ptarmigan white in	winter, the red-grouse the colour of heather
	1442.808	and preys on fish, but during the long	winter [page] 180 DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY
	1825.243	a large stock of bees during the	winter; and the security of the hive is known
	1825.916	that the community lived throughout the	winter, and consequently required a store of
1			winters
	5076.43	HON. CAPT. FRANCIS) Journal of a	Winters Tour in India; with a Visit to Nepaul
3			wished
	469.198	could never have expected or even have	wished to have produced the result which
	747.102	this case we can clearly see that if we	wished in imagination to give the plant the
	749.257	changed in an essential manner. If we	wished to increase its average numbers in its
2			wishes
	788.68	so be preserved. How fleeting are the	wishes and efforts of man! how short his time
	2060.824	his own use and pleasure: he neither	wishes to select, nor could select, slight
1			wishing
	2080.315	domestic varieties, and from not	wishing or being able to produce recondite and
2			witchcraft
	4642.50	THE). The most interesting Trial for	Witchcraft ever known. Translated from the German
	5214.59	Witch: the most interesting Trial for	Witchcraft ever known. From the German. Post 8vo
1			withdrawal
	1225.1329	and, on the other hand, the actual	withdrawal of nutriment from one part owing to the
1			withdrawn
	1604.644	many attacking animals, cannot be	withdrawn, owing to the backward serratures, and
1			wither
	1966.1140	causing the flower of the hybrid to	wither earlier than it otherwise would have
1			withering
	1966.1204	would have done; and the early	withering of the flower is well known to be a
106			within
	186.483	On the succession of the same types	within the same areas — Summary of preceding
	365.418	goats in Europe alone, and several even	within Great Britain. One author believes that
	403.38	that each breed, even the purest, has	within a dozen or, at most, within a score of
	403.66	purest, has within a dozen or, at most,	within a score of generations, been crossed by
	403.136	been crossed by the rock-pigeon: I say	within a dozen or twenty generations, for we
	431.130	of our eminent breeders have, even	within a single lifetime, modified to [page
	461.1001	pointer has been greatly changed	within the last century, and in this case the
	548.1075	as a variety, can rarely be found	within the same country, but are common in
	562.401	he confine his attention to one class	within one country, he will soon make up his
	584.520	species which are most widely diffused	within their own country (and this is a
	707.1560	Scotch firs on the distant hill-tops:	within the last ten years large spaces have
	717.387	can ever be as simple as this. Battle	within battle must ever be recurring with
	741.1129	animals. The store of nutriment laid up	within the seeds of many plants seems at first
	810.1221	rigorous selection of the young birds	within the egg, which had the most powerful
	896.197	of reproduction so perfectly enclosed	within the body, that access from without and
	906.248	a better chance for the appearance	within any given period of profitable
	908.479	animals. Thus it will be in nature; for	within a confined area, with some place in its
	914.216	catalogue of facts, showing that	within the same area, varieties of the same
	928.715	forms, we ought to make the comparison	within equal times; and this we are incapable
	962.103	will have the best chance of producing	within any given period favourable variations
	962.396	be less quickly modified or improved	within any given period, and they will
	1080.768	of further variation and improvement.	Within the same large [page] 126 NATURAL
	1177.1132	cases could be given of species	within historical times having largely
	1231.453	that when a cirripede is parasitic	within another and is thus protected, it loses
	1251.9	species of distinct genera. As birds	within the same country vary in a remarkably
	1263.762	has been so great and long-continued	within a period not excessively remote, we
	1275.526	of their structure which have varied	within a moderately recent period, and which
	1279.690	have varied and come to differ	within the period of the branching off of the
	1357.1508	been inherited, and have not differed	within this same period. In these remarks we
	1406.543	now continuous must often have existed	within recent times in a far less continuous
	1424.125	will always have a better chance,	within any given period, of presenting further
	1432.55	now continuous must often have existed	within the recent period in isolated portions
	1442.342	It would be easy to show that	within the same group carnivorous animals
	1502.411	the inner one divided into facets,	within each of which there is a lens-shaped
	1536.130	retain the eggs until they are hatched	within the sack. These cirripedes have no
	1649.577	the other mental qualities of animals	within the same class. I will not attempt any
	1889.91	the larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding	within the live bodies of caterpillars,—not as
	1898.254	seems at first probable, for species	within the same country could hardly have kept
	1972.655	last produced, are very fertile. Even	within the limits of the same genus, for
	1980.877	close species a single hybrid. Even	within the limits of the same genus, we meet
	2006.1584	affinity. Although many distinct genera	within the same family have been grafted
	2026.1134	birth, as long as it is nourished	within its mother's womb or within the egg or
	2026.1162	nourished within its mother's womb or	within the egg or seed produced by the mother
	2213.69	which must have covered up the Weald	within so limited a period as since the latter
	2241.306	have been upraised several hundred feet	within the recent period, than the absence of
	2241.1168	the slow and gradual rising of the land	within the grinding action of the coast-waves
	2255.431	destroyed by being upraised and brought	within the limits of the coast-action. Thus
	2273.957	prodigious lapse of time, all included	within this same glacial period. Yet it may be
	2273.1123	remains, have gone on accumulating	within the same area during the whole of this
	2273.1313	near the mouth of the Mississippi,	within that limit of depth at which marine
	2398.467	On the succession of the same types	within the same areas—Summary of preceding and
	2452.818	specific forms which have been produced	within a given time is probably greater than
	2542.554	is that those groups, which have	within known geological periods undergone much
	2576.478	which have branched off from each other	within comparatively recent times. For this
	2580.36	On the Succession of the same Types	within the same [page] 339 CHAP. X. SAME
	2586.70	law of the succession of the same types	within the same areas mean? He would be a bold
	2592.128	immutable, succession of the same types	within the same areas, is at once explained
	2624.523	of the same types of structure	within the same areas during the later
	2671.688	species of a genus have been produced	within comparatively recent times, there is
	2677.459	that each species was first produced	within a single region captivates the mind. He
	2683.492	changes, which have certainly occurred	within recent geological times, must have
	2687.180	that each species has been produced	within one area, and has migrated thence as
	2707.71	great mutations of level, have occurred	within the period of existing organisms
	2707.780	such enormous geographical changes	within the period of existing species. It
	2707.1000	and extension, as to have united them	within the recent period to each other and to
	2707.1744	that it will ever be proved that	within the recent period continents which are
	2711.525	prodigious geographical revolutions	within the recent period, as are necessitated
	2749.1791	very difficult to prove this), received	within the last few centuries, through
	2759.254	kind, organic and inorganic, that	within a very recent geological period
	2795.708	the Alpine productions, left isolated,	within a much more recent period, on the
	2813.208	every case, that the epoch was included	within [page] 374 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
	2839.196	plants and animals have spread	within a few centuries, this period will have
	2855.1220	on the land yielded to those produced	within the larger areas of the north, just in
	2861.353	or thrice as common, as another species	within their own homes. I have said that many
	2880.163	would not have ranged widely	within the same country, and as the sea is
	2886.560	water fish mainly to slight changes	within the recent period in the level of the
	2886.845	changes of level in the land	within a very recent geological period, and
	2916.492	out, would lead to the belief that	within the recent period all existing islands
	2958.176	likely to have been continuously united	within a recent period to the mainland than
	2984.173	yet in a most interesting manner,	within the limits of the same archipelago
	2984.960	in the several islands situated	within sight of each other, having the same
	3016.201	that organisms low in the scale	within each great class, generally change at a
	3024.83	the land, which have certainly occurred	within the recent period, and of other similar
	3024.162	similar changes which may have occurred	within the same period; if we remember how
	3038.258	of migration, one group of beings, even	within the same class, should have all its
	3044.1417	have changed during successive ages	within the same quarter of the world, or to
	3044.1555	quarters, in both cases the forms	within each class have been connected by the
	3085.348	of the same important organ	within the same group of beings. Again, no
	3119.87	that the arrangement of the groups	within each class, in due subordination and
	3197.1394	and yet use these same characters	within the limits of the same group. We can
	3215.574	others,—variations which we know to be	within the limits of possibility. In the
	3239.237	The embryos, also, of distinct animals	within the same class are often strikingly
	3255.167	the embryos of widely different animals	within the same class, that we might be led to
	3257.348	alike;—of embryos of different species	within the same class, generally, but not
	3277.167	young pigeons of various breeds,	within twelve hours after being hatched; I
	3339.76	effected by insensibly small steps, is	within the power of natural selection; so that
	3365.34	peopled, have all descended, each	within its own class or group, from common
	3442.608	and often capriciously, can produce	within a short period a great result by adding
	3460.503	in groups subordinate to groups, all	within a few great classes, which we now see
	3470.909	daughters; at ichneumonidæ feeding	within the live bodies of caterpillars; and at
	3496.1143	other such cases,—is intelligible, for	within a confined country, the recent and the
	3502.285	and marshes, most of the inhabitants	within each great class are plainly related
	3512.415	affinities of the species and genera	within each class are so complex and
	3568.127	allied species of most genera, have	within a not very remote period de- [page
	3578.255	for a long period unchanged, whilst	within this same period, several of these
	4796.38	Voyages of Discovery and Research	within the Arctic Regions, from 1818 to the
69			without
	248.26	let this opportunity pass	without expressing my deep obligations to Dr
	359.68	remain vague; neverthelsss, I may,	without here entering on any details, state
	369.1113	very distinct breeds could not be got	without extreme care and long-continued
	810.308	to modify the structure of one species,	without giving it any advantage, for the good
	834.22	SELECTION. to keep the best dogs	without any thought of modifying the breed
	836.5	thought of modifying the breed. Even	without any change in the proportional numbers
	846.976	under the microscope, and on all,	without exception, there were pollen-grains
	892.657	be effected with terrestrial animals	without the concurrence of two individuals. Of
	896.231	within the body, that access from	without and the occasional influence of a
	908.144	stop his work. But when many men,	without intending to alter the breed, have a
	960.294	foreign plants have become naturalised,	without causing, as far as we know, the
	1038.371	character from their original stocks,	without either having given off any fresh
	1205.202	and that others rarely coexist,	without our being able to assign any reason
	1211.916	seeds of the outer and inner florets	without any difference in the corolla. Possibly
	1217.813	unknown laws of correlated growth, and	without being, as far as we can see, of the
	1233.168	as soon as it is rendered superfluous,	without by any means causing some other part to
	1233.364	in largely developing any organ,	without requiring as a necessary compensation
	1245.505	one of the truth of this proposition	without giving the long array of facts which I
	1281.104	remarks. I think it will be admitted,	without my entering on details, that secondary
	1323.673	but not an albino, has been described	without either spinal or shoulder-stripe; and
	1323.1203	barred like a zebra over the body, is	without bars on the legs; but Dr. Gray has
	1331.180	for the Indian Government, a horse	without stripes is not considered as purely
	1331.787	the foal than in the full-grown animal.	Without here entering on further details, I may
	1345.913	other marks invariably reappear; but	without any other change of form or character
	1357.460	of the structure which can be saved	without detriment to the individual, will be
	1376.181	to this day I can never reflect on them	without being staggered; but, to the best of my
	1406.354	might have been separately formed	without the possibility of intermediate
	1424.1427	into close contact with each other,	without the interposition of the supplanted
	1486.895	could be given, habits have changed	without a corresponding change of structure
	1502.95	nerve merely coated with pigment, and	without any other mechanism; and from this low
	1584.352	selection of a particular kind, but	without here entering on copious details my
	1651.435	more especially by a very young one,	without any experience, and when performed by
	1651.515	by many individuals in the same way,	without their knowing for what purpose it is
	1683.403	aware that these general statements,	without facts given in detail, can produce but
	1683.540	my assurance, that I do not speak	without good evidence. The possibility, or
	1689.850	see that these actions, performed	without experience by the young, and in nearly
	1689.981	with eager delight by each breed, and	without the end being known,—for the young
	1689.1287	to see one kind of wolf, when young and	without any training, as soon as it scented its
	1697.685	which cannot fly eighteen inches high	without going head over heels. It may be
	1701.58	at work, as each man tries to procure,	without intending to improve the breed, dogs
	1731.222	is absolutely dependent on its slaves;	without their aid, the species would certainly
	1731.768	that when Huber shut up thirty of them	without a slave, but with plenty of the food
	1763.279	so beautifully adapted to its end,	without enthusiastic admiration. We hear from
	1807.1230	can cluster and crawl over the comb	without injuring the delicate hexagonal walls
	1877.1260	which are in any manner profitable,	without exercise or habit having come into play
	1910.259	devoted their lives to this subject,	without being deeply impressed with the high
	2038.309	should be compounded into one,	without some disturbance occurring in the
	2227.707	time, by another and later formation,	without the underlying bed having suffered in
	2474.381	been brought to Europe from La Plata,	without any information in regard to their
	2717.50	sake I chiefly tried small seeds,	without the capsule or fruit; and as all of
	2745.91	and that several other means, which	without doubt remain to be discovered, have
	2755.296	same species living at distant points,	without the apparent possibility of their
	2773.575	summits, we may almost conclude	without other evidence, that a colder climate
	2803.29	ocean. These cases of relationship,	without identity, of the inhabitants of seas
	2817.453	simultaneous throughout the world.	Without some distinct evidence to the contrary
	2886.728	of this having occurred during floods,	without any change of level. We have evidence
	2968.137	to those of the nearest mainland,	without being actually the same species
	3081.983	naturalist can have worked at any group	without being struck with this fact; and it has
	3139.197	or quite lost this habit; nevertheless,	without any reasoning or thinking on the
	3185.848	tree, and almost impossible to do this	without this aid, we can understand the
	3185.963	have experienced in describing,	without the aid of a diagram, the various
	3365.153	in the course of descent, that I should	without hesitation adopt this view, even if it
	3432.435	most useful to him at the time,	without any thought of altering the breed. It
	3482.132	characters which have been inherited	without change for an enormous period. It is
	3524.735	fitted by natural selection to browse	without their aid; whereas in the calf, the
	3530.680	of time, we are too apt to assume,	without proof, that the geological record is so
	3540.905	they arbitrarily reject it in another,	without assigning any distinction in the two
	3558.500	were formerly thus connected. Hence,	without quite rejecting the consideration of
	4908.103	Plan Drawing, and on sketching ground	without Instruments. Third Edition. Woodcuts
9			withstand
	297.460	so will some animals and plants	withstand domestication or cultivation, and vary
	351.150	tendency to vary, and likewise to	withstand diverse climates. I do not dispute that
	743.127	We know that it can perfectly well	withstand a little more heat or cold, dampness or
	1189.534	plants, certain varieties are said to	withstand certain climates better than others
	1398.157	sufficiently thick and extensive to	withstand an enormous amount of future
	2243.127	solid, or extensive masses, in order to	withstand the incessant action of the waves, when
	2839.832	many tropical plants and animals can	withstand a considerable amount of cold, many
	2839.1382	from the inroads of competitors, can	withstand a much warmer climate than their own
	2966.991	that several species did in this state	withstand uninjured an immersion in sea-water
1			withstanding
	1179.309	in our domestic animals of not only	withstanding the most different climates but of
1			with—that
	3217.276	the bones of the skull are homologous	with—that is correspond in number and in relative
1			with—the
	3217.336	in number and in relative connexion	with—the elemental parts of a certain number of
2			witness
	1743.33	One day I fortunately chanced to	witness a migration from one nest to another
	2070.234	by so good an observer and so hostile a	witness, as Gärtner: namely, that yellow and
1			witnessed
	1697.295	to tumble,—an action which, as I have	witnessed, is performed by young birds, that have
1			witnesses
	2066.88	evidence is, also, derived from hostile	witnesses, who in all other cases consider
1			wolf-like
	2944.465	Islands, which are inhabited by a	wolf-like fox, come nearest to an exception; but
10			wollaston
	576.255	as has been shown to be the case by Mr.	Wollaston with the varieties of certain fossil
	1125.866	or near the coast. So with insects,	Wollaston is convinced that residence near the
	1149.135	mainly, due to natural selection. Mr.	Wollaston has discovered the remarkable fact that
	1149.568	beetles in Madeira, as observed by Mr.	Wollaston, lie much con- [page] 136 LAWS OF
	1153.217	fact, so strongly insisted on by Mr.	Wollaston, of the almost entire absence of
	1155.186	to gain their subsistence, have, as Mr.	Wollaston suspects, their wings not at all
	1418.654	me by Mr. Watson, Dr. Asa Gray, and Mr.	Wollaston, that generally when varieties
	2918.167	de Candolle admits this for plants, and	Wollaston for insects. If we look to the large
	2994.1761	to Chatham Island. Sir C. Lyell and Mr.	Wollaston have communicated to me a remarkable
	4577.25	with dog, 214. —of Falkland Isles, 393.	Wollaston, Mr., on varieties of insects
1			wollaston's
	548.1792	are characterized as varieties in Mr.	Wollaston's admirable work, but which it cannot
6			wolves
	830.639	to doubt that the swiftest and slimmest	wolves would have the best chance of surviving
	836.986	the parent-form of wolf. Or, again, the	wolves inhabiting a mountainous district, and
	1703.427	has become instinctive in the dog. All	wolves, foxes, jackals, and species of the cat
	4291.29	Pierce, Mr., on varieties of	wolves, 91. Pigeons with feathered feet and
	4584.0	shells of Madeira, naturalised, 402.	Wolves, varieties of, 90. Woodpecker, habits
	5632.34	s. LIYONIAN TALES.The Disponent.—The	Wolves. —The Jewess. By the Author of "Letters
3			women
	471.580	their killing and devouring their old	women, in times of dearth, as of less value
	511.887	and, although so much valued by	women and children, we hardly ever see a
	4279.10	sterility of, 251. Pelvis of	women, 144, Peloria, 145. Period, glacial
6			wonder
	711.734	stems of the heath, and had failed. No	wonder that, as soon as the land was enclosed
	788.245	during whole geological periods. Can we	wonder, then, that nature's productions should
	1098.554	It is a truly wonderful fact—the	wonder of which we are apt to overlook from
	2450.441	but when the sick man dies, to	wonder and to suspect that he died by some
	3229.321	by slight successive steps, we need not	wonder at discovering in such parts or organs
	3470.978	and at other such cases. The	wonder indeed is, on the theory of natural
27			wonderful
	375.151	the short-faced tumbler, and see the	wonderful difference in their beaks, entailing
	375.313	male bird, is also remarkable from the	wonderful development of the carunculated skin
	477.838	expressed in horticultural works at the	wonderful skill of gardeners, in having produced
	1098.535	beings may be explained. It is a truly	wonderful fact—the wonder of which we are apt to
	1384.5	DIFFICULTIES ON THEORY. CHAP. VI. such	wonderful structure, as the eye, of which we
	1606.636	few members. If we admire the truly	wonderful power of scent by which the males of
	1622.636	and their intermediate states show that	wonderful metamorphoses in function are at least
	1649.177	subject separately, especially as so	wonderful an instinct as that of the hive-bee
	1661.662	It can be clearly shown that the most	wonderful instincts with which we are acquainted
	1663.557	believe, that all the most complex and	wonderful instincts have originated. As
	1711.495	been ranked by naturalists as the most	wonderful of all known instincts. It is now
	1731.1317	been hopeless to have speculated how so	wonderful an instinct could have been perfected
	1755.82	confirmation by me, in regard to the	wonderful instinct of making slaves. Let it be
	1781.138	Melipona, and in themselves not very	wonderful, this bee would make a structure as
	1781.1432	of instincts in themselves not very	wonderful,—hardly more wonderful than those which
	1781.1455	not very wonderful,—hardly more	wonderful than those which guide a bird to make
	1831.29	wax. Thus, as I believe, the most	wonderful of all known instincts, that of the
	1853.665	the workers of one caste alone carry a	wonderful sort of shield on their heads, the use
	1859.133	when I do not admit that such	wonderful and well-established facts at once
	1873.24	were produced. Thus, as I believe, the	wonderful fact of two distinctly defined castes
	2584.575	is even more clearly seen in the	wonderful collection of fossil bones made by MM
	2584.801	of the succession of types,"-on "this	wonderful relationship in the same continent
	2831.276	Prof. Dana, that "it is certainly a	wonderful fact that New Zealand should have a
	2928.1036	Madeira, again, is inhabited by a	wonderful number of peculiar land-shells, whereas
	3237.43	terms may be used literally; and the	wonderful fact of the jaws, for instance, of a
	3502.64	same. We see the full meaning of the	wonderful fact, which must have struck every
	3592.682	endless forms most beautiful and most	wonderful have been, and are being, evolved
7			wonderfully
	1661.301	the pianoforte at three years old with	wonderfully little practice, had played a tune with
	1781.184	this bee would make a structure as	wonderfully perfect as that of the hive-bee. We
	1869.305	ants of the several sizes differed	wonderfully in shape, and in the form and number of
	2438.980	close of the secondary period, has been	wonderfully sudden. The whole subject of the
	3095.1359	only degraded flowers, departing so	wonderfully in a number of the most important
	3187.697	of the Crustacea, for here the most	wonderfully diverse forms are still tied [page
	3217.544	We see the same law in comparing the	wonderfully complex jaws and legs in crustaceans
1			wondrous
	1540.308	to conceive by what steps these	wondrous organs have been produced; but, as Owen
1			wood's
	6138.0	and Artisans. Map. 18mo. 1s. 6d.	WOOD'S (LIEUT.) Voyage up the Indus to the
2			woodcocks
	836.514	ground and almost nightly catching	woodcocks or snipes. The tendency to catch rats
	4966.50	SIR FRANCIS). Winged Words on Chantreys	Woodcocks. Edited by JAS. P. MUIRHEAD. Etchings
1			woodcut
	4834.73	Illustrations of Borders, Initials, and	Woodcut Vignettes. A New Edition. Medium 8vo
117			woodcuts
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	5300.97	Edited by Sir CHARLES EASTLAKE, R. A.	Woodcuts. 2 Vols. Post8vo. 30s. —— ITALIAN
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1			woodents
	5334.61	Art, Architecture, and Associations.	Woodents. 16mo. Is. —— CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND
8			woodpecker
	250.961	the structure, for instance, of the	woodpecker, with its feet, tail, beak, and tongue
	256.44	some bird had given birth to a	woodpecker, and some plant to the misseltoe, and
	635.1057	co-adaptations most plainly in the	woodpecker and missletoe; and only a little less
	1478.493	of adaptation be given than that of a	woodpecker for climbing trees and for seizing
	1478.777	where not a tree grows, there is a	woodpecker, which in every essential part of its
	1478.1001	to our common species; yet it is a	woodpecker which never climbs a tree! Petrels are
	3464.117	it is that a bird, under the form of	woodpecker, should have been created to prey on
	4584.26	Wolves, varieties of, 90.	Woodpecker, habits of, 184. —, green colour of
4			woodpeckers
	1478.605	bark? Yet in North America there are	woodpeckers which feed largely on fruit, and others
	1492.843	of in swamps; that there should be	woodpeckers where not a tree grows; that there
	1574.18	LITTLE IMPORTANCE. remarks. If green	woodpeckers alone had existed, and we did not know
	1620.345	upland geese with webbed feet, ground	woodpeckers, diving thrushes, and petrels with the
4			woodward
	2267.253	of much deference, namely Bronn and	Woodward, have concluded that the average
	2426.458	so few, that E. Forbes, Pictet, and	Woodward (though all strongly opposed to such
	2584.1134	the birds of the caves of Brazil. Mr.	Woodward has shown that the same law holds good
	4585.25	of, 184. —, green colour of, 197.	Woodward, Mr., on the duration of specific forms
1			woody
	2006.970	in the size of two plants, one being	woody and the other herbaceous, one being
11			words
	501.21	changes. I must now say a few	words on the circumstances, favourable, or
	645.509	Nothing is easier than to admit in	words the truth of the universal struggle for
	816.45	insects. And this leads me to say a few	words on what I call Sexual Selection. This
	968.331	away by the short-horns" (I quote the	words of an agricultural writer) "as if by
	1173.195	c., and this leads me to say a few	words on acclimatisation. As it is extremely
	1586.43	foregoing remarks lead me to say a few	words on the protest lately made by some
	2701.180	centres of creation," I must say a few	words on the means of dispersal. Means of
	2713.21	volcanic matter. I must now say a few	words on what are called accidental means
	4966.31	s. CHANTREY (SIR FRANCIS). Winged	Words on Chantreys Woodcocks. Edited by JAS
	5560.89	the Derivation and Meaning of Divers	Words. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. KUGLERS (Dr. FRANZ
	5612.26	vo. 12s. —— Glossary of Provincial	Words used in Herefordshire and some of the
1			wordsworth
	5102.65	Eminent British Poets. From Chaucer to	Wordsworth. 4 Vols. 8vo. In Preparation. ENGLAND
1			wordsworth's
	6140.0	Kabul and Badakhshan. Map. 8vo. 14s.	WORDSWORTH'S (REV. DR.) Athens and Attica. Journal
9			worked
	1524.297	The swimbladder has, also, been	worked in as an accessory to the auditory
	1528.70	part of the auditory apparatus has been	worked in as a complement to the swimbladder
	1530.819	lost branchiæ might have been gradually	worked in by natural selection for some quite
	1566.572	it might subsequently come to be	worked in for all sorts of purposes, as a fly
	1649.40	THE subject of instinct might have been	worked into the previous chapters; but I have
	1793.577	neatly performed. The bees must have	worked at very nearly the same rate on the
	1795.609	on the opposed side, where the bees had	worked less quickly. In one well-marked
	1813.372	spot on which it had been placed, and	worked into the growing edges of the cells all
	3081.963	different. No naturalist can have	worked at any group without being struck with
27			workers
	1731.348	and fertile females do no work. The	workers or sterile females, though most
	1761.35	tageous to this species to capture	workers than to procreate them-the habit of
	1839.141	of working or sterile ants. How the	workers have been rendered sterile is a
	1839.1009	difference in this respect between the	workers and the perfect females, would have
	1853.630	different: in Cryptocerus, the	workers of one caste alone carry a wonderful
	1857.14	VII. NEUTER INSECTS. cocystus, the	workers of one caste never leave the nest; they
	1857.77	leave the nest; they are fed by the	workers of another caste, and they have an
	1859.1426	that the larger or the smaller sized	workers are the most numerous; or that both
	1863.8	page] 240 INSTINCT. CHAP. VII. smaller	workers, with some of intermediate size; and
	1863.112	Mr. F. Smith has observed, the larger	workers have simple eyes (ocelli), which though
	1863.216	distinguished, whereas the smaller	workers have their ocelli rudimentary. Having
	1863.309	dissected several specimens of these	workers, I can affirm that the eyes are far
	1863.385	are far more rudimentary in the smaller	workers than can be accounted for merely by
	1863.533	dare not assert so positively, that the	workers of intermediate size have their ocelli
	1863.661	that we here have two bodies of sterile	workers in the same nest, differing not only in
	1863.855	digress by adding, that if the smaller	workers had been the most useful to the
	1863.1009	produced more and more of the smaller	workers, until all the workers had come to be
	1863.1032	of the smaller workers, until all the	workers had come to be in this condition; we
	1863.1193	with those of Myrmica. For the	workers of Myrmica have not even rudiments of
	1865.379	the amount of difference in these	workers, by my giving not the actual
	1869.418	fact for us is, that though the	workers can be grouped into castes of different
	1869.717	the jaws which I had dissected from the	workers of the several sizes. With these facts
	1871.332	is our climax of difficulty, one set of	workers of one size and structure, and
	1871.401	and simultaneously another set of	workers of a different size and structure;—a
	1873.83	distinctly defined castes of sterile	workers existing in the same nest, both widely
	1877.235	could be effected with them only by the	workers being sterile; for had they been
	3382.638	of two or three defined castes of	workers or sterile females in the same
15			working
	790.227	that is good; silently and insensibly	working, whenever and wherever opportunity
	1550.47	same invention, so natural selection,	working for the good of each being and taking
	1763.762	perfectly effected by a crowd of bees	working in a dark hive. Grant whatever
	1795.323	that the bees do not always succeed in	working at exactly the same rate from the
	1795.724	the hive, and allowed the bees to go on	working for a short time, and again examined
	1801.574	this from the opposite sides, always	working circularly as they deepen each cell
	1809.142	bees all work together; one bee after	working a short time at one cell going to
	1815.77	can stand in their proper positions for	working,—for instance, on a slip of wood
	1839.108	here take only a single case, that of	working or sterile ants. How the workers have
	1839.726	The great difficulty lies in the	working ants differing widely from both the
	1839.1103	exemplified by the hive-bee. If a	working ant or other neuter insect had been an
	1843.184	selected, and so onwards. But with the	working ant we have an insect differing greatly
	1853.530	same family. Thus in Eciton, there are	working and soldier neuters, with jaws and
	1869.262	as big. The jaws, moreover, of the	working ants of the several sizes differed
	6136.11	and Woodcuts. 8vo. 18s. —— (G. B.)	Working Man's Handbook to South Australia; with
1			workman
	1763.599	It has been remarked that a skilful	workman, with fitting tools and measures, would
1			workmanship
	788.478	plainly bear the stamp of far higher	workmanship? It may be said that natural selection
3			workmen
	1865.526	the same as if we were to see a set of	workmen building [page] 241 CHAP. VII. NEUTER
	1869.118	but we must suppose that the larger	workmen had heads four instead of three times
	3564.251	and even the blunders of numerous	workmen; when we thus view each organic being
65			works
	50.30	of God's word, or in the book of God's	works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let
	435.484	was probably better acquainted with the	works of agriculturalists than almost any
	451.505	of the importance of the principle in	works of high antiquity. In rude and [page
	477.825	surprise expressed in horticultural	works at the wonderful skill of gardeners, in
	570.210	are barely thought worth recording in	works on natural history. And I look at
	584.732	to have been recorded in botanical	works. Hence it is the most flourishing, or
	641.1601	to man's feeble efforts, as the	works of Nature are to those of Art. [page
	810.427	to this effect may be found in	works of natural history, I cannot find one
	1185.371	incessant advice given in agricultural	works, even in the ancient Encyclopædias of
	1189.614	this is very strikingly shown in	works on fruit trees published in the United
	1273.230	but I have repeatedly noticed in	works on natural history, that when an author
	1317.90	a variable species in our systematic	works, is due to its varieties mocking, as it
	1351.633	for an unknown, cause. It makes the	works of God a mere mockery and deception; I
	1510.352	we any right to assume that the Creator	works by intellectual powers like those of
	1514.1113	as superior to one of glass, as the	works of the Creator are to those of man? If
	1596.313	many statements may be found in	works on natural history to this effect, I
	1910.130	to study the several memoirs and	works of those two conscientious and
	2235.269	see the formations tabulated in written	works, or when we follow them in nature, it
	2713.190	confine myself to plants. In botanical	works, this or that plant is stated to be ill
	2863.151	by Dr. Hooker in his botanical	works on the antarctic regions. These cannot
	3331.367	organs, are imperfect and useless. In	works on natural history rudimentary organs
	3446.118	to be worthy of record in systematic	works. No one can draw any clear distinction
	3586.1129	length. And as natural selection	works solely by and for the good of each
	4609.38	page 1 (MR. MURRAY'S GENERAL LIST OF	WORKS.)] ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. June
	4617.16	MR. MURRAY'S GENERAL LIST OF	WORKS. ___________ ___________ ABBOTT'S
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	4864.11	Already Published. GOLDSMITHS	WORKS. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM, F.S.A
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	5006.91	the Antiquities, Curiosities, Churches,	Works of Art, Public Buildings, and Places
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	5990.86	in Schools. Compiled from the above two	works. Fifth Edition. With 750 Woodcuts. 8vo
	5994.46	English Dictionary. Based upon the	Works of Forcellini and Freund. Fifth
	6058.3	JOHN FORSTER. 8vo. In Preparation. ——	Works. Edited, with Notes. By JOHN FORSTER
	6074.80	With Criticisms on particular	Works, and Biographical Notices of Prominent
	6126.68	Tours, and Critical Remarks on	Works of Art, with a Selection from his
	6152.43	S (DR. THOS.) Life and Miscellaneous	Works,edited by DEAN PEACOCK and JOHN LEITCH
1			workshops
	2855.731	in the larger areas and more efficient	workshops of the north. In many islands the
1			work—the
	240.407	and Dr. Hooker, who both knew of my	work—the latter having read my sketch of
1			work-there
	1361.99	new specific forms has been actively at	work-there, on an average, we now find most
144			world
	40.33	But with regard to the material	world, we can at least go so far as this-we
	84.10	DURING H.M.S. BEAGLE'S VOYAGE ROUND THE	WORLD.' LONDON: JOHN MURRAY
	186.317	in the forms of life throughout the	world — On the affinities of extinct species
	192.344	Glacial period co-extensive with the	world. .. .. .. .. .. .. 346-382 [page] ix
	250.534	the innumerable species inhabiting this	world have been modified, so as to acquire
	260.750	all organic beings throughout the	world, which inevitably follows from their
	272.549	of every inhabitant of this	world. Still less do we know of the mutual
	272.640	of the innumerable inhabitants of the	world during the many past geological epochs
	349.345	inhabiting different quarters of the	world. I do not believe, as we shall
	365.1084	case of the domestic dogs of the whole	world, which I fully admit have probably
	371.288	with skins from several quarters of the	world, more especially by the Hon. W. Elliot
	393.313	been transported to all parts of the	world, and, therefore, some of them must have
	413.1065	of years in several quarters of the	world; the earliest known record of pigeons
	437.182	exported to almost every quarter of the	world. The improvement is by no means
	588.34	II. those which range widely over the	world, are the most diffused in their own
	639.255	and in every part of the organic	world. Again, it may be asked, how is it
	657.79	in numbers, all cannot do so, for the	world would not hold them. There is no
	661.400	have run wild in several parts of the	world: if the statements of the rate of
	673.280	to be the most numerous bird in the	world. One fly deposits hundreds of eggs, and
	713.106	Scotch fir; but in several parts of the	world insects determine the existence of
	717.878	we invoke cataclysms to desolate the	world, or invent laws on the duration of the
	790.87	and hourly scrutinising, throughout the	world, every variation, even the slightest
	934.1337	in the changing history of the organic	world. We can, perhaps, on these views
	940.620	most anomalous forms now known in the	world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren
	952.139	manner at which the inhabitants of this	world have changed. Slow though the process
	960.242	than in any other quarter of the	world, some foreign plants have become
	1149.469	that beetles in many parts of the	world are very frequently blown to sea and
	1167.710	successive generations from the outer	world into the deeper and deeper recesses of
	1183.579	transported by man to many parts of the	world, and now have a far wider range than
	1331.1073	in the south. In all parts of the	world these stripes occur far oftenest in
	1337.253	the most distant parts of the	world. Now let us turn to the effects of
	1351.401	inhabiting distant quarters of the	world, to produce hybrids resembling in their
	1636.205	only to the present inhabitants of the	world, is not strictly correct, but if we
	1675.1136	I do not believe that any animal in the	world performs an action for the exclusive
	1885.195	when inhabiting distant parts of the	world and living under considerably different
	2221.174	each of these years, over the whole	world, the land and the water has been
	2227.1281	cirripedes) coat the rocks all over the	world in infinite numbers: they are all
	2235.589	America, and in many other parts of the	world. The most skilful geologist, if his
	2267.891	Europe is compared with the rest of the	world; nor have the several stages of the
	2273.343	deposits of various quarters of the	world, it has everywhere been noted, that
	2273.1042	doubted whether in any quarter of the	world, sedimentary deposits, including fossil
	2311.6	IMPERFECTION OF THE CHAP. IX. whole	world in organic beings; yet if all the
	2311.168	represent the natural history of the	world! But we have every reason to believe
	2331.1020	We continually forget how large the	world is, compared with the area over which
	2337.451	rapidly and widely throughout the	world. I will now give a few examples to
	2339.926	bones, are marine, and range over the	world, the fact of not a single bone of a
	2345.293	of many species all over the	world, from the Arctic regions to the equator
	2351.825	and simultaneously throughout the	world at this same period. It is almost
	2351.1342	right to suppose that the seas of the	world have always been so freely open from
	2357.397	of organic beings throughout the	world, as it would be for a naturalist to
	2365.302	yet quite unknown, periods of time, the	world swarmed with living creatures. To the
	2367.445	forget that only a small portion of the	world is known with accuracy. M. Barrande has
	2379.1801	The immense areas in some parts of the	world, for instance in South America, of bare
	2385.1289	geological record, as a history of the	world imperfectly kept, and written in a
	2438.17	SUCCESSION. CHAP. X. finally from the	world. Both single species and whole groups
	2468.67	almost simultaneously throughout the	World.—Scarcely any palæontological discovery
	2468.212	almost simultaneously throughout the	world. Thus our European Chalk formation can
	2468.300	recognised in many distant parts of the	world, under the most different climates
	2470.35	page] 323 CHAP. X. THROUGHOUT THE	WORLD. America, in equatorial South America
	2472.698	absent at these distant points of the	world. In the several successive palæozoic
	2474.86	inhabitants of distant parts of the	world: we have not sufficient data to judge
	2480.92	changed simultaneously throughout the	world, it must not be supposed that this
	2482.105	large sense, at distant parts of the	world, has greatly struck those admirable
	2484.35	MM. [page] 325 CHAP. X. THROUGHOUT THE	WORLD. de Verneuil and d'Archiac. After
	2486.785	in the forms of life throughout the	world, under the most different climates. We
	2488.79	of the forms of life throughout the	world, is explicable on the theory of natural
	2494.710	as before explained. One quarter of the	world may have been most favourable for the
	2496.35	the [page] 327 CHAP. X. THROUGHOUT THE	WORLD. forms dominant in the highest degree
	2500.134	the same forms of life throughout the	world, accords well with the principle of new
	2500.709	improved groups spread throughout the	world, old groups will disappear from the
	2500.751	old groups will disappear from the	world; and the succession of forms in both
	2506.19	CHAP. X. other parts of the	world. As we have reason to believe that
	2506.240	wide spaces in the same quarter of the	world; but we are far from having any right
	2562.223	almost simultaneously throughout the	world, and therefore under the most different
	2570.268	inhabitants of one quarter of the	world were put into competition with the
	2584.971	to the mammals of the Old	World. We see the same law in this author's
	2592.216	the inhabitants of each quarter of the	world will obviously tend to leave in that
	2608.702	but that long before that period, the	world may have presented a wholly different
	2616.143	will in the long run tend to people the	world with allied, but modified, descendants
	2616.387	of time, the productions of the	world will appear to have changed
	2635.334	Glacial period co-extensive with the	world. IN considering the distribution of
	2637.1016	a climate or condition in the Old	World which cannot be paralleled in the New
	2641.45	for instance, small areas in the Old	World could be pointed out hotter than any in
	2641.99	pointed out hotter than any in the New	World, yet these are not inhabited by a
	2671.126	the most distant quarters of the	world, must originally have proceeded from
	2677.1194	mammal inhabiting distant points of the	world. No geologist will feel any difficulty
	2765.355	are remarkably uniform round the	world. We may suppose that the Glacial period
	2783.608	and northern temperate forms round the	world, at the commencement of the Glacial
	2787.421	the majority of the inhabitants of the	world were specifically the same as now, the
	2795.555	great region, with those of the Old	World. Consequently we have here everything
	2803.463	with the southern continents of the Old	World, we see countries closely corresponding
	2813.125	distant points on opposite sides of the	world. But we have good evidence in almost
	2817.446	actually simultaneous throughout the	world. Without some distinct evidence to the
	2817.853	that the temperature of the whole	world was at this period simultaneously
	2819.26	longitude. On this view of the whole	world, or at least of broad longitudinal
	2825.496	Hence we see that throughout the	world, the plants growing on the more lofty
	2831.420	antipode, than to any other part of the	world." Sir J. Richardson, also, speaks of
	2835.153	of geological evidence, that the whole	world, or a large part of it, was during the
	2869.188	distribution. I believe that the	world has recently felt one of his great
	2880.507	in a remarkable manner throughout the	world. I well remember, when first collecting
	2886.1262	occurring at very distant points of the	world, no doubt there are many cases which
	2892.204	a single source, prevail throughout the	world. Their distribution at first perplexed
	2924.146	i.e. those found nowhere else in the	world) is often extremely large. If we
	2948.194	for they occur in many parts of the	world on very small islands, if close to a
	2948.989	two bats found nowhere else in the	world: Norfolk Island, the Viti Archipelago
	2954.1164	subject in all other quarters of the	world; but as far as I have gone, the
	2984.555	inhabitants of any other part of the	world. And this is just what might have been
	2984.1647	which are found in other parts of the	world (laying on one side for the moment the
	2990.741	both those found in other parts of the	world and those confined to the archipelago
	3000.572	have spread widely throughout the	world during the recent Glacial epoch, are
	3004.256	the same general forms to the whole	world. We see this same principle in the
	3006.201	the existence at remote points of the	world of other species allied to it, is shown
	3006.366	genera of birds which range over the	world, many of the species have very wide
	3006.770	in which so many genera range over the	world, and many individual species have
	3006.851	ranges. It is not meant that in	world- [page] 405 CHAP. XII. OCEANIC ISLANDS
	3010.1115	to the most remote points of the	world, we ought to find, and I believe as a
	3016.16	CHAP. XII. quarters of the	world, where they may have become slightly
	3028.218	simultaneously affected the whole	world, or at least great meridional belts. As
	3036.107	great geographical provinces of the	world. On these same principles, we can
	3038.396	species common to other quarters of the	world. We can see why whole groups of
	3044.909	to distant provinces throughout the	world, we find that some organisms differ
	3044.1448	ages within the same quarter of the	world, or to those which have changed after
	3081.66	of the being in relation to the outer	world. Perhaps from this cause it has partly
	3129.280	languages now spoken throughout the	world; and if all extinct languages, and all
	3171.170	widely spread they are throughout the	world, the fact is striking, that the
	3361.203	of organic beings, with which this	world is [page] 458 SUMMARY. CHAP. XIII
	3394.331	distant and isolated parts of the	world they are now found, they must in the
	3398.940	representative species throughout the	world. We are as yet profoundly ignorant of
	3406.126	living and extinct inhabitants of the	world, and at each successive period between
	3412.1336	species. Only a small portion of the	world has been geologically explored. Only
	3460.181	succeed in increasing in size, for the	world would not hold them, the more dominant
	3492.456	a part in the history of the organic	world, almost inevitably follows on the
	3492.911	changed simultaneously throughout the	world. The fact of the fossil remains of each
	3498.137	much migration from one part of the	world to another, owing to former climatal
	3530.549	as long as the history of the	world was thought to be of short duration
	3572.367	of the inhabitants of the whole	world. Even at present, by comparing the
	3578.808	degree. The whole history of the	world, as at present known, although of a
	3582.296	the past and present inhabitants of the	world should have been due to secondary
	3586.1006	no cataclysm has desolated the whole	world. Hence we may look with some confidence
	4421.41	changing simultaneously throughout the	world, 322. Spencer, Lord, on increase in
	4588.0	on the succession of types, 339.	World, species changing simultaneously
	5034.128	visited during a Voyage round the	World. Post 8vo. 8s. 6d. DAVISS (SIR J. F
	5141.130	in all Ages and Countries in the	World. With a Description of the most
	5684.64	on Animalcules; or, the Invisible	World, as revealed by the Microscope. Second
3			world's
	1092.340	how largely extinction has acted in the	world's history, geology plainly declares
	2624.49	of each successive period in the	world's history have beaten their predecessors
	3410.93	and utterly unknown epochs in the	world's history. I can answer these questions
1			world—on
	2398.307	in the forms of life throughout the	world—On the affinities of extinct species to
15			worlds
	1171.382	of the caves of the Old and New	Worlds should be closely related, we might
	2472.1039	which are common to the Old and New	Worlds be kept wholly out of view, the general
	2637.639	is that between the New and Old	Worlds; yet if we travel over the vast
	2641.234	in the conditions of the Old and New	Worlds, how widely different are their living
	2645.326	productions of the New and Old	Worlds, excepting in the northern parts, where
	2767.538	on the lowlands of the Old and New	Worlds, would be left isolated on distant
	2783.747	productions of the Old and New	Worlds are separated from each other by the
	2787.29	CHAP. XI. habitants of the Old and New	Worlds lived further southwards than at
	2787.1192	productions of the Old and New	Worlds, at a period anterior to the Glacial
	2789.484	and animals, both in the Old and New	Worlds, began slowly to migrate southwards as
	2793.720	the northern parts of the Old and New	Worlds will have been almost continuously
	2795.126	common, which inhabited the New and Old	Worlds, migrated south of the Polar Circle
	2795.808	and on the arctic lands of the two	Worlds. Hence it has come, that when we
	2795.927	temperate regions of the New and Old	Worlds, we find very few identical [page
	4850.9	Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. ——— More	Worlds than One. The Creed of the Philosopher
1			worm-like
	3255.1104	yet nearly all pass through a similar	worm-like stage of development; but in some few
3			worms
	699.340	epidemics appear to be due to parasitic	worms, which have from some cause, possibly
	3588.172	insects flitting about, and with	worms crawling through the damp earth, and to
	5942.53	from A.D. 590 to the Concordat of	Worms. A.D. 1123. Vol. 2. 8vo. 18s. ROBINSON
1			wornum
	6148.0	Classes, Third Edition. 12mo. 2s.	WORNUM (RALPH). A Biographical Dictionary of
1			worst
	447.96	any one is so careless as to allow his	worst animals to breed. In regard to plants
11			worth
	319.124	complex and diversified. It is well	worth while carefully to study the several
	441.366	would be so obvious as hardly to be	worth notice; but its importance consists in
	483.243	man, has afforded us a single plant	worth culture. It is not that these countries
	570.191	slight varieties as are barely thought	worth recording in works on natural history
	616.43	is one other point which seems to me	worth notice. Varieties generally have much
	1070.6	new sub-genera and genera. It is	worth while to reflect for a moment on the
	2259.19	similar conclusion. One remark is here	worth a passing notice. During periods of
	2299.27	chapter. One other consideration is	worth notice: with animals and plants that
	2307.497	against my views. Hence it will be	worth while to sum up the foregoing remarks
	2502.54	remark connected with this subject	worth making. I have given my reasons for
	3129.10	orders, and classes. It may be	worth while to illustrate this view of
1			worthies
	4800.17	Post 8vo. 6s. 6d. ——— (JOHN) Naval	Worthies of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, their
1			worthless
	295.426	Many exotic plants have pollen utterly	worthless, in the same exact condition as in the
5			worthy
	1018.1382	variety, such as would be thought	worthy of record in a systematic work. The
	2267.210	two palæontologists, whose opinions are	worthy of much deference, namely Bronn and
	3255.861	and again in spiders, "there is nothing	worthy to be called a metamorphosis." The
	3446.87	they think sufficiently distinct to be	worthy of record in systematic works. No one
	3558.830	varieties may hereafter be thought	worthy of specific names, as with the primrose
488			would
	240.211	on this subject, with a request that I	would forward it to Sir Charles Lyell, who
	250.441	a conclusion, even if well founded,	would be unsatisfactory, until it could be
	252.41	author of the 'Vestiges of Creation'	would, I presume, say that, after a certain
	258.251	animals and of cultivated plants	would offer the best chance of making out
	305.490	if any of the young had varied, all	would probably have varied in the same manner
	325.833	way of viewing the whole subject,	would be, to look at the inheritance of every
	333.462	so often and so boldly been made. There	would be great difficulty in proving its
	333.773	nearly perfect reversion had ensued. It	would be quite necessary, in order to prevent
	337.391	in which case, however, some effect	would have to be attributed to the direct
	337.469	action of the poor soil), that they	would to a large extent, or even wholly
	337.577	stock. Whether or not the experiment	would succeed, is not of great importance for
	337.1375	almost infinite number of generations,	would be opposed to all experience. I may add
	345.263	This point, if it could be cleared up,	would be interesting; if, for instance, it
	349.158	of any single species, then such facts	would have great weight in making us doubt
	351.370	he first tamed an animal, whether it	would vary in succeeding generations, and
	351.423	succeeding generations, and whether it	would endure other climates? Has the little
	351.906	generations under domestication, they	would vary on an average as largely as the
	383.136	he were told that they were wild birds,	would certainly, I think, be ranked by him as
	383.254	I do not believe that any ornithologist	would place [page] 23 CHAP. I. DOMESTIC
	425.278	life, and some little to habit; but he	would be a bold man who would account by such
	425.302	habit; but he would be a bold man who	would account by such agencies for the
	435.931	breeders have done for sheep, says:—"It	would seem as if they had chalked out upon a
	435.1134	say, with respect to pigeons, that "he	would produce any given feather in three
	435.1189	given feather in three years, but it	would take him six years to obtain head and
	441.330	and breeding from it, the principle	would be so obvious as hardly to be worth
	441.978	qualities, he will assuredly fail. Few	would readily believe in the natural capacity
	455.1119	attended to by the lowest savages. It	would, indeed, have been a strange fact, had
	461.53	process, continued during centuries,	would improve and modify any breed, in the
	471.198	to them, for any special purpose,	would be carefully preserved during famines
	471.319	are so liable, and such choice animals	would thus generally leave more offspring
	471.412	ones; so that in this case there	would be a kind of unconscious selection
	477.371	or with their parent-stocks. No one	would ever expect to get a first-rate
	477.468	from the seed of a wild plant. No one	would expect to raise a first-rate melting
	485.321	different constitutions or structure,	would often succeed better in the one country
	491.69	in some slight degree by nature. No man	would ever try to make a fantail, till he saw
	491.355	it first appeared, the more likely it	would be to catch his attention. But to use
	491.617	what the descendants of that pigeon	would become through long-continued, partly
	493.61	that some great deviation of structure	would be necessary to catch the fancier's eye
	493.264	possession. Nor must the value which	would formerly be set on any slight
	493.384	be judged of by the value which	would now be set on them, after several
	530.79	fur of an animal from far northwards,	would not in some cases be inherited for at
	530.192	in this case I presume that the form	would be called a variety. Again, we have
	532.1009	that the most experienced naturalist	would be surprised at the number of the cases
	532.1573	the great central ganglion of an insect	would have been variable in the same species
	552.11	CHAP. II. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. be doubted	would be ranked as distinct species by many
	576.406	in numbers the parent species, it	would then rank as the species, and the
	596.154	of the larger genera in each country	would oftener present varieties, than the
	596.623	we might expect that the circumstances	would generally be still favourable to
	602.907	increasing; for if this had been so, it	would have been fatal to my theory; inasmuch
	653.352	of geometrical increase, its numbers	would quickly become so inordinately great
	657.85	all cannot do so, for the world	would not hold them. There is no exception
	659.131	rate, that if not destroyed, the earth	would soon be covered by the progeny of a
	659.292	rate, in a few thousand years, there	would literally not be standing room for his
	659.545	and so on, then in twenty years there	would be a million plants. The elephant is
	659.956	at the end of the fifth century there	would be alive fifteen million elephants
	661.567	had not been well authenticated, they	would have been quite incredible. So it is
	667.240	at a geometrical ratio, that all	would most rapidly stock every station in
	667.650	in a state of nature an equal number	would have somehow to be disposed of. The
	669.158	few, is, that the slow-breeders	would require a few more years to people
	673.1068	or the species will become extinct. It	would suffice to keep up the full number of a
	681.1468	which has long been mown, and the case	would be the same with turf closely browsed
	687.525	if no vermin were destroyed, there	would, in all probability, be less game than
	711.910	barren and so extensive that no one	would ever have imagined that cattle would
	711.947	would ever have imagined that cattle	would have so closely and effectually
	713.767	were to increase in Paraguay, the flies	would decrease—then cattle and horses would
	713.805	would decrease—then cattle and horses	would become feral, and this would certainly
	713.834	and horses would become feral, and this	would certainly greatly alter (as [page
	717.77	America) the vegetation: this again	would largely affect the insects; and this
	717.606	though assuredly the merest trifle	would often give the victory to one organic
	723.63	England, the heartsease and red clover	would become very rare, or wholly disappear
	747.372	of constitution with respect to climate	would clearly be an advantage to our plant
	770.138	advantage, however slight, over others,	would have the best chance of surviving and
	770.294	variation in the least degree injurious	would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation
	770.474	Variations neither useful nor injurious	would not be affected by natural selection
	770.522	be affected by natural selection, and	would be left a fluctuating element, as
	772.201	proportional numbers of its inhabitants	would almost immediately undergo a change
	772.539	of the change of climate itself,	would most seriously affect many of the
	772.638	were open on its borders, new forms	would certainly immigrate, and this also
	772.679	certainly immigrate, and this also	would seriously disturb the relations of some
	772.1059	places in the economy of nature which	would assuredly be better filled up, if some
	776.7	NATURAL SELECTION. CHAP. IV. places	would have been seized on by intruders. In
	776.256	them to their altered conditions,	would tend to be preserved; and natural
	776.306	to be preserved; and natural selection	would thus have free scope for the work of
	778.280	to have undergone a change, and this	would manifestly be favourable to natural
	778.1189	structure or habits of one inhabitant	would often give it an advantage over others
	778.1284	further modifications of the same kind	would often still further increase the
	792.545	at some period of their lives,	would increase in countless numbers; they are
	796.403	of an animal of any particular colour	would produce little effect: we should
	796.1200	in a state of nature, where the trees	would have to struggle with other trees and
	796.1285	a host of enemies, such differences	would effectually settle which variety
	804.1704	injurious: for if they became so, they	would cause the extinction of the species
	810.1120	advantage, the process of modification	would be very slow, and there would be
	810.1150	would be very slow, and there	would be simultaneously the most rigorous
	810.1308	hardest beaks, for all with weak beaks	would inevitably perish: or, more delicate
	816.618	sex. A hornless stag or spurless cock	would have a poor chance of leaving offspring
	828.124	to their male offspring. Yet, I	would not wish to attribute all such sexual
	828.701	tuft appeared under domestication, it	would have been called a monstrosity
	830.646	that the swiftest and slimmest wolves	would have the best chance of surviving, and
	836.696	benefited an individual wolf, it	would have the best chance of surviving and
	836.780	of leaving offspring. Some of its young	would probably inherit the same habits or
	836.908	a new variety might be formed which	would either supplant or coexist with the
	836.1064	and those frequenting the lowlands,	would naturally be forced to hunt different
	836.1254	might slowly be formed. These varieties	would cross and blend where they met; but to
	842.340	this case insects in seeking the nectar	would get dusted with pollen, and would
	842.374	would get dusted with pollen, and	would certainly often transport the pollen
	842.526	individuals of the same species	would thus get crossed; and the act of
	842.652	hereafter be more fully alluded to),	would produce very vigorous seedlings, which
	842.710	vigorous seedlings, which consequently	would have the best chance of flourishing and
	842.791	and surviving. Some of these seedlings	would probably inherit the nectar-excreting
	842.942	and which excreted most nectar,	would be oftenest visited by insects, and
	842.984	be oftenest visited by insects, and	would be oftenest crossed; and so in the long
	842.1034	crossed; and so in the long-run	would gain the upper hand. Those flowers
	842.1292	of their pollen from flower to flower,	would likewise be favoured or selected. We
	842.1908	and had larger and larger anthers,	would be selected. [page] 93 CHAP. IV
	846.173	highly attractive to insects, they	would, unintentionally on their part
	846.1757	labour;" hence we may believe that it	would be advantageous to a plant to produce
	850.389	separation of the sexes of our plant	would be advantageous on the principle of the
	850.511	this tendency more and more increased,	would be continually favoured or selected
	850.603	last a complete separation of the sexes	would be effected. Let us now turn to the
	852.787	so that an individual so characterised	would be able to obtain its food more quickly
	852.913	leaving descendants. Its descendants	would probably inherit a tendency to a
	876.19	CHAP. IV. supposed that bees	would thus produce a multitude of hybrids
	912.885	that whatever intercrossing took place	would be chiefly between the individuals of
	922.459	of the same species, which otherwise	would have inhabited the surrounding and
	970.1182	and in a greater degree; but this alone	would never account for so habitual and large
	976.631	bulky horses. The early differences	would be very slight; in the course of time
	976.789	ones by others, the differences	would become greater, and would be noted as
	976.815	differences would become greater, and	would be noted as forming two sub-breeds
	976.911	the lapse of centuries, the sub-breeds	would become converted into two well
	982.755	animal became, the more places they	would be enabled to occupy. What applies to
	982.1670	including its modified descendants,	would succeed in living on the same piece of
	986.135	varieties of any one species of grass	would always have the best chance of
	994.147	in becoming naturalised in any land	would generally have been closely allied to
	994.362	been expected that naturalised plants	would have belonged to a few groups more
	996.218	idea in what manner some of the natives	would have had to be modified, in order to
	996.426	amounting to new generic differences,	would have been profitable to them. The
	1018.1365	a fairly well-marked variety, such as	would be thought worthy of record in a
	1020.109	each a thousand generations; but it	would have been better if each had
	1038.91	the successive generations. This case	would be represented in the diagram, if all
	1042.59	is probable that more than one species	would vary. In the diagram I have assumed
	1090.511	to be advantageous to them, I think it	would be a most extraordinary fact if no
	1119.974	of facts which cannot be here given	would be necessary to show the truth of the
	1133.553	action of the severe climate? for it	would appear that climate has some direct
	1155.440	to enlarge or to reduce the wings,	would depend on whether a greater number of
	1155.650	mariners shipwrecked near a coast, it	would have been better for the good swimmers
	1155.751	able to swim still further, whereas it	would have been better for the bad swimmers
	1159.908	advantage; and if so, natural selection	would constantly aid the effects of disuse
	1171.118	to those of the surrounding country. It	would be most difficult to give any rational
	1219.453	of descendants with diverse habits,	would naturally be thought to be correlated
	1231.1140	though effected by slow steps,	would be a decided advantage to each
	1231.1306	is exposed, each individual Proteolepas	would have a better chance of supporting
	1245.1053	in the class mammalia; but the rule	would not here apply, because there is a
	1245.1131	a whole group of bats having wings; it	would apply only if some one species of bat
	1251.223	out that it applies to plants, and this	would seriously have shaken my belief in its
	1269.265	flowers and some had red, the colour	would be only a specific character, and no
	1269.312	only a specific character, and no one	would be surprised at one of the blue species
	1269.443	species had blue flowers, the colour	would become a generic character, and its
	1269.495	a generic character, and its variation	would be a more unusual circumstance. I have
	1269.638	case applicable, which most naturalists	would advance, namely, that specific
	1273.58	in our chapter on Classification. It	would be almost superfluous to adduce
	1287.1316	variable; variations of this part	would it is highly probable, be taken
	1311.136	parent, it might be expected that they	would occasionally vary in an analogous
	1311.217	so that a variety of one species	would resemble in some of its characters
	1311.380	variety. But characters thus gained	would probably be of an unimportant nature
	1311.735	that the species of the same genus	would occasionally exhibit reversions to lost
	1315.402	and which it does not appear probable	would all appear together from simple
	1339.259	so much striped that any one at first	would have thought that it must have been the
	1339.1448	a stripe of colour appears from what	would commonly be called an accident, that I
	1351.678	of God a mere mockery and deception; I	would almost as soon believe with the old and
	1406.158	during a long period. Geology	would lead us to believe that almost every
	1412.482	every species, even in its metropolis,	would increase immensely in numbers, were it
	1418.578	varieties in the genus Balanus. And it	would appear from information given me by Mr
	1420.40	For any form existing in lesser numbers	would, as already remarked, run a greater
	1420.197	particular case the intermediate form	would be eminently liable to the inroads of
	1442.315	transitional state have subsisted? It	would be easy to show that within the same
	1446.241	into a flying bat, the question	would have been far more difficult, and I
	1454.33	become modified, and all analogy	would lead us to believe that some at least
	1454.94	that some at least of the squirrels	would decrease in numbers or become
	1456.932	as the organs of flight are concerned,	would convert it into a bat. In bats which
	1458.73	had become extinct or were unknown, who	would have ventured to have [page
	1464.476	animals. If this had been effected, who	would have ever imagined that in an early
	1470.303	that fishes capable of true flight	would have been developed under many
	1472.144	species. When either case occurs, it	would be easy for natural selection to fit
	1478.213	on my theory, that such individuals	would occasionally have given rise to new
	1484.140	when unwillingly it takes flight,	would be mistaken by any one for an auk or
	1484.379	the dead body of the water-ouzel	would never have suspected its sub-aquatic
	1516.159	slight modifications, my theory	would absolutely break down. But I can find
	1536.1095	than have sessile cirripedes, who	would ever have imagined that the branchiæ in
	1546.602	have expected that all electric fishes	would have been specially related to each
	1560.135	being, to say what slight modifications	would be of importance or not. In a former
	1560.1042	themselves from these small enemies,	would be able to range into new pastures and
	1580.440	breeds; and a mountainous country	would probably affect the hind limbs from
	1580.625	the front limbs and even the head	would probably be affected. The shape, also
	1580.807	breathing necessary in high regions	would, we have some reason to believe
	1580.900	of the chest; and again correlation	would come into play. Animals kept by savages
	1580.1023	struggle for their own subsistence, and	would be exposed to a certain extent to
	1580.1136	with slightly different constitutions	would succeed best under different climates
	1580.1437	by certain plants; so that colour	would be thus subjected to the action of
	1584.406	on copious details my reasoning	would appear frivolous. The foregoing
	1586.343	mere variety. This doctrine, if true,	would be absolutely fatal to my theory. Yet I
	1596.179	exclusive good of another species, it	would annihilate my theory, for such could
	1596.664	namely, to warn its prey to escape. I	would almost as soon believe that the cat
	1649.102	chapters; but I have thought that it	would be more convenient to treat the subject
	1651.50	attempt any definition of instinct. It	would be easy to show that several distinct
	1661.434	to have done so instinctively. But it	would be the most serious error to suppose
	1675.110	interval, I felt sure that the aphides	would want to excrete. I watched them for
	1697.170	but this, I think, is not true. No one	would ever have thought of teaching, or
	1697.750	It may be doubted whether any one	would have thought of training a dog to point
	1697.1078	training in each successive generation	would soon complete the work; and unconscious
	1717.153	sit on her own eggs, those first laid	would have to be left for some time
	1717.211	for some time unincubated, or there	would be eggs and young birds of different
	1717.455	period; and the first hatched young	would probably have to be fed by the male
	1717.1471	the old birds or the fostered young	would gain an advantage. And analogy would
	1717.1508	would gain an advantage. And analogy	would lead me to believe, that the young thus
	1717.1561	to believe, that the young thus reared	would be apt to follow by inheritance the
	1717.1668	of their mother, and in their turn	would be apt to lay their eggs in other birds
	1725.321	the pollen-collecting apparatus which	would be necessary if they had to store food
	1731.253	slaves; without their aid, the species	would certainly become extinct in a single
	1731.1266	known of any other slave-making ant, it	would have been hopeless to have speculated
	1757.331	the ants thus unintentionally reared	would then follow their proper instincts, and
	1763.641	with fitting tools and measures,	would find it very difficult to make cells of
	1767.1751	of nearness to each other, that they	would have intersected or broken into each
	1773.237	a double layer, the resulting structure	would probably have been as perfect as the
	1781.158	themselves not very wonderful, this bee	would make a structure as wonderfully perfect
	1781.322	spherical, and of equal sizes; and this	would not be very surprising, seeing that she
	1789.382	same depth as in the former experiment,	would have broken into each other from the
	1803.343	the construction of the cells; but it	would be a great error to suppose that the
	1813.826	met at an angle, how often the bees	would entirely pull down and rebuild in
	1819.1015	any such case has been observed; nor	would any good be derived from a single
	1819.1114	as in its construction more materials	would be required than for a cylinder. As
	1825.1011	can in this case be no doubt that it	would be an advantage to our humble-bee, if a
	1825.1219	in common even to two adjoining cells,	would save some little wax. Hence it would
	1825.1256	would save some little wax. Hence it	would continually be more and more
	1825.1520	of the bounding surface of each cell	would serve to bound other cells, and much
	1825.1567	to bound other cells, and much wax	would be saved. Again, from the same cause
	1825.1614	saved. Again, from the same cause, it	would be advantageous to the Melipona, if she
	1825.1797	as we have seen, the spherical surfaces	would wholly disappear, and would all be
	1825.1825	surfaces would wholly disappear, and	would all be replaced by plane surfaces; and
	1829.0	page] 235 CHAP. VII. NEUTER INSECTS.	would make a comb as perfect as that of the
	1839.1042	the workers and the perfect females,	would have been far better exemplified by the
	1877.290	for had they been fertile, they	would have intercrossed, and their instincts
	1877.349	and their instincts and structure	would have become blended. And nature has, as
	1924.595	pollen; and I am convinced that this	would be injurious to their fertility
	1924.1285	though probably on the same plant,	would be thus effected. Moreover, whenever
	1924.1403	so careful an observer as Gärtner	would have castrated his hybrids, and this
	1924.1446	have castrated his hybrids, and this	would have insured in each generation a cross
	1942.251	believes to be the case, the fact	would have been notorious to nurserymen
	1948.639	least tendency to sterility, the breed	would assuredly be lost in a very few
	1956.769	whether the several aboriginal species	would at first have freely bred together and
	1966.903	never have produced, and probably never	would produce, even with the pollen of either
	1966.1173	to wither earlier than it otherwise	would have done; and the early withering of
	2000.295	all of which we must suppose it	would be equally important to keep from
	2022.567	the male element reaching the ovule, as	would be the case with a plant having a
	2080.161	variety if infertile in any degree	would generally be ranked as species; from
	2094.351	we might expect that such variability	would often continue and be super-added to
	2110.724	the perfect character of either parent	would be more likely to occur with mongrels
	2112.320	by secondary laws, this similarity	would be an [page] 276 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII
	2149.1103	evidence regarding their origin, it	would not have been possible to have [page
	2157.227	existed between them. But such a case	would imply that one form had remained for a
	2213.543	than elsewhere, the above estimate	would be erroneous; but this source of doubt
	2213.597	but this source of doubt probably	would not greatly affect the estimate as
	2213.968	on the subject, assume that the sea	would eat into cliffs 500 feet in height at
	2213.1324	any rock, even as soft as chalk,	would yield at this rate excepting on the
	2213.1436	doubt the degradation of a lofty cliff	would be more rapid from the breakage of the
	2217.45	inch per century for the whole length	would be an ample allowance. At this rate, on
	2219.119	could hardly have been great, but it	would somewhat reduce the above estimate. On
	2219.413	for perhaps equally long periods, it	would, likewise, have escaped the action of
	2235.699	confined to these large territories,	would never have suspected that during the
	2267.569	in the middle of any formation, it	would be rash in the extreme to infer that it
	2267.750	layers have been deposited, it	would be equally rash to suppose that it then
	2281.3	near their upper or lower limits. It	would seem that each separate formation, like
	2285.417	yet no one ignorant of this fact	would have suspected the vast lapse of time
	2285.956	during the process of deposition, which	would never even have been suspected, had not
	2285.1629	any one geological period, a section	would not probably include all the fine
	2291.555	intermediate between B and C, it	would simply be ranked as a third and
	2299.1046	to new species; and this again	would greatly lessen the chance of our being
	2307.171	groups less wide than they otherwise	would have been, yet has done scarcely
	2311.120	have ever lived there, how imperfectly	would they represent the natural history of
	2313.88	productions of the archipelago	would be preserved in an excessively
	2313.311	which lived on naked submarine rocks,	would be embedded; and those embedded in
	2313.368	and those embedded in gravel or sand,	would not endure to a distant epoch. Wherever
	2315.250	subsidence. These periods of subsidence	would be separated from each other by
	2315.330	intervals, during which the area	would be either stationary or rising; whilst
	2315.412	rising, each fossiliferous formation	would be destroyed, almost as soon as
	2315.579	During the periods of subsidence there	would probably be much extinction of life
	2315.661	during the periods of elevation, there	would be much variation, but the geological
	2315.712	variation, but the geological record	would then be least perfect. It may be
	2317.178	accumulation of sediment,	would exceed the average duration of the same
	2321.171	fully preserved, transitional varieties	would merely appear as so many distinct
	2321.279	that each great period of subsidence	would be interrupted by oscillations of level
	2321.359	level, and that slight climatal changes	would intervene during such lengthy periods
	2321.458	the inhabitants of the archipelago	would have to migrate, and no closely
	2323.145	and analogy leads me to believe that it	would be chiefly these far-ranging species
	2323.194	chiefly these far-ranging species which	would oftenest produce new varieties; and the
	2323.250	new varieties; and the varieties	would at first generally be local or confined
	2323.397	further modified and improved, they	would slowly spread and supplant their parent
	2323.511	to their ancient homes, as they	would differ from their former state, in a
	2323.615	perhaps extremely slight degree, they	would, according to the principles followed
	2325.510	different stages of the same formation,	would, by most palæonto- [page
	2331.464	started into life all at once, the fact	would be fatal to the theory of descent with
	2337.335	organisms, a comparatively short time	would be necessary to produce many divergent
	2337.393	to produce many divergent forms, which	would be able to spread rapidly and widely
	2345.687	during the secondary periods, they	would certainly have been preserved and
	2351.596	of the chalk formation, the fact	would certainly be highly remarkable; but I
	2351.659	remarkable; but I cannot see that it	would be an insuperable difficulty on my
	2351.1532	the tropical parts of the Indian Ocean	would form a large and perfectly enclosed
	2355.10	OF THE CHAP. IX. here they	would remain confined, until some of the
	2357.410	beings throughout the world, as it	would be for a naturalist to land for five
	2363.66	the progenitors of these orders, they	would almost certainly have been long ago
	2375.443	palæozoic and secondary formations	would in all probability have been
	2379.10	CHAP. IX. GEOLOGICAL RECORD. tear; and	would have been at least partially upheaved
	2420.445	not be identically the same; for both	would almost certainly inherit different
	2424.263	pigeon, for the newly-formed fantail	would be almost sure to inherit from its new
	2428.184	explanation of this fact, which if true	would have been fatal to my views. But such
	2434.490	Barrande, &c., whose general views	would naturally lead them to this conclusion
	2444.238	but in some degree rare, no naturalist	would have felt the least surprise at its
	2444.852	under more favourable conditions it	would in a very few years have stocked the
	2444.1282	the fact, yet the fossil horse	would certainly have become rarer and rarer
	2472.1201	palæozoic and tertiary periods,	would still be manifest, and the several
	2474.452	to their geological position, no one	would have suspected that they had coexisted
	2480.582	Australia, the most skilful naturalist	would hardly be able to say whether the
	2480.1080	day on the shores of North America	would hereafter be liable to be classed with
	2480.1550	found in the older underlying deposits,	would be correctly ranked as simultaneous in
	2488.340	the other forms in their own country,	would naturally oftenest give rise to new
	2492.145	of other species, should be those which	would have the best chance of spreading still
	2492.484	succeed in spreading. The diffusion	would, it is probable, be slower with the
	2494.147	course, or even their existence,	would cease. We know not at all precisely
	2494.482	with many already existing forms,	would be highly favourable, as would be the
	2494.513	forms, would be highly favourable, as	would be the power of spreading into new
	2494.635	recurring at long intervals of time,	would probably be also favourable, as before
	2494.990	their inhabitants met, the battle	would be prolonged and severe; and some from
	2498.57	the highest degree, wherever produced,	would tend everywhere to prevail. As they
	2498.115	to prevail. As they prevailed, they	would cause the extinction of other and
	2498.199	forms; and as these inferior forms	would be allied in groups by inheritance
	2498.254	in groups by inheritance, whole groups	would tend slowly to disappear; though here
	2506.658	in the forms of life; but the species	would not exactly correspond; for there will
	2512.427	of the form of life, and the order	would falsely appear to be strictly parallel
	2512.498	parallel; nevertheless the species	would not all be the same in the apparently
	2520.371	classification many fossil species	would have to stand between living species
	2520.766	ancient members of the same two groups	would be distinguished by a somewhat lesser
	2522.296	the course of geological ages; and it	would be difficult to prove the truth of the
	2536.234	existing families on the uppermost line	would be rendered less distinct from each
	2536.379	were disinterred, these three families	would be so closely linked together that they
	2536.434	linked together that they probably	would have to be united into one great family
	2536.693	together, intermediate in character,	would be justified, as they are intermediate
	2536.1079	hand (namely, a14, &c., and b14, &c.)	would have to be united into one family; and
	2536.1210	including five genera, and o14 to m14)	would yet remain distinct. These two families
	2536.1266	distinct. These two families, however,	would be less distinct from each other than
	2540.201	genera, at the early period marked VI.,	would differ by a lesser number of characters
	2556.618	be in serial affinity, this arrangement	would not closely accord with the order in
	2570.391	quarter, the eocene fauna or flora	would certainly be beaten and exterminated
	2570.438	be beaten and exterminated; as	would a secondary fauna by an eocene, and a
	2570.1200	of time a multitude of British forms	would become thoroughly naturalized there
	2570.1247	thoroughly naturalized there, and	would exterminate many of the natives. On the
	2570.1573	whether any considerable number	would be enabled to seize on places now
	2578.477	the same groups at the present day, it	would be vain to look for animals having the
	2586.101	types within the same areas mean? He	would be a bold man, who after comparing the
	2586.230	South America under the same latitude,	would attempt to account, on the one hand, by
	2596.1118	out and have left no progeny. Or, which	would probably be a far commoner case, two or
	2637.390	conclusion. The case of America alone	would almost suffice to prove its truth: for
	2643.219	similar in all their conditions, yet it	would not be possible to point out three
	2681.1042	to one area. What a strange anomaly it	would be, if, when coming one step lower in
	2687.244	migrated thence as far as it could. It	would be hopelessly tedious to discuss all
	2693.396	few hundreds of miles from a continent,	would probably receive from it in the course
	2693.506	and their descendants, though modified,	would still be plainly related by inheritance
	2711.1013	the land, some at least of the islands	would have been formed, like other mountain
	2717.1708	by sea-currents during 28 days, and	would retain their power of germination. In
	2721.214	favourable spot by an inland gale, they	would germinate. Subsequently to my
	2723.373	which live near the sea; and this	would have favoured the average length of
	2723.608	the fruit; and this, as we have seen,	would have caused some of them to have
	2723.818	doubt that plants exposed to the waves	would float for a less time than those
	2723.925	as in our experiments. Therefore it	would perhaps be safer to assume that the
	2723.1096	a space of sea 900 miles in width, and	would then germinate. The fact of the larger
	2731.293	such circumstances their rate of flight	would often be 35 miles an hour; and some
	2741.317	that the earth adhering to their feet	would sometimes include a few minute seeds
	2749.10	DISTRIBUTION, CHAP. XI. years, it	would I think be a marvellous fact if many
	2749.344	that scarcely any means of transport	would carry seeds for very great distances
	2749.584	of birds. These means, however,	would suffice for occasional transport across
	2749.827	The floras of distant continents	would not by such means become mingled in any
	2749.891	become mingled in any great degree; but	would remain as distinct as we now see them
	2749.975	to be. The currents, from their course,	would never bring seeds from North America to
	2749.1529	accident. Even in this case, how small	would the chance be of a seed falling on
	2749.1618	soil, and coming to maturity! But it	would be a great error to argue that because
	2749.1742	has not, as far as is known (and it	would be very difficult to prove this
	2753.138	standing more remote from the mainland,	would not receive colonists by similar means
	2753.328	than Britain, scarcely more than one	would be so well fitted to its new home, as
	2753.458	me, is no valid argument against what	would be effected by occasional means of
	2753.780	every seed, which chanced to arrive,	would be sure to germinate and survive
	2761.476	more temperate inhabitants, the latter	would be supplanted and arctic productions
	2761.519	be supplanted and arctic productions	would take their places. The inhabitants of
	2761.590	of the more temperate regions	would at the same time travel southward
	2761.688	stopped by barriers, in which case they	would perish. The mountains would become
	2761.716	case they would perish. The mountains	would become covered with snow and ice, and
	2761.792	and their former Alpine inhabitants	would descend to the plains. By the time that
	2765.111	temperate regions of the United States	would likewise be covered by arctic plants
	2765.177	by arctic plants and animals, and these	would be nearly the same with those of Europe
	2767.41	the warmth returned, the arctic forms	would retreat northward, closely followed up
	2767.226	of the mountains, the arctic forms	would seize on the cleared and thawed ground
	2767.546	the lowlands of the Old and New Worlds,	would be left isolated on distant mountain
	2817.908	period simultaneously cooler. But it	would suffice for my purpose, if the
	2839.1765	even crossed the equator. The invasion	would, of course, have been greatly favoured
	2845.304	warmth returned, these temperate forms	would naturally ascend the higher mountains
	2845.426	which had not reached the equator,	would re-migrate northward or southward
	2849.71	which had crossed the equator,	would travel still further from their homes
	2880.134	thought that fresh-water productions	would not have ranged widely within the same
	2880.266	impassable barrier, that they never	would have extended to distant countries. But
	2882.301	stream; and liability to wide dispersal	would follow from this capacity as an almost
	2892.1342	at a somewhat more advanced age they	would voluntarily drop off. These just
	2892.1596	least six or seven hundred miles, and	would be sure to alight on a pool or rivulet
	2898.659	edges of ponds, if suddenly flushed,	would be the most likely to have muddy feet
	2898.852	barren islands in the open ocean; they	would not be likely to alight on the surface
	2898.926	surface of the sea, so that the dirt	would not be washed off their feet; when
	2898.985	off their feet; when making land, they	would be sure to fly to their natural fresh
	2902.147	Considering these facts, I think it	would be an inexplicable circumstance if
	2904.1055	pond and getting a hearty meal of fish,	would probably reject from its stomach a
	2910.547	from the waters of a foreign country,	would have a better chance of seizing on a
	2916.462	which, if legitimately followed out,	would lead to the belief that within the
	2916.600	joined to some continent. This view	would remove many difficulties, but it would
	2916.639	would remove many difficulties, but it	would not, I think, explain all the facts in
	2936.537	but still retaining its hooked seeds,	would form an endemic species, having as
	2936.943	may be, confined ranges. Hence trees	would be little likely to reach distant
	2936.1035	and an herbaceous plant, though it	would have no chance of successfully
	2936.1324	other plants. If so, natural selection	would often tend to add to the stature of
	2942.913	water, on my view we can see that there	would be great difficulty in their
	2942.1115	should not have been created there, it	would be very difficult to explain. Mammals
	2960.696	for on this latter view the migration	would probably have been more complete; and
	2960.791	be admitted, all the forms of life	would have been more equally modified, in
	2966.606	efficient means for their transportal.	Would the just-hatched young occasionally
	2972.1805	is obvious that the Galapagos Islands	would be likely to receive colonists, whether
	2976.110	from Africa; and that such colonists	would be liable to modification;—the
	2984.679	situated so near each other that they	would almost certainly receive immigrants
	2988.426	spread from one island to another, it	would undoubtedly be exposed to different
	2988.520	life in the different islands, for it	would have to compete with different sets of
	2988.599	of organisms: a plant, for instance,	would find the best-fitted ground more
	2988.714	in one island than in another, and it	would be exposed to the attacks of somewhat
	2988.814	If then it varied, natural selection	would probably favour different varieties in
	2994.752	we are apt to infer that most species	would thus spread; but we should remember
	3004.47	mountain, as it became slowly upheaved,	would naturally be colonised from the
	3006.479	this rule is generally true, though it	would be difficult to prove it. Amongst
	3010.467	a little greater, the two varieties	would have been ranked as distinct species
	3010.532	distinct species, and the common range	would have been greatly reduced. Still less
	3032.1630	of varying more or less rapidly, there	would ensue in different regions
	3032.1757	diversified conditions of life,—there	would be an almost endless amount of organic
	3057.277	constellations. The existence of groups	would have been of simple signification, if
	3075.487	of each being in the economy of nature,	would be of very high importance in
	3089.770	this external and trifling character	would, I think, have been considered by
	3127.284	had been written in a linear series, it	would have been still less possible to have
	3129.192	arrangement of the races of man	would afford the best classification of the
	3129.408	had to be included, such an arrangement	would, I think, be the only possible one. Yet
	3129.846	in the languages from the same stock,	would have to be expressed by groups
	3129.955	or even only possible arrangement	would still be genealogical; and this would
	3129.993	would still be genealogical; and this	would be strictly natural, as [page
	3133.3	CHAP. XIII. CLASSIFICATION. it	would connect together all languages, extinct
	3133.92	modern, by the closest affinities, and	would give the filiation and origin of each
	3135.1392	pedigree, a genealogical classification	would be universally preferred; and it has
	3135.1570	the principle of inheritance	would keep the forms together which were
	3139.430	descended from the Negro, I think he	would be classed under the Negro group
	3145.467	of a bear? According to all analogy, it	would be ranked with bears; but then
	3145.559	other species of the kangaroo family	would have to be classed under the bear genus
	3173.953	and Lepidosiren, for example,	would not have been less aberrant had each
	3191.211	were suddenly to reappear, though it	would be quite impossible to give definitions
	3191.326	distinguished from other groups, as all	would blend together by steps as fine as
	3191.486	or at least a natural arrangement,	would be possible. We shall see this by
	3191.954	the finest varieties. In this case it	would be quite impossible to give any
	3191.1215	the natural arrangement in the diagram	would still hold good; and, on the principle
	3191.1319	the forms descended from A, or from I,	would have something in common. In a tree we
	3233.187	flowers as metamorphosed leaves; but it	would in these cases probably be more correct
	3237.137	numerous characters, which they	would probably have retained through
	3267.47	a little earlier or later in life. It	would not signify, for instance, to a bird
	3277.562	in length and form of beak, that they	would, I cannot doubt, be ranked in distinct
	3291.305	faced tumbler) the young or embryo	would closely [page] 448 EMBRYOLOGY. CHAP
	3295.397	earliest age, we can see that this	would result from the two following
	3295.722	their parents; for in this case, it	would be indispensable for the existence of
	3295.1728	of locomotion or of the senses, &c.,	would be useless; and in this case the final
	3295.1787	in this case the final metamorphosis	would be said to be retrograde. As all the
	3301.208	perfect, the only possible arrangement,	would be genealogical. Descent being on my
	3323.493	no trace of an organ, which analogy	would lead us to expect to find, and which is
	3331.598	merely a restatement of the fact.	Would it be thought sufficient to say that
	3337.1280	and in this case natural selection	would continue slowly to reduce the organ
	3343.813	to be possible) the rudimentary part	would tend to be wholly lost, and we should
	3442.125	might have expected that organic beings	would have varied under nature, in the same
	3442.299	be any variability under nature, it	would be an unaccountable fact if natural
	3448.210	excessively complex relations of life,	would be preserved, accumulated, and
	3460.187	in increasing in size, for the world	would not hold them, the more dominant groups
	3482.36	and therefore these same characters	would be more likely still to be variable
	3490.362	varieties. On the other hand, these	would be strange facts if species have been
	3530.744	geological record is so perfect that it	would have afforded us plain evidence of the
	3552.8	an equal or lesser number. Analogy	would lead me one step further, namely, to
1			wounds
	816.1252	day long; male stag-beetles often bear	wounds from the huge mandibles of other males
2			wreck
	1155.857	to swim at all and had stuck to the	wreck. [page] 137 CHAP. V. USE AND DISUSE
	2962.338	as halting-places, of which not a	wreck now remains, must not be over- [page
2			wrecks
	1171.770	Europe, I am only surprised that more	wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved
	2711.892	favour the admission that they are the	wrecks of sunken continents;—if they had
2			wrens
	1885.521	British thrush: how it is that the male	wrens (Troglodytes) of North America, build
	4589.0	changing simultaneously thoughout, 322.	Wrens, nest of, 243. Y. Youatt, Mr., on
1			writer
	968.356	I quote the words of an agricultural	writer) "as if by some murderous pestilence
7			writers
	321.475	thrown on this principle by theoretical	writers alone. When a [page] 13 CHAP. I. UNDER
	455.398	down by some of the Roman classical	writers. From passages in Genesis, it is clear
	1898.468	been much underrated by some late	writers. On the theory of natural selection the
	2520.5	distinct groups as they now are. Some	writers have objected to any extinct species or
	4650.45	S (SARAH) Fragments from German Prose	Writers. With Biographical Notes. Post 8vo. 10s
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7			writings
	878.769	contrivances, as I could show from the	writings of C. C. Sprengel and from my own
	1552.487	We meet with this admission in the	writings of almost every experienced naturalist
	3081.1067	has been most fully acknowledged in the	writings of almost every author. It will suffice
	4814.74	the proper understanding of the Mosaic	Writings, stated and applied, together with an
	4816.35	d. ——— Undesigned Coincidences in the	Writings of the Old and New Testament, an
	5704.53	Essay on the Character, Actions, and	Writings of the-Duke of Wellington. Second
	5934.65	Works, With a Notice of his Life and	Writings. By J. R. M'CULLOCH. New Edition. 8vo
11			written
	1333.48	that Colonel Hamilton Smith, who has	written on this subject, believes that the
	2235.261	When we see the formations tabulated in	written works, or when we follow them in nature
	2385.1317	of the world imperfectly kept, and	written in a changing dialect; of this history
	2389.149	in which the history is supposed to be	written, being more or less different in the
	3127.253	only the names of the groups had been	written in a linear series, it would have been
	3147.709	by our best systematists. We have no	written pedigrees; we have to make out
	3271.220	varieties. Some authors who have	written on Dogs, maintain that the greyhound
	5264.6	Second Edition. 8vo. 9s. 6d. ——. Hymns	written and adapted for the weekly Church
	5604.18	Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ——— Sierra Leone,	written to Friends at Home. By a LADY. Edited
	5644.37	LUCKNOW: A Ladys Diary of the Siege.	Written for Friends at Home. Fourth Thousand
	6168.142	republication in any form requires	written permission. Contact: Dr John van Wyhe
2			wrote
	1773.316	the comb of the hive-bee. Accordingly I	wrote to Professor Miller, of Cambridge, and
	2743.785	epoch. At my request Sir C. Lyell	wrote to M. Hartung to inquire whether he had